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    CH 5 Sec 4 - Alexander's Empire PDF

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    J. Nieves
    Alexander the Great conquered Persia and Egypt and extended his empire to the Indus River in northwest India in just 13 years: 1) Philip II had transformed Macedonia into a powerful military force that allowed him to conquer Greece, paving the way for Alexander's future conquests. 2) After Philip's death, Alexander swiftly defeated Persia's King Darius III at the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, gaining control of the Persian Empire. 3) Alexander then conquered Egypt and founded the city of Alexandria before pursuing Darius east and defeating the last Persian forces. He continued expanding his empire across Central Asia. 4) By 326 BC, Alexander's empire sp

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    CH 5 Sec 4 - Alexander's Empire PDF

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    J. Nieves
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    Alexander the Great conquered Persia and Egypt and extended his empire to the Indus River in northwest India in just 13 years: 1) Philip II had transformed Macedonia into a powerful military force that allowed him to conquer Greece, paving the way for Alexander's future conquests. 2) After Philip's death, Alexander swiftly defeated Persia's King Darius III at the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, gaining control of the Persian Empire. 3) Alexander then conquered Egypt and founded the city of Alexandria before pursuing Darius east and defeating the last Persian forces. He continued expanding his empire across Central Asia. 4) By 326 BC, Alexander's empire sp

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    Alexander the Great conquered Persia and Egypt and extended his empire to the Indus River in northwest India in just 13 years: 1) Philip II had transformed Macedonia into a powerful military force that allowed him to conquer Greece, paving the way for Alexander's future conquests. 2) After Philip's death, Alexander swiftly defeated Persia's King Darius III at the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, gaining control of the Persian Empire. 3) Alexander then conquered Egypt and founded the city of Alexandria before pursuing Darius east and defeating the last Persian forces. He continued expanding his empire across Central Asia. 4) By 326 BC, Alexander's empire sp

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views4 pages

    CH 5 Sec 4 - Alexander's Empire PDF

    Uploaded by

    J. Nieves
    Alexander the Great conquered Persia and Egypt and extended his empire to the Indus River in northwest India in just 13 years: 1) Philip II had transformed Macedonia into a powerful military force that allowed him to conquer Greece, paving the way for Alexander's future conquests. 2) After Philip's death, Alexander swiftly defeated Persia's King Darius III at the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, gaining control of the Persian Empire. 3) Alexander then conquered Egypt and founded the city of Alexandria before pursuing Darius east and defeating the last Persian forces. He continued expanding his empire across Central Asia. 4) By 326 BC, Alexander's empire sp

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    of 4

    Page 1 of 4

    Alexanders Empire
    MAIN IDEA
    EMPIRE BUILDING Alexander the
    Great conquered Persia and Egypt
    and extended his empire to the
    Indus River in northwest India.

    WHY IT MATTERS NOW


    Alexanders empire extended
    across an area that today consists
    of many nations and diverse
    cultures.

    TERMS & NAMES


    Philip II
    Macedonia

    Alexander
    the Great
    Darius III

    SETTING THE STAGE The Peloponnesian War severely weakened several

    Greek city-states. This caused a rapid decline in their military and economic
    power. In the nearby kingdom of Macedonia, King Philip II took note. Philip
    dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its
    vast wealth. Philip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.
    TAKING NOTES
    Outlining Use an outline
    to organize main ideas
    about the growth of
    Alexander's empire.
    Alexander's Empire
    I. Philip Builds
    Macedonian Power
    A.
    B.
    II. Alexander
    Conquers Persia

