SAT Reasoning Test

YOUR NAME (PRINT)
LAST
FIRST
MI
TEST CENTER
NUMBER
NAME OF TEST CENTER
ROOM NUMBER
SAT Reasoning Test General Directions

Timing
You will have 3 hours and 45 minutes to work on this test.

There are ten separately timed sections:
One 25-minute essay
Six other 25-minute sections
Two 20-minute sections
One 10-minute section
You may work on only one section at a time.
The supervisor will tell you when to begin and end each section.
If you finish a section before time is called, check your work on that section.
You may NOT turn to any other section.
Work as rapidly as you can without losing accuracy. Dont waste time on
questions that seem too difficult for you.
IMPORTANT: The codes below are unique to

your test book. Copy them on your answer sheet
in boxes 8 and 9 and ll in the corresponding
circles exactly as shown.
TEST FORM
(Copy from back of test book.)
FORM CODE
(Copy and grid as on
back of test book.)
Marking Answers
Be sure to mark your answer sheet properly.

A
Using Your Test Book
You must use a No. 2 pencil.

Carefully mark only one answer for each question.
Make sure you fill the entire circle darkly and completely.
Do not make any stray marks on your answer sheet.
If you erase, do so completely. Incomplete erasures may be scored as
intended answers.
Use only the answer spaces that correspond to the question numbers.
You may use the test book for scratchwork, but you will not receive credit
for anything written there.
After time has been called, you may not transfer answers to your answer
sheet or fill in circles.
You may not fold or remove pages or portions of a page from this book,
or take the book or answer sheet from the testing room.
Scoring
For each correct answer, you receive one point.

For questions you omit, you receive no points.
For a wrong answer to a multiple-choice question, you lose one-fourth of
a point.
If you can eliminate one or more of the answer choices as wrong,
you increase your chances of choosing the correct answer and
earning one point.
If you cant eliminate any choice, move on. You can return to the
question later if there is time.
For a wrong answer to a student-produced response (grid-in) math
question, you dont lose any points.
Multiple-choice and student-produced response questions are machine
scored.
The essay is scored on a 1 to 6 scale by two different readers. The total
essay score is the sum of the two readers scores.
Off-topic essays, blank essays, and essays written in ink will receive a
score of zero.
The passages for this test have been adapted from published material.
The ideas contained in them do not necessarily represent the opinions of the College Board.
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOK UNTIL THE

SUPERVISOR TELLS YOU TO DO SO.
More SAT information and tests at http://www.cracksat.net
Useful Links:
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For more SAT information, please visit http://www.cracksat.net
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SAT online course tests download:
http://www.cracksat.net/sat-downloads/sat-online-course-tests.html
SAT subject tests download:
http://www.cracksat.net/sat-downloads/sat-subject-tests.html
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You may use this space to make notes for your essay. Remember, however, that you
will receive credit ONLY for what is written on your answer sheet.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTES ONLY
Write essay on answer
sheet!
-2-
ESSAY
Time 25 minutes
Turn to page 2 of your answer sheet to write your ESSAY.

The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can develop and express ideas. You should, therefore, take
care to develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and clearly, and use language precisely.
Your essay must be written on the lines provided on your answer sheet you will receive no other paper on which to write.
You will have enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins, and keep your handwriting to a reasonable size.
Remember that people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what you write. Try to write or print so that what
you are writing is legible to those readers.
Important Reminders:
A pencil is required for the essay. An essay written in ink will receive a score of zero.
Do not write your essay in your test book. You will receive credit only for what you write on your
answer sheet.
An off-topic essay will receive a score of zero.
You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic assigned below.
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Peoples lives are the result of the choices they makeor fail to make. The path one takes in life
is not arbitrary. Choices and their consequences determine the course of every persons life. All
people, whatever their circumstances, make the choices on which their lives depend.
Assignment:
Are peoples lives the result of the choices they make? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your
point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading,
studies, experience, or observations.
BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET.
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section in the test.
-3-
SECTION 2
Time 25 minutes
20 Questions
Turn to Section 2 (page 4) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Directions: For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratchwork.
1. The total cost of 5 equally priced notebooks is

$12.50. If the cost per notebook is reduced by $1,
how much will 3 of these notebooks cost at the new
rate?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
2. If x 2 64 = 0, which of the following could be a

value of x ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
$4.50
$5.00
$6.50
$7.50
$9.50
-4-
8
4
0
16
32
3. The digits of the positive three-digit integer n are

7, 8, and 9. How many possible values are there
for n ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
5. In the figure above, if the coordinates of points X and

Y are added together, the result will be the coordinate
of a point between which two consecutive integers?
Three
Four
Six
Eight
Nine
(A) 3 and 2
(B) 2 and 1
(C) 1 and 0
(D) 0 and 1
(E) 2 and 3
6. In a sequence of numbers, the first number is 4 and

each number after the first is 1 more than 5 times the
preceding number. What is the third number in the
sequence?
(A) 16
(B) 21
(C) 94
(D) 96
(E) 106
4. In the figure above, WOY and XOZ each have

measure 80. If r = 45, what is the value of t ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
125
80
55
50
45
-5-
9. Which of the following could be the graph in the

xy -plane of the function f (x) = 2x + 3 ?
(A)
(B)
7. It took Kia 6 hours to drive from Ashton to Farley,

passing through Belville, Clinton, Dryden, and
Edgewood on the way. The graph above shows where
she was along the route during the 6 hours of the trip.
According to the graph, approximately how long, in
hours, did it take Kia to drive from Dryden to
Edgewood?
(A) 1
(B) 2
1
2
(C)
(C) 3
1
2
1
(E) 4
2
(D) 3
(D)
8. If the average of 4 and j is 6 and the average of 10
and k is 10, what is the average of j and k ?
(E)
(A) 5
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 9
(E) 10
-6-
10. If n is a positive odd integer, then (n + 1) (n + 2)

could equal which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
10
15
20
25
30
12. For 12 bottles of shampoo of various brands, the cost

and volume of each are displayed in the scatterplot
above, and the line of best fit for the data is shown. Of
the following, which is closest to the average
(arithmetic mean) cost per ounce for the 12 bottles?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
$0.06
$0.09
$0.12
$0.15
$0.18
11. Point S is the point with the greatest y -coordinate on

the semicircle shown above. What is the x -coordinate
of point R ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
5.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
-7-
13. The graph of a quadratic function and the graph of a

linear function in the xy -plane can intersect in at most
how many points?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
15. If a and b are positive integers and 9 (3a ) = 3b, what

is a in terms of b ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
One
Two
Three
Four
More than four
16. The tin can in the figure above is a cylinder that is 8

inches high and has a base of radius 3 inches. Of 5
1
pencils with lengths 6 inches, 8 inches, 9 inches,
2
1
10 inches, and 12 inches, how many CANNOT fit
2
entirely inside the can?
14. If the length of LM is 7 and the length of MN is 8,
which of the following could be the length of LN ?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
b2
b 1
b
b +1
b+2
23
22
17
16
14
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
-8-
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
17. When the number k is multiplied by 5, the result is

the same as when 5 is added to k. What is the value
of 4k ?
(A)
4
5
(B) 1
(C)
18. A circle (not drawn) passes through point A in the

figure above. What could be the total number of points
of intersection of this circle and ABC ?
5
4
(D) 4
I. 1
II. 3
III. 4
(E) 5
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
-9-
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
20. If x and y are numbers such that (x + 9) (y 9) = 0,
what is the smallest possible value of x 2 + y 2 ?

