Log Am Paduan

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko
Dari berbagai sumber
Modul 3 & 4
Informasi Material
Logam & Paduannya
Dosen:
R. Ariosuko Dh., Ir.

Email: radh@plasa.com
website:
www16.brinkster.com/radh
Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Universitas Mercu Buana
Program D3 - PKSM
Dzulhijjah 1423 H

Material Logam & Paduannya

Metals and Alloys
Aluminium alloys
Mild steel
Alloy steels
Stainless steels
Cast iron
Copper
Brasses
Nickel alloys
Titanium alloys
Magnesium alloys
Zinc alloys
Lead
Gold

Aluminium alloys
( paduan Aluminium )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Environmental Issues
Overview
Aluminium is a lightweight, reasonably cheap metal widely used for packaging and
transport. It has only been widely available and used for the last 60 years.
Raw aluminium has low strength and high ductility (ideal for foil). Strength is
increased by alloying, e.g. with Si, Mg, Cu, Zn, and heat treatment. Some alloys are
cast, others are used for wrought products.
Aluminium is quite reactive, but protects itself very effectively with a thin oxide
layer. The surface can be "anodised", to resist corrosion and to give decorative effects.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
High strength-to-weight ratio

High stiffness-to-weight ratio
High electrical and thermal conductivity
Easy to shape
Easy to recycle
Design weaknesses:
Difficult to arc weld
Typical Products
Aircraft
Bicycles
Car engines
"Space frame" car bodies
Drinks cans
Window frames
Process Notes
Metal forming
Easy to use with most metal forming processes.

Some difficulties with powder processing as it tends to oxidise.
Very suitable for rolling at all thicknesses down to foil.
2

Die casting is the most commonly used casting process.

Usually comparatively soft, so readily extruded.
Sheet forming is important use for cans.
Machining
Relatively soft, so readily machined.
Joining
Suitable for use with most techniques, although difficult to arc-weld and an inert gas
is needed.
Aluminium production uses lots of energy (4% of total US energy consumption!)

Aluminium is easily recycled - this only uses 1% of the energy needed to produce the
metal.
Aluminium use in cars is growing rapidly - low weight means good fuel economy and
low emissions metal.
Mild steel
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Steels are the most important engineering materials, and cover a wide range of alloys
based on iron and carbon. The strength of iron-carbon alloys, particularly after heat
treatment, has been exploited for thousands of years (since the "Iron Age"). Modern
steels and ferrous alloys have mostly been developed since the Industrial Revolution.
Mild steel contains 0.1-0.2%C. They are cheap, strong steels used for construction,
transport and packaging.
All steels have a high density and a high Young's modulus. The strength of mild steel
is improved by cold working. It is inherently very tough.
Mild steel rusts easily, and must be protected by painting, galvanising or other
coatings.
Design Issues
Design strengths:


Good strength with high toughness
High stiffness
Very cheap
Easy to shape
Easy to weld
Easy to recycle
Design weaknesses:
High density
Poor electrical and thermal conductivity
Typical Products
Large structures - bridges, buildings, oil rigs

Car body panels, trains
Machine tools
Pressure vessels
Food packaging
Nails
Process Notes
Metal forming
Die casting is the most commonly used casting process.

Powder metal forming is not really used with mild steel as its performance does not
warrant the expense.
Rolling is important for structural sections like I-beams
Easily extruded for pipes, tubes, wire.
Machining
Readily machined.
Joining
Suitable for use with most techniques, although not very suitable for soldering or
brazing.
Steel production uses a lot of energy, but less than most metals.
Steel is easily recycled - as it is usually magnetic it is easily sorted from mixed waste.

Alloy steels
( baja paduan )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Alloy steels are mostly fairly cheap, covering a range of carbon contents (0.1-1.0%).
The medium to high carbon content steels respond well to heat treatment (such as
"quenching and tempering") to give very high strength and good toughness for gears,
driveshafts, pressure vessels, tools.
Alloy steels containing other elements as well as carbon are classified into low alloy
and high alloy, depending on the amount of additional alloying elements. Heat-treated
high alloy steels give very high strengths, but are more expensive.
All steels have a high density and a high Young's modulus. The strength and
toughness of alloy steels can be varied enormously by alloying, working and heat
treatment.
Alloy carbon steels rust easily, and must be protected by painting or other coatings.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
High strength with good toughness

High stiffness
Mostly very cheap
Quite easy to shape
Easy to weld
Easy to recycle
Design weaknesses:
High density
Typical Products
High integrity structures - oil rigs

Bicycles
Railway track
Bearings, gears, shafts
5

Cutting tools
Pressure vessels
Hand tools (spanners, hammers etc)
Process Notes
Metal forming
Usually wrought, not cast.

