Linux Admin

Shiva Computers 101, 1st Floor, Revathi Apartments, Behind Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad.
Tel : 040-66848223 / 23734062 Mobile: +91 99595 62929 www.shivacomputers.net
Installation of RHEL/CentOS/ 6 updates for Servers & Desktops

1. Set your computers BIOS to boot form CD / DVD
2. Insert the CentOS 6 CD or DVD
3. When presented with the following screen press enter on Install or upgrade an existing system.
4. You will now be presented with a CD Check, I always skip this step I live life on the edge when
it comes to media checking on Linux installs. However you might want to check the media.
5. You will now see some black and white text on your screen as your computer loads the
X11 environment for the CentOS install, after 30 seconds or so you will be presented with the
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CentOS GUI installer, click next.
6. Select your Language, I am British (please no jokes about drinking tea on Twitter) so I would
select English (English).
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7. Select your keyboard type
8. Storage type, as I am installing on my local hard drive I selected Basic storage type if you are
using iSCSI or similar technology now would be the time to set it up.
9. As this is a clean install and the drive has never been formatted before I got the
following Initialize drive warning, you might get the same if your drive (or virtual hard disk) is
brand new.
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10. Set the hostname for your Server
11. Set your root password, something sensible please Dont set weak dictionary passwords or
you will get hacked by a 13yr old russian super hackz0r You might want to check out my guide
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on how to secure SSH.
12. You will now be set with a bunch of options for your disk partitioning, as this is a new fresh
install I selected the option Create custom for creating own format.
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13. Creating minimum partition of root and swap partition .
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14. Format warning, click on Format (this will delete your data.
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15. You will now see a warning about writing the changes to disk, click on Write changes to disk.
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16. Boot loader options, I left this as default you might want to set a boot loader password.
17. The next part is important selecting which programs to be install on the server follow the
screens .
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18. CentOS 6 will install
19. CentOS 6 has installed, congrats
20. Reboot and login as root.
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Basic command
To view list of files
[root@server ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
anand2
Documents
Public
Templates webmin-1.590
anand1
rpmbuild
Videos
install.log
Desktop
Downloads
webmin-1.590.tar.gz
install.log.syslog
Music
Pictures
To view list of files and folders with details

[root@server ~]# ls -l
total 18656
-rw-------.
1 root root
1570 Jun 11 20:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jul 22 09:48 anand1
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jul 22 09:48 anand2
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jun 11 22:11 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jun 11 22:11 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jul 22 07:30 Downloads
-rw-r--r--.
1 root root
47353 Jun 11 20:47 install.log
To view list of files and folders with details human readable format
[root@server ~]# ls -lh
total 19M
-rw-------.
1 root root 1.6K Jun 11 20:47 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root 4.0K Jul 22 09:48 anand1
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root 4.0K Jul 22 09:48 anand2
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root 4.0K Jun 11 22:11 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root 4.0K Jun 11 22:11 Documents
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root 4.0K Jul 22 07:30 Downloads
-rw-r--r--.
1 root root
47K Jun 11 20:47 install.log
-rw-r--r--.
1 root root
12K Jun 11 20:44 install.log.syslog
To clear screen
[root@server ~]# clear or ctrl + l
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To view hidden files and folders

[root@server ~]# ls -a
.
bookmarks
1.590.tar.gz
..
.mozilla
.bash_logout
.dbus
.local
.pulse
.bash_profile
.pulse-cookie
.gconfd
.gtk.spice-vdagent webmin-
Desktop
.ssh
.gnome2
.gvfs
.xsession-errors
To view list of files and folders with tree structure format

[root@server ~]#ls -R
./webmin-1.590/zones/images:
icon.gif
smallicon.gif
tzone4.jpg
zone.gif
./webmin-1.590/zones/lang:
ca
ca.UTF-8
de
de.UTF-8
en
Present working directory

[root@server ~]# pwd
[root@server ~]# ls -l /etc/
[root@server ~]# ls | less or more
To create a blank file
[root@server ~]# touch hyderabad
[root@server ~]# touch hyderabad
Creating a file with cat command
[root@server ~]# cat > delhi
delhi is captial of india
*************************
[root@server ~]# ls
To view the file
[root@server ~]# cat delhi
delhi is captial of india
*************************
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[root@server ~]# ls
To create a directory
[root@server ~]# mkdir india
[root@server ~]# ls
Creating multiple directories
[root@server ~]# mkdir india1 india2 india3
[root@server ~]# ls
Creating multiple nested directories
[root@server ~]# mkdir -p kumar1/kumar2/kumar3
[root@server ~]# ls -lR kumar1/
kumar1/:
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 25 10:48 kumar2
kumar1/kumar2:
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 25 10:48 kumar3
kumar1/kumar2/kumar3:
total 0
Changing directory
[root@server ~]#cd /kumar1
[root@server kumar]# ls
kumar2
Back to directory
[root@server ~]# cd ..
Removing a file
[root@server ~]# rm delhi
rm: remove regular file `delhi'? y
[root@server ~]# ls
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anaconda-ks.cfg anand2 Desktop
Downloads india
india2 install.log
kumar
Music
Public
Templates webmin-1.590 anand1
d1
Documents
hyderabad india1 india3 install.log.syslog kumar1 Pictures rpmbuild Videos
webmin-1.590.tar.gz
Removing a empty directory

[root@server ~]# rmdir india
[root@server ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg anand2 Desktop
Downloads india1 india3
install.log.syslog
kumar1 Pictures rpmbuild
Videos
webmin-1.590.tar.gz anand1
d1
Documents hyderabad india2 install.log kumar Music
Public
Templates webmin1.590
[root@server /]# rmdir kumar1/

rmdir: failed to remove `kumar1/': Directory not empty
Removing a filed directory
[root@server /]# rm -rf kumar1/
Copying a file
[root@server ~]# cp hyderabad Desktop/
[root@server ~]# cd Desktop
[root@server Desktop]# ls
[root@server Desktop]# cd ..
Copying a complete directory
[root@server ~]# cp -r /boot/ shiva/
Rename a file
[root@server ~]# mv hyderabad hyderabad2
[root@server ~]# cat > hyderabad2
This is anand
This is kumar
they students in computers
Search a word in file
[root@server ~]# grep 'kumar' hyderabad2
This is kumar
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[root@server ~]# cat /etc/shadow | grep 'anand'

anand:$6$hslH52Z5$OIyifFiYWz6xce1g5T9T.5bElOHYY1f2uWeuRaYgZTqazYJcEgoW
BgQEMyoj2LRLv432g82gZd7Am0az0KtmU/:15543:0:99999:7:::
anand2:$6$0yfKjYdK$UofWZugkLX/SXSJXqJap6Y/zgp2YNbCWLobbZOiAYYO4d5SAewI
97Du/GjFkeJAFAMMMHMjuU4zqkCsZ2xZ9O1:15546:0:99999:7:::
To view date and time
[root@server ~]# date
Wed Jul 25 11:05:28 IST 2012
To get calendar
[root@server ~]# cal 12 2011
December 2011
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
To get commands history

[root@server ~]# history
To Clear history
[root@server ~]# history -c
To get disk usage
[root@server ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1
9.7G
2.9G
tmpfs
1012M
6.4G
112K 1012M
31% /
1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda3
985M
18M
918M
2% /dev1
/dev/sda5
985M
18M
918M
2% /dev2
To get partition information
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[root@server ~]# fdisk -l

Device Boot
/dev/sda1
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
2041
2054
111651+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
2055
2080
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda8
2081
2094
112423+
83
Linux
/dev/sda9
2095
2108
112423+
83
Linux
Extended
To get number command available

[root@server ~]-> ->
To get help about command
[root@server ~]# man ls
q to quit
shout down computer now
[root@server ~]# shoutdown -h now
[root@server ~]# init 0
or
[root@server ~]# poweroff
or
shout down computer at 10.30pm
[root@server ~]# shoutdown -h 10:30pm
To restart computer
[root@server ~]# init 6
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Editors:
In Linux by default we have 3 editors
gedit (Graphical mode)

nano (command mode
vi (command mode)
vim (command mode)
[root@server ~]# nano
hyderabad2
ctrl+W to search word in file

ctrl+O to save file
ctrl+X to exit file
Vi/VIM editor
[root@server ~]# vi hyderabad2
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Note: To enter in to default mode press Esc .

