THE ROLE OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

IN COFFEE INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA

QURROTA AYUNINA
2514100008
qurrota776@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing
processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
This transition included going from hand production methods to machines. The
Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect
of daily life was influenced in some way. The Industrial Revolution began in Great
Britain, and industrialisation spread to Western Europe and North America within
a few decades. Since then industrialisation has spread throughout the world
included Indonesia.
But Indonesia a late-comer to this process: late to
industrialize, and late to adopt exportoriented industrialization. But starting from
the mid 1980s, successful emerged as a major industrial exporter, and industry
became the engine of growth. Thats why Indonesia needs Automation Industry
to develop the economy. Then what is Automation Industry?
Industry In a general sense the term Industry is defined as follows.
Definition: Systematic Economic Activity that could be related to
Manufacture/Service/ Trade. The word Automation is derived from greek words
Auto(self) and Matos (moving). Automation therefore is the mechanism for
systems that move by itself. However, apart from this original sense of the
word, automated systems also achieve significantly superior performance than
what is possible with manual systems, in terms of power, precision and speed of
operation. Definition: Automation is a set of technologies that results in operation
of machines and systems without significant human intervention and achieves
performance superior to manual operation. A Definition from Encyclopaedia
Britannica The application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings
or, increasingly, to tasks that would otherwise be impossible. Although the term
mechanization is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human labour
by machines, automation generally implies the integration of machines into a
selfgoverning system. The process of following a predetermined sequence of
operations with a little or no human labour, using specialisedequipmentsand
devices that perform and controlmanufacturing processes (Kalpakjian). The
technology concerned with theapplication of complex mechanical, electronics,
and computer based systems inthe operation and control of production
(Groover) . The simple explanation about Automation Industry that is automated
manufacturing systems operate in the factory on the physical product. They
perform operations such as processing, assembly, inspection, or material
handling, in some cases accomplishing more than one of these operations in the
same system. They are called automated because they perform their operations
with a reduced level of human participation compared with the corresponding
manual process. In some highly automated systems, there is virtually no human
participation.
The Role of automation in industry Manufacturing processes, basically,
produce finished product from raw/unfinished material using energy, manpower
and equipment and infrastructure. Since an industry is essentially a systematic
economic activity, the fundamental objective of any industry is to make profit.
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Roughly speaking, Profit = (Price/unit Cost/unit) x Production Volume . So profit

can be maximised by producing good quality products, which may sell at higher
price, in larger volumes with less production cost and time. Reasons for
Automating Companies undertake projects in manufacturing automation and
computer-integrated manufacturing for a variety of good reasons. Some of the
reasons used to justify automation are the following:
1. To increase labor productivity.
6. To improve product quality
2. To reduce labor cost
7. To reduce manufacturing time
3. To mitigate the effects of labor shortages.
8. To improve worker safety.
4. To reduce or eliminate routine manual and clerical tasks
5. To accomplish processes that cannot be done manually.
Advantage of Automation Industrys : Speedy installation and
commissioning, Improving the process, Controlling the process, Reducing the cost
of production, Maintaining the equipment, Environment management, Safety of
Human and equipment.But not all of the automation industry technology can be
applied in every industry. It depend on Their Human resourcess skill, Industry
class, What kind of Industry, Where the technology will be applied. Thats why not
every kind of automation industri can fit with it. This problem make new
knowledge about technology which is fit with industrys need , its called
appropriate technology. The what else is Appropriate technology is?
Appropriate technology is an ideological movement (and its
manifestations) originally articulated as intermediate technology by the British
economist Dr. Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher in his influential work, Small is
Beautiful. Schumacher also argues that it is incorrect to assume that
improvements in technology will be able to solve problems of the present
sometime in the future. More often we have seen that new technologies have
only created more environmental concerns rather than eliminate those existing.
He also give a sample case, that both a successful business and socially
responsible can be reached by commitment to a philosophy which attempts to
fit industry to human needs . According to Jequier and Gerard (1993),
"Appropriate Technology (AT) is now recognized as the generic term for a wide
range of technologies characterized by any one or several of the following
features: low investment cost per work place; low capital investment per unit of
output; organisational simplicity; high adaptability to a particular social cultural
environment, (v) sparing use of natural resources; (vi) low cost of final product or
high potential for employment. From the two definitions above we can make
conclusion that Appropriate is suitable to the social and economic conditions of
the geographic area in which it is to be applied, is environmentally sound, and
promotes self-sufficiency on the part of those using it. The Importance of
Appropriate Technology: Appropriate technology is important due to its holistic
nature :
1. it permits local needs to be met more effectively through community
involvement, and for this reason it tends to be aligned with local values and
traditions.
2. AT utilizes human labour by developing tools rather than machines. This
enables people to self-organize without complicated management training
and specialized knowledge.
3. it minimizes transport of goods in an era of expensive and environmentally
harmful energy, allowing greater local industry participation and
implementation of local resources, both human and material.
4. AT reinforces local control which provides a cushion against the effects of
outside economic changes.
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5. It establishes a self-sustaining skill base and reduces economic, social and