Powder metal forming is most commonly used with high alloy steels (though not
vice-versa!).
Rolling, extrusion and sheet forming are only used with low alloy (lower strength)
alloys.
Machining
Gets more difficult for the stronger alloys (usually those with higher alloy content).
Joining
brazing. Friction welding can be difficult for high alloy steels.
Steel is easily recycled - as it is usually magnetic it is easily sorted from mixed waste.
Stainless steels
( baja tahan karat )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview

Stainless steels are more expensive steels containing typically 25% of Chromium and
Nickel, which gives excellent corrosion resistance and also high strength and
toughness (used for cutlery, chemical plant and surgical instruments).
All steels have a high density and a high Young's modulus. The strength and
toughness of stainless steels can be varied by alloying, working and heat treatment.
Stainless steels are mostly very resistant to corrosion, and do not need to be protected.
Design Issues
Design strengths:

High stiffness
Mostly very cheap
Quite easy to shape
Quite easy to weld, but not as easy as for carbon steels.
Easy to recycle
Design weaknesses:
High density
Typical Products
Bearings
Pressure vessels
chemical plant
Cutlery
Surgical instruments
Process Notes
Metal forming
Usually wrought, not cast.

Powder metal forming is most commonly used with high alloy steels (though not
vice-versa!).
Rolling, extrusion and sheet forming are only used with low alloy (lower strength)
alloys.
Machining
Gets more difficult for the stronger alloys (usually those with higher alloy content).
Joining
brazing. Friction welding can be difficult and inert gas should be used.

Steel is easily recycled - though most stainless steels are not magnetic, so they are
harder to sort from mixed waste.
Cast iron
( besi cor/tuang )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Cast irons were the forerunners to steels, being iron alloys of high carbon content (24%). The strength of iron-carbon alloys, particularly after heat treatment, has been
exploited for thousands of years (since the "Iron Age"). Modern steels and ferrous
alloys have mostly been developed since the Industrial Revolution.
Cast irons are cheap, high carbon alloys of moderate strength and which can easily be
cast to shape. Cast irons have a high density and a high Young's modulus. They tend
to have poor toughness, but their strength and toughness can be improved by alloying
and heat treatment.
Cast irons rust easily, and must be protected by painting or other coatings.
Design Issues
Design strengths:

High stiffness
Mostly very cheap
Easy to weld
Easy to recycle
Easy to machine
Design weaknesses:
High density

Typical Products
Car engines
Brake discs
Machine tools
Process Notes
Metal forming
Sand casting is most common process.

Rarely investment cast as not used for small intricate parts.
Rarely forged, rolled or used as sheet because of low ductility.
Not used with powder metallurgy.
Machining
Excellent machinability.
Joining

Must be welded with caution to avoid brittleness

Not normally soldered or brazed.
Iron production uses a lot of energy, but less than most metals.
Cast iron is easily recycled - as it is magnetic it is easily sorted from mixed waste.
Copper
( tembaga )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Copper is a quite expensive metal with high electrical conductivity (good for
electrical wiring) and good corrosion resistance (good for plumbing).

Pure copper has low strength and high ductility. Its strength may increased by
alloying with tin (to make bronze), with zinc (to make brass) or with nickel (for
coins).
Bronze has been used for thousands of years for cast artefacts such as statues and has
been worked for weapons since the "Bronze Age". It has been used since medieval
times for large castings such as bells.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
High electrical and thermal conductivity

Corrosion resistant
Easy to shape
Design weaknesses:
Low strength
Quite expensive
Typical Products
Electrical wire
Domestic water pipes
Coins
Process Notes
Metal forming
Easily cast.
Readily extruded because it is quite soft.
Rarely rolled, forged or used in sheet forming.
Not used much with powder metallurgy as it tends to oxidise.
Machining
Readily machined.
Joining


Adhesive bonding rarely used
10

Soldering and brazing are important for electrical connection and pipe.
UL>
Copper production uses quite a lot of energy

Copper is easy to recycle, but the volume of copper in use is small and it can be
difficult to sort (e.g. most copper wiring has a plastic sleeve).
Brasses
( kuningan )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Brasses are quite expensive alloys of copper and zinc.