Note: to enter in to insert mode press insert button or a on u r keyboard
Note: to enter in to replace mode press insert button again on u r keyboard
Note: Only editing is possible in insert or replace mode.
Command which is used in Linux VI editor
Commands in vi editors
x
nx
X
dw
ndw
dd
ndd
D
r
cw
ncw
C
o
O
J
nJ
u
U
delete character
delete n characters
delete character before cursor
delete word
delete n words
delete line
delete n lines
delete characters from cursor to end of line
replace character under cursor
replace a word
replace n words
change text from cursor to end of line
insert blank line below cursor
(ready for insertion)
insert blank line above cursor
(ready for insertion)
join succeeding line to current cursor line
join n succeeding lines to current cursor line
undo last change
restore current line
MOVING AROUND IN A FILE

w
b
$
0 (zero)
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forward word by word

backward word by word
to end of line
to beginning of line
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
H
M
L
G
1G
<Control>f
<Control>b
<Control>d
<Control>u
n
N
to top line of screen

to middle line of screen
to last line of screen
to last line of file
to first line of file
scroll forward one screen
scroll backward one screen
scroll down one-half screen
scroll up one-half screen
repeat last search in same direction
repeat last search in opposite direction
CLOSING AND SAVING A FILE

ZZ
:w
:q!
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save file and then quit

save file
discard changes and quit file
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Users and groups management

[root@server ~]# useradd u1
[root@server ~]# passwd u1
Changing password for user u1.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: it is WAY too short
BAD PASSWORD: is too simple
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/passwd | grep u1
u1:x:2001:2002::/home/u1:/bin/bash
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/shadow | grep u1
u1:$6$E/UXqIAk$wCMbTNlmbAlM4Z8YHBIk8q3Dek0pDes/miMujoq2u.4v8KKPjSz80MT
VXGQ4Y/z2AyjCD/DFEmCEFCvLI1mto/:15546:0:99999:7:::
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/group | grep u1
u1:x:2002:
[root@server ~]# mkdir /marketing
[root@server ~]# useradd -u 1000 -d /marketing/u2 u2
u2:x:1000:1000::/marketing/u2:/bin/bash
[root@server ~]# useradd -u 1500 -d /marketing/u3 -s /bin/zsh u3
u3:x:1500:1500::/marketing/u3:/bin/zsh
[root@server ~]# usermod -L u1
Log off from root user and log in as u1 user,u1 user should not log
in..
Executive the command login as root user
[root@server ~]# usermod -U u1
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Making user blank password

[root@server ~]# usermod -p "" u1
User to make force to change password
Log off from root user and log in as u1 user,
[root@server ~]# chage -d '0' u1
Log off from root user and log in as u1 user, change the password..
Changing login name of a user u1 to u1
[root@server ~]# usermod -l u100 u1
Log off from u1 user and login as u100.
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/passwd | grep 'u100'
u100:x:2001:2002::/home/u1:/bin/bash
Switching user from root user to u100 user
[root@server ~]# su - u100
To back to root user
[u100@server ~]$exit
Creating group named shiva
[root@server ~]# groupadd shiva
[root@server ~]# groupadd marketing
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/group | grep shiva
shiva1:x:2001:anand2,tom
shiva:x:2003:
Adding u100, u2 user to shiva group as secondary member
[root@server ~]# usermod -G shiva u100
[root@server ~]# usermod -G shiva u2
Creating user shiva as a primary group
[root@server ~]# useradd -g shiva u80
Checking user group information
[root@server ~]# id u80
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uid=2003(u80) gid=2003(shiva) groups=2003(shiva)

Adding u100 secondary member of different group like marketing, shiva1
[root@server ~]# usermod -a -G shiva1,marketing u100
[root@server ~]# id u100
uid=2001(u100) gid=2002(u1)
groups=2002(u1),2001(shiva1),2004(marketing)
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/group
Changing a user from old shiva group to new group shiva1
[root@server ~]# usermod -G shiva1 u100
User password account information
[root@server ~]# chage -l u80
Last password change
: Jul 25, 2012
Password expires
: never
Password inactive
: never
Account expires
: never
Minimum number of days between password change
: 0
Maximum number of days between password change
: 99999
Number of days of warning before password expires
: 7
deleting user
[root@server ~]# userdel u100
deleting user with home directory
[root@server ~]# userdel -r u80
deleting a group
[root@server ~]# groupdel shiva1
[root@server ~]#
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Permissions
checking user permissions of file
Note: permission can be assigned to files and folders not users and groups.
[root@server ~]# ls -l
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jul 22 09:48 anand1
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root root
4096 Jul 22 09:48 anand2
create a user name ramesh

[root@server ~]# useradd ramesh
create a file anand
[root@server ~]# touch /anand
[root@server ~]# ls -l /anand
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 26 05:36 tom
Switch to user to ramesh
[root@server ~]# su - ramesh
[ramesh@server ~]$ vi /anand
:q!
you file will be read only
[ramesh@server ~]$exit
[root@server ~]# chmod 647 /anand
-rw-r--rwx 1 root root 0 Jul 26 05:46 /anand
[root@server ~]# su - ramesh
[ramesh@server ~]$ vi /anand
:wq
[ramesh@server ~]$exit
Changing ownership of file
[root@server ~]# chown ramesh /anand
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-rw-r--rwx 1 ramesh root 19 Jul 26 05:54 /anand

Changing group ownership of file
[root@server ~]# chgrp ramesh /anand
-rw-r--rwx 1 ramesh ramesh 19 Jul 26 05:54 /anand
[root@server ~]#
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Stick bit
stick bit can be applied to folders only, which provides full access to all the users but only the user can
delete the files who is owner.
[root@server ~]# mkdir /delhi
[root@server ~]#useradd u150
[root@server ~]#useradd u160
Applying stick bit to delhi folder
[root@server /]# cd ..
[root@server /]# chmod 1777 /delhi/
[root@server /]# ls -l
total 1536
-rw-r--rwx
1 ramesh ramesh
-rw-r--r--.
1 root
root
dr-xr-xr-x.
2 root
root
4096 Jul 25 03:38 bin
dr-xr-xr-x.
4 root
root
4096 Jun 11 20:46 boot
drwxr-xr-x.
2 root
root
4096 Sep 23
drwxr-xr-x
3 root
root
4096 Jul 25 10:47 d1
drwxrwxrwt
2 root
root
19 Jul 26 05:54 anand

512 Jul 22 14:36 backup.cpio
2011 cgroup
4096 Jul 26 09:31 delhi
[root@server /]# su - u150

[u150@server ~]$ touch /delhi/1.txt
[u150@server ~]$ exit
logout
[u160@server ~]$ touch /delhi/2.txt
[u160@server ~]$ exit
logout
[u150@server ~]$ rm /delhi/2.txt
rm: remove write-protected regular empty file `/delhi/2.txt'? y
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rm: cannot remove `/delhi/2.txt': Operation not permitted

U150 trying to remove 2.txt file which is under full permission folder for all users, but stick bit is applied.
Sudo users
Sudo command will provides normal users to root users permission
[root@server /]# useradd u200
[root@server /]# passwd u200
[root@server /]# vi /etc/sudoers
line number 96
u160
ALL=(ALL)
ALL

[u160@server ~]$ vi /etc/shadow
[u160@server ~]$ sudo vi /etc/shadow
you show not see in the file any thing
We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System
Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things:
#1) Respect the privacy of others.
#2) Think before you type.
#3) With great power comes great responsibility.
[sudo] password for u160:
enter the password
[u160@server ~]$ sudo vi /etc/shadow
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Basic networking
To view hostname
[root@localhost ~]# hostname
Assigning hostname
[root@localhost ~]# hostname server.example.com
Setting computer name permanent
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=server.example.com
:wq!
All the network related files will be stored in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts

