Code Letter

Spacing (ft)

Spacing (m)

A
B
C
D
E
F
H
X
Y

700
3000
929
4500
5575
2787
6000
680
2130

213.5
915
283.3
1372.6
1700.4
650
1830
207.4
649.6

*The most commonly used spacing are D and H

Battery

allow signaling to and from telephone set.

Power of typically 48 V dc to the subscribers
telephone set.

Overvoltag

protects equipment and personal from

dangerous transient voltages due to lightning
surges and induced voltages from, or short
circuits to, utility power lines.

Feed

e Protection

Ringing

Supervisio
n

ringing signal to the subscriber telephone to

alert the called telephone for an incoming
call. Typically its 90 V rms at20 Hz.

detecting the presence or absence of current

flow in the loop basically for off-hook and onhook condition of the telephone set.

Coding
Hybrid

Testing

transforms the voice signal into

serial digital codes for digital
transmission. It involves digital
switching and multiplexing.

it interfaces a two-wire circuit to a

four wire circuit to permit fullduplex operation.

it requires access to the local loop

circuit and to the circuit of the
switching equipment of detect
faults and provide maintenance.

Message Channel

Basic Group

Basic Super group

The basic building

block of the FDM
hierarchy. It was
originally intended
for voice
transmission
although it now
includes any
transmission that
utilizes voice band
frequencies (0 to 4
KHz).
Basic Voice
Frequency band
: 300 3400
Hz
Channel Pass
Band : 0 to 40 kHz

The next higher

level in the FDM
hierarchy above
the basic message
channel. It is
composed of 12
voice band
channels, stacked
on top of each
other in the
frequency domain.

Combination of
five(5) groups. It
can carry
information from
60 voice band
channels or handle
high speed data up
to 250 Kbps.

Basic Master
group

Comprised of 10
super groups, 600
voice band
channels
2 Categories of
Master groups:
U600 for higher
capacity
microwave
systems
L600 for lower
capacity
microwave
systems

Basic FDM/FM
Microwave Radio
Channel
Carries 3 Master
groups, 1800 voice
band channels.

Jumbo group
-Has 3600 voice
band channels.

Super Jumbo
group
Equal to 3 Jumbo
groups, 10,800
voice band
channels.
Frequency
spectrum for each
group: 60 to 108
KHz
Frequency
spectrum for each
super group: 312
to 552 KHz

SUPER
JUMBO
GROUP
3 Jumbo
Groups

6 FM
Microwave
Radio Channel

18 Master
Groups

180 Super
Groups

900 Groups

10,800 voice
band channels.

return of a speakers voice

a reflection of the voice
that part of the voice energy that bounces off
obstacles in a telephone connection.
Due to impedance mismatch
Major annoyance to the telephone user

Singing
is the result of sustained oscillations
due to positive feedback in telephone
amplifiers or amplifying circuits.
echo that is completely out of control.

Primary Cause of Echo and Singing

Mismatch between the balancing network and its 2-wire connection
association with the subscriber loop.

ES Echo Suppressor
An electronic circuit which is inserted
into a 4-wire trunk path effectively to
block the passage of reflected signal
energy.

 Very small
noise voltages
that are
present in all
conductors
and that are
due to the
rapid and
random
motion of the
molecules,
atoms and
electrons of
which any
conductor is
constructed

Caused by
harmonics at
high
frequencies

Results by
Improper
level setting
Improper
alignment
causing a
device to
function nonlinearly
Non-linear
envelope
delay

Is noncontinuous
, consisting
of
irregular
pulses or
noise
spikes of
short
duration
and of
relatively
high
amplitude

Term used to denote the

unwanted transfer of
energy from one
communication circuit to
another by means of
mutual inductive,
capacitive or conductive
coupling.
Cause:
Electrical coupling
between transmission
media
Poor control of frequency
response
Non-linear performance in
Analog multiplex system

Intelligible

Where at least
four words are
intelligible to the
listener from
extraneous
conversation in a 7second period

Unintelligible

Crosstalk
resulting from any
other form of
disturbing effects of
one channel on
another

The amount by which a signal level exceeds the noise

within a specified bandwidth.