(A)
0
(B)
9
(C) 18
(D) 81
(E) 162
19. The function f graphed above is defined for

3 x 6. For which of the following values of x
is f (x) < f (x) ?
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 1
5
(E)
STOP
-10-
NO TEST MATERIAL ON THIS PAGE
-11-
SECTION 4
Time 25 minutes
24 Questions
Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet.
3. Though he was fascinated by the ------- behavior of
others, Darek was, by contrast, the model of ------- in
his own comportment.
Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank

indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath
the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A
through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when
inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the
sentence as a whole.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Example:
hedonistic . . recklessness
unorthodox . . conformity
restless . . agitation
egotistical . . extremity
unwieldy . . rigidity
Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed

a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both
labor and management.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
enforce . . useful
end . . divisive
overcome . . unattractive
extend . . satisfactory
resolve . . acceptable
1. The architect advised tearing down the old structure,

since he did not consider it sufficiently ------- to -----the heavy winds of the tropical storm the peninsula was
expecting.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
flimsy . . forestall
hardy . . forecast
robust . . withstand
noteworthy . . justify
ramshackle . . repel
2. When x-rays were discovered around the turn of the

twentieth century, doctors quickly began to ------- their
newfound ability to diagnose maladies by peering
beneath the surface of the human body.
(A) bequeath (B) deny
(C) exploit
(D) finesse
(E) divulge
-12-
7. Since her personal pleas had failed to make her noisy

neighbors change their ways, the homeowner felt that
her only ------- was to notify the police.
4. Teachers who consider cartoons and comic books

harmful to students literacy skills often use class time
to ------- these media.
(A) backlash
(B) recourse
(C) bromide
(D) reckoning
(E) forbearance
(A) deride
(B) rationalize
(C) vindicate
(D) foster
(E) annotate
8. Despite pressure from reporters to discuss the scandal

in which Senator Scottsdale was currently ------- , the
press secretary would not ------- the details of the
senators upcoming public address.
5. Because he had decided not to ------- himself through

the sales of his new product, the inventor anonymously
donated all profits to charity.
(A) compromise
(C) impoverish
(E) debilitate
(B) invigorate
(D) aggrandize
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
6. Once he had ------- sufficient ------- information,

Randall felt confident in publishing his daring article
incriminating the local politician.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
imbued . . rescind
connected . . consort
entangled . . repeal
embroiled . . divulge
compliant . . quash
written . . substantial
believed . . sensational
obtained . . corroborating
reported . . hackneyed
discovered . . contradicting
-13-
The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also
be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the
passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Questions 9-12 are based on the following passages.
9. Which of the following is closest to what the author of
Passage 1 means by the phrase This is unfair to
feudalism (line 8)?
Modern historians use the terms

feudalism and manorialism to refer to
the ways that medieval European societies
were organized.
(A) Feudalism should not be used figuratively.

(B) Feudalism should not be used to refer to a
system of government.
(C) Those who lived in feudal societies would
disapprove of the way the term is currently used.
(D) Feudalism should not necessarily have only
negative connotations.
(E) Feudalism has been misused to the extent that
the term no longer has a meaning.
Passage 1
Line
5
10
15
Feudalism is one of those words that

have taken on so many extended and
figurative meanings that the original
meaning has been obscured. Today any
oppressive government, greedy
landholder, or brutal exploiter of labor is
called feudalalways with disapproval.
This is unfair to feudalism. The word is
also often confused with the manorial
system, which tied peasants to the land
they worked. Feudalism is a total
organization of society. It is a scheme of
political organization, based in law and
overlapping with social and economic
organization.
10. The word extended in line 2 most nearly means

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
11. According to the author of Passage 2, the term

manorial refers to
Passage 2
20
25
30
prolonged
expanded
removed
allocated
intensive
(A) the whole medieval social order

(B) the relationships among the members of the
medieval aristocracy
(C) the economic relationship between medieval
peasants and lords
(D) the exchange of military protection for land
ownership
(E) the system of laws governing overlords
Older historians used the term feudalism

for the whole medieval social order, which
was a peasant society dominated by a
military, land-owning aristocracy. Modern
usage generally restricts the word to the
network of relations between tenants and
lords within the aristocracy. The system
governing the peasants relation to the
lord, which was the economic foundation
of medieval society, is usually designated
the manorial system. The relationships
embodied in the feudal and manorial
systems were simple enough in theory:
In the manorial system, a peasant labored
for a lord in return for land of his own; in
the feudal system, a lord held lands from
the king or the overlord in return for
supplying soldiers on demand.
12. Compared with the tone of Passage 1, the tone of

Passage 2 is more
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
-14-
objective
disdainful
lively
unsympathetic
argumentative
Questions 13-24 are based on the following passage.

In the following excerpt from a novel,
Samuel Tyne, a Canadian of Ghanaian
descent, returns to work at the Canadian
Ministry of Economics after attending his
uncles funeral.
Line
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
His overt melancholy aggravated

his boss, for it made Samuel hard to
approach. Just a glance into Samuels
cubicle gave his co-workers much to gloat
about. It seemed a wonder he was such
an exacting employee, with the swift but
pitiful stride that brought him,
disillusioned, to the threshold of every
meeting. Yet he was so indispensable in
that ministry that his co-workers regretted
every slur they flung at him, lest the
slights drive him to suicide. For not only
would the department collapse without his
doting, steady logic to balance it, but it
seemed at times that the entire Canadian
economy depended on the reluctant, softwristed scribbling he did in his green
ledger.
There Samuel sat each day,
painfully tallying his data, his pencil
poised like a scalpel in his hand, frowning
at the gruesome but inevitable task ahead
of him. Dwarfed by a monstrous blue
suit, Samuel would finger the mournful
pre-war bowler that never left his head.
And it was such an earnest sight, such an
intimate window into a man whose nature
seemed to be all windowspeople
wondered if he actually had a public self
that he might have been the only man in
the world to claim vulnerability as his
greatest asset.
The day after the funeral, Samuel
returned to work to find a note from his
bosses on his desk: Come See Us.
What could they possibly
reprimand him for? He was a fast and
diligent worker, with enough gumption to
use a little imaginative reasoning when
some economic nuisance called for it. He
was punctual and tidy, not overly familiar
with his co-workers; quite simply, the best
employee they had. Rather than
indignation, though, Samuel only felt fear.
To buy himself time, he crumpled a few
clean papers from his ledger, and walked
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
-15-
the narrow aisles between cubicles to

throw them in the hallway garbage bin.
He returned to find both bosses,
Dombey and Son*, as hed nicknamed
them, at his desk. Dombeys German
sense of humor failed to translate, at least
to Samuel, who always overdid his laugh
to mask confusion. Son, whose current
prestige was pure nepotism, looked at
Samuel with the coldness that cloaked all
of his dealings, as if he knew he was inept
and needed to compensate.
Tyne, Dombey said, we need to
talk about the Olds account.
Samuel pinched the brim of his hat
with his thumbs. Ah, yes. Sorry, yes. I
think, sir, I handed that in before I took
day leave for my uncles funeral.
It contains a dreadful error, said
Son, blinking violently behind his glasses.
He jerked the report at Samuel.
There it was, plain as day, on page
six. A miscalculation Samuel must have
made while thinking about Jacobs death
and the house. He stood there, hat in
hand, aghast.
We realize, continued Son, that
the job sometimes gets stressful. That,
per se, there are times when one cannot
always be as on-the-ball as is required.
But this defies all. Not only is it not up to
standard, its downright misleading.
That was the way Son spoke, as
though he hadnt mastered the
bureaucratic language, wielding phrases
such as per se and not up to standard
like the residue of some management
handbook. Even Dombey seemed
perplexed by this at times.
The muscle in Samuels cheek
trembled. He nodded.
We understand youve just
suffered a big loss, Samuel, said
Dombey, but as you know this is a
federal workplace. What would happen,
say, if you made this kind of error daily?
Now, were certainly not saying that you
do. But what would happen? Ill tell you
what would happen. Youd have ladies
collapsing in ten-hour lines just to get a
loaf of bread to feed their families. Youd
have children skipping school because
there arent enough clothes to go around.
100
105
110
115
120
16. Tynes attitude at work could best be described as
Babies dying without milk. Old folks