[root@server ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@server network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-eth0
ifdown-eth
post
ifup-tunnel
ifdown-isdn
ifdown-sit
network-functions
ifup-bnep
ifup-ipv6
ifup-
ifcfg-lo
ifdown-ib
ppp
ifup-wireless
ifdown-post
ifdown-tunnel
network-functions-ipv6
ifup-eth
ifup-isdn
ifup-
ifdown
routes
ifdown-ppp
ifup
ifup-ib
ifup-plip
ifup-
ifdown-routes
ifup-aliases
ifup-ippp
ifup-plusb
ifup-
ifdown-ippp
init.ipv6-global
ifdown-bnep ifdown-ipv6
sit
net.hotplug
Note: network cad file name is ifcfg-eth0

[root@server network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
ONBOOT=no
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=no
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NAME="System eth0"
UUID=5fb06bd0-0bb0-7ffb-45f1-d6edd65f3e03
HWADDR=00:0c:29:22:0b:fe
PEERROUTES=yes
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
Assigning IP address
There are 2 ways IP address can be assigned
Using tool
Manually
Using tools 1) system-config-network-tui 2)setup 3)ifconfig
Steep1 :
[root@localhost /]# system-config-network-tui
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steep2: Restart the network service

[root@localhost /]# service network restart
[root@localhost /]# ifup eth0
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To check IP address
[root@server ~]# ifconfig
eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:22:0B:FE

inet addr:192.168.0.101 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe22:bfe/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:13377 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:11895 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:3585144 (3.4 MiB) TX bytes:4250314 (4.0 MiB)
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000
lo
Link encap:Local Loopback

inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:54 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:54 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:3792 (3.7 KiB) TX bytes:3792 (3.7 KiB)
or
[root@server ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP
qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:22:0b:fe brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.0.101/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe22:bfe/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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3: pan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN
link/ether be:c0:bf:39:81:a4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
To assigning IP address using ifconfig

[root@server network-scripts]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.102 netmask
255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.1 dns1 192.168.0.1
Assigning Another IP address to same network card which is known as virtual Ethernet card.
steep1: creating or copying network sample file

[root@server network-scripts]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@server network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0:1
steep2: change Ethernet name and ip address in virtual file

[root@localhost /]# vi ifcfg-eth0:1
DEVICE=eth0:1
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
ONBOOT=no
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes
NAME="System eth0:1"
steep3: assigning IP address

[root@server network-scripts]# ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.0.102 netmask
255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.1 dns1 192.168.0.1
steep4: check IP Address

[root@server network-scripts]# ifconfig eth0:1
eth0:1
Link encap:Ethernet
inet addr:192.168.0.5
HWaddr 00:0C:29:22:0B:FE
Bcast:192.168.0.255
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST
MTU:1500
Mask:255.255.255.0
Metric:1
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000
Note: you can create 0-253 virtual IP address for one network card
Page No | 33
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To active your network card

[root@server ~]# ifup eth0
To deactivate your network card
[root@server ~]# ifdown eth0
To get number users logged in to the computer

[root@server ~]# who -a
system boot
2012-07-25 01:25
run-level 5
2012-07-25 01:25
LOGIN
tty2
2012-07-25 01:26
1978 id=2
LOGIN
tty3
2012-07-25 01:26
1980 id=3
LOGIN
tty4
2012-07-25 01:26
1982 id=4
LOGIN
tty5
2012-07-25 01:26
1984 id=5
LOGIN
tty6
2012-07-25 01:26
1986 id=6
+ tty7
2012-07-25 10:08
root
root
root
old
10939 (:0)
pts/0
2012-07-25 08:57
+ pts/1
2012-07-25 12:07
pts/2
2012-07-25 10:08
9413 id=ts/2
term=0 exit=0
pts/3
2012-07-25 13:20
11300 id=ts/3
term=0 exit=0
pts/4
2012-07-25 08:55
10104 id=ts/4
term=0 exit=0
pts/0
2012-07-25 12:11
10471 id=ts/0
term=0 exit=0
2012-07-25 10:09 02:31
11208 (:0.0)
+ pts/2
0 id=/0
.
term=0 exit=0
11915 (192.168.0.100)
To get which user logged in to computer

[root@server ~]# whoami
root
To get network card hardware info
[root@server ~]# ethtool eth0
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Installing programs on Linux

There are three different ways you can install programs on Linux
1) Using .rpm
2) Yum
3) Source
1 using rpm
Working with CD/DVD-ROMS and USB devices.
Insert the CD/DVD, then follow the steeps
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/dvdrw /media/
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@localhost ~]# cd /media/
[root@localhost media]# ls
[root@localhost media]# cd Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# ls
Steep1: Installing rpm packages

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.15-15.el6.centos.i686.rpm
or
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh httpd*
Preparing...
1:httpd
--force
########################################### [100%]
########################################### [100%]
Steep2: checking rpm package

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -q httpd
httpd-2.2.15-15.el6.centos.i686
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa | grep 'httpd'
httpd-2.2.15-15.el6.centos.i686
httpd-tools-2.2.15-15.el6.centos.i686
Installation Location
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[root@localhost Packages]# whereis httpd
httpd: /usr/sbin/httpd.event /usr/sbin/httpd.worker /usr/sbin/httpd
/etc/httpd /usr/lib/httpd /usr/share/man/man8/httpd.8.gz
Steep 3: Updating package

[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh package.rpm
or
[root@localhost Packages]# up2date -i package-name
Steep4: removing packages

[root@localhost /]# rpm -e samba
[root@localhost /]# rpm -e samba --nodeps
2) Using yum
Steep1: Listing available packages
[root@localhost /]# yum list samba
[root@localhost /]# yum list updates or all
[root@localhost /]# yum group list
Steep2: installing packeges

[root@localhost /]# yum install vsftp* -y
[root@localhost /]# yum install package1 packege2 -y
[root@localhost /]# yum groupinstall "Development Tools"
Steep3: Updating packages

[root@localhost /]# yum update vsftp
[root@localhost /]# yum update
[root@localhost /]# yum groupupdate "Development Tools"
[root@localhost /]# yum upgrade
Steep4: removing packegs

[root@localhost /]# yum remove vsftp
[root@localhost /]# yum grouremove "Development Tools"
3 Source or manual Installation of programs:
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Download the package, which will be in tar.gz format

[root@localhost /]# tar zxf software_package
[root@localhost /]#cd software_package
[root@localhost /]#configure
[root@localhost /]#make
[root@localhost /]# make install
Note: All the source installation is same.
Accessing pen drive

[root@localhost /]# mkdir p /mnt/pen
[root@localhost /]# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/pen
[root@localhost /]# cd /mnt/pen
[root@localhost /]# ls
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Job scheduling
Job scheduling can be done two ways
1) cron tab
2) at
1) Cron tab
To add new job, edit job, delete a job
[root@server /]# crontab -e
30 08 10 06 * /home/ramesh/full-backup.sh
0 22 * * * poweroff
:wq!
[root@server /]# crontab -l
30 08 10 06 * /home/ramesh/full-backup.sh
0 22 * * * poweroff
# crontab -ir
crontab: really delete root's crontab? n
In crontab total 6 columns which are given bellow
1) MIN
Minute field 0 to 59
2 HOUR
Hour field
0 to 23
3) DOM
Day of Month 1-31
4) MON
Month field
1-12
6) DOW
Day Of Week 0-6
7) CMD
Command Any command to be executed.
1) For first line a backup script will be starts
30 30th Minute
08 08 AM
10 10th Day
06 6th Month (June)
* Every day of the week
2) second line Every day at 10Pm system will be shutdown.
0 every minute
22 20 PM
* everyday
* every month
* Every day of the week
Page No | 38
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
2) At Command
Adding a job
[root@server /]# at -m 01:35
at> poweroff
press ctrl+d
at> <EOT>
Viewing jobs
[root@server /]# at -l
1 2011-10-10 01:35AM pweroff
Removing a job 1
[root@server /]# atrm 1
Page No | 39
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Fdisk: (creating partitions)