S/N of Corresponding Instruments based on

Customer Satisfaction
Voice 30 dB
Video 45 dB
Based on a Specified Error Rate
Data 15db

OCL = 0.102D + 0.4N + 5

VNL = 0.204L + 0.4
V

A=CxT

1. Erlang or Call Hour (Ch)

2. Call Minute (Cm)

3. Call Second (Cs)

1 Erlang = 30 EBHC = 36 CCs = 60 C

4. Cent Call Second (CCs)

Equated Busy Hour Call (EBHC)

1 Erlang = 30 EBHC = 36 CCs = 60 Cm

P = number of lost calls / total number of offered calls

Typical grade of service: P = 0.01; an average or one call out of 100 will be
blocked or lost during the busy hour.

Note: Lost calls or

Blocked Calls refer
to calls that fail at
the first trial.

Lost Calls Cleared: Erlang B Loss

Probability Equation
-

An
____n!___
n

Ax
x= 0 x!

Lost Calls Held: Poisson Loss Probability

Equation

x=n

Lost Calls Delayed: Erlang C Delay

Probability Equation

Aerial
Undergroun
d

Aerial

Undergroun
d

Cable Facility Sizing

(ENTRANCE)

The Rule of thumb for

an Office complex is 1
pair for every 10 sq. m
of usable floor area

Size of Entrance Cable

25 200 pairs
300 pairs
400 600 pairs
900 1200 pairs

Size of Entrance
Conduit
(mm diameter)
50
65
75
* Minimum size of100
Entrance Conduit: 50 mm
diameter
* Minimum number of Entrance Conduits: Two

A main terminal may be either placed in an indoor

type DP or a cross-connect point within the
building. It is a point where cable from the
telephone company and the in-building
distribution system are terminated.
MTTC Main Telephone Terminal Cabinet;
200 pairs and below
MDF - Main Distribution Frame; 300 pairs
and above

MTTC shall be provide with a 20-mm thick

anti-termite pressure treated wooden
backboard.
Backboard Color
White
Yellow
Blue

Terminals to be
terminated
Entrance
House/riser
Other special services
(data, computer etc.)

Minimum size of cable to be used for floor

distribution shall be 0.50 mm diameter

 a pulse modulation
system in which the
signal is sampled at
regular intervals and
each sample is made
proportional to the
amplitude of the signal
at the instant of
sampling.
Single Polarity PAM
has a fixed DC level
is added to the signal
to ensure that the
pulses are all positive

a signal is sampled as
before, but the pulses
indicating
instantaneous sample
amplitudes themselves
all have constant
amplitude. One of
their timing
characteristics is
varied being made
proportional to the
sampled signal
amplitudes at that
instant

 a pulse modulation
system in which the
signal is sampled at
regular intervals and
each sample is made
proportional to the
amplitude of the signal
at the instant of
sampling.
Single Polarity PAM
has a fixed DC level
is added to the signal
to ensure that the
pulses are all positive

a signal is sampled as
before, but the pulses
indicating
instantaneous sample
amplitudes themselves
all have constant
amplitude. One of
their timing
characteristics is
varied being made
proportional to the
sampled signal
amplitudes at that
instant

SIGNAL

PAM

PWM

PPM

 a digital
modulation
system in which
there is just one
bit sent per
sample to
indicate whether
the signal is
larger or smaller
than the
previous sample

Modulation in which
the height, width or
position of a pulse
has a definite code
meaning.