crumbling in their rockers. Itd be
pandemonium with a capital P
depression. We are the economy. We
answer to the prime minister. There is no
room for error here. Dombey scratched
his head and looked wistful. Oh, dont
look so glum.
Again, Samuel nodded.
Son, fearing his role in the
reprimand unnecessary, added, We are,
of course, deeply sorry for your loss, but
you must remember our country is in your
hands.
Dombey frowned at Son, and the
two men walked off. When they left,
Samuel heard through the divider the
rude laughter of Sally Mather. His face
burning, he sat at his desk, and picking up
his green ledger, tried to make up for the
ten minutes lost time.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
sinister and calculating

happy and ambitious
insubordinate and stubborn
cheerful and obedient
professional and morose
17. The phrase whose nature seemed to be all windows

in lines 27-28 suggests that
(A) Tynes colleagues all had different opinions of
him
(B) Tyne behaved in many inconsistent ways
(C) Tynes true feelings were easy to observe
(D) Tyne did not appear to be a solid person
(E) Tyne always talked about himself to his
colleagues
18. In line 41, the word familiar is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
* Dombey and Son is a novel by the English writer

Charles Dickens.
common
expected
forward
natural
recognizable
13. In line 20, the word painfully is closest in meaning to

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
19. The description of Tynes job performance in lines 3743 primarily serves to
laboriously
critically
sensitively
harmfully
acutely
(A) illustrate that Tyne enjoyed doing his job

(B) imply that Tyne deserves a promotion
(C) suggest that Tynes work habits are generally
beyond reproach
(D) indicate that Tynes bosses will probably not
discipline him
(E) demonstrate that Tynes bosses have always liked
him
14. In line 22, the word gruesome is closest in meaning

to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
shocking
repugnant
frightening
crude
sensational
20. The gesture in lines 45-48 (To buybin) is meant

primarily to indicate Tynes
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
15. The second paragraph implies that Tynes clothes

make him appear which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Casual
Pathetic
Stylish
Proud
Inappropriate
-16-
desire to look busy

unwillingness to meet with his bosses
avoidance of work
attempt to escape punishment
dissatisfaction with his surroundings
23. Tynes response to his bosses reprimand could best be

characterized as
21. The narrator most likely refers to Tynes second boss

only as Son throughout the passage in order to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
imply that his authority is undeserved

indicate his official title at work
reinforce his position of power
suggest a friendship between him and Tyne
portray him as an approachable manager
24. The author mentions the rude laughter of Sally

Mather in line 117 primarily in order to
22. The narrator suggests that Sons comment to Tyne in

lines 110-113 demonstrates
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
defensive
passionate
rude
submissive
deceitful
(A) indicate that most of Tynes colleagues dislike

him
(B) imply that Sally Mather has reported Tynes error
to his bosses
(C) underscore the humiliation Tyne is experiencing
(D) show that Tynes bosses wanted his colleagues to
know about his error
(E) suggest that Tynes bosses are making fun of him
genuine concern for Tynes loss

a misunderstanding of Tynes situation
a disagreement with Dombey about the error
a desire to be seen as important
an effort to help Tyne improve his performance
STOP
-17-
SECTION 5
Time 25 minutes
35 Questions
2. First run in 1867 and still taking place every summer,
the Belmont Stakes, a horse race for thoroughbred
three-year-olds, was one of the oldest races in the
United States.
The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness

of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence
is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of
phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the
original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If
you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence
than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select
one of the other choices.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
In making your selection, follow the requirements of

standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar,
choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation.
Your selection should result in the most effective
sentenceclear and precise, without awkwardness or
ambiguity.
3. Folklore scholars think of fables probably originating

among the Semitic peoples of the Middle East, moving
first to India and then west to Greece.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
EXAMPLE:
Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book
and she was sixty-five years old then.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
and she was sixty-five years old then

when she was sixty-five
at age sixty-five years old
upon the reaching of sixty-five years
at the time when she was sixty-five
of fables probably originating

of fables that probably originated
that the fables origins were probably
that the origin of fables probably was
that fables probably originated
4. Althea Gibson, the first African American tennis

player that they recognized as a world champion,
began playing amateur tennis in the 1940s.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
1. Unlike with many animals, humans do not swim by

instinct.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
was
is
were
are
has been
that they recognized as

that was recognized to be
recognized because she was
to be recognized as
recognizing her as
with many animals

what many animals do
many animals
many animals who do it
many animals do
-18-
5. Societies acting through their governments make the

rules to state which acts are illegal, but although war is
the most violent of human activities, it has not been
declared illegal by any of the worlds governments or
their agencies.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
9. Babe Ruth is regarded by many having been the

greatest baseball player in history, and he remains
arguably the most celebrated figure in North American
sports.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
to state
stating
when they state
that are stating
where they state
10. Digital technology, as every marketer knows, is

synonymous to speed, precision, and the future.
6. The 2003 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Shirin

Ebadi, an Iranian lawyer, writer, and teacher, she
gained prominence as an advocate for democracy and
human rights.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
teacher, she gained

teacher, she had gained
teacher, gaining
teacher who gained
teacher having gained
to
of
with
for
through
11. After carefully studying both of the articles, Dr.

Rodriguez and Nurse Alba found that the only
difference between them were their titles.
7. Because its early history is not fully known, origami,

the art of folding objects out of paper without cutting,
pasting, or decorating, seems to have developed from
the older art of folding cloth.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
having been
that he was
for being
to be
as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Because
In that
Since
Although
As
them were their titles

them were the titles
the articles were the titles
the articles was that of the titles
the articles was their titles
8. One of the most popular singers of his time, more than

twenty languages were mastered by Paul Robeson,
allowing him to perform classical repertory, spirituals,
and folk songs from around the world.
(A) more than twenty languages were mastered by
Paul Robeson, allowing him to perform
(B) Paul Robesons mastery of more than twenty
languages allowed him to perform
(C) mastering more than twenty languages allowed
Paul Robeson to perform
(D) his mastery of more than twenty languages
allowed Paul Robeson to be performing
(E) Paul Robeson mastered more than twenty
languages, allowing him to perform
-19-
The following sentences test your ability to recognize

grammar and usage errors. Each sentence contains either
a single error or no error at all. No sentence contains more
than one error. The error, if there is one, is underlined
and lettered. If the sentence contains an error, select the
one underlined part that must be changed to make the
sentence correct. If the sentence is correct, select choice E.
In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard
written English.
15. In addition to being a talented pianist and composer,

B
A
Bla Bartk was a respected musicologist who wrote

C
D
several books on Hungarian, Slovakian, and Romanian
folk music. No error
EXAMPLE:
The other delegates and him immediately

A
B
C
accepted the resolution drafted by the
D
neutral states. No error
E
16. Whereas the caterpillars of most butterflies are

A
harmless, moth caterpillars caused an enormous

B
amount of damage to plants, forest and shade trees,
C
clothing, and household goods. No error
D
E
12. At the meeting of the planning board, the

A
17. Homing pigeons can navigate over long distances,

A
councilwoman assured her constituents that she was

C
B
employing their sense of smell to ascertain their initial

B
active seeking a long-term solution to the citys

D
location and using the position of the Sun

C
parking problem. No error

E
determining the direction in which they must fly.

