Capacity Spectrum

CAPACITY SPECTRUM
METHOD
Purdue University
CE571 - Earthquake Engineering
Spring 2002
Mete A. Sozen and Luis E. Garca
Reference:
Freeman, S. A., (1990), On the Correlation of
Code Forces to Earthquake Demands,
Proceedings of the 4th US-Japan Workshop
on Improvements of Building Structural
Design and Construction Practices (ATC 153), Kailua-Kona, Hawaii.
Acceleration-Displacement
Spectra
O
If values for the same period T of the

acceleration response spectra and the
displacement response spectra, obtained
for the same damping coefficient, are
plotted with the value of Sd(T,) in the
abscissa axis, and the value of Sa(T,) in the
ordinates axis, an accelerationdisplacement response spectra is obtained.
Acceleration-Displacement Spectra
Push-Over Analysis
O
The objective of the Push-Over is to establish the

lateral displacements of the structure as the
applied base shear is increased monotonically.
The relative distribution of the lateral loads that
compose the base shear is maintained fixed during
the analysis.
Lateral load distribution employed usually follow
the shape of the fundamental mode of vibration,
but may be set arbitrarily to any type of
distribution; inverted triangle, parabolic, and
uniform have been employed, the result being
sensitive to a certain extent to the distribution
employed.
Push-Over Analysis
O
As the base shear is increased during the process,

the response of each individual element of the
structure is evaluated for stiffness changes and
failure modes.
Using the component load-deformation data and
the geometric relationships among components
and elements, a global model of the structure
relates the total seismic forces on a building to it
overall lateral displacement to generate the
capacity curve.
During the pushover process of developing the
capacity curve as brittle elements degrade, ductile
elements take over the resistance and the result
helps visualize the overall performance of the
structure.
Push-Over Analysis
O
Backbone relationships are employed in most

cases.
Force
C
D
Backbone curve
A
E
0
F
G
Displacement
The properties of interest of such elements are

relationships between the forces and the
corresponding inelastic displacements.
Push-Over Analysis
O
During the procedure, once a point of behavior

change is detected for a particular element,
appropriate changes in stiffness properties are
made, and a new stage of the analysis is
performed increasing the base shear until reaching
a new point of change of behavior in any of the
elements.
This process is carried out iteratively until critical
strength failure of one or several elements is
detected or a collapse mechanism is reached.
Results from the push-over analysis are presented
in different forms; with a base shear vs. roof lateral
displacement plot being the more popular.
Push-Over Analysis
140
Story Shear (ton)
120
100
80
Analytical
Test B
Test 0
60
40
20
0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Story Drift (%h)
0.20
0.25
Push-Over Example
beam section
0.3 x 0.4 m
Vs
3m
B
column section
0.5 x 0.5 m
6m
wall section
0.15 x 1 m
Push-Over Example
300
Moment (kN . m)
250
200
Column
Beam Positive
Beam Negative
Wall
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
-3
Curvature (10 /m)
60
70
Push-Over Example
Beam yields
in positive
moment
Step 1
Column
yields
Step 4
Wall cracks
Step 2
Column
yields
Step 5
Wall yields
Step 3
Beam yields
in negative
moment
Step 6
Push-Over Example
350
Stage 6
300
Stage 5
Collapse
mechanism
forms
Base Shear (kN)
250
Stage 4
200
Stage 3
150
100
50
Stage 2
Stage 1
0
0
10
15
Roof Deflection (mm)
20
25
Capacity Spectrum Method

O
Freeman developed a procedure for finding

the displacement demand on a system in
the inelastic range by employing the
response spectra of the ground motion,
presented using the accelerationdisplacement scheme, simultaneously with
the capacity of the structure as obtained in
a push-over analysis plotted in the same
spectra by dividing the base shear by the
weight of the structure (V/W).

O
The point where both the demand and the

capacity curves intersect corresponds to
the expected displacement demand during
the ground motion.

O
The damping to use, eff, in order to define

the demand spectral value correspond to
the damping that occurs when the structure
is pushed into the inelastic range and is
viewed under this procedure as a
combination of viscous and hysteretic
damping.