Steep1: checking the partitions
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
/dev/sda1
9.7G
2.8G
tmpfs
1012M
6.4G
31% /
284K 1012M
/dev/sda3
985M
18M
/dev/sr0
3.6G
3.6G
1% /dev/shm
918M
2% /dev1
0 100% /media/CentOS_6.2_Final
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000bff6
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
/dev/sda1
Extended
Linux
Steep2: Creating new partitions using fdisk

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m
Command action
d
delete a partition
list known partition types
add a new partition
Page No | 40
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
p
print the partition table
quit without saving changes
change a partition's system id
verify the partition table
Command (m for help): n

First cylinder (2041-2611, default 2041):
Using default value 2041 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (20412611, default 2611): +100M
Command (m for help): p
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
2041
2054
111651+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
2055
2080
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda8
2081
2094
112423+
83
Linux
/dev/sda1
Extended
Command (m for help): wq
Steep3: reboot operating system

[root@localhost ~]# init 6
Steep4 : creating file system for newly created /dev/sda6, /dev/sda7, /dev/sda8.
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda6
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Steep5 : mount the partition on folder to make use it

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /dev6
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sda6 /dev6/
[root@localhost /]# cd /dev6

[root@localhost dev6]# ls
lost+found
[root@localhost dev6]# cd ..
[root@localhost /]# cd /dev7
lost+found
[root@localhost /]# cd /dev8/
lost+found
[root@localhost /]#
Note: in all the mount folder u should see Lost+found folder
Steep6: checking the disk usage

[root@localhost /]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
/dev/sda1
9.7G
2.8G
tmpfs
/dev/sda3
Page No | 42
1012M
985M
6.4G
284K 1012M
18M
918M
31% /
1% /dev/shm
2% /dev1
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
/dev/sr0
3.6G
3.6G
0 100% /media/CentOS_6.2_Final
/dev/sda6
106M
1.6M
99M
2% /dev6
/dev/sda7
198M
5.8M
182M
4% /dev7
/dev/sda8
107M
5.6M
96M
6% /dev8
Steep7: to view all the mount point links in your system

[root@localhost /]# mount
At last it should like this
/dev/sda6 on /dev6 type ext2 (rw)
To remove Linux partition

[root@ns1 ~]# umount /dsda8
[root@ns1 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-8): 8
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1530
2048000
82
/dev/sda3
1530
2610
8675801
/dev/sda5
1530
1555
201482
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
1556
1581
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
1582
1607
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda1
Extended
Restart the system

[root@ns1 ~]# init 6
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
LVM (Logical volume manager)

Steep1: Checking hard disk partition
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000bff6
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
/dev/sda1
Extended
Linux
Steep2: Creating new partitions using fdisk

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Page No | 44
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
2041
2054
111651+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
2055
2080
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda8
2081
2094
112423+
83
Linux
/dev/sda1
Extended
Steep3: reboot operating system

[root@localhost ~]# init 6
Steep4 : creating file system for newly created /dev/sda6, /dev/sda7, /dev/sda8.
Device Boot
/dev/sda1
Start
*
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
2041
2054
111651+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
2055
2080
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda8
2081
2094
112423+
83
Linux
Extended
Steep5: creating physical volumes

[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda6 /dev/sda7 /dev/sda8
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/sda6"
Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay

"/dev/sda6" is a new physical volume of "109.03 MiB"
--- NEW Physical volume --PV Name
/dev/sda6
VG Name
PV Size
109.03 MiB
Allocatable
NO
PE Size
Total PE
Free PE
Allocated PE
PV UUID
abgRMn-cr4I-dyF0-ekY9-SaWm-CeyW-j5ifMS

/dev/sda7
VG Name
PV Size
203.92 MiB
Allocatable
NO
PE Size
Total PE
Free PE
Allocated PE
PV UUID
STQw3d-8ffF-D9Yq-9ji3-xGug-ADcD-FlgHIf

/dev/sda8
VG Name
PV Size
109.79 MiB
Allocatable
NO
PE Size
Total PE
Page No | 46
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Free PE
Allocated PE
PV UUID
RNbNM6-d4v7-qKfM-UVOb-76sa-qTsK-8OUCor
Step 6: creating volume group

[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sda6 /dev/sda7 /dev/sda8
Volume group "vg1" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group --VG Name
vg1
System ID
Format
lvm2
Metadata Areas
Metadata Sequence No
VG Access
read/write
VG Status
resizable
MAX LV
Cur LV
Open LV
Max PV
Cur PV
Act PV
VG Size
416.00 MiB
PE Size
4.00 MiB
Total PE
104
Alloc PE / Size
0 / 0
Free
104 / 416.00 MiB
PE / Size
VG UUID
u1QKS0-5EiL-jghL-Owj9-0brg-QWD8-1zOooC
Steep7: creating LV (logical volume)

[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate vg1 -L +200m -n lv1
Logical volume "lv1" created
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
--- Logical volume --LV Name
/dev/vg1/lv1
VG Name
vg1
LV UUID
ZzIF11-rkjv-inkb-UiFF-8i3l-YN9n-7qZ2ei
LV Write Access
read/write
LV Status
available
# open
LV Size
200.00 MiB
Current LE
50
Segments
Allocation
inherit
Read ahead sectors
auto
- currently set to
256
Block device
253:0
Steep8: creating file system for /dev/vg1/lv1 newly created Lv partition

[root@localhost ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg1/lv1
Steep9: mounting the newly created partition on lv1 folder
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /lv1
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1
/lv1/
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
/dev/sda1
9.7G
2.5G
tmpfs
1012M
6.7G
112K 1012M
27% /
1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda3
985M
18M
918M
2% /dev1
/dev/sda5
985M
18M
918M
2% /dev2
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
194M
5.6M
179M
4% /lv1
Resizing Logical volume

Before resizing you must umount the partition.
Steep1: Logical volume in increased to 50MB
[root@localhost ~]# umount /lv1/
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[root@localhost ~]# lvresize -L +50m /dev/vg1/lv1

Rounding up size to full physical extent 52.00 MiB
Extending logical volume lv1 to 252.00 MiB
Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
Steep2: repeat steep 10 for mount partition

If you want decrease Logical volume
[root@localhost ~]# lvresize -L -100m /dev/vg1/lv1
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 152.00 MiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce lv1? [y/n]: y
Reducing logical volume lv1 to 152.00 MiB
Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
Steep 10 repeat for mounting
Increasing volume group

Steep1: Increasing Volume group.
Note: before increasing volume group have to increase physical volume
Steep2: Create new partition /dev/sda9
Device Boot
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1785
4096000
82
/dev/sda3
1785
1913
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda4
1913
2611
5610496
/dev/sda5
1913
2041
1024000
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
2041
2054
111651+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
2055
2080
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda1
Page No | 49
Extended
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
/dev/sda8
2081
2094
112423+
83
Linux

Using default value 2095
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2095-2611, default 2611): +100M
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Steep3: restart the system

[root@localhost /]# init 6
Steep3: create new physical volume

[root@localhost /]# pvcreate /dev/sda9
Steep4: Increasing volume group

[root@localhost /]# vgextend vg1 /dev/sda9
Volume group "vg1" successfully extended
Removing complete LVM

Steep1: remove Logical volume
[root@localhost /]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1
Do you really want to remove active logical volume lv1? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lv1" successfully removed
Steep2: remove volume group

[root@localhost /]# vgremove vg1
Volume group "vg1" successfully removed
Steep3: remove physical volume

[root@localhost /]# pvremove /dev/sda6 /dev/sda7 /dev/sda8 /dev/sda9
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Labels on physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully wiped
Steep4: checking LVM remove or not

[root@localhost /]# lvdisplay
No volume groups found
[root@localhost /]# vgdisplay
No volume groups found
[root@localhost /]# pvdisplay
[root@localhost /]#
Steep5: how to make the partition permanent mounting at boot time.

