Arduino Spooky Projects Class2 PDF

Spooky Projects
Introduction to Microcontrollers with Arduino
Class 2
14 Oct 2006 - machineproject - Tod E. Kurt
Whats for Today

Reading buttons
Reading analog values (knobs and photocells)
Detecting the dark
More complex LED circuits
Also, any questions about last week?
Or about stuff on the Arduino site?
Recap: Blinky LED
Recap: Programming
Edit
Compile
Reset
Upload
Known Good
Configuration
Rule #1 of experimenting:
Before trying anything new,
Get back to a known working state
So lets spend a few minutes & get led_blink working again

Get your entire edit->compile->upload->run working
Even if it becomes so second nature to you that you feel you shouldnt need to, do it anyway.
Especially when mysterious problems arise, revert to a known state
LED Light Tubes

Snug-fit straws on
the end of your
LEDs to make
them glow more
visibly
I have a box of multi-colored straws for whatever color LED you like
Digital Input
Most inputs youll use are variations on switches
Switches make or break a connection
knife switch
(SPST)
Fundamentally, theyre all like the simple knife switch

Single pole = only one circuit is being controlled
Double pole = two circuits are being controlled at once
Single throw = only one path for circuit
Double throw = two potential paths for circuit
toggle switch
(SPDT)
Many Kinds of Switches
magnetic
hexidecimal
tilt
lever
Tilt sensor has a little ball inside you can hear.

Used to have mercury switches, with real metallic mercury inside. Not so much now tho.
Magnetic reed switches are cool, but delicate.
The hex switch is actually many switches in one, and outputs 4 signals
Tiny Switches
gap
connect
when
pushed
always connected together

Pressing the button, closes the gap
These are the switches in your kit. One should have a slightly different button on it than the other.
Make Your Own

Switches
Anything that makes a connection
Wires, tin foil, tinfoil balls, ball bearings
Pennies!
Nails, bolts, screws
Or repurpose these tiny switches as bump

detectors or closure detectors
Homemade Switches
Trick Penny
Penny on a surface.
When the penny is lifted, alarms go off
Homemade Switches
Trick Penny
Wire soldered to penny.

Wire looped or crimped to aluminum sheet.
Homemade Switches
Smart Wind Chimes
When the wind blows hard enough,
youre sent email
Should use stranded wire, not solid.

Code analyzes series of on/off/on/off pulses to determine wind.
Digital Input
Switches make or break a connection
But Arduino wants to see a voltage
Specifically, a HIGH (5 volts)
or a LOW (0 volts)
HIGH
LOW
How do you go from make/break to high/low?
Switch to Volts:
Positive Logic
Digital inputs can
float between 0 and

5 volts
Resistor pulls down

input to ground (0
volts)
Pressing switch sets

input to 5 volts
pull-down
Press is HIGH
Release is LOW
Dont want pull-down to be too small, or it uses a lot of current
Switch to Volts:
Inverted Logic
Resistor pulls up
input to 5 volts
Switch sets input

to 0 volts
But now the sense

is inverted
Press is LOW
Release is HIGH
Inverted logic like this is common in microcontrollers
pull-up
Arduino Digital Input

Add switch circuit to any digital input
For output, use either existing pin 13 LED or
wire up your own
(except pin 13)
Arduino Digital Input
Output is on-board pin 13 LED for now

Using the fact that two of the switch leads are connected.
Also, notice color coding. Blue is ground, purple is signal
But pin 13 LED is underneath! So gotta take a peak.
Making Jumper Wires

strip off about 1/2 of insulation
Can use wire strippers, cutters, or fingers
Can be a pain, so I have some pre-cut wires
Making Jumper Wires

The end result
Or buy pre-cut
One of these how much is your time worth? situations.

If you do a lot of breadboarding, pre-cut jumpers can save a lot of time.
Using digitalRead()
In setup(): use pinMode(myPin,INPUT)
to make pin an input
In loop(): use digitalRead(myPin) to

get switch position
If doing many tests, use a variable to hold the output value of

digitalRead().
e.g. val = digitalRead(myPin)
Enough with the atoms, back to the bits
Digital Input Sketch

Load examples/digital IO/digital_read
Now you control the blinking

Press to turn on, release to turn off.
Changing Blink Rate

Or, combine led_blink with digital_read
Built up of pieces youve seen before. Sorta like Lego.

Not an example in the Examples folder, but just something I made up.
Multiple Switches
Same sub-circuit,
just duplicate
Can do lots of switches this way.
Multiple Switches
An example of how to lay it out. Dont have to do it here. Try at home.

I have extra 10k resistors.
Digital Input Uses
spooky, remember?
Take a Break
Analog Input
To computers, analog is chunky
image from:
http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/me307/lectures.html
Analog Input
Many states, not just two (HIGH/LOW)

Number of states (or bins) is resolution
Common computer resolutions:
8-bit = 256 states

16-bit = 65,536 states
32-bit = 4,294,967,296 states
Analog Input
Arduino (ATmega8) has six ADC inputs
(ADC = Analog to Digital Converter)
Reads voltage between 0 to 5 volts
Resolution is 10-bit (1024 states)
In other words, 5/1024 = 4.8 mV smallest
voltage change you can measure
Analog Input
Sure sure, but how to make a varying voltage?
With a potentiometer. Or just pot.
+5V
measure
gnd
Color coding: red goes to power, blue to ground, purple to measure here (its a mix, see?)
Potentiometers
Moving the knob is like moving
where the arrow taps the voltage on the resistor
And thats actually how it works, btw, if you take apart a pot.
But I might have the directions reversed (clockwise vs. anti-clockwise).
Arduino Analog Input

Red to Vcc
Purple to A0
Blue to Gnd
Hook it up, plug in the wires in directly

Vcc is alias for +5V.
Raw is alias for external power (approx 9V)
Analog Input Sketch

Sketch Examples/sensors_resistive/analog_read_led
Change to 0
Turn knob to vary blink rate of the LED

Notice no pinMode() for analog inputs
What good are pots?