D
13. Used in sculpture, carving is the process of reducing

A
No error
E
substances such as stone, wood, or ivory to a

B
18. Salt is valued not only because of its properties as a

A
desired shape by cutting or to chip away unnecessary

C
D
condiment and preservative, but also because

B
parts. No error
E
they are essential to the health of humans and

C
D
14. New York City is an important center of American

A
animals. No error
E
Buddhism, in part because its residents included

C
B
immigrants from most of the countries that have
D
strong Buddhist traditions. No error
E
-20-
19. After two terms in the Texas State Senate, Barbara

A
24. Although the precise date and place of the origin of
Jordan elected to the United States House of

B
baseball are hotly debated , it is beyond dispute that

A
B
Representatives, where she served from 1973 to

C
D
the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and
1979. No error
Brooklyn play an important role in its early

C
D
development. No error
E
20. A sweetener, normally either sugar or syrup, are used

A
B
25. By 2003, more than 684,000 students in the United

A
in almost all bread for taste or as an aid to yeast

C
D
States had enrolled in charter schools, publicly funded
growth. No error
E
schools that pledged better academic results and were

B
21. Willie Dixon's upbeat blues compositions helped

A
unencumbered by many of the regulations governing

C
D
usher in the Chicago blues sound during the 1950s and
ordinary public schools. No error

E
have become standard numbers for the many young

B
26. The common cold, like chickenpox, measles, and

A
rock groups trying to achieve popularity during the

C
D
many other viral diseases, can be spread both before

C
B
1960s. No error
E
and after their symptoms emerge. No error

D
E
22. When the Spanish conquistadors reached Peru in

A
1532, they encountered the vast empire of the Incas,

B
it extended along the Pacific coast of South America
C
from modern Ecuador to central Chile and

inland across the Andes. No error
D
E
23. Unlike her best friend Margie, making the varsity

A
B
soccer team as a freshman, Jill did not make the team

C
D
until her junior year. No error
E
-21-
27. Although he had never played organized sports,

A
29. Venezuela devotes a higher percentage of its budget

B
A
whenever Justin, who was uncommonly tall, attends

C
B
to education than do other large Latin American

C
a basketball game, fans would ask him for an

D
countries such as Mexico and Brazil. No error

D
E
autograph. No error
E
28. From its modest beginnings as a series of brief

A
vignettes and its establishment as the longest-running

B
prime-time comedy series on television, The Simpsons
has transformed the way that both audiences and
C
television programmers view the animated sitcom.
D
No error
E
-22-
30. Which of the following is the best version of the

underlined portion of sentence 1 and sentence 2
(reproduced below)?
Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an

essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten.
Read the passage and select the best answers for the
questions that follow. Some questions are about particular
sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve
sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you
to consider organization and development. In choosing
answers, follow the requirements of standard written
English.
Aristotle was a great philosopher and scientist.

Aristotle lived in Greece over 2300 years ago.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
philosopher and a scientist, living

philosopher and scientist who lived
philosopher, and, as a scientist, lived
philosopher and scientist; Aristotle lived
philosopher, scientist, and lived

31. What would best replace "it" in sentence 5?
(1) Aristotle was a great philosopher and scientist.
(2) Aristotle lived in Greece over 2300 years ago.
(3) Aristotle was extraordinarily curious about the world
around him. (4) He was also a master at figuring out how
things worked. (5) Aristotle passed it on to his pupil
Theophrastus.
(6) Theophrastus was famous among his contemporaries
as the co-founder of the Lyceum, a school in Greece, he is
best known today as "the father of botany." (7) Botany is
the branch of science dealing with plants.
(8) Two famous books he wrote were Natural History of
Plants and Reasons for Vegetable Growth. (9) His books
were translated from Greek into Latin in 14831800 years
after he wrote themthey influenced thousands of readers.
(10) Theophrastus made accurate observations about all
aspects of plant life, including plant structure, plant
diseases, seed use, and medicinal properties. (11) He even
described the complex process of plant reproduction
correctly, hundreds of years before it was formally proven.
(12) In 1694 Rudolph Jakob Camerarius used experiments
to show how plants reproduced. (13) According to some
accounts, Theophrastus did his research in a garden he
maintained at his school which was called the Lyceum.
(14) But Theophrastus also wrote about plants that grew
only in other countries, which he heard about from
returning soldiers. (15) By comparing these plants to plants
he grew in his garden, Theophrastus established principles
that are still true today.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
that
them
these traits
the world
his things
32. What word should be inserted between "Greece," and

"he" in sentence 6 (reproduced below)?
Theophrastus was famous among his contemporaries
as the co-founder of the Lyceum, a school in Greece,
he is best known today as "the father of botany."
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
and
but
for
thus
moreover
33. Which sentence should be inserted between sentence 8

and sentence 9?
(A) Theophrastus's ideas had a lasting impact.

(B) Theophrastus's books were instantly successful.
(C) The first book is still studied today in botany
classes.
(D) They challenged the conclusions of Aristotle.
(E) Theophrastus also taught botany to hundreds of
students.
-23-
34. Which revision appropriately shortens sentence 13

(reproduced below)?
35. The third paragraph would be improved by the deletion

of which sentence?
According to some accounts, Theophrastus did his

research in a garden he maintained at his school which
was called the Lyceum.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Delete "his school which was called".

Delete "According to some accounts,".
Delete "in a garden he maintained".
Replace "According to some accounts" with
"Therefore".
(E) Replace "Theophrastus" with "he".
Sentence 10
Sentence 11
Sentence 12
Sentence 14
Sentence 15
STOP
-24-
-25-
SECTION 6
Time 25 minutes
18 Questions
Directions: This section contains two types of questions. You have 25 minutes to complete both types. For questions 1-8, solve
each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. You may
use any available space for scratchwork.
1. A new roll of film has p pictures. After t pictures are

taken, there are k pictures left. What is t in terms of
p and k ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
p+k
pk
k p
pk
(E)
p
k
2. The prime number p is a factor of 30 and is also

a factor of 42. How many possible values are there
for p ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
-26-
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
5. The bus fare from city A to city B is $5 more for

adults than for children. If a group of 5 adults and
6 children pay a total of $124 to travel by bus from
city A to city B, what is the cost of the ticket for
one adult?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
$11
$12
$14
$16
$17
3. According to the graph above, for which month was

sales minus cost greatest?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
June
July
August
September
October
4. In the figure above, O is the center of the circle and

segment AC is tangent to the circle at point B. If the
measure of ABO is x , how many possible values
are there for x ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
One
Two
Three
Four
More than four
-27-
6. The smallest squares in Figure A and Figure B are all

equal in size. If the area of Figure A is 33 square
centimeters, what is the area, in square centimeters, of
Figure B ?
8. In triangle XYZ above, XW = 2, WZ = 8, and

XY = 6. What is the area of triangle WYZ ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
15
18
21
24
28
1.
2.
3.
Add 4y to x.
Multiply the sum by 3.
Subtract y 3x from the product.
6
12
18
24
30
7. If the steps above are followed in order, which of the

following is a simplified expression for the result?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
11y
13y
2x + 11y
4x + 13y
6x + 11y
-28-
9. At a science conference, the length of the question

period is directly proportional to the length of the
session. If there is a 15 -minute question period in a
60 -minute session, how many minutes long is the
question period in an 80 -minute session at this
conference?
10. What is the volume, in cubic feet, of a cube with edges

of length 10 feet?
-29-
13. For all x, the function f is defined by f (x) = 3x, and

the function g is defined by g (x) = f (x) + 2. What is
the value of g (50) ?
11. If (x + 5) y = x 2 x + 13, what is the value of y

when x = 2 ?
c (n) = 35 + 12n
12. To hold a birthday party for n people, the amount a

party planner charges, in dollars, is given by the
function c (n) above. How much, in dollars, does the
planner charge to hold a birthday party for 12 people?
(Disregard the $ sign when gridding your answer.)
14. Table 1 above shows the number of juniors and

seniors taking Physics and Statistics at Midland High
School. The partially completed Table 2 above gives
the enrollment for these classes in periods 1 and 2,
which are the only periods Physics and Statistics are
taught. If only juniors and seniors take these classes,
what is the total number of students who take Physics
or Statistics in period 2 ?
-30-
17. When the positive integer n is divided by 6, the

remainder is 2. What is the remainder when 24n is
divided by 36 ?
15. The n th term of a sequence is given by the formula
n + 2n. How much larger is the 10th term of the

sequence than the 9th term?
2
18. In the xy -coordinate plane, the distance between

points P (10, y) and Q (70, 14) is 61. What is one
possible value of y ?
16. In the figure above, ABC is similar to DEF. What
is the length of side EF ?
STOP
-31-
SECTION 7
Time 25 minutes
24 Questions
2. Muriel was so fond of her dog that their brief
separation left her not just saddened, but in a state
of -------.