[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
At last
/dev/sda6
/dev6
ext2 defaults 0 0
/dev/sda7
/dev7
ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/sda8
/dev8
ext4 defaults 0 0
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RAID- 1/5
steep1: Creating 3 partitions sda5, sda6, sda7 which are 200M, 200M 100M.
[root@ns1 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command action
l
logical (5 or over)
primary partition (1-4)
l

Command action
l
logical (5 or over)
l

Command action
l
logical (5 or over)
l

Device Boot
/dev/sda1
Page No | 52
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
/dev/sda2
1275
1530
2048000
82
/dev/sda3
1530
2610
8675801
/dev/sda5
1530
1555
201482
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
1556
1581
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
1582
1607
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda8
1608
1633
208813+
83
Linux
Extended
Command (m for help): t

Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 8 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)


Device Boot
/dev/sda1
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
/dev/sda2
1275
1530
2048000
82
/dev/sda3
1530
2610
8675801
/dev/sda5
1530
1555
201482
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
1556
1581
208813+
83
Linux
/dev/sda7
1582
1607
208813+
fd
Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sda8
1608
1633
208813+
fd
Extended

Device Boot
/dev/sda1
Page No | 53
Start
End
Blocks
Id
System
1275
10240000
83
Linux
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
/dev/sda2
1275
1530
2048000
82
/dev/sda3
1530
2610
8675801
/dev/sda5
1530
1555
201482
83
Linux
/dev/sda6
1556
1581
208813+
fd
/dev/sda7
1582
1607
208813+
fd
/dev/sda8
1608
1633
208813+
fd
Extended
Note: RAID 1 is mirroring, when configuring RAID 1 your HDD partitions size should be
same.
Steep2 : Creating mdadm for raid
[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2
/dev/sda6 /dev/sda7
mdadm: /dev/sda6 appears to contain an ext2fs file system
size=208812K
mtime=Thu Jan
1 05:30:00 1970
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and

may not be suitable as a boot device.
If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that

your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
mdadm: /dev/sda7 appears to contain an ext2fs file system
size=112420K
mtime=Thu Jan
1 05:30:00 1970
mdadm: largest drive (/dev/sda6) exceeds size (112411K) by more than 1%

Continue creating array?
Continue creating array? (y/n) y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
Steep3 : provides information regarding RAID devices.

[root@ns1 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md0 : active raid1 sda7[1] sda6[0]
112411 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]

unused devices: <none>
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or
To view the details of raid
[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Jul 30 17:59:56 2012
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 112411 (109.79 MiB 115.11 MB)
Used Dev Size : 112411 (109.79 MiB 115.11 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Jul 30 17:59:58 2012
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Name : ns1.example.com:0
(local to host ns1.example.com)
UUID : 4488587c:00e56ff3:854194c1:0845c4fa
Events : 17
Number
Major
Minor
RaidDevice State
active sync
/dev/sda6
active sync
/dev/sda7
Steep4 : Creating File system

[root@ns1 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0
Steep5 : Checking disk usage on computer.
[root@ns1 ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
/dev/sda1
9.7G
2.4G
tmpfs
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1012M
6.8G
264K 1012M
27% /
1% /dev/shm
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Steep6:Mounting RAID partition /dev/mdo .

[root@ns1 ~]# mkdir /raidvol
[root@ns1 ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raidvol/
[root@ns1 ~]# df -h
Filesystem
Size
/dev/sda1
9.7G
2.4G
tmpfs
1012M
/dev/md0
6.8G
264K 1012M
107M
27% /
1% /dev/shm
5.6M
96M
6% /raidvol
Replacing failed HDD

Steep7:replaceing RAID partition /dev/mdo .
[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sda7
mdadm: set /dev/sda7 faulty in /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 112411 (109.79 MiB 115.11 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
Failed Devices : 1
Spare Devices : 0
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UUID : 4488587c:00e56ff3:854194c1:0845c4fa
Events : 18
Number
Major
Minor
RaidDevice State
active sync
removed
faulty spare
/dev/sda6
/dev/sda7

md0 : active raid1 sda7[1](F) sda6[0]
112411
blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [U_]
unused devices: <none>
Steep7:removing /dev/sda7 from RAID.

[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sda7
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sda7 from /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 112411 (109.79 MiB 115.11 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 1
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Page No | 57
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
UUID : 4488587c:00e56ff3:854194c1:0845c4fa
Events : 21
Number
Major
Minor
RaidDevice State
active sync
removed
/dev/sda6
Steep8:Adding new /dev/sda8 to RAID.

[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sda8
mdadm: added /dev/sda8
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 112411 (109.79 MiB 115.11 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : 4488587c:00e56ff3:854194c1:0845c4fa
Events : 42
Number
Major
Page No | 58
Minor
6
RaidDevice State
0
active sync
/dev/sda6
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2
active sync
/dev/sda8

md0 : active raid1 sda8[2] sda6[0]
112411 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
Steep10: removing RAID or stopping raid.

[root@ns1 ~]# umount /raidvol
[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0
mdadm: stopped /dev/md0
[root@ns1 ~]#
RAID 5
Follow all the steeps same except steep 2
[root@ns1 ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3
/dev/sda6 /dev/sda7 /dev/sda8
Note raid 5 don't
Page No | 59
requires same HDD.
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Backups:
Backups software is used depends upon your requirement of the company. General
tools are used for backup in the market
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
veritas netbackup
tar
cpio
dd
bacula (network backup server)
Amanda (network backup server)
rsync (remote sync)
1) Tar tool
[root@localhost /]# mkdir /xyz
[root@localhost /]# cd xyz
[root@localhost xyz]# touch shiva shiva1 hyd hyd2
[root@localhost xyz]# cd ..
Steep1: creating tar backup and zip
[root@localhost /]# tar -cvf /backup.tar /xyz/
Or
[root@localhost /]# tar -cvzf /backup.tar.zg /xyz/ (backup with zip)
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/xyz/
/xyz/shiva1
/xyz/hyd2
/xyz/shiva
/xyz/hyd
[root@localhost /]# ls -l backup.tar

Or
[root@localhost /]# ls -l backup.tar*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10240 Jul 22 14:19 backup.tar
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10240 Jul 22 14:19 backup.tar.gz
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Steep2: to view the backup file

[root@localhost /]# tar -tvf /backup.tar
Or
[root@localhost /]# tar -tvf /backup.tar.gz (with zip)
drwxr-xr-x root/root
0 2012-07-22 14:18 xyz/
-rw-r--r-- root/root
0 2012-07-22 14:18 xyz/shiva1
0 2012-07-22 14:18 xyz/hyd2
0 2012-07-22 14:18 xyz/shiva
0 2012-07-22 14:18 xyz/hyd
[root@localhost /]# rm -rf xyz/

Steep3: To restore the backup
[root@localhost /]# tar -xvf /backup.tar
Or
[root@localhost /]# tar -xvf /backup.tar.gz
(backup with zip)
xyz/
xyz/shiva1
xyz/hyd2
xyz/shiva
xyz/hyd
[root@localhost /]#
Creating Zip file by gzip

[root@localhost /]# gzip -9
filename
To Unzip
[root@localhost /]# gunzip
filename.gz
2) CPIO (copy input and output)

[root@localhost /]# mkdir /xyz/
Stee1: To create a backup
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[root@localhost /]# find /xyz/ | cpio -ov > backup.cpio
/xyz/
/xyz/shiva1
/xyz/hyd2
/xyz/shiva
/xyz/hyd
1 block
Steep2: To view files