Alloying, working and heat treatment give them much better strength than copper, but
with good corrosion resistance.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
Reasonable strength
Corrosion resistant
Easy to shape
Design weaknesses:
Quite expensive
Typical Products
Ornamental fittings
Plumbing fittings
Screws
Bullets
11

Process Notes
Metal forming
Readily extruded because it is quite soft.

Rarely rolled, forged or used in sheet forming.
Machining
Readily machined.
Joining

Adhesive bonding rarely used
Soldering and brazing are important for electrical connection and pipe.
Copper and brass production uses quite a lot of energy.

Brass is easy to recycle, but the volume in use is small.
Nickel alloys
( paduan Nickel )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Nickel alloys are dense, stiff, strong alloys used primarily for their strength and
corrosion resistance at high temperatures (jet engines).
Pure nickel has moderate strength, like iron, but alloying with Cr, Co, Mo, W gives
the high strength needed in a jet engine. Nickel is also alloyed with copper to make
coins.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
High strength at high temperature

High corrosion resistance
High stiffness
12

Easy to shape
Design weaknesses:
High density
Typical Products
Jet engines for aircraft

Coins
Tanks for chemicals
Process Notes
Metal forming
Not used in sheet forming.

Forging is important for coins and jet engine parts.
Special die casting processes are used for jet engine blades.
Machining
Usually readily machined.
Joining
Arc welding only with inert gas or in vacuum.
Nickel production uses quite a lot of energy, but the volume in use is small.
Titanium alloys
( paduan Titanium )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Titanium alloys are quite low density, stiff, strong alloys and are expensive. They are
used most in sports products (e.g. golf clubs and bicycles) and in aircraft (e.g. engine
fan blades).
13

Pure titanium has moderate strength, but the standard titanium alloy contains 6%
aluminium and 4% vanadium, which gives the high strength needed in a jet engine.
Titanium is a reactive metal when hot, but has good corrosion resistance at room
temperature. It is inert in the body, and is used for medical implants (e.g. hip
replacements).
Design Issues
Design strengths:
High strength, even at high temperatures

High stiffness
Chemically inert in body
Design weaknesses:
High cost
Chemically very reactive when hot
Quite difficult to shape - usually cast
Typical Products
Golf clubs
performance bicycles
Fan blades for aircraft jet engines
Hip replacements, and other medical implants
Process Notes
Metal forming
Special die casting processes needed because it is reactive.

Forging important for aircraft parts.
Machining
Difficuly to machine.
Joining
Arc welding only with inert gas or in vacuum.
Titanium production uses quite a lot of energy, but the volume in use is small.
14

Magnesium alloys
( paduan Magnesium )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Magnesium alloys are the lowest density metals, with good stiffness and strength
relative to their weight.
Pure magnesium is alloyed to improve its strength. It has a low melting point. Most
alloys are cast, as it has poor formability.
Magnesium is a reactive metal, which burns intensely. It therefore requires careful
handling during casting.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
Low density
Design weaknesses:
Difficult to shape - usually cast

Chemically reactive
Poor corrosion resistance
Typical Products
Motorcycle and car wheels Automotive castings
Process Notes
Metal forming
Most commonly die cast.

Poor formability, so rarely forged, rolled, extruded or used in sheet forming.
Not used much with powder metallurgy as it tends to ignite!
Machining
Difficult to machine because of risk of ignition.
15

Joining
Difficult to arc weld and inert gas required.
Magnesium production uses quite a lot of energy, but the volume in use is small.
Zinc alloys
( paduan seng )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Zinc alloys are low density, low melting point alloys used for simple castings of low
strength.
Zinc is resistant to corrosion, and is used to protect steels from rusting by galvanising
(e.g corrugated sheet, car bodywork, motorway crash barriers).
Design Issues
Design strengths:
Corrosion resistant
Easy to cast
Design weaknesses:
Low strength
Poor formability
Typical Products
Galvanised steel sheet

Pump housings
Model cars and toys
Process Notes
Metal forming
16

Poor formability, so rarely forged, rolled, extruded or used in sheet forming.