(A) vagary
(B) abhorrence
(C) bereavement
(D) degeneration
(E) elation
Example:
3. Deliberately designed to be devoid of elaborate carving

or other -------, Biedermeier furniture was known for
its -------.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
enforce . . useful
end . . divisive
customization . . uniqueness
spareness . . starkness
embellishment . . garnishes
ornamentation . . simplicity
flamboyance . . flourishes
4. Because she had mistakenly assumed that the disputes

between the parties could be successfully -------, the
attorney had not prepared herself for the ------- of a
long, drawn-out public trial.
1. The critics found the play -------, in that its social

message was unfortunately lost in the awkward twists
and turns of the plot.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) convoluted (B) susceptible

(C) suspect
(D) condemnatory
(E) preachy
mediated . . eventuality
eased . . probability
exacerbated . . contingency
manipulated . . particularity
foreseen . . inevitability
5. Anthropology was much more than ------- for the

novelist Zora Neale Hurston: she studied at Barnard
College with Franz Boas, who is often called the
Father of American Anthropology.
(A) an obsession
(B) a career
(C) an avocation
(D) an encumbrance
(E) a commitment
-32-
The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also
be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the
passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Line
5
10
15
By the standards of the day,

feminism was very powerful in New York
City at the end of the Second World War
in 1945the phrase male chauvinist had
already been used there. New York
women were famously independent, and
famously smart. Taverns still
sometimes declined to serve them, it was
true, but even that resilient prejudice had
been weakened by the pressures of
Prohibition*, and it was many long years
since the actress Lily Langtry, refused ale
and a mutton chop at Keens chophouse,
had taken the management to court, and
won. Innumerable womens organizations
sustained this liberty, bolstered the sense
of feminine power, provided cultural uplift,
offered professional support, or fulfilled
charitable leanings.
It is commonly claimed that Einstein

"overthrew" Newtonian physics, but this
claim is misleading. Newton's law still
describes motions in the Solar System
with good precision and is adequate for
programming the trajectories of space
probes to the Moon and planets.
Einstein's theory, however, copes (unlike
Newton's) with objects whose speeds are
close to that of light, with the ultra-strong
gravity that could induce such enormous
speeds, and with the effect of gravity on
light itself. More important, Einstein
deepened our understanding of gravity.
To Newton, it was a mystery why all
particles fell at the same rate and followed
identical orbits, but Einstein showed that
these phenomena were a natural
consequence of all bodies taking the same
"straightest" path in a space-time curved
by mass and energy.
Line
5
10
15
20
*The period from 1920 to 1933 during which
alcoholic beverages were prohibited by law in the
United States.
8. The author places the word "straightest" (line 20) in

quotation marks most probably in order to
6. The author of the passage implies which of the

following about the term male chauvinist?
(A) make the concept easier for readers to remember

(B) indicate that the word is not being used literally
(C) stress the differences between Newton's and
Einstein's ideas
(D) suggest that the word's meaning may change at
some point in the future
(E) show that Einstein is being quoted
(A) That it was first used in New York

(B) That it was first used in 1945
(C) That its use was common only among collegeeducated women
(D) That its use was associated with the Second
World War
(E) That its use became common outside New York
after 1945
9. In the authors view, an advantage of Einsteins

theory over Newtons law is that it deals with
7. It can be inferred from the passage that Prohibition had

the effect of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
curbing rights previously afforded to women

creating new businesses popular among women
making tavern service to women more common
limiting the food offerings in taverns
inspiring laws that prohibited discrimination
-33-
the Moon
particles
rapidly-moving objects
planets
human-engineered spacecraft

The following passage is excerpted from a
biography of the American writer J.D.
Salinger, author of the popular novel The
Catcher in the Rye.
Line
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
In the careers of most modern and

contemporary writers, a pattern of activity
emerges. After writers establish
themselves, they produce their work, and
periodically, about every three of four
years, release that work by way of a
publisher to the public. There are
exceptions, since publishing-industry
norms may or may not serve idiosyncratic
writers. The author may be less prolific,
as in the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald,
because he or she struggles with a piece
of writing for years before being able to
let it go. Or they may write only one
book, which ends up being a masterpiece,
as Harper Lee did with To Kill a
Mockingbird. Or the author may die
before the public comes to appreciate the
full genius of his or her work, as was the
case with Sylvia Plath. However, most
authors, even those inspired by true
genius, write and publish on a regular
basis, primarily because they want to
communicate with an audience. In all
likelihood, the same impulse forces writers
to make themselves available to their
readers in the various ways writers have
access toby giving readings, for
example, or answering fan mail. After all,
should authors be successful, it is the
readers, the people who buy the books,
who allow authors to enjoy the success
they have achieved.
Almost all writers play by the rules
of the game that have evolved in the
publishing-industry establishmentthey
do so, of course, because they want to
stay in the good graces of the publishers,
the people who make the rulesbut, in a
career that has spanned over half a
century, J.D. Salinger has refused to
comply with even the most basic of the
rules. Only onceteaching a class at
Sarah Lawrencehas he appeared before
an audience at all. He has made phone
calls to journalists and has had chance
50
55
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75
80
85
90
95
-34-
encounters with some, he has sat for a

deposition or two, but he has never done
a traditional interview. After the initial
printings of his first book, he soon refused
to allow his publisher to use a photograph
of him on the dust jacket of any of his
books. He has never communicated with
his readers; over the years he has even
gone so far as to instruct his agents to
throw away his fan mail without even
bothering to show it to him.
But theres more. At one point in
his career, he decided he didnt want his
stories reproduced in anthologies; then he
demanded that the four books he did
publish between 1951 and 1963 could
remain in print in paperback only if each
edition featured the text between two
plain covers and nothing elseno
advertising copy on the front cover, no
glowing blurbs on the back cover, no
biographical information about the author
anywhere, nothing resembling the
trappings a publisher uses to sell and
promote an author and his work. Finally
after 1965, even though he has often
gone out of his way to let the public know
he was continuing to write, he stopped
publishing his work in either magazines or
book form. By doing this, Salinger has
achieved a kind of perverse celebrity: He
has become a famous writer who writes
but doesnt publish.
Consequently, Salingers
reputation, at least in the latter part of his
life, is based not on the books he has
written but on the books he has allowed to
be published. Of course, The Catcher in
the Rye is his major work. Salinger is a
writer of great charm and purposefully
limited scope and a perfection within that
narrow compass, says Harold Bloom.
The Catcher in the Rye struck a nerve for
one generation but it seems to appeal to
sensitive young people who are going to
develop a consciousness and a distrust of
the adult world. Probably it will survive.
Tom Wolfe agrees: The Catcher in the
Rye captures the mood of the adolescent
who wants desperately to fit in but doesnt
want to seem as if he does, who wants to
act flippantly but who, underneath that
flippancy, has a great sorrow.
15. More in line 58 refers to
10. The pattern of activity mentioned in line 2 refers to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) the path most modern writers take to achieve

initial literary success
(B) the creative process writers use to express their
ideas through writing
(C) the way most successful writers continue to
supply their readers with new material
(D) the strategies writers use to convince publishers to
distribute their work
(E) the various ways writers seek to change
publishing-industry norms
16. In paragraph 3, the author suggests that Salingers

fame
(A) is due in part to his efforts to prevent his work
from being read
(B) has declined since the publication of his works in
the 50s and 60s
(C) is unwarranted because he published so few books
(D) would be greater if his publisher had promoted his
work more vigorously
(E) is more important to him than his writing
11. The phrase struggles with in line 12 is closest in

meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
resists
battles
strains against
toils over
strives toward
17. According to the passage, Harold Bloom and Tom

