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R Tree

- R-trees are an indexing structure that extends B-trees to multiple dimensions, allowing efficient querying of multidimensional data. - They were invented by Antonin Guttman in 1984 to organize points and rectangles in spatial databases. - In an R-tree, data objects are grouped into minimum bounding rectangles which are then organized into a tree structure similar to a B-tree, enabling efficient range and k-nearest neighbor queries on the multidimensional data.

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86 views11 pages

R Tree

- R-trees are an indexing structure that extends B-trees to multiple dimensions, allowing efficient querying of multidimensional data. - They were invented by Antonin Guttman in 1984 to organize points and rectangles in spatial databases. - In an R-tree, data objects are grouped into minimum bounding rectangles which are then organized into a tree structure similar to a B-tree, enabling efficient range and k-nearest neighbor queries on the multidimensional data.

Uploaded by

ddro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to R-trees

Many real-life applications require the organization and


management of multidimensional data (e.g., each
image is represented as a point in the 5-dimensional
space).
To enable efficient query processing, data should be
organized by means of an indexing scheme which is
used to speed-up processing.
The index helps in reducing the number of inspected
objects significantly, avoiding the sequential scan of
the whole database.
Indexing schemes for multidimensional data work in a
similar manner to access methods for simple numeric
data (e.g., B-trees and Hashing).
48

Introduction to R-trees
One of the most important contributions
in the area of multidimensional
indexing is due to Antonin Guttman
which invented the R-tree.

His work:
R-trees: a dynamic index structure for spatial searching,
ACM SIGMOD Conference 1984
has received more than 2,900 citations
(source google scholar)
49

Introduction to R-trees
The R-tree can be viewed as an extension of the B+-tree to handle
multiple dimensions. Recall that, a B+-tree is used to organize
numeric data in one dimension only.
Each node
corresponds
to a disk page

B+ tree example with 6 nodes:


root
8

leaf 1

14 16

leaf 2

17

24

19 20 22

leaf 3

30

24 27 29

leaf 4

33 34 38 39

leaf 5
50

Introduction to R-trees
R-trees have been extensively used in spatial
databases to organize points and rectangles.
They show excellent performance in processing
interesting queries such as:
Range query: return the points that are contained
in a specified region.
K-nearest-neighbor: given a point p and an integer
k return the k objects closer to p.
51

Introduction to R-trees

range query example:


which cities are within distance R from Amsterdam

k-NN query example:


Find the 3 cities closer to Utrecht (k = 3)
52

Introduction to R-trees
y axis
10

Example:
13 points in
2 dimensions

m
g

8
6

e f
i
d

region of interest

b
2

x axis
0

10

Range query example: find the objects in a given region.


E.g. find all hotels in Utrecht.
No index: scan through all objects. NOT EFFICIENT!
53

Introduction to R-trees structure


y axis
10

m
g

8
6

E3

b
2

Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR)

Each node
corresponds
to a disk page

x axis
0

10

Root
E
1
E
1
a
E
3

E
3

E
4

d
E
4

E
2

E
5

E
6

f
E
5

E
7
i

h
E
6

E
2
j

k
E
7

m
54

Introduction to R-trees structure


y axis
10

E7

m
g

8
6

E5

E4

E6

E3

b
2

x axis
0

E
1
E
1
a
E
3

E
3

E
4

d
E
4

10

Root

E
2

E
5

E
6

f
E
5

E
7
i

h
E
6

E
2
j

k
E
7

m
55

Introduction to R-trees structure


y axis
10

m
g

E7

E5
f

E4
4

E3

E2

E1

b
2

E6
i

x axis
0

10

Root
E
1
E
1
a
E
3

E
3

E
4

d
E
4

E
2

E
5

E
6

f
E
5

E
7
i

h
E
6

E
2
j

k
E
7

m
56

Introduction to R-trees range query


y axis
10

m
g

E7

E5

E4
b

E3

E2

E1

E6

e f

x axis
0

E1
a
E3

E3

E4

d
E4

Root
E1

E2

10

E5

E6

f
E5

E7
i

h
E6

E2
j

k
E7

m
57

Introduction to R-trees range query


y axis
10

m
g

E7

E5
e f

E4
b
2

E3

E2

E1

E6
i

x axis
0

E1
a
E3

E3

E4

d
E4

Root
E1

E2

10

E5

E6

f
E5

E7
i

h
E6

E2
j

k
E7

m
58

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