Not used much with powder metallurgy as it tends to ignite!
Machining
Usually easy to machine.
Joining
Difficult to arc weld and inert gas required.
Zinc production uses quite a lot of energy, but the volume in use is small.
Lead
( timah hitam )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Lead alloys are very dense, with the lowest stiffness and strength of all metals. They
are used either for their weight (e.g. lead shot), or for their corrosion resistance (e.g.
roof cladding), or for their low melting point (e.g. solders, which are lead-tin alloys).
Lead is a toxic metal, used historically as an additive to paints and petrol. These
additions are being systematically removed due to health concerns.
Design Issues
Design strengths:
Low melting point

High density
Corrosion resistant
Easy to shape
Design weaknesses:
Low strength
Low stiffness
High cost
Environmental concerns
17

Typical Products
Bullets, lead shot

Roof cladding
Solders
Process Notes
Metal forming

Can easily be deformed to shape, e.g. by forging.
Machining
Usually easy to machine, but caution needed because of toxicity.
Joining
Not suitable for arc welding.

Commonly used as an alloy for solder.
Lead production uses quite a lot of energy, but the volume in use is small.
Lead in paint and petrol is being reduced or eliminated due to health concerns.
Gold
( emas )
Overview
Design Issues
Typical Products
Process Notes
Overview
Gold is a precious metal, with a very high cost. Its use for jewellery is due to its
natural appearance, but also its chemical stability - it does not oxidise at room
temperature.
In engineering applications, gold is used in small quantities in electronics for making
electrical contacts since it has a very high electrical conductivity, and does not
oxidise.
Design Issues
18

Design strengths:
Corrosion resistant
Easy to cast
Design weaknesses:
Low strength
Poor formability
Typical Products
Jewellery
Electrical contacts
Dental fillings
Process Notes
Metal forming
All casting and forming processes can be used.

Investment casting is often used on a small scale for jewellery.
Rolling is used for gold leaf.
Machining
Usually easy to machine - though because of high cost care is taken to

minimise waste.
o Polishing is important for finishing.
o
Joining
o
o
When used as electrical contacts, soldering is important.

When used as interconnect in semiconductors ultrasonic welding may be used.
Due to its value, gold is mined from rocks containing very small quantities of the
metal - it is therefore an energy intensive metal to produce. Its recycling value is of
course very high.
19

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Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

Dari berbagai sumber

Logam & Paduannya

R. Ariosuko Dh., Ir.

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

Material Logam & Paduannya

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

High strength-to-weight ratio

Difficult to arc weld

Easy to use with most metal forming processes.

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

Die casting is the most commonly used casting process.

Relatively soft, so readily machined.

Aluminium production uses lots of energy (4% of total US energy consumption!)

High strength-to-weight ratio

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

High stiffness-to-weight ratio

Large structures - bridges, buildings, oil rigs

Die casting is the most commonly used casting process.

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

High strength with good toughness

High integrity structures - oil rigs

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

Usually wrought, not cast.

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

High strength with good toughness

Usually wrought, not cast.

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

High strength with good toughness

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

Sand casting is most common process.

Must be welded with caution to avoid brittleness

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

High electrical and thermal conductivity

Difficult to arc weld

Dikumpulkan oleh Ariosuko

Copper production uses quite a lot of energy

Brasses are quite expensive alloys of copper and zinc.

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Readily extruded because it is quite soft.

Difficult to arc weld

Copper and brass production uses quite a lot of energy.

High strength at high temperature

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Jet engines for aircraft

Not used in sheet forming.

Usually readily machined.

Arc welding only with inert gas or in vacuum.

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High strength, even at high temperatures

Special die casting processes needed because it is reactive.

Arc welding only with inert gas or in vacuum.

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Difficult to shape - usually cast

Most commonly die cast.

Difficult to machine because of risk of ignition.

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Difficult to arc weld and inert gas required.

Galvanised steel sheet