Wolfe agree that The Catcher in the Rye
12. The author mentions Fitzgerald, Lee, and Plath in the

first paragraph primarily in order to
(A) expresses an enduring attitude of adolescents

(B) has a limited scope of relevance
(C) was written by an author who was a sensitive
adolescent
(D) demonstrates a deep sense of sorrow
(E) approaches the struggles of youth with flippancy
(A) give examples of writers who were inspired by

true genius
(B) illustrate the prevalence of publishing-industry
norms
(C) show ways authors have diverged from the typical
career path
(D) demonstrate that masterpieces are difficult to
produce
(E) suggest that the publishing industry has changed
over the years
18. The author uses the quotations by Bloom and Wolfe to

(A) support the argument that Salingers reputation is
based on unpublished books
(B) demonstrate that The Catcher in the Rye appeals
to a young audience
(C) bolster the claim that The Catcher in the Rye is an
important work
(D) illustrate two competing perspectives on
Salingers work
(E) undermine the idea that Salinger has successfully
avoided publicity
13. The word available in line 26 is closest in meaning

to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
stories Salinger published in anthologies

years Salinger wrote novels
ways Salinger distanced himself from his readers
readers who appreciated Salingers work
rules of publishing generally obeyed by writers
obtainable
present
free
accessible
observable
19. The overall tone of the passage could best be described

as
14. The primary function of paragraph 2 is to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) introduce J.D. Salinger as a writer who refuses to

follow conventions
(B) catalog the ways in which writers communicate
with the public
(C) illustrate the importance of publishers to a writers
career
(D) explain J.D. Salingers attitude towards readers
(E) indicate the popularity of J. D. Salingers books
-35-
critical
laudatory
quizzical
informative
argumentative
20. Which of the following best describes the relationship

between the two passages?
Questions 20-24 are based on the following passages.

The following passages are about the
painter Mary Cassatt (1844-1926). The
first passage is from a biography of
Cassatt. The second passage discusses
one of Cassatts paintings entitled At the
Opera.
(A) Passage 1 connects the ideas expressed in Passage

2 to Cassatts personal history.
(B) Passage 1 questions the assumptions about a
Cassatt painting made in Passage 2.
(C) Passage 2 discusses a Cassatt painting that
displays the thematic characteristics presented in
Passage 1.
(D) Passage 2 celebrates the artistic qualities of
Cassatts paintings that Passage 1 criticizes.
(E) Passage 2 offers evidence that contradicts an
argument about Cassatt presented in Passage 1.
Passage 1
Line
5
10
15
20
Whether absorbed in a book,

attentive to their needlework, or deep in
personal contemplation, the women in
Mary Cassatts art find contentment in
their solitude. And it is striking how
frequently Cassatt depicted women on
their own. Their poses and gestures
define the boundaries of their privacy.
They turn their backs to the viewer or
incline their heads, attending only to their
tasks. Their faces, when not obscured by
shadow, express their deep concentration.
Moreover, by presenting her sitters as
deeply involved in their activities, Cassatt
reminds the viewer to keep a respectful
distance. Although these women engage
in a variety of activities, they all share a
sense of tranquil self-fulfillment. Each
woman seems at ease with herself,
perfectly content to be left alone.
21. The authors of both passages argue that

(A) Cassatt was only interested in painting women
(B) Cassatt felt that womens work was unfulfilling
(C) Cassatt thought that most women did not want to
be alone
(D) Cassatt painted women primarily to demonstrate
their beauty
(E) Cassatt believed in the importance of a womans
independence
22. The author of Passage 1 would probably agree that
Cassatt depicted the young woman in At the Opera as
turned away from us (lines 24-25) in order to
(A) focus on the elegance of the womans profile
(B) show that the woman is concentrating on the
opera
(C) follow the artistic conventions of the period
(D) create the sense that the woman is uncomfortable
(E) portray the idea that the woman is attempting to
be seen
Passage 2
25
30
35
40
Cassatts At the Opera represents a

strong feminist point of view, as it depicts
a lone woman attending a theatrical
event. The young woman is turned away
from us, while our gaze is mirrored in the
background by a sketchily painted man
with opera glasses who also intently
directs his attention toward the attractive
foreground figure. Cassatts woman is not
a beautiful seductress or a passive object
for viewing pleasure. She has her own
independence as she, too, actively looks
beyond the picture frame with a small pair
of opera glasses. Emulating other
Impressionists, Cassatt composed the
picture as a kind of photographic
snapshot, or slice of life, but she
employed the Impressionist emphasis on
the act of seeing to assert the principle of
sexual equality with men.
-36-
24. According to Passage 1, why did Cassatt seemingly

want viewers to keep a respectful distance (lines 1516) from the women in her paintings?
23. In lines 36-37, the phrase photographic snapshot is

probably meant to suggest that Cassatt
(A) created the painting to resemble a photograph
(B) used a style that was a precursor to photographic
art
(C) portrayed the woman in an everyday situation
(D) made the woman appear as though she were
posing for a photograph
(E) depicted the woman as caught off guard by the
man in the painting
(A) Cassatt thought her paintings could be appreciated

best from a distance.
(B) Cassatt felt it was inappropriate for strangers to be
too close to a woman.
(C) Cassatt usually preferred not to paint close-ups of
women.
(D) Cassatt did not want the female models she used
to be recognized.
(E) Cassatt wanted to emphasize that womens
activities were important.
STOP
-37-
SECTION 8
Time 20 minutes
19 Questions
3. Mrs. Rodriguez was under the impression that
discipline would ------- her wayward students
academic progress rather than advance it.

(A) condone (B) foster

(C) quicken
(D) exalt
(E) hamper
4. Despite the directors lifelong reputation for humility,
the retirement celebration found him unable to ------the urge to ------- his successes.
Example:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
enforce . . useful
end . . divisive
quell . . downplay
resist . . catalog
embrace . . embellish
forego . . diminish
modify . . belittle
5. Despite his ------- rich food, the chef was able to

practice ------- when his diet became threatening to his
health.
1. Angered that the book arrived in the mail in such a

shabby condition, Elliot insisted that the bookseller
replace it with ------- copy.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) an imitation (B) an authentic

(C) a pristine
(D) a generic
(E) a shopworn
penchant for . . austerity

fondness for . . indulgence
avoidance of . . luxury
indifference to . . asceticism
talent for . . virtuosity
6. Rauls game-winning goal in the closing minutes of the

game ------- his well-known ability to excel under
stressful conditions.
2. Staring at the abstract painting, Edna could not

understand how so many of her fellow museumgoers
could pretend to ------- its meaning, when to her its
message was so opaque.
(A) clarified (B) solidified (C) identified