[root@localhost /]# cpio -ivt < backup.cpio
drwxr-xr-x
2 root
root
0 Jul 22 14:18 /xyz/
-rw-r--r--
1 root
root
0 Jul 22 14:18 /xyz/shiva1
-rw-r--r--
1 root
root
0 Jul 22 14:18 /xyz/hyd2
-rw-r--r--
1 root
root
0 Jul 22 14:18 /xyz/shiva
-rw-r--r--
1 root
root
0 Jul 22 14:18 /xyz/hyd
1 block
Steep3: making zip

[root@localhost /]# gzip -9 backup.cpio
[root@localhost /]# ls -l backup.cpio.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 133 Jul 22 14:36 backup.cpio.gz
[root@localhost /]# rm -rf xyz/
Steep4: making unzip

[root@localhost /]# gunzip backup.cpio.gz
Steep5: To restore backup

[root@localhost /]# cpio -iv < backup.cpio
/xyz
/xyz/shiva1
/xyz/hyd2
/xyz/shiva
/xyz/hyd
1 block
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3) rsync (remote synce)

Steep1: creating some files and folders
[root@localhost /]# mkdir /xyz
[root@localhost /]# cd xyz
[root@localhost xyz]# touch shiva shiva1 hyd hyd2
[root@localhost xyz]# cd ..
Steep2: using rsync tool

[root@localhost /]# rsync -avz 192.168.1.101:/xyz/
/dev8/
The authenticity of host '192.168.1.101 (192.168.1.101)' can't be

established.
RSA key fingerprint is 5e:3c:0b:b5:91:0e:46:1f:57:39:ff:f7:41:99:13:3b.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.101' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.1.101's password:
receiving incremental file list
./
hyd
hyd2
shiva
shiva1
sent 90 bytes
total size is 0
received 220 bytes
36.47 bytes/sec
speedup is 0.00
[root@localhost /]# cd /dev8/

hyd
hyd2
lost+found
shiva
shiva1
Mysql databases server backup:

Steep1: Database backup
[root@localhost /]# mysqldump u root p databasename
Page No | 63
> backup_20072011.sql
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Database particular tables backup

[root@localhost /]# mysqldump u root p databasename table1 table2 >
backup_20072011.sql
To restore backup
[root@localhost /]# mysql u root p databasename
Page No | 64
< backup_20072011.sql
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Process management
To get number of process
[root@localhost /]# ps
PID TTY
TIME CMD
2635 pts/1
00:00:00 bash
2863 pts/1
00:00:00 ps
[root@localhost /]#ps -e
[root@localhost Packages]# ps -ef | grep httpd
root
2894
0 02:57 ?
00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache
2897
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2898
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2899
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2900
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2901
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2902
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2903
2894
0 02:57 ?
apache
2904
2894
0 02:57 ?
root
2907
2635
0 02:58 pts/1
00:00:00 grep httpd
To get average load on server

[root@localhost /] top
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To get ram usage

[root@localhost ~]# free -m
total
used
free
shared
buffers
cached
1006
430
576
35
218
-/+ buffers/cache:
176
830
1999
Mem:
Swap:
1999
To get virtual memory status

[root@localhost ~]# vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu----r
swpd
free
0 590232
buff
cache
si
so
bi
bo
in
36404 223876
40
11
83
cs us sy id wa st
196
4 93
To get number of ports active

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tulnp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address
PID/Program name
Foreign Address
State
tcp
0
1320/rpcbind
0 0.0.0.0:111
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
tcp
1686/sshd
0 0.0.0.0:22
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
tcp
0
1488/cupsd
0 127.0.0.1:631
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
tcp
0
1776/master
0 127.0.0.1:25
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
tcp
0
1439/rpc.statd
0 0.0.0.0:49373
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
tcp
0
1819/qpidd
0 0.0.0.0:5672
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
tcp
0
1320/rpcbind
0 :::111
:::*
LISTEN
To get number of ports Listening

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tulnp | grep LISTEN
tcp
0 0.0.0.0:111
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
1320/rpcbind
tcp
0 0.0.0.0:22
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
1686/sshd
tcp
0 127.0.0.1:631
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
1488/cupsd
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
tcp
0 127.0.0.1:25
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
1776/master
tcp
0 0.0.0.0:49373
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
1439/rpc.statd
tcp
0 0.0.0.0:5672
0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN
1819/qpidd
To get number connection at port 80

# netstat -plan|grep :80|awk {'print $5'}|cut -d: -f 1|sort|uniq c|sort -nk 1
To get uptime running your server
[root@localhost ~]# uptime
03:14:35 up
1:58,
3 users,
load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
To get number of in and out for process and hdd

[root@localhost ~]# iostat
Linux 2.6.32-220.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain)
CPU)
avg-cpu:
%user
1.85
Device:
%nice %system %iowait

0.00
3.76
07/30/2012
%steal
%idle
0.00
93.63
0.76
_i686_
tps
Blk_read/s
Blk_wrtn/s
Blk_read
Blk_wrtn
scd0
0.05
0.28
0.00
1872
sda
1.90
71.91
20.63
484066
138848
(1
To get hardware information on /proc folder

[root@localhost ~]# cd /proc/
[root@localhost proc]# cat cpuinfo
To get version of Linux Kernel
[root@localhost proc]# cat version
Linux version 2.6.32-220.el6.i686
(mockbuild@c6b18n3.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.6 20110731
(Red Hat 4.4.6-3) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Tue Dec 6 16:15:40 GMT 2011
[root@localhost proc]# uname -r
2.6.32-220.el6.i686
[root@localhost proc]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.32-220.el6.i686 #1 SMP Tue Dec 6
16:15:40 GMT 2011 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
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To get version of redhat

[root@localhost proc]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 6.2 (Final)
killing a process
[root@localhost ~]# kill pidno
example
[root@localhost ~]# vi india
press ctrl + z
[1]+
Stopped
vi india
[root@localhost ~]# ps
PID TTY
TIME CMD
2635 pts/1
00:00:00 bash
3028 pts/1
00:00:00 vi
3158 pts/1
00:00:00 ps
[root@localhost ~]# kill 3028

PID TTY
TIME CMD
2635 pts/1
00:00:00 bash
3028 pts/1
00:00:00 vi
4298 pts/1
00:00:00 ps
[root@localhost ~]# kill -9 3028

PID TTY
TIME CMD
2635 pts/1
00:00:00 bash
6766 pts/1
00:00:00 ps
[1]+
Killed
vi india
[root@localhost ~]#cat /etc/service
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
B. Anand kumar
Mobile: +91 96762 77939
email : bandaru.anand@gmail.com
Page No | 69
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
NFS server Configuration:

NFS server is used to share the data in to the network like Linux/Unix/ AIX/SUN environment.
Note: By defult NFS server will be installed with operating system.
Server side Configuration
Step1 : Checking Nfs installed or not
[root@node2 /]# rpm -qa | grep nfs
[root@node2 /]# yum list installed | grep nfs
Steep2: Installing NFS server using yum
[root@node2 Packages]# yum
install nfs*
-y
Installing NFS server using rpm

[root@node2 Packages]# cd
[root@node2 Packages]# rpm
/media/CentOS_6.2_Final/Packages/
-ivh
nfs*
--force
Steep3: Create a folder to share in to the network named anand.