    Philip Builds Macedonian Power


    The kingdom of Macedonia, located just north of Greece,
    had rough terrain and a cold climate. The Macedonians were
    a hardy people who lived in mountain villages rather than
    city-states. Most Macedonian nobles thought of themselves
    as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down on the
    Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great
    philosophers, sculptors, or writers. The Macedonians did have one very
    important resourcetheir shrewd and fearless kings.
    Philips Army In 359 B.C., Philip II became king of Macedonia. Though only 23
    years old, he quickly proved to be a brilliant general and a ruthless politician.
    Philip transformed the rugged peasants under his command into a well-trained
    professional army. He organized his troops into phalanxes of 16 men across and
    16 deep, each one armed with an 18-foot pike. Philip used this heavy phalanx
    formation to break through enemy lines. Then he used fast-moving cavalry to
    crush his disorganized opponents. After he employed these tactics successfully
    against northern opponents, Philip began to prepare an invasion of Greece.
    Conquest of Greece Demosthenes (deeMAHSthuhNEEZ), the Athenian

    orator, tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army posed. He urged
    them to unite against Philip. However, the Greek city-states could not agree on
    any single policy. Finally, in 338 B.C., Athens and Thebesa city-state in central
    Greecejoined forces to fight Philip. By then, however, it was too late. The
    Macedonians soundly defeated the Greeks at the battle of Chaeronea
    (KAIRuhNEEuh). This defeat ended Greek independence. The city-states
    retained self-government in local affairs. However, Greece itself remained firmly
    under the control of a succession of foreign powersthe first of which was
    Philips Macedonia.

    142 Chapter 5

    Page 2 of 4

    Analyzing Causes
    How did the
    Peloponnesian War
    pave the way for
    Philips conquest of
    Greece?

    Although Philip planned to invade Persia next, he never


    got the chance. At his daughters wedding in 336 B.C., he
    was stabbed to death by a former guardsman. Philips son
    Alexander immediately proclaimed himself king of
    Macedonia. Because of his accomplishments over the next
    13 years, he became known as Alexander the Great.

    Alexander Defeats Persia


    Although Alexander was only 20 years old when he became
    king, he was well prepared to lead. Under Aristotles teaching,
    Alexander had learned science, geography, and literature.
    Alexander especially enjoyed Homers description of the
    heroic deeds performed by Achilles during the Trojan War. To
    inspire himself, he kept a copy of the Iliad under his pillow.
    As a young boy, Alexander learned to ride a horse, use
    weapons, and command troops. Once he became king,
    Alexander promptly demonstrated that his military training
    had not been wasted. When the people of Thebes rebelled, he
    destroyed the city. About 6,000 Thebans were killed. The survivors were sold into slavery. Frightened by his cruelty, the
    other Greek city-states quickly gave up any idea of rebellion.

    Vocabulary

    The Hellespont is
    the ancient name
    for the Dardanelles,
    the narrow straits
    that separate
    Europe from Asia
    Minor.

    Alexander 356323 B.C.


    When Alexander was only eight or
    nine years old, he tamed a wild
    horse that none of his fathers
    grooms could manage. Alexander
    calmed the horse, whose name was
    Bucephalus, by speaking gently.
    Seeing the control that Alexander
    had over the horse, Philip II said:
    Youll have to find another kingdom;
    Macedonia isnt going to be big
    enough for you.
    Alexander took his fathers advice.
    Riding Bucephalus at the head of a
    great army, he conquered the lands
    from Greece to the Indus Valley.
    When the horse died in what is now
    Pakistan, Alexander named the city of
    Bucephala after it. Maybe he was
    tired of the name Alexandria. By that
    time, he had already named at least
    a dozen cities after himself!

    Invasion of Persia With Greece now secure, Alexander


    felt free to carry out his fathers plan to invade and conquer
    Persia. In 334 B.C., he led 35,000 soldiers across the
    Hellespont into Anatolia. (See the map on page 144.)
    Persian messengers raced along the Royal Road to spread
    news of the invasion. An army of about 40,000 men rushed
    to defend Persia. The two forces met at the Granicus River.
    Instead of waiting for the Persians to make the first move,
    Alexander ordered his cavalry to attack. Leading his troops
    into battle, Alexander smashed the Persian defenses.
    Alexanders victory at Granicus alarmed the Persian
    king, Darius III. Vowing to crush the invaders, he raised a
    huge army of between 50,000 and 75,000 men to face the
    Macedonians near Issus. Realizing that he was outnumbered,
    Alexander surprised his enemies. He ordered his finest troops to break through a
    weak point in the Persian lines. The army then charged straight at Darius. To avoid
    capture, the frightened king fled, followed by his panicked army. This victory gave
    Alexander control over Anatolia.
    Conquering the Persian Empire Shaken by his defeat, Darius tried to negotiate