(D) epitomized (E) decried
(A) obscure (B) advertise (C) comprehend

(D) disparage (E) ignore
-38-
The passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied
in the passage and in any introductory material that may be provided.
Line
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Grammatical errors like bleeded

and singed have long epitomized the
innocence and freshness of childrens
minds. The errors are acts of creation in
which children lift a pattern from their
brief experience and apply it with
impeccable logic to new words, unaware
that the adult world treats them as
arbitrary exceptions. In A Dark-Adapted
Eye, the novelist Barbara Vine introduces
an unlikable child by remarking, He
would refer to adults instead of
grownups and get all his past tenses
right, never saying rided for rode or
eated for ate.
Childrens errors with irregular
verbs also have been prominent in
debates on the nature of language and
mind. The neurologist Eric Lenneberg
pointed to the errors when he and linguist
Noam Chomsky first argued that language
was innate. Psychology textbooks cite the
errors to rhapsodize that children are
lovers of cognitive tidiness and simplicity;
researchers who study learning in adults
cite the errors as a paradigm case of the
human habit of overgeneralizing rules to
exceptional cases.
Nothing is more important to the
theory of words and rules than an
explanation of how children acquire rules
and apply themindeed overapply them
to words. The simplicity of these errors is
deceptive. It is not easy to explain why
children start making them, and its
harder to explain why they stop.
Overgeneralization errors are a
symptom of the open-ended productivity
of language, which children indulge in as
soon as they begin to put words together.
At around eighteen months children start
to utter two word microsentences like
See baby and More cereal. Some are
simply telegraphic renditions of their
parents speech, but many are original
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
-39-
productions. More outside! says a tot

who wants to play in the park. Allgone
sticky! says another after his mother has
washed jam off his fingers. By two years
of age, children produce longer and more
complicated sentences, and begin to
supply grammatical morphemes such as
-ing, -ed, -s and the auxiliaries.
Sometime between the end of the second
year and the end of the third year,
children begin to overgeneralize -ed to
irregular verbs.
Jennifer Ganger and I suspected
that at least some of the timing of
language development, including the pasttense rule, is controlled by a maturational
clock. Children may begin to acquire a
rule at a certain age for the same reason
they grow hair or teeth at certain ages. If
the clock is partly under the control of
genes, then identical twins should develop
language in tighter synchrony than
fraternal twins, who share only half their
genes. We have enlisted the help of
hundreds of mothers of twins who send us
daily lists of their childrens new words
and word combinations. The checklists
show that vocabulary growth, the first
word combinations, and the rate of
making past-tense errors are all in tighter
lockstep in identical twins than in fraternal
twins. The results tell us that at least
some of the mental events that make a
child say singed are hereditary. The very
first past-tense error, though, is not.
When one twin makes an error like singed
for the first time, an identical twin is no
quicker to follow suit than a fraternal twin.
These gapsan average of 34 days
between the first past-tense errors made
by two children with the same genes
exposed to the same speechare a
reminder of the importance of sheer
chance in childrens development.
Childrens speech errors, which
make such engaging anecdotes in poetry,
novels, television features and Web sites
for parents, may help us untangle one of
the thickest knots in science, nature and
nurture. When a child says It bleeded
100
105
110
115
120
9. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is to
and It singed, the fingerprints of

learning are all over the sentence. Every
bit of every word has been learned,
including the past tense suffix -ed. The
very existence of the error comes from a
process of learning that is still incomplete:
mastery of the irregular bled and sang.
But learning is impossible without
innately organized circuitry to do the
learning, and these errors give us hints of
how it works. Children are born to attend
to minor differences in the pronunciation
of words, such as walk and walked. They
seek a systematic basis for the difference
in the meaning or form of the sentence,
rather than dismissing it as haphazard
variation in speech styles. They
dichotomize time into past and nonpast,
and correlate half the timeline with the
evanescent word ending. They must have
a built-in tendency to block the rule when
a competing form (like bled) is found in
memory, because there is no way they
could learn the blocking principle in the
absence of usable feedback from their
parents. Their use of the rule (though
perhaps not the moment when they first
use it) is partly guided by their genes.
(A) indicate the extent of scholarly disagreement

about the nature of childrens speech errors
(B) demonstrate the universal occurrence of childrens
speech errors
(C) list the scholars who have influenced academic
understanding of childrens speech errors
(D) endorse a particular explanation for childrens
speech errors
(E) show that childrens speech errors have received
widespread scholarly attention
10. The word tidiness in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
11. The word overapply in line 32 refers to the

(A) considerable effort children give to speaking
(B) misunderstanding scholars have of simple speech
errors
(C) faulty application of scholarly theories to
childrens speech
(D) strict adherence of children to certain linguistic
rules
(E) misguided training that children often receive
from parents
7. The word lift in line 5 most closely means

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
raise
elevate
make better
boost up
take
12. The phrase open-ended productivity of language in

lines 38-39 refers to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
8. The author suggests that the unlikable child in A

Dark-Adapted Eye
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
cleanliness
neatness
orderliness
quickness
snugness
the lack of rules governing language use

the vulnerability of language to errors
the creative quality inherent in language use
the variety of different existing languages
the effort involved in using language correctly
did not enjoy speaking with grownups

spoke like most other children
never wanted to be introduced to other children
did not speak with childlike errors
was always making up new confusing words
-40-
17. The phrase attend to in lines 106-107 most closely

means
13. More outside and Allgone sticky (lines 46 and 4748) are examples of
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(A) overgeneralization errors frequently made by

children
(B) exceptional instances of childrens language use
(C) childrens attempts to communicate by thinking
rather than mimicking
(D) speech used by parents to communicate with their
children
(E) sentences displaying childrens use of
grammatical morphemes
18. Paragraph 7 (lines 103 to 123) describes

(A) the way children combine rules and memories
during language development
(B) the natural tendency children have to confuse
linguistic rules
(C) the forms of resistance children show to
identifying new linguistic rules
(D) the methods of learning that children use in the
absence of parental feedback
(E) the principles underlying a childs very first
utterance
14. By fingerprints of learning (lines 96-97) the author

primarily means
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
demonstration of sustained effort

indication of parental influence
results of faulty thinking
evidence of acquired information
illustration of genetic ability
19. Which of the following best characterizes the authors

attitude in the passage toward childrens errors in
language development?
15. In paragraph 6 (lines 90 to 102), the author suggests

that childrens speech errors
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
look after
notice
activate
be present to
associate with
are overused as examples in literature and art

have important scientific implications
can be easily unlearned
indicate problems with linguistic rules
are solely determined by genetics
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
scientific interest
personal fascination
scholarly indifference
general confusion
tempered frustration
16. Innately organized circuitry in line 104 refers to

(A) ways of teaching language that all parents use
(B) rules children learn to apply to language use
(C) differences in meaning suggested by complex
sentences
(D) childrens natural ability to process distinctions in
language use
(E) combinations of words occurring in all languages
STOP
-41-
SECTION 9
Time 20 minutes
16 Questions
Directions: For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding
circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratchwork.
1. Which of the following represents the total cost, in

dollars, of x rolls of wrapping paper that cost $6 each
and y greeting cards that cost $2 each?
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + < + + , then y could be which of
5 6 7 5 6 y
the following?
2. If
(A) 2x + 6y
(B) 6x + 2y
(A) 6
(B) 7
(C) 8
(D) 9
(E) 10
(C) 8(x + y)
(D) 0.8(x + y)
(E) (2 + x) (6 + y)
-42-
4. If a + b = 40 and a < 15, which of the following

must be true?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3. A circle was cut into two pieces, and one of the pieces
is shown above, with the dashed line indicating the
path of the cut. Which of the following could be the
other piece of the circle?
a
b
b
b
b
>
<
=
>
<
0
25
25
25
40
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5. Company R makes cars in many locations around the

world. The graph above shows where its cars were
made in 2003. If the company made 5,000,000 cars
in 2003, how many of these cars were made in
South America?
(E)
(A)
50
(B)
500
(C)
5,000
(D) 50,000
(E) 500,000
-43-
8. A box of staples contains 4,600 staples that are either

silver, black, or red. If 46 percent of the staples are
silver and 46 percent are black, what percent are red?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
6. Above are the four houses on a block of Oak Road.