A sample frequency of 8000 Hz has been

specified internationally for the frequency
band (300 3400 Hz) used in telephone
to reduce the effect of noise in the
systems.
the
quantized values are converted into binary
transmission,
dividing
the amplitude
the sampled
scale
pulses
into steps.
are applied
The
codes;
several
the
input
The
combination
signals
telephone
are
ofsignal
combined
the presence
is sampled
for and8000
to a compressor,
amplitude
of the which
pulse is
compresses
expressed the
as the step
times perofsecond.
absence
simultaneous
unittransmission
pulses and are
along
made
a single
into PCM
line.
sampled
closest
topulses
it.
relatively more intensive at
signals.
Therefore, the interval between 2
larger amplitudes than at smaller ones.
consecutive samples from the same telephone
signal.
Sampling Interval: 125 usec.

to reconstruct the original analog signal, the

a technique
the
expands
received
the for
pulse
decoded
recovering
train
PAM
is converted
the
pulse
original
moreinto PAM
PAM pulse train is fed through a low pass
individual
pulses
intensive
which
atsignals
smaller
are just
from
amplitudes
the
the
same
income
as
than
those
multiplex
at after
larger
filter, which connects the peaks of the PAM
signal.
quantizing.
amplitudes.
pulses, thus an analog signal is obtained.

1. The first number of the loaded cable designation

19H44 indicates

1.
2.
3.
4.

Spacing
Coil inductance
Wire gauge
Attenuation

2. The letter of the loaded cable designation 24B88

indicates

1. Spacing
2. Coil inductance
3. Wire gauge
4. Attenuation

3. The last two digits of the loaded cable designation

22E66 indicates

1.
2.
3.
4.

Spacing
Coil inductance
Wire gauge
Attenuation

4. The kind of telephone system that require the

incoming analog signals to be converted to PCM
words before being switched
1. Analog system
2. Digital system
3. Step-by-step
4. Crossbar system

5. A switching network capable of providing a path from

every inlet link to every outlet link in the absence of
traffic
1. Concentration
2. Blocking
3. Full availability switch
4. Crosspoint

6. The inability to interconnect two idle lines connected

to a switching network due to all possible paths are in
use
1. Concentration
2. Blocking
3. Full availability
4. Crosspoint

7. In the telephone industry, BORSCHT functions are

performed by
1. Subscriber line interface
2. Crosspoint matrix
3. Switching network
4. Connector switch

8. BORSCHT stands for

1. Battery, over-voltage protection, ringing,
supervision, coding, hybrid and testing
2. Battery, on-hook, regulator, surge protect, circuit,
hybrid and test
3. Name of a leading manufacturer of telephone
system
4. Acronym for the developers of computer

9. Sampling theorem states that the rate of sampling

must at least be _____ the highest frequency
component
1. Half
2. Twice
3. Equal
4. Ten times

10. Sampling theorem is also known as

1. Shannon
2. Nyquist
3. Norton
4. Thevenin

11. A process in which more than one signal at a time is

translated over a signal link, route or channel
1. Synchronization
2. Multiplexing
3. Concentration
4. Encoding

12. This type of equipment extends the center switching

capability through the use of sensitive relays.
1. Extenders
2. Dial long lines
3. Voice repeaters
4. All of the above

13. The modulation technique where signals are

sampled periodically and each sample is quantized
and transmitted as a digital binary code
1. TDM
2. PCM
3. PAM
4. PPM

14. What multiplexing technique is used in PCM?

1. TDM
2. PCM
3. PAM
4. PPM

15. When a modulation signal is periodically sampled, a

_____ wave is produced
1. TDM
2. PCM
3. PAM
4. PPM

16. What is the sampling rate used in PCM

1. 3.4 kHz
2. 4.0 kHz
3. 8.0 kHz
4. 64 kHz

17. The process of assigning discrete value to a PAM

signals in PCM
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Equalization
4. Multiplexing

18. Continuous one hour period which has the

maximum average traffic intensity
1. Busy hour
2. Traffic quantity
3. Grade of service
4. Erlang

19. The aggregate engagement time or occupancy time

of one or more traffic paths
1. Busy hour
2. Traffic quantity
3. Grade of service
4. Erlang

20. A measure of the probability that a call offered to a

group of trunks or circuits will fail to find idle circuit at
the first attempt
1. Busy hour
2. Traffic quantity
3. Grade of service
4. Erlang