[root@node2 Packages]# mkdir /anand
[root@node2 Packages]# chmod 777 /anand
[root@node2 Packages]# cd /anand
[root@node2 anand]# touch shiva1.txt shiva2.txt shiva3.txt
[root@node2 anand]# ls
shiva1.txt
shiva2.txt
shiva3.txt
[root@node2 anand]# cd /
Steep4: Add entries in /etc/exports
[root@node2 /]# vi
/etc/exports
/anand 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,sync)
/anand1 *(r,sync)
:wq!
Steep5: export the data in to network

[root@node2 /]# exportfs -v
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Steep6: start NFS service

[root@node2 /]#Service
nfs
restart
Steep7: start NFS service at boot time

[root@node2 /]#chkconfig nfs on
Page No | 71
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Client Side:
Check the list of folder shared in the network
[root@client /]# showmount
[root@client /]#shomount
[root@clinet /]#mkdir
-e
-e
<nfs server name/IP>

192.168.0.X
/shiva
[root@client/]# mount
<nfsservername/IP>:/share folder
[root@client/]# mount
192.168.0.X:/anand
[root@client/]# cd
/shiva
/shiva
/shiva
[root@client/]#ls
Page No | 72
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
DHCP Server Configuration

Dhcp server provides IP address to the computes in the network.
Steep1: Checking and installing dhcp server
[root@node2 /]# rpm qa | grep dhcp
[root@node2 /]# cd /media/CentOS_6.2_Final/Packages/
[root@node2 /]# rpm -ivh dhcp-4.1.1-25.P1.el6.i686.rpm
Or
[root@node2 /]# yum install dhcp*
-y
Steep2: By default in the main configuration file is black, so u need to copy from
/usr/share/doc/dhc*/dhcp.conf.sample
[root@node2 /]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.1.1/dhcpd.conf.sample
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
Steep3: open main configuration file
[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
Line 7
option domain-name "shiva.net";
Line 27 subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

Line 28 range 192.168.0.10
192.168.0.20; }
:wq!
Steep4: start DHCP start
[root@node2 /]# Service dhcpd start
Steep5: Reservation or fixed IP address for a particular computer
[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
Line 75
host server.shiva.com {
Line 76
hardware ethernet 08:00:07:26:c0:a5;
Line 77
fixed-address 192.168.0.X;
Line 78 }
:wq!
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Steep6: restart dhcp service

[root@node2 /]# Service dhcpd start
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
DHCP client Configuration

Steep1: select dynamic IP by using different tool
[root@node2 /]#system-config-network-tui
Select Device--eathernet---select [*] use dynamic ip
Ok---save---save quit
Steep2: restart network service
[root@node2 /]# service network restart
[root@node2 /]# ifconfig
Page No | 75
(to check system ip)
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
FTP Server Configuration:

Steep1: Checking and installing vsftp package
[root@node2 /]# rpm
-qa | grep 'vsftp'
[root@node2 /]# rpm -ivh

2.2.2-6.el6_0.1.i686.rpm
/media/CentOS_6.2_Final/Packages/vsftpd-
Or
[root@node2 /]# yum
install
vsftp*
-y
Steep2: Sharing a folder for ftp server

[root@node2 /]# useradd
[root@node2 /]# passwd
[root@node2 /]# cd
u1
u1
/home/u1
[root@node2 /]# touch
1.txt
2.txt
[root@node2 /]# ls
[root@node2 /]# cd /var/ftp/pub
[root@node2 /]# touch
1.txt
2.txt
Steep3: Edit the vsftpd.conf main configuration

[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
anonymous_enable=YES
local_enable=YES
ftpd_banner=Welcome to shiva FTP service.
# userlist_enable=YES
userlist_deny=NO
:wq!
Note: if u wants to change the default port 21 to other then
[root@node2 /]#
vi
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Note: at last add this script

Listen_port=40
:wq!
Page No | 76
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Steep 4: if you want block few users user, then add the user in /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers
[root@node2 /]#
vi
/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers
u1
:wq!
Page No | 77
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
FTP Client side

Open the browser like Firefox or internet explore
ftp://u1@192.168.0.X
enter the password
or
If u has another port number then you can access like
ftp://u1@192.168.0.X:40
You can also use some ftp client software like gftp, coreftp, leap ftp, fizalla etc
Or
From Command mode
[root@client /]# ftp 192.168.0.X
Connected to 192.168.0.X (192.168.0.X).
220 (vsFTPd 2.2.2)
Name (192.168.0.102:root): u1
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
Page No | 78
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Samba Configuration
Samba is a service is used to share data from Linux/Unix to windows operating system.
Steep1: checking and installing samba server
[root@node2 ~]# rpm -qa | grep 'samba'
[root@node2 ~]# cd /media/CentOS_6.2_Final/Packages/
[root@node2 Packages]# rpm
-ivh
samba-3.5.10-114.el6.i686.rpm
Or
[root@node2 Packages]# yum
install
samba*
-y
Steep2: create share folder in samba to share from windows (/shiva) and create some users to log in
from windows
[root@node2 ~]# useradd
[root@node2 ~]# passwd
u1
u1
[root@node2 ~]# useradd
u2
[root@node2 ~]# passwd
u2
[root@node2 ~]# mkdir
/shiva
[root@node2 ~]# chmod

[root@node2 ~]# cd
777
/shiva
/shiva
[root@node2 ~]# touch
1.txt
2.txt
3.txt
Steep3: edit the main configuration file /etc/samba/smb.conf

[root@node2 ~]#
vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
Note: at last
[public-share]
comment = Public Stuff for all
path = /shiva
valid users = u1 u1
public = no
writable = yes
printable = no
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:wq!
Steep4: to test the smb.conf script
[root@node2 Packages]#
testparm
[public-share]
comment = Public Stuff for all
path = /shiva
valid users = u1, u1
read only = No
steep5: Adding and enabling users in samba server
[root@node2 ~]# smbpasswd
-a
u1
-a
u2
-e
u1
-e
u2
Settp6 : starting samba Server

[root@node2 ~]#
Page No | 80
service
smb
start
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Samba Client configuration

From Windows:
Click on start-----run---[ \\sambaserver ip address ]
Ex:
Enter username and password for u1 or u2 user
Form Linux client:

Steep1: to view samba share folder
[root@client/]#
smbclient
-L
192.168.0.X
-U
u1
Enter u1's password:

Steep2 : Log in to samba server from Linux Client
[root@client /]# smbclient
//192.168.0.X/sharefoldername
-U
u1
Or
Ex:
[root@client/]# smbclient
//192.168.0.102/u1
-U
u1
Enter u1's password:

Domain=[MYGROUP] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 3.5.10-114.el6]
smb: \> ls
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
smb: \> exit

steep3: If u wants to access windows shared folder in Linux then
[root@node2 /]# mkdir
username=name .
//<winip/name>/foldername
Ex: [root@node2 /]# mount //192.168.0.101/anand

username=anand
/linuxfolder
/win
-o
-o
[root@node2 /]# cd /win

[root@node2 /]# ls
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
DNS server Configuration

DNS server is provides names to the computes in the network.
Note: DNS server IP address is 192.168.1.7
Webserver IP address is 192.168.1.9
Main server IP address is 192.168.1.10
DNS server domain name is localdomain.com
Steep1: Check and install DNS server related packages
[root@node2 /]# rpm qa | grep bind*
[root@node2 /]# rpm qa | grep cachefilesd
[root@node2 /]# rpm -ivh bind-9.7.3-8.P3.el6.i686.rpm
[root@node2 Packages]# rpm -ivh bind-chroot-9.7.3-8.P3.el6.i686.rpm
[root@node2 Packages]# rpm -ivh cachefilesd-0.10.2-1.el6.i686.rpm
Or
[root@node2 /]# yum install bind* cachefilesd -y
Steep2: check IP address and host entry
[root@node2 /]# ifconfig
[root@node2 /]# hostname
[root@node2 /]# hostname node2.localdomain.com
[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=node2.localdomain.com
:wq!
[root@node2 /]# service network restart
Steep3: open main configuration file /etc/named.conf
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[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/named.conf

Line 12
listen-on port 53 { 192.168.1.X; };
Line 18
allow-query
{ any; };
Steep5: edit /etc/resolve.conf

[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/resolve.conf
search localdomain.com
nameserver 192.168.1.7
Steep6: open main configuration file /etc/named.rfc1912.zone
[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/ named.rfc1912.zone
Forward look up zone
Line 13 zone "localdomain.com" IN {
Line 14
type master;
Line 15
file "fzone";
Line 16
allow-update { none; };
Line 17 };
Reverse Look zone file
Line 31 zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
Line 32
type master;
Line 33
file "rzone";
Line 34
allow-update { none; };
Line 35 };
Steep7 : creating forward and reverse look up zone files
[root@node2 /]# cd /var/named
[root@node2 named]# cp named.localhost
[root@node2 named]# cp named.loopback
fzone
rzone
Steep8: adding the forward and reverse look up zones to named group
[root@node2 named]# chgrp named fzone
[root@node2 named]# chgrp named rzone
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Steep9: edit fzone file (forward look up zone)