political dependency between individuals, regions and nations.
One of the implemantation about automation industry is coffee bean roasting.
This tool cold be one of the appropriate technology for some industry, but, it can
be unappropriate too for another. It depends on how is the condition in that
industry.
CONTENT
There are indications that the Indonesian people had a degreadation or even
loss of power to build creativity in efforts to survive in the future, the Indication of
societys powerlessness to confront of society
changing
and problems
accumulate caused social frustration, it proven by the high level of social unrest
(social unrest), riots or violence (riot), and social disintegration. The fact also
shows the crisis in society : increasing of the poor, backward, isolated, and
sinking society. This condition is further worse by the famine, malnutrition, which
leads to the loss of social function as well as the loss of potential in fulfill primary
needs, such as the n food, clothing, shelter, health and education (Goeritno, Arief
et al, 2003). Appropriate technology is an alternative solution for society
problems. Appropriate
technology should potentially fulfill several criteria
include: (a) converting natural resources, (b) employment, (c) stimulate domestic
industry, and (d) increase incomes. Nationally, that in order to accelerate the
national economic recovery and to accelerate development of the village and
face global competition. It is necessary to accelerate rural development through
community development in many sector with supported by the application and
development of appropriate technologies. What we need is to introduce and
develop into our society about eficient and inexpensive technology, easy, eco
friendly, and usefull for Indonesian society. Appropriate technology is technology
which is suitable with society, problem solver, eco friendly, easy to apply, and
value added in economy and enviro aspect (impres No. 3 Tahun 2001).
There are two alternate views on Indonesias economic development. One is
that its achievement during the three decades prior to the crisis was impressive.
Indonesia achieved high economic growth, large declines in poverty, widespread
delivery of basic education, coupled with rapid industrialization and structural
change (Rock 1999:169). Indonesias growing economy and huge population are
driving its several industries to automate. Indonesia is one of the few countries to
have registered positive economic growth despite the global crisis. The
Government is taking efforts to eliminate impediments to economic growth such
as improving infrastructure and addressing climate change mitigation and
adaptation needs. The move towards modernisation comes with changes in
lifestyle among the urban population and affects multiple industries. Major end
users of automation products include oil and gas, power, chemicals and food and
beverage. Several industries, for example the food industry, offer much promise
for growth in the coming years. The increasing demand for food and cleaner
forms of energy will drive the automation market in Indonesia along with
mainstream drivers such as oil and gas and water. The current trend is that
concerted efforts from the private sector and the government have resulted in a
reduction in tariffs on imports, observes the analyst of this research service.
This is just one of the several steps necessary to increase Indonesias
competitiveness in the automation industry.The key factors influencing the
automation market are brand awareness, price, domain knowledge and customer
service. Having always depended upon other countries to fulfill its automation
needs, the major challenges for the industry are lack of infrastructure, corruption
and regulations that have deterred foreign participation. The challenge for
Indonesia is that on one hand it has to allow local industries and manufacturers
to develop, while on the other it has to create a competitive market through
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investments from overseas participants, says the analyst. However, despite the
availability of certain resources, domestic automation equipment manufacturers