Anytime you need a ranged input
(were used to knobs)
Measure rotational position

steering wheel, etc.
But more importantly for us, potentiometers
are a good example of a resistive sensor
Sensing the Dark

Pots are example of a voltage divider
Voltage divider splits a voltage in two
Same as two resistors, but you can vary them
Sensing the Dark:

Photocells
aka. photoresistor, light-dependent resistor

A variable resistor
Brighter light == lower resistance
Photocells you have range approx. 0-10k
schematic symbol
Pretty cheap too. Can get a grab bag of 100 misc from Jameco for $20
Photocell Circuit
Vcc
pin A0
gnd
Looks a lot like the pot circuit, doesnt it?
Photocell Arduino
Sketch
Can use as before, sketch analog_read_led
Change to 0
Wave your hand over it = blink faster

Point it towards the light = blink slower
Just like magic!
If circuit was configured the other way (photocell on bottom), then darkness would make it blink
slower.
More Spooky, Please

All this blinking is okay, but...
Booo!
I design
your eyes
Okay, so the googly-eyeness of it makes it more Simpsonesque than spooky.
Evil Glowing Eyes
Almost as cool as Roy Batty
LED Eyeballs
Use your two orange LEDs
Little bit of hot glue and youre set
Use the two orange LEDs.

Save the R,G,B LEDs for next week.
Hot glue is the best thing in the world.
I brought my hot glue gun if you want to do this right now
Driving Two LEDs

Could use two
Arduino pins.
But wasteful.
Instead, put two

in series
Doesnt work for

blue LEDs
(and white, and some green)
Blue LEDs have a voltage drop of ~3.4V, two in series makes ~6.8V which is greater than the 5V the
Arduino puts out.
Dont put LEDs in parallel. http://members.misty.com/don/ledd.html
Notice pin 10. Thats important.
LED Eyes
photocell circuit is as before

Notice, pin 10. This will become important later.
LED Eyes Brightness

To complement analogRead(),
there is analogWrite().
available on digital pins 9,10,11.

Only
(yes, a little confusing)
More next week about how it works.
Can use it to set brightness of LEDs
LED Eyes Sketch

Sketch analog_brightness
As it gets darker, the LEDs get less bright

You just built an auto-dimmer
This is cool, but still not spooky enough.
Making Eyes Glow

(where glow is the throbbing of brightness)
How does that glow throbbing work?
Sleeping laptops do something similar
Need to describe how brightness changes over time
LED Brightness Functions

Brightness over time can be described as a graph
100% on
brightness
off
time
Draw your graph, use the resulting numbers

Doesnt matter which numbers you choose right now

Then turn those numbers into an array
Use any pattern of numbers you like

but they must range between 0-255
0 = full off
127 = half on
255 = full on
Make sure max_count is not too large!

Once you have your table...
...the rest is just programming

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Get a bright_table value

Send it out with analogWrite()
Advance counter into bright_table
Wait a bit
Repeat
Glowing Eyes Sketch

led_glow
I can
Glowing Eyes
Going Further
Glowing LEDs
The last sketch is data driven
So you can plug in any brightness function
Make a flickering candle or a bad neon
light
Going Further
Photocells
Think of some interesting uses
What about multiple photocells?
Homemade Sensors
Make some of your own!
Next Week
Motion with Servos
R,G,B color mixing for mood lighting
Controlling Arduino from a computer
Controlling a computer from Arduino
END Class 2
http://todbot.com/blog/spookyarduino
Tod E. Kurt
tod@todbot.com

Arduino Spooky Projects Class2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arduino Spooky Projects Class2 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arduino Spooky Projects Class2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Spooky Projects

Introduction to Microcontrollers with Arduino

Whats for Today

Recap: Blinky LED

So lets spend a few minutes & get led_blink working again

LED Light Tubes

Fundamentally, theyre all like the simple knife switch

Many Kinds of Switches

Tilt sensor has a little ball inside you can hear.

always connected together

Make Your Own

Or repurpose these tiny switches as bump

Wire soldered to penny.

Should use stranded wire, not solid.

How do you go from make/break to high/low?

float between 0 and

Resistor pulls down

Pressing switch sets

Dont want pull-down to be too small, or it uses a lot of current

Switch sets input

But now the sense

Inverted logic like this is common in microcontrollers

Arduino Digital Input

(except pin 13)

Arduino Digital Input

Output is on-board pin 13 LED for now

Making Jumper Wires

Making Jumper Wires

One of these how much is your time worth? situations.

In loop(): use digitalRead(myPin) to

If doing many tests, use a variable to hold the output value of

Enough with the atoms, back to the bits

Digital Input Sketch

Now you control the blinking

Changing Blink Rate

Built up of pieces youve seen before. Sorta like Lego.

Can do lots of switches this way.

An example of how to lay it out. Dont have to do it here. Try at home.

Digital Input Uses

Many states, not just two (HIGH/LOW)

8-bit = 256 states

Arduino Analog Input

Hook it up, plug in the wires in directly

Analog Input Sketch

Turn knob to vary blink rate of the LED

What good are pots?

(were used to knobs)

Measure rotational position

Sensing the Dark

Sensing the Dark:

aka. photoresistor, light-dependent resistor

Wave your hand over it = blink faster

More Spooky, Please

Okay, so the googly-eyeness of it makes it more Simpsonesque than spooky.

Evil Glowing Eyes

Almost as cool as Roy Batty

Use the two orange LEDs.

Driving Two LEDs

Instead, put two