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    History of Road Development

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    Jhonny Wanky
    The document provides a history of road development and technology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how the earliest roads were formed by human foot traffic and were later improved by clearing obstacles. The Romans built some of the first stone paved roads in Europe and North Africa to support their military operations. Their roads consisted of several layers including a smooth surface layer and layers with gravel, sand, rubble and stones. Later developments included Telford and Macadam pavements in England that used aggregates and tar or asphalt to bind layers together. Today there are two main types of pavements: flexible asphalt and rigid concrete. Road construction also developed in Indonesia beginning in the 19th century to connect parts of Java.

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    History of Road Development

    Uploaded by

    Jhonny Wanky
    2K views4 pages
    The document provides a history of road development and technology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how the earliest roads were formed by human foot traffic and were later improved by clearing obstacles. The Romans built some of the first stone paved roads in Europe and North Africa to support their military operations. Their roads consisted of several layers including a smooth surface layer and layers with gravel, sand, rubble and stones. Later developments included Telford and Macadam pavements in England that used aggregates and tar or asphalt to bind layers together. Today there are two main types of pavements: flexible asphalt and rigid concrete. Road construction also developed in Indonesia beginning in the 19th century to connect parts of Java.

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    History of Road Development

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    The document provides a history of road development and technology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how the earliest roads were formed by human foot traffic and were later improved by clearing obstacles. The Romans built some of the first stone paved roads in Europe and North Africa to support their military operations. Their roads consisted of several layers including a smooth surface layer and layers with gravel, sand, rubble and stones. Later developments included Telford and Macadam pavements in England that used aggregates and tar or asphalt to bind layers together. Today there are two main types of pavements: flexible asphalt and rigid concrete. Road construction also developed in Indonesia beginning in the 19th century to connect parts of Java.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2K views4 pages

    History of Road Development

    Uploaded by

    Jhonny Wanky
    The document provides a history of road development and technology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how the earliest roads were formed by human foot traffic and were later improved by clearing obstacles. The Romans built some of the first stone paved roads in Europe and North Africa to support their military operations. Their roads consisted of several layers including a smooth surface layer and layers with gravel, sand, rubble and stones. Later developments included Telford and Macadam pavements in England that used aggregates and tar or asphalt to bind layers together. Today there are two main types of pavements: flexible asphalt and rigid concrete. Road construction also developed in Indonesia beginning in the 19th century to connect parts of Java.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Daniel Andiga Wibisana

    Pavement Design
    Heddy Rohandi Agah
    September 8, 2015

    History of Road Development and Technology


    A road is a paved surface made for travelling from one place to another, whether by foot,
    vehicles or other type of transport. Roads have been improved in the past to make movement
    much easier and more effective. Roads are constructed to reduce time travel and connect one
    place from another. The first roads appeared on earths surface were formed by humans who
    walked on the same paths over and over again. The first improvement of these roads would be
    clearing the paths from trees and other obstacles such as rocks and big stones for easier
    movement. As modes of transport are developing, roads continue to develop as well to satisfy the
    demand for transport. In about 4000 B.C., the oldest constructed roads that could be dated were
    discovered in Mesopotamia, present day Iraq. These roads were stone paved streets.
    The Romans were one of the first to build stone paved roads in North Africa and Europe
    to help support their military operations, to support the movement of their army legions and
    battle equipment. Years later, the Arabs started to build roads that were covered with tar. These
    roads were constructed by conditioning the soil, using multiple layers on top of the crushed
    stones and lifting the road foundation at the center for water drainage. Techniques of road
    construction improved over time by the study of road traffic, stone thickness, road alignment,
    and slope gradients. Initial road construction materials were stones that were laid in a regular,
    compact design, and covered with smaller stones to produce a solid layer. Some of these roads
    still remain today and the fundamental techniques help form the basis of roads today.

    Roman Roads

    The main Roman roads in the UK were built for military purposes connected camps. The
    primary purpose of these roads was for foot soldiers, so the roads were built straight without
    regard to grade and they generated high noise levels, were rough and labor intensive. The roman
    roads designed in the UK consisted of 4 layers that included:

    Summa Crusta (surface): Smooth, polygonal blocks fixed in underlying layer.


    Nucleus: base layer composed of gravel and sand with lime cement.
    Rudus: third layer composed of rubble masonry and smaller stones with lime mortar.
    Statumen: Two or three courses of flat stones set in lime mortar.

    This is an illustration of Roman pavement structure. These structures had sloped surfaces for
    water drainage and also often incorporated with ditches or underground drains.

    Telford and Macadam


    The modern history of road pavements began in England in the late 1700s with Thomas
    Telford, who constructed roads using unbound aggregate to help transport horse-pulled cargo.
    Telford attempted, where possible, to build roads on relatively flat slope in order to reduce the
    number of horses needed to pull a cargo. Telford pavement section consisted of three layers. The
    bottom layer was comprised of large stones as foundation. On top of this were placed two layers
    of stones of smaller size followed by a gravel of another smaller size. Telford also built his roads
    sloped downwards for water drainage.

    John Macadam developed paving material of stone and aggregate. According to him,
    angular aggregate laid over a compacted subgrade would perform better. He used a sloped
    subgrade surface to improve drainage on which he placed angular aggregate (hand-broken,
    maximum size 75 mm) in two layers. On top of this, the wearing course was placed (about 50
    mm thick with a maximum aggregate size of 25 mm). The total depth of a typical Macadam
    pavement was about 250 mm.

    This Macadam pavement was later developed into Tar Macadam pavement, which uses
    coal tar as the binder between the gravel and aggregate. Roads pavement have now became
    Bituminous pavement because they use a binding agent. During the mid-1800s, sheet asphalt was
    used in pavement design. This design is composed of 3 layers. Sheet asphalt is placed on a
    concrete base consisting of a wearing course, asphalt cement and sand. The layer underneath, the
    binder course, is composed of broken stone and asphalt cement. And finally a base layer of
    hydraulic cement concrete or pavement rubble (old granite blocks, bricks) The final thickness of
    this asphalt pavement was based on the weight of the traffic, the strength of the concrete and the

    soil support. Today there are 2 types of pavements that are used, which are flexible and rigid
    pavement. Flexible pavement consists of asphalt mixtures and aggregates placed over a
    subgrade. Rigid pavement consists of cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs.
    The Roman roads are considered the beginning of road construction, Telford Pavements are
    known as the second step of this process, followed by the Macadam Pavements that ultimately
    lead to the Bitumen Roads. Concrete roads have added another dimension to stability and
    strength of the roadways.
    Roads in Indonesia
    In Indonesia, road development system was done by Herman William Daendels, governor
    general of Indies. In the 19th century, he started a road development project in Java, connecting
    West and East of Java to anticipate aggression from the British. This road project is called AnyerPanarukan Highway. This highway is considered as the basis of modern and massive road
    development in Indonesia. Other colonial government projects such as Kelok Sembilan Roads
    that connected Payakumbuh and Pekanbaru still exists and can be used today. Ever since
    Independence Day, Indonesia makes effort to integrate all transportation networks to reach
    isolated areas and unify the nation. Road networks, including tols have been built all over the
    country. Since era of Independence, road construction technology in Indonesia found new
    findings and development. One well known technique is the Cakar Ayam foundation. Another
    road construction technology is LPBH technology or Sosrobahu, which is used for pier head
    construction for pillars.

    References
    http://www.brighthubengineering.com/structural-engineering/59665-road-construction-historyand-procedure/
    http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/immawidyawatiagustin-484945-history-of-road-inindonesia-by-imma/
    http://www.pavementinteractive.org/article/pavement-history/

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