Each house is painted a different color. There is a red
house, which is next to a blue house. There is a green
house, which is next to the red house and a yellow
house. Which house could be painted red?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
8%
18%
46%
54%
92%
1 only
2 only
3 only
2 or 3
1 or 4
9. In the figure above, ABDE is a square, BCD is a

right triangle, and AB = BC. If a point is chosen at
random from polygon ACDE, what is the probability
that the chosen point is in the shaded region?
x
x
7. If x > 0, then x 2 2 =
x
x
2
(A) 0
(B) 1
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
3
(C)
1
4
(D)
1
5
(E)
1
6
(C) x
(D) x 2
(E) x 1
-44-
10. What is an equation of the line parallel to the x -axis

and two units above the x -axis?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
x
x
y
y
y
= 2
=2
= 2
=0
=2
11. Which of the following graphs best represents the

information in the table above?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
-45-
12. A set has property X if t 2 t is in the set whenever

t is in the set. Which of the following sets has
property X ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
2
14. If t is an integer, t > 2, and z = t + , which of the
t
following must be true?
{2, 1, 0}
{1, 0}
{1, 0, 1}
{0, 1}
{1, 2}
I. z t
II. z is an integer.
III. tz > t 2
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
15. The circle above has an area of 49 and is divided

into 6 congruent regions. What is the perimeter of
one of these regions?
13. The figure above is a right triangle. What is the value
of 25 + x 2 ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
I only
III only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III
(A) 14 49
7
(B) 14 +
6
7
(C) 14 +
3
(D) 14 + 7
(E) 14 + 49
32
34
39
50
64
-46-
16. The original price of a book was b dollars. This price

was discounted x percent during a sale. James used a
coupon to buy the book for t percent off the sale price.
Which of the following represents the price, in dollars,
that James paid for the book?
x
t
(A) b 1
1
100
100
(1 x )(1 t )
(B) b
100
x + t
(C) b 1
100
xt
(D) b 1
100
x t
(E) b
100 100
STOP
-47-
SECTION 10
Time 10 minutes
14 Questions
2. Gold leaf is pure gold that is hammered so thin for it to
take 300,000 units to make a stack one inch high.
The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness

of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence
is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of
phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the
original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If
you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence
than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select
one of the other choices.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
3. By far the best-known work of poet Emma Lazarus is

the sonnet New Colossus, it was chosen to be the
inscription for the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in
1886.
In making your selection, follow the requirements of

standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar,
choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation.
Your selection should result in the most effective
sentenceclear and precise, without awkwardness or
ambiguity.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
EXAMPLE:
Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book
and she was sixty-five years old then.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
it was chosen to be
choosing it to be
which they chose for
which was chosen as
they chose it as
4. The gong was believed to have originated in Western

Asia, reached China in the sixth century, where it
continues to be used for a wide range of purposes,
including as a military signal, a rhythmic
accompaniment for vocal performance, and a ritual
instrument.
and she was sixty-five years old then

when she was sixty-five
at age sixty-five years old
upon the reaching of sixty-five years
at the time when she was sixty-five
(A) The gong was believed to have originated in

Western Asia, reached
(B) The gong, it is believed, originated in Western
Asia, reached
(C) The gong, believed to have originated in Western
Asia, reached
(D) The gong is believed to originate in Western Asia,
and reaching
(E) The gong, they believe, has originated in Western
Asia, reaching
1. If every nation were completely self-sufficient and

operated under a free-market economy, the world's
food supply will be governed solely by the economics
of supply and demand.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
for it to take
so that it takes
so it takes
as for it to take
that it takes
will be
would have been
was to be
was
would be
-48-
5. Galileo was probably the first to discover Saturns

rings, although his telescope was so small, he could not
see the rings properly and assumed that they were
satellites.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
9. Fireflies, or lightning bugs, are actually soft-bodied

beetles, most of whom producing light in special
organs located in the undersides of their abdomens.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
although
but because
since
and
nevertheless
10. To satisfy the curious, to protect their market, and it

discouraged competitors when the earliest spice traders
spread fantastic tales of spices growing in shallow
lakes guarded by winged animals and in deep glens
infested with poisonous snakes.
6. The Olmec people, widely regarded as the creators of

the first civilization in Mesoamerica, the area
encompassing much of Mexico and Central America.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
people, widely
people, which are widely
people, they are widely
people will be widely
people are widely
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
7. Although their language and people that are not of

European origin, Finland is generally considered part
of Scandinavia, which also includes Norway, Sweden,
and Denmark.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
it discouraged competitors when

it discouraged competitors,
discouraging competitors made
to discourage competitors, when
to discourage competitors,
11. The most notorious quick-draw gunman of the Texas

frontier, John Wesley Hardins exploits were written
about in an autobiography published posthumously,
The Life of John Wesley Hardin as Written by Himself.
their language and people that are

it has a language and people that are
they have languages and people
its language and people are
there are languages and people that are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
John Wesley Hardins exploits were written about

John Wesley Hardins exploits are recorded
John Wesley Hardin wrote about his exploits
the exploits of John Wesley Hardin were written
about
(E) the exploits of John Wesley Hardin are recorded
8. Unlike the hollow body of an acoustic guitar, which

acts as a sound box to project sound, the solid-body
electric guitar is almost soundless without the aid of an
amplification system.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
of whom producing
of which produce
of them produce
produce
to produce
the hollow body of an acoustic guitar, which acts

the hollow body that an acoustic guitar has, it acts
an acoustic guitars hollow body, acting
an acoustic guitar, whose hollow body acts
an acoustic guitar and its hollow body, acting
-49-
12. With one of the most successful African American

businesses in history, the Motown Record Corporation
was founded in 1959 in Detroit by Berry Gordy, Jr.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
14. Environmentally hazardous contamination of the water

and air is one of the more serious and complex issues
facing urban centers in the United States, where they
have an effect on public health, property values, and
the quality of life is magnified by the density of
population.
With one
It was one
Being one
One
As one
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
13. Adult ladybugs often prey on agricultural or garden

pests, causing many fruit growers to consider them
among the most beneficial insects.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
they have an
their
an
it has an
its
causing many fruit growers to

therefore, many fruit growers
this causes many fruit growers to
which cause many fruit growers to
many fruit growers
STOP
-50-
-51-

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SAT Reasoning Test General Directions

You will have 3 hours and 45 minutes to work on this test.

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(Copy from back of test book.)

Be sure to mark your answer sheet properly.

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For each correct answer, you receive one point.

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOK UNTIL THE

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Turn to page 2 of your answer sheet to write your ESSAY.

BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET.

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1. The total cost of 5 equally priced notebooks is

2. If x 2 64 = 0, which of the following could be a

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3. The digits of the positive three-digit integer n are

5. In the figure above, if the coordinates of points X and

6. In a sequence of numbers, the first number is 4 and

4. In the figure above, WOY and XOZ each have

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9. Which of the following could be the graph in the

7. It took Kia 6 hours to drive from Ashton to Farley,

8. If the average of 4 and j is 6 and the average of 10

and k is 10, what is the average of j and k ?

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10. If n is a positive odd integer, then (n + 1) (n + 2)

12. For 12 bottles of shampoo of various brands, the cost

11. Point S is the point with the greatest y -coordinate on

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13. The graph of a quadratic function and the graph of a

15. If a and b are positive integers and 9 (3a ) = 3b, what

16. The tin can in the figure above is a cylinder that is 8

14. If the length of LM is 7 and the length of MN is 8,

which of the following could be the length of LN ?

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17. When the number k is multiplied by 5, the result is

18. A circle (not drawn) passes through point A in the

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20. If x and y are numbers such that (x + 9) (y 9) = 0,

what is the smallest possible value of x 2 + y 2 ?

19. The function f graphed above is defined for

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