[root@node2 named]# vi fzone
$TTL 1D
@
IN SOA
node2.localdomain.com. root.node2.localdomain.com. (
In NS
node2.localdomain.com.
node2
IN A
192.168.1.7
web
IN A
192.168.1.9
www
CNAME
mailser
; serial
1D
; refresh
1H
; retry
1W
; expire
3H )
; minimum
web
IN A
localdomain.com
Page No | 85
192.168.1.10
IN MX
mailser
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Steep10: edit rzone file (reverse look up zone)

[root@node2 named]# vi rzone
$TTL 1D
@
IN SOA
node2.localdomain.com. root.node2.localdomain.com. (
0
; serial
1D
; refresh
1H
; retry
1W
; expire
3H )
; minimum
IN NS
IN PTR
IN PTR
web.localdomain.com.
10
IN PTR
mailserv.localdomain.com.
Step 11: start named service

[root@node2 /]# service named restart
Step 12: checking DNS service

[root@node2 /]# dig x 192.168.1.7
(with IP address)
[root@node2 /]# dig node2.localdomain.com
(With Name)
[root@node2 /]# nslookup

Enter ipaddress or domainname.
Note: when youre checking DNS server you have to get quary 1 and
answer 1 must.
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Apache server configuration

Apache is web server. In one web server we can host number of websites depending up on the capable
of server.
To host one web site we need One IP address, one name and one port number must.
Note: It is also possible we can configure Apache without name.
Note: Before configuring Apache web server it is always bet practice to configure DNS server.
Apache web server can be configured three ways
1) Name based hosting.
2) Port based hosting
3) IP based hosting.
Steep1: checking and installing Apache web server
[root@node2 /]#rpm qa | grep apache
[root@node2 Packege]# rpm ivh httpd*
or
[root@node2 Packege]# yum install httpd* -y
Note: Apache web server IP Address is 192.168.1.X and name is webserv.localdomain.com.
Configuring single website on apache web server.

Steep2: Host entries in /etc/hosts
[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/hosts
192.168.1.X
www.localdomain.com
:wq!
Steep3: edit main configuration file /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Page No | 87
B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
[root@node2 ~]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Line 262 ServerAdmin root@localdomain.com
Email to send to manage apache webserver
Line 277 ServerName http://localdomain.com:80
Name of the web site
Line 292 DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/"
Website location
Line 402 DirectoryIndex index.html index.html.var
Website first page or home page
:wq!
Steep4: Checking script
[root@node2 ~]# httpd -t
Syntax OK
Steep5: Start the httpd service
[root@node2 ~]# service httpd start
[root@node2 ~]# chkconfig httpd on
[root@node2 ~]# cd /var/www/html
[root@node2 html]# vi index.html
<html>
<body>
************************** this first website******************
</body>
</html>
:wq!
[root@node2 html]#
Open the browser and type

http://<ipaddress>
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
or
http://localdomain.com
Configuring multiple websites on apache

Name based: we are going to host name based like www.localdomain.com, www.example.com,
www.example1.com and www.example2.com
Port based: Port based web site runs under port 100.
IP based hosting: We are going to create another virtual IP 192.168.1.XX, and www.example2.com
website runs on this ip address
Name based hosting:

Steep1 : entries in /etc/hosts
[root@node2 /]# vi /etc/hosts
192.168.1.X
www.localdomain.com
192.168.1.X
www.example.com
192.168.1.X
www.example1.com
192.168.1.XX
www.example2.com
:wq!
<VirtualHosting 192.168.1.x:80>
ServerAdmin root@example.com
ServerName www.example.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/example"
</VirtualHosting>
:wq!
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Syntax OK
Steep4: restart the httpd service
[root@node2 ~]# service httpd restart
Port based hosting

listen 100
<VirtualHosting 192.168.1.x:80>
ServerAdmin root@example1.com
ServerName www.example1.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/example1"
</VirtualHosting>
:wq!
Syntax OK
IP based hosting
Steep1: Creating and checking new virtual network card:
Note: Follow network practical for how to create new virtual eathernet card.
[root@node2 ~]# ifconfig
<VirtualHosting 192.168.1.XX:80>
ServerAdmin root@example2.com
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
ServerName www.example2.com
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/example2"
</VirtualHosting>
:wq!
Syntax OK
Apache Client Side

Open the browser
Type http://localdomain.com
http://example.com
http://example1.com:100
http://<new virtual ipaddress> or http://192.168.1.XX
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Installing webmin
Webmin is a graphical web based interface to mange Linux operating system
Download webmin software from www.webmin.com website.
Steep1: Installing webmin program from command mode
[root@localhost ~]# wget
http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/webadmin/webmin-1.590.tar.gz
Steep2: unzip the file
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xvzg
webmin-1.590.tar.gz
Steep3: Installing webmin

[root@localhost ~]# cd webmin-1.590
[root@localhost ~]# ./setup.pl
Follow the instructions
[root@localhost ~]# service httpd restart
Open the browser and type

http://<ipaddress>:10000 Provide the username and password
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Mounting an ISO image on a folder

creating a mount point an empty directory
[root@localhost ~]#mkdir /rhel6
actual mounting is taken place
[root@localhost ~]#mount t iso9660 o loop rhel6.iso /rhel6
Change the directory
[root@localhost ~]#cd /rhel6
List the content

[root@localhost ~]#ls
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B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939
Linux Network installation

When the network installer image has booted press the Esc key on the boot menu screen, enter the
following command at the boot: prompt and press the enter key
Pre requirements for Network installation: Copy all the data from dvd to a new folder. Configure NFS
server with shared folder.
Steep1: Linux askmethod
Steep2: select Language and keyboard
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Steep3 : Select NFS directory
Steep4: Assign IP address
Steep5: NFS server path
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steep6: installation begins
Steep7: Follow remaining steeps from (steeps 8) onwards which given on top.
Page No | 96
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Shiva Computers 101, 1st Floor, Revathi Apartments, Behind Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad.

Tel : 040-66848223 / 23734062 Mobile: +91 99595 62929 www.shivacomputers.net

Installation of RHEL/CentOS/ 6 updates for Servers & Desktops

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

CentOS GUI installer, click next.

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

7. Select your keyboard type

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

10. Set the hostname for your Server

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

on how to secure SSH.

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

13. Creating minimum partition of root and swap partition .

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

18. CentOS 6 will install

19. CentOS 6 has installed, congrats

20. Reboot and login as root.

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

To view list of files and folders with details

1570 Jun 11 20:47 anaconda-ks.cfg

4096 Jul 22 09:48 anand1

4096 Jul 22 09:48 anand2

4096 Jun 11 22:11 Desktop

4096 Jun 11 22:11 Documents

4096 Jul 22 07:30 Downloads

47353 Jun 11 20:47 install.log

1 root root 1.6K Jun 11 20:47 anaconda-ks.cfg

2 root root 4.0K Jul 22 09:48 anand1

2 root root 4.0K Jul 22 09:48 anand2

2 root root 4.0K Jun 11 22:11 Desktop

2 root root 4.0K Jun 11 22:11 Documents

2 root root 4.0K Jul 22 07:30 Downloads

47K Jun 11 20:47 install.log

12K Jun 11 20:44 install.log.syslog

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

To view hidden files and folders

To view list of files and folders with tree structure format

Present working directory

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

Removing a empty directory

[root@server /]# rmdir kumar1/

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

[root@server ~]# cat /etc/shadow | grep 'anand'

To get commands history

Used Avail Use% Mounted on

To get partition information

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

[root@server ~]# fdisk -l

Linux swap / Solaris

To get number command available

B. Anand Kumar : +91 96762 77939

gedit (Graphical mode)

[root@server ~]# nano