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    Law of Thermodynamics

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    Omar Faruk
    This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: 1) The Zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium exists between objects at the same temperature. 2) The First law states that energy is conserved and is the basis for analyzing heat and work transfers between systems. 3) The Second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes that entropy always increases in isolated systems, limiting the amount of useful work that can be extracted. 4) The Third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

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    Law of Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Omar Faruk
    103 views14 pages
    This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: 1) The Zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium exists between objects at the same temperature. 2) The First law states that energy is conserved and is the basis for analyzing heat and work transfers between systems. 3) The Second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes that entropy always increases in isolated systems, limiting the amount of useful work that can be extracted. 4) The Third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

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    This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: 1) The Zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium exists between objects at the same temperature. 2) The First law states that energy is conserved and is the basis for analyzing heat and work transfers between systems. 3) The Second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes that entropy always increases in isolated systems, limiting the amount of useful work that can be extracted. 4) The Third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    103 views14 pages

    Law of Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Omar Faruk
    This document discusses the four laws of thermodynamics: 1) The Zeroth law establishes that thermal equilibrium exists between objects at the same temperature. 2) The First law states that energy is conserved and is the basis for analyzing heat and work transfers between systems. 3) The Second law introduces the concept of entropy and establishes that entropy always increases in isolated systems, limiting the amount of useful work that can be extracted. 4) The Third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

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    of 14

    ME-201

    Laws of Thermodynamics

    Law of Thermodynamics
    There are four laws of thermodynamics as
    follows:

    Zeroth law.

    1st law of thermodynamics.

    2nd law of thermodynamics.

    3rd law of thermodynamics.

    Zeroth law (R.H. Fowler, 1931)


    The Zeroth law of thermodynamics is a
    generalized statement about the thermodynamic
    equilibrium between bodies in contact. It is the
    result of the definition and properties of temp.

    Thermal equilibrium occurs when no temp


    gradient exists, both objects are at same temp.

    Zeroth Law
    When two bodies are each in thermal
    equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal
    equilibrium with one another.

    Adiabatic wall

    If object A is in
    thermal equilibrium
    with object C.
    A

    And object B is in
    thermal equilibrium
    with object C.
    B

    Then object A & B


    are also in thermal
    equilibrium.

    Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

    If two systems are separately in thermal


    equilibrium with a third, then they must also be
    in thermal equilibrium with each other and their
    temps will be equal.
    B
    tb
    A

    ta

    tc

    If ta = tc and tb= tc, then ta= tb

    1st Law of Thermodynamics


    (W. Rankine, 1850s)
    The first law of thermodynamics is open
    called the conservation of energy law.
    Assert that energy is a thermodynamic
    property.
    Energy:
    Ability to work is called energy.
    Energy is something, which is indestructible by
    us. Energy can exist in various forms. Energy
    can be transferred from one form to another.
    Energy can be transferred from one system to
    another.

    1st Law of Thermodynamics, cont


    Law of conservation of energy: Energy
    can neither be created nor be destroyed.
    " When a closed system under goes a cyclic
    change, the net heat to or from the system is
    equal to the net work from or to the system ".

    Mathematically, Q W

    HEAT

    system
    internal
    energy

    WORK

    1st Law of Thermodynamics, cont


    The change in the energy of a system equals
    the heat flow in the system from the
    surroundings minus the work done by the
    system on the surroundings.
    DU = W + Q
    Change in
    = Work done on
    internal energy
    the system

    Heat flow into


    the system

    1st Law of Thermodynamics, cont


    With the aid of first law it is possible to calculate the
    amount of heat and work which cross the boundary of a
    system when given changes in properties occur.

    Example:
    We can calculate work done by a steam expanding
    through a given range of pr in a turbine.

    Work require to produce a given air pr.

    To generate steam in a boiler we can calculate how


    much work require for this.

    Motivating the 2nd Law of thermodynamics


    The 1st law of thermodynamics alone does
    not predict the direction of a process, e.g.
    Can a hot object naturally cool down to a temp
    below its surrounding?
    Can a hot mass return to its initial position by
    losing its internal energy?

    The first law does not distinguish between


    reversible and irreversible processes
    o The 2nd law can be used in conjunction with
    the 1st law to determine the capability.

    Second Law of Thermodynamics


    (W. Rankine, 1850s)
    o Assert that energy has quality and quantity
    and
    o Actual processes occur in the direction of
    decreasing quality of energy
    Entropy Find potential work

    Second Law of Thermodynamics


    The amount of heat can be converted into
    work in an engine.
    This is an expression of the fact that it is
    impossible to convert all the heat supplied to an
    engine into work, some heat must always be
    rejected representing a waste of energy.

    The Many Uses of the 2nd Law


    Predict process direction

    Establish equilibrium conditions


    Determine theoretical best performance

    Evaluate factors limiting best performance


    Define a temp scale independent of properties

    Develop means for property evaluation for


    derived properties, such as h and u

    3rd Law of Thermodynamics


    If any system is at absolute zero then there is no
    entropy on the system.

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