have not been able to come up with technology necessary to design their own
automation systems. As competition is fierce, automation companies tend to
customise products for specific needs. Hence, innovation is driven by targeted
applications rather than by advances in technology, which means that if there is
a specific need, automation vendors are likely to find markets. It is also felt that
Indonesia will be affected directly or indirectly by the extensive use of
information technology. Industrial automation can and will generate high growth
with technology related to new inflection points nanotechnology and nanoscale
assembly systems, Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotech
sectors (tiny, low-power, low-cost sensors). Currently, several small and medium
enterprises are either partially automated or are not automated at all. This
provides plenty of scope for automation companies to customise and market
their products.
There are some weaknesses in the use of automation systems:
The existing infrastructure consists almost entirely of government-operated R&D
and technical institutes. Unlike in other Asian countries, there is virtually no
private provision of manufacturing capability support services.
The state-owned R&D institutes (under the Agency for Assessment of Technology
BPPT and the Indonesian Institute of Science LIPI) have catered mainly to the
needs of stateowned strategic industries. Efforts to encourage them to carry out
research of more relevance to private firms, with government financial support,
have not borne fruit
The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) sectoral research institutes, regional
testing laboratories and industrial research and testing centres, due to poor
funding and weak management structure, have not provided relevant services to
manufacturing firms
Utilizing of automation systems in Third world contry will reduce existing jobs. In
this case we clearly know that developing countries have a lot of human
resources and use of automation industry will increasing joblessness in
developing country. The initial cost of procurement Automation industry require
very high cost for investment. Lack of Human resources skills to operate
automation Indonesia possesses a relatively small pool of skilled workers, which
is attributable to the low proportion of Indonesians enrolled in, or graduating
from, science and technology courses at tertiary level (Hill 1995: 94),Lack of
advance technology which its needs to support automation. The Implementation
of Automation industry in Indonesia supported with Indonesia with a large supply
of labor and large amounts of natural resources
One of the Implementation of Automation industry in Indonesia in
coffee industry is, utilizing of coffee bean roaster. Coffee is one of the world's
most important commodity traded in nearly 60 countries, classified as "the top
cash crops in developing countries' economies and crucial for some countries
(World Bank, 2004). The consumption is increasingly embedded into the culture
of emerging nations such as Indonesia, as indicated in the forecast of Indonesia
coffee consumption CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 10,4%, higher
compared to US 1,4%, The majority of coffee consumption is developed nation,
while 90% of supply is produced in developing countries. The worlds production
is dominated by the top 4 producers, where Indonesia is the third place. Coffe is
one of the most favorite drink for indonesian people, altought it is not the
original plant of Indonesia. But along the way, coffee has spread to almost all
corners of the islands of Indonesia. Coffee distributed in almost of islands of
Indonesia. Sumatra Island dominates with 74.2% of the production, with the
largest production in Bengkulu, Lampung and South Sumatra areas. The rest are
distributed in Sulawesi (9.0%), Java (8.3%), Nusa Tenggara (5.8%), Kalimantan
(2.0%), and Maluku and Papua (0.6%). Nevertheless, more than half of the
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national production significantly produced in five provinces, namely South