21. Added to extend the transmission distance by

canceling the effect of cable capacitance in the line.
1. Extender
2. loading coil
3. T-line
4. -line

22. Digital Subscriber Lines can not be implemented

with loading coils for the reason that
1. loading coils are not compatible with DSL repeaters
2. loading coils attenuates signals beyond the
voiceband
3. loading coils are heavy and tend to sag the line
4. loading coils are only good for short distances

23. A jack found in most homes that holds a single line

and interfaces a central offices outside line to the
subscribers telephone unit.
1. RJ 45
2. RJ10
3. RJ11
4. RJ101

24. The standard frequency bandwidth for voice

transmission
1. 300 Hz to 3400 Hz
2. 0 to 4 kHz
3. 100 Hz to 3.4 kHz
4. 300 Hz to 3000 Hz

25. How many connections, are needed to connect 50

subscribers directly?
1. 2500
2. 2450
3. 1225
4. 1250

26. It is the function of a switch or switching network

having more outlet than inlet.
1. Directing
2. Concentration
3. Expansion
4. connection

27. Unit of telephone traffic defined as one user making

a call of one second duration
1. CCs
2. Call sec
3. Call min
4. Erlang

28. Fiber in a loop means

1. The use of fiber in connecting LE with the
telephone set
2. The use of fiber optics as backbone of the
telephone network
3. The use of fiber as link between central offices
4. All of the above

29. What does a noise weighting curve shows?

1. Noise signals measured with 144 handset
2. Power level of noise found in carrier systems
3. The interfering effect of other frequencies in a noise
channel compared to a reference frequency
4. Interfering effect of noise signals to the channel
carrying information as compared with a 3 kHz tone.

30. Telephone line type of weighting used by CCIT

1. Psophometric weighting
2. C-message Weighting
3. F1A Weighting
4. Flat Weighting

31. The largest portion of the bandwidth of the

bandwidth for ADSL carries
1. Voice communication
2. Upstream data
3. Downstream data
4. Control data

32. Interference from one channel to the other.

1. Crosstalk
2. Jitter
3. Dc wandering
4. echo

33. The loss introduced in a telephone network to avoid

singing
1. Insertion loss
2. Trans line loss
3. Via net loss
4. Both a and c

34. A telephone signal takes 2.17 ms to reach its

destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an
acceptable amount of echo.
1. 0.651 dB
2. 6.51 dB
3. 0.834 dB
4. 8.34 dB

35. FDM telephony uses

1. DSB
2. DSBFC
3. SSBSC
4. SSBFC

36. Five user groups are used to form a

1. Channel
2. Supergroup
3. Mastergroup
4. spectrum

37. The number of voiceband channels in a master

group per CCITT standard is
1. 300
2. 480
3. 600
4. 120

38. The frequency of a standard FDM basic supergroup.

1. 30 kHz to 108 kHz
2. 60 kHz to 2540 kHz
3. 300 kHz to 600 kHz
4. 312 kHz to 552 kHz

39. To separate channels in an FDM receiver, it is

necessary to used
1. An AND gate
2. A bandpass filter
3. Differentiation
4. integration

40. What is the suppressed carrier frequency of channel

6 of a group?
1. 64 kHz
2. 80 khz
3. 84 kHz
4. 88 kHz

41. A digital signal is sampled every

1. 0.2 msec.
2. 100 sec.
3. 0.25 msec
4. 125 sec

42. The fastest T-carrier that can be accommodated

using twisted par.
1. T1
2. T2
3. T3
4. T4

43. 12 T1 is called
1. Special frame
2. Superframe
3. Extended superframe
4. T12

44. The process wherein the quantizer intervals are

varied or adjusted
1. Quantizing
2. Coding
3. Expanding
4. Companding

45. It is the companded PCM law used by Bell system.

1. A- Law
2. B-Law
3. law
4. All of the above

46. Also known as channel bank.

1. T1
2. E1
3. Group
4. Supergroup

47. How many voice band channels can be

accommodates by level 2 CEPT standard digital carrier?
1. 96
2. 120
3. 30
4. 480

48. Holding time

1. The number of times a route or traffic path is used per
unit tome period
2. The call intensity per traffic path during busy hour
3. The average duration of occupancy of one or more
paths by calls
4. Both a and b