    a peace settlement. He offered Alexander all of his lands west of the Euphrates
    River. Alexanders advisers urged him to accept. However, the rapid collapse of
    Persian resistance fired Alexanders ambition. He rejected Dariuss offer and
    confidently announced his plan to conquer the entire Persian Empire.
    Alexander marched into Egypt, a Persian territory, in 332 B.C. The Egyptians
    welcomed Alexander as a liberator. They crowned him pharaohor god-king.
    During his time in Egypt, Alexander founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth
    of the Nile. After leaving Egypt, Alexander moved east into Mesopotamia to confront Darius. The desperate Persian king assembled a force of some 250,000 men.
    The two armies met at Gaugamela (GAWguhMEEluh), a small village near the
    ruins of ancient Nineveh. Alexander launched a massive phalanx attack followed
    Classical Greece 143

    Page 3 of 4

    by a cavalry charge. As the Persian lines crumbled, Darius again panicked and fled.
    Alexanders victory at Gaugamela ended Persias power.
    Within a short time, Alexanders army occupied Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis.
    These cities yielded a huge treasure, which Alexander distributed among his army.
    A few months after it was occupied, Persepolis, Persias royal capital, burned to the
    ground. Some people said Alexander left the city in ashes to signal the total destruction of the Persian Empire. The Greek historian Arrian, writing about 500 years after
    Alexanders time, suggested that the fire was set in revenge for the Persian burning
    of Athens. However, the cause of the fire remains a mystery.

    Alexanders Other Conquests


    Alexander now reigned as the unchallenged ruler of southwest Asia. But he was
    more interested in expanding his empire than in governing it. He left the ruined
    Persepolis to pursue Darius and conquer Persias remote Asian provinces. Dariuss
    trail led Alexander to a deserted spot south of the Caspian Sea. There he found
    Darius already dead, murdered by one of his provincial governors. Rather than
    return to Babylon, Alexander continued east. During the next three years, his army
    fought its way across the desert wastes and mountains of Central Asia. He pushed
    on, hoping to reach the farthest edge of the continent.
    Alexander in India In 326 B.C., Alexander and his army reached the Indus Valley.
    At the Hydaspes River, a powerful Indian army blocked their path. After winning
    a fierce battle, Alexanders soldiers marched some 200 miles farther, but their
    morale was low. They had been fighting for 11 years and had marched more than
    11,000 miles. They had endured both scorching deserts and drenching monsoon
    rains. The exhausted soldiers yearned to go home. Bitterly disappointed, Alexander
    agreed to turn back.

    Analyzing Motives
    Why did
    Alexander continue
    his conquests after
    Darius was dead?

    40E

    Alexander and His Successors, 336300 B.C.

    Aegean
    Sea

    MT

    Granicus
    (334) Ancyra
    Sardis
    ARMENIA
    KINGDOM OF
    ANTIGONUS
    Issus
    TA U
    RU S M T S.
    (333)
    Tarsus

    Crete

    Eu

    Cyprus

    ra

    tes

    1,000 Kilometers

    Alexandria
    Eschate

    MEDIA
    ATROPATENE

    R.

    Babylon

    KINGDOM OF
    SELEUCUS
    Susa

    Taxila

    Hydaspes
    (326)

    d us R

    UN

    AI

    Persepolis
    NS

    In

    O
    S M

    R.

    KU

    .
    T S 40N

    RO

    144

    le

    ARABIAN
    DESERT

    Alexandria D E S E R T O F
    GEDROSIA

    GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps

    Ni

    DESERT

    Aornos
    (327)

    n
    si a
    P e r ulf
    G

    LIBYAN

    NABATAEA

    KINGDOM
    OF
    PTOLEMY

    IN

    ZAG

    Memphis
    Siwah

    Marakanda

    SH

    Bactra

    Gaugamela
    (331)
    Ecbatana

    Gaza

    Alexandria

    Bukhara

    .
    is R

    Damascus
    Tyre

    ph

    S.