Sa
Tinitial
Tef f
Ve/W
CAPACITY
push-over curve
elastic demand
V/W
eff
strength demand
DEMAND
Acceleratio-displacement spectra
=5%
=20%
=2%
Sd
displacement demand

O
The effective damping is obtained from:
eff = 0 + 0.05
O
Where is a modification factor to account for the

approximation involved in describing the
hysteretic response of the system by a bilinear
representation in the capacity curve.
ranges with values as low as 0.3 for systems with
poor and unreliable hysteretic behavior to a value
of one for well-detailed elements with stable
hysteresis loops.
The 0.05 accounts for the viscous damping
inherent in the system.
Damping in the Capacity Spectrum Method

Kinitial
Sa
Bilinear representation
of capacity
S am
S ay
Area = Maximum
strain energy
S dy
Area = Energy dissipated

by hysteretic damping
Kef f
S dm
Sd

O
The value of 0 can be obtained from
1 ED
0 =
4 ES
Where ED corresponds to the energy dissipated by
the hysteretic damping corresponding to the area
of the shaded parallelogram in previous figure.
ED = 4 ( Say Sdm Sam Sdy )
And Es corresponds to the maximum strain energy

absorbed by the structure, equal to the area of the
shaded triangle.
1
ES = ( Sam Sdm )
2

O
In order to obtain the displacement demand on the

structure, an iterative procedure must be
employed.
The initial stiffness and an arbitrary value of
effective damping, say eff = 5%, are used to initiate
the process.
With these values, a displacement demand is
obtained from the demand accelerationdisplacement spectra for 5% damping,
corresponding to point (0).
The displacement demand for this period and
damping is obtained, marked as 0.

Tinitial
Sa
(0)
=2%
=5%
=10%
=20%
0
Sd

O
From the capacity curve the effective

period, Teff (1), compatible with this
displacement is obtained, and the effective
damping, eff (1), is computed.
A new cycle is initiated by using this period
and damping thus obtaining a new
displacement demand 1.
This procedure is repeated until the
displacement demand m matches the
spectral value for the Teff and eff employed.

Tinitial
Sa
Teff (1)
eff (1)
(0)
(1)
=2%
=5%
=10%
=20%
0
Sd

Teff (1)
Tinitial
Sa
Teff (2)
eff (1)
(0)
(1)
(2)
eff (2)
=2%
=5%
=10%
=20%
1 2
Sd

Teff (1)
Tinitial
Sa
Teff (2)
Teff
eff (1)
(0)
(1)
(2)
eff (2)
=2%
=5%
=10%
=20%
1 2 m
Sd

Teff (1)
Tinitial
Sa
Teff (2)
Teff
eff (1)
(0)
(1)
(2)
eff (2)
This is the expected

displacement compatible
with the strength, stiffness,
and ground motion
=2%
=5%
=10%
=20%
1 2 m
Sd

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CAPACITY SPECTRUM

If values for the same period T of the

The objective of the Push-Over is to establish the

As the base shear is increased during the process,

Backbone relationships are employed in most

The properties of interest of such elements are

During the procedure, once a point of behavior

Story Shear (ton)

Story Drift (%h)

Curvature (10 /m)

Base Shear (kN)

Roof Deflection (mm)

Capacity Spectrum Method

Freeman developed a procedure for finding

Capacity Spectrum Method

The point where both the demand and the

Capacity Spectrum Method

The damping to use, eff, in order to define

Capacity Spectrum Method

Capacity Spectrum Method

The effective damping is obtained from:

Where is a modification factor to account for the

Damping in the Capacity Spectrum Method

Area = Energy dissipated

Capacity Spectrum Method

The value of 0 can be obtained from

ED = 4 ( Say Sdm Sam Sdy )

And Es corresponds to the maximum strain energy

Capacity Spectrum Method

In order to obtain the displacement demand on the

Capacity Spectrum Method

Capacity Spectrum Method

From the capacity curve the effective

Capacity Spectrum Method

Capacity Spectrum Method

Capacity Spectrum Method

Capacity Spectrum Method

This is the expected

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