Capacitance Example - ACSR - Etc

Calculate the per phase capacitance and
susceptance of a balanced 3 phases, 60 Hz,

transmission line with horizontal phase spacing of
10m using three conductor bundling with a
spacing between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m.
Assume the line is uniformly transposed and the
conductors have a 1cm radius.
Line Capacitance Example
Dm
Xc
1
(10 10 20) 3
= 0.0963 m
= 2.33 108 W-m (not W / m)
2p 8.854 10-12
=
= 1.141 10-11 F/m
12.6
ln
0.0963
1
1
=
=
-11
wC
2p 60 1.141 10 F/m
= 12.6 m
1
(0.01 0.3 0.3) 3
Rbc
Line Capacitance Example, contd
Aluminum
strands on
outside
Steel strand core
Typical transmission lines use multi-strand

conductors
ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced)
conductors are most common. A typical Aluminum
to Steel ratio is about 4 to 1.
Line Conductors
Total conductor area is given in circular mils.

Example: what is the the area of a solid, 1 diameter
circular wire?
Answer: 1000 kcmil (kilo circular mils)
Because conductors are stranded, the equivalent
radius must be provided by the manufacturer. In
tables this value is known as the GMR and is usually
expressed in feet.
Line Conductors, contd
where r is the resistivity
m
2.65 10-8 -m
W
R =
1609
= 0.084
2
mile
mile
p 0.0127m
Resistivity of Aluminum = 2.65 10-8 -m

Example: What is the resistance in / mile of a
1" diameter solid aluminum wire (at dc)?
A
Resistivity of Copper = 1.68 10-8 -m
R =
Line resistance per unit length is given by
Line Resistance
Because ac current tends to flow towards the

surface of a conductor, the resistance of a line at 60
Hz is slightly higher than at dc.
Resistivity and hence line resistance increase as
conductor temperature increases (changes is about
8% between 25 C and 50 C)
Because ACSR conductors are stranded, actual
resistance, inductance and capacitance needs to be
determined from tables.
Line Resistance, contd
GMR is equivalent to r Inductance and Capacitance

assume a Dm of 1 ft.
ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)
Term from table assuming

a one foot spacing
-7
Term independent
of conductor with
Dm in feet.
Dm
X L = 2p f L = 4p f 10 ln
1609 W/mile
GMR
1
-3
= 2.02 10 f ln
+ ln Dm
GMR
1
-3
= 2.02 10 f ln
+ 2.02 10-3 f ln Dm
GMR
ACSR Data, contd
To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table

2pe 0
1
XC =
W-m where C =
Dm
2p f C
ln
r
Dm
1
6
=
1.779 10 ln
W-mile (table is in MW-mile)
f
r
1
1 1
=
1.779 ln + 1.779 ln Dm MW-mile
f
r f
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm in feet.
ACSR Data, Cont.
For the capacitance

1
1
6
X C = 1.779 10 ln = 9.65 104 -mile
f
r
GMR = 0.0313 feet

Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)
Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz
1
-7
X a = 2p 60 2 10 1609 ln
/mile
0.0313
X a = 0.420 /mile, which matches the table
Dove Example
inductance is lower
capacitance is higher, limiting cable length
Multi-circuit lines: Multiple lines often share a

common transmission right-of-way. This DOES
cause mutual inductance and capacitance, but is often
ignored in system analysis.
Cables: There are about 3000 miles of underground
ac cables in U.S. Cables are primarily used in urban
areas. In a cable the conductors are tightly spaced, (<
1ft) with oil impregnated paper commonly used to
provide insulation
Additional Transmission Topics
Ground wires: Transmission lines are usually

protected from lightning strikes with a ground wire.
This topmost wire (or wires) helps to attenuate the
transient voltages/currents that arise during a lighting
strike. The ground wire is typically grounded at each
pole.
Corona discharge: Due to high electric fields around
lines, the air molecules become ionized. This causes
a crackling sound and may cause the line to glow!
Additional Transmission Topics
long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)

long cable power transfer such as underwater
providing an asynchronous means of joining different
power systems (such as the Eastern and Western grids).
Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small

current may flow through contaminants on insulators.
DC Transmission: Because of the large fixed cost
necessary to convert ac to dc and then back to ac, dc
transmission is only practical for several specialized
applications
Additional Transmission topics
Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power
+/- 400 kV HVDC lattice tower
DC Transmission Line

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Calculate the per phase capacitance and

susceptance of a balanced 3 phases, 60 Hz,

Line Capacitance Example

= 2.33 108 W-m (not W / m)

Line Capacitance Example, contd

Steel strand core

Typical transmission lines use multi-strand

Total conductor area is given in circular mils.

Line Conductors, contd

where r is the resistivity

Resistivity of Aluminum = 2.65 10-8 -m

Line resistance per unit length is given by

Because ac current tends to flow towards the

Line Resistance, contd

GMR is equivalent to r Inductance and Capacitance

ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)

Term from table assuming

ACSR Data, contd

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table

ACSR Data, Cont.

For the capacitance

GMR = 0.0313 feet

Multi-circuit lines: Multiple lines often share a

Additional Transmission Topics

Ground wires: Transmission lines are usually

Additional Transmission Topics

long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)

Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small

Additional Transmission topics

Source: Tom Ernst, Minnesota Power

+/- 400 kV HVDC lattice tower

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