    Ti g r

    Mediterranean
    Sea

    US

    Sea

    Thebes

    AS

    500 Miles

    an

    Troy

    UC

    Alexanders empire
    at its height, 323 B.C.
    Path of conquest
    Major battle

    spi

    Hellespont

    CA

    Ca

    Black Se

    a
    KINGDOM OF
    LYSIMACHUS
    PAPHLAGONIA
    BITHYNIA
    KINGDOM OF
    CASSANDER

    1. Region Onto which continents did Alexanders empire spread?


    2. Place Which kingdoms succeeded the empire of Alexander the
    Great after his death in 323 B.C.?

    MAURYAN
    EMPIRE

    Tropic of Cancer

    Page 4 of 4

    332 B.C.
    Alexander entered Egypt and
    founded the city of Alexandria.

    MACEDONIA

    306 B.C.
    Antigonus I
    312 B.C. became
    king of
    Seleucus
    Macedonia.
    took
    most of
    Persian
    Empire.

    ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE
    PERSIA

    334 B.C.
    Alexander led 35,000
    soldiers into Anatolia.
    336 B.C.
    Philip II was assassinated. Alexander
    became king of Macedonia at age 20.

    326 B.C.
    Alexanders
    army reached
    the Indus
    Valley.

    323 B.C.
    Alexander died at
    age 32. His
    generals began a
    power struggle.

    EGYPT

    323 B.C.
    Ptolemy
    became
    governor
    of Egypt.

    By the spring of 323 B.C., Alexander and his army had reached Babylon. Restless
    as always, Alexander announced plans to organize and unify his empire. He would
    construct new cities, roads, and harbors and conquer Arabia. However, Alexander
    never carried out his plans. He became seriously ill with a fever and died a few
    days later. He was just 32 years old.
    Alexanders Legacy After Alexander died, his Macedonian generals fought

    among themselves for control of his empire. Eventually, three ambitious leaders
    won out. Antigonus (anTIGuhnuhs) became king of Macedonia and took control
    of the Greek city-states. Ptolemy (TAHLuhmee) seized Egypt, took the title of
    pharaoh, and established a dynasty. Seleucus (sihLOOkuhs) took most of the
    old Persian Empire, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom. Ignoring
    the democratic traditions of the Greek polis, these rulers and their descendants
    governed with complete power over their subjects.
    Alexanders conquests had an interesting cultural impact. Alexander himself
    adopted Persian dress and customs and married a Persian woman. He included
    Persians and people from other lands in his army. As time passed, Greek settlers
    throughout the empire also adopted new ways. A vibrant new culture emerged from
    the blend of Greek and Eastern customs.

    Hypothesizing
    Was the power
    struggle that followed Alexanders
    death inevitable?

    SECTION

    ASSESSMENT

    TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
    Philip II

    Macedonia

    Alexander the Great

    Darius III

    USING YOUR NOTES

    MAIN IDEAS

    CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING

    2. Which of Alexanders

    3. How was Philip II able to

    6. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you think that

    conquests do you think was


    the most significant? Why?
    Alexander's Empire
    I. Philip Builds
    Macedonian Power
    A.
    B.
    II. Alexander
    Conquers Persia

    conquer Greece?
    4. Philip IIs goal was to conquer

    Persia. Why did Alexander


    continue his campaign of
    conquest after this goal had
    been achieved?
    5. What happened to Alexanders

    empire after his death?

    Alexander was worthy of the title Great? Explain.


    7. HYPOTHESIZING If Alexander had lived, do you think he

    would have been as successful in ruling his empire as he


    was in building it? Explain.
    8. MAKING INFERENCES Why do you think Alexander

    adopted Persian customs and included Persians in his


    army?
    9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING In small groups,

    create storyboards for a video presentation on the


    growth of Alexanders empire.

    CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A MAP


    Use atlases to find the modern countries that occupy the lands included in Alexanders
    empire. Create a map that shows the boundaries and names of these countries. Compare
    your map to the map of Alexanders empire on page 144.

    Classical Greece 145

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