Sumatra (21.4%), Lampung (12.6%), Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (8.7%),
Bengkulu (7.4%), and East Java (7.2%).
PLANTATION AND PRODUCTION
Coffee plantation area : About 1,3 million hectars
Production : More less 750.000 ton
Average productivity : 760 kg/hectars/year

Grafik. 1A. PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF

Grafik. 1B. PRODUCTION BY
Problems Faced by Coffee Processing Industry
COFFEE
PRODUCERin Indonesia .Limited

production facilities coffee beans (machine / equipment: Dryer, paring and

sorting), mostly it happen in micro and middle industry level, Lack of
technological mastery on stage roasting process, The implementation of GMP,
HACCP and ISO low, so that the qualitys product is Low and inconsistent product,
Lack of ability to innovate and diversify products according to the demand for the
domestic market as well as international. Number of problems in the production
of coffee bean such as low productivity, unstable price and increase in
consumers requirement bring them into a dilemma that they shall continue to
produce coffee, but they also have to stand in the risk of poverty. Sustainability
program which is lead to certification to show that the farm and its supply chain
confirmed with certain requirement resulting a big question mark, whether
producer can get benefit from the program such as getting incentive price
(premium), better production, tool in marketing and cost efficiency Coffee
plantation in Indonesia has been implementing of sustainability coffee, such as:
Environmentally friendly with shading tree Preventing of erosion Water sources
Source of livelihood for generations. Strength Of Indonesia Coffee. All of
Indonesian Coffee Specialty and Commercial has known in International market.
Indonesian Robusta Coffee has good body. Has more producing areas with
different caracteristic and cup taste each other. Coffee Producing areas are
friendly environment , sustainable and treaceable. Indonesia Future Coffee
Production Development : 1) Expanding more to Arabica Coffee. 2)Growing
Arabica coffee more in mountain slopes for instance Aceh, Sumatera, Bali, South
Celebes, South East Nusa, and Papua. 3)Increasing coffee productivity, from 760
kg/hectare to 1,5 ton/hectare.4)Encouraging the sustainable coffee plantation,
environment friendly, and maintaining the quality. 5)Planting coffee in the
sidelines of tree stands in forest land, in order to prevent the erosion .
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To solving this problem, we can use Coffee Bean roaster to increasing

productivity coffee. Roasting brings out the aroma and flavor that is locked inside
the green coffee beans. Beans are stored green, a state in which they can be
kept without loss of quality or taste. A green bean has none of the characteristics
of a roasted bean -- its soft and spongy to the bite and smells grassy. Roasting
causes chemical changes to take place as the beans are rapidly brought to very
high temperatures. When they reach the peak of perfection, they are quickly
cooled to stop the process. Roasted beans smell like coffee, and weigh less
because the moisture has been roasted out. They are crunchy to the bite, ready
to be ground and brewed. Once roasted, however, they should be used as quickly
as possible before the fresh roast flavor begins to diminish.
.Coffee roasting process consists essentially of cleaning, roasting, cooling,
grinding, and packaging operations. Main machineries and equipment along the
production line are vibrating screen, blender, roaster, destoners, grinder, and the
packaging machine
Roaster
Roasting determines coffees final taste and aroma. Roasters are horizontal
rotating drums that tumble green coffee beans in current of hot combustion
gases. Operating Temp: 370C -540C. Roasting time: few minutes to about 30
minutes .The more the coffee beans are roasted the darker they become and
more bitter will be the final taste

COOLING
Why needed?
to avoid beans from cooking further at higher temperatures
Some machines accomplish cooling through built in cooling fan
Other use water to quench beans
Cooling tray equipped
with rotating arm and

Drying the coffee is usually done in three ways: natural drying, artificial,
and a combination of natural and artificial. Natural Drying still rely on the
Sunlight, it only can be done when dry season. Natural dryings works: spread out
the coffee bean on the floor with maximum thickness 1.5 cm. Every 1 2 hours,
the coffee bean must be inverted with wood spatula. When the sunlight is
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intense, drying ongoing for 10 14 days, but if the weather is cloudy it could be
done for 3 weeks (Najiyati dan Danarti, 2004). Artificial drying is usually done
when the weather conditions tend to be cloudy. Artificial drying needs tools for
drier process. Only takes about 18 hours depending on the type of the
equipment. Drying is done in two stages. The first stage, heating at a
temperature of 65-100 C to lower the moisture content of 54% to 30%. The
second stage of heating is at a temperature of 50-60 C to reduce the water
content to 8-10% (Najiyati and Danarti, 2004).
All of that process needs long time to process coffee bean, it means higher
cost, and slowing quantity production. Using Coffee bean roaster can save
production time and save money for unimportant process. Besides that, Industry
increasing their productivity with coffee bean roaster. Althought it will need High
cost for investment to buy this equipment.

CONCLUSION
Not every technology of automation industry can be applied in every industry,
the best technology or the most expensive technology doesnt mean it can be the
most suitable technology if it applied in middle industry. Because, it can be in
middle industry there are a lot of problem, such as lack of financial support, or
limited professional human resources. Thats why we need knowledge about
Appropriate technology. Indonesia as the biggest coffee producing country
number three in worldwide , and Coffee is one of Indonesia's main agricultural
commodities. To reach goverment goals (increasing export level in aggricultural
sector) needs technology which it can increasing Coffee production in Indonesia,
reducing cost, and it compatible with support technology in Indonesia . Based on
that consideration we need appropriate technology called Coffee bean Roaster
which it is the solution for coffee industry.

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