49. Degree of congestion calculated statistically.

1. Grade of service
2. Traffic
3. Erlang
4. blockage

50. The statistics during the BH for a particular

exchange is 5 lost calls in 835 carrier traffic. What is the
GoS?
1. 0.010
2. 0.007
3. 0.006
4. 0.003

51. Traffic offered is always______ traffic carried.

1. Equal to
2. Less than
3. Greater than
4. None of the above

52. It is the average number of calls present during a

period of time.
1. Traffic quality
2. traffic
3. Calling rate
4. Traffic load

53. One( 1) Erlang is

1. 1000 TU
2. 10 TU
3. 100 TU
4. 1 TU

54. In a busy hour, the traffic carried of 4.52 Erlang was

recorded out of 200 calls. Find the mean holding time.
1. 81.36 sec.
2. 0.8136 sec
3. 2.26 sec.
4. 22.6 sec.

55. Optimal value of the operating current for a

satisfactory dial tone
1. 35 mA
2. 24 mA
3. 60 mA
4. 150mA

56. Typical loop loss in telephone system.

1. 10 dB
2. 8 dB
3. 6 dB
4. 4 dB

57. A continuous connection.

1. Attempt
2. Pegcount
3. Call
4. usage

58. Allow a conventional analog voice local loop and

high speed datalink. To be connected on one twisted
pair having different transmit and received bandwidth
from the subscriber.
1. DSL
2. ISDN
3. ADSL
4. B-ISDN

59. What is the frequency band does a typical ADSL

upstream uses?
1. 0 to 4 kHz
2. 20 kHz to 200 kHz
3. 250 kHz to 1000 kHz
4. 25 kHz to 200 kHz

60. Failure to connect a telephone call because of lack

of system capacity.
1. Call blocking
2. Dropped call
3. Hand-off
4. rerouting

61. Cordless telephones are linked by _____

transmitter- receiver system.
1. Low- power FM
2. High power FM
3. Low power AM
4. High power AM

62. A _____ standard has not been approved by an

organized body but has been adopted as a standard
through widespread use
a.
De facto
b.
De jure
c.
De merit
d.
De populi

63. ADSL divides the bandwidth of a ____cable into

three bands
1. Coaxial
2. Fiber optic
3. Twisted pair
4. Any of the above

64. The most common dial up service used by a person

making a home telephone call is
1. Analog switched service
2. Analog leased service
3. Switched /56 service
4. Digital data service

65. Time Division Multiplexing

1. Divides packets into audio cells to be placed
on the telephone lines
2. Assigns channels to different frequencies in
the transmission bandwidth
3. Assigns time slots to each channels packet
sections
4. Uses asynchronous data transmission

66. How many channels are used to make a group level

channel in FDM?
1. 1
2. 4
3. 8
4. 12

67. FDM uses______ to prevent modulated signals from

overlapping
1. Physical hardware devices
2. Carrier frequencies
3. Guard bands
4. demultiplexer

68. One of the key reasons FDM has replaced by TDM

is because
1. There is more time than frequency
2. It is difficult to place channels side by side
3. Noise is amplified with voice when an FDM
system is used
4. Most available frequencies have been used

69. The PCM sampling rate is 8000 samples per second

because
1. That represents the maximum rate that
technology supports
2. This rate allows unique values
3. This rate allows the faithful reconstruction of
an analog signal
4. This rate is easily produced by a sampling
chip

70. A T-1 line can handle _____ multiplexed voice

channels.
1. 6
2. 12
3. 18
4. 24

71. What is the overhead in a T-1 line?

1. 4 bps
2. 8 bps
3. 16 bps
4. 24 bps

72. This form of DSL uses most of channel to transmit

downstream to user and only a small part to receive to
receive information from the user.
1. SDSL
2. ADSL
3. ISDN
4. Cable modem