Structured Question Answers

(a) NH 4 Cl(s)

(a) Propyl ethanoate [1]

(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid [1]
(c) (i) These two reactions are:

NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) [1]

(b) NH 3 (g) can turn a moist red litmus paper blue but HCl(g) cannot. [1]/
HCl(g) can turn a moist blue litmus paper red but NH 3 (g) cannot. [1]
(c) When a substance undergoes sublimation, it changes directly from solid to gaseous state on
heating. [1] When the vapour is cooled, it changes back to solid directly. [1]

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH(l) + CH 3 COOH(l) CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) [1]

CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH(l) + CH 3 COOH(l) [1]
(ii) The rates of these two reactions are the same. [1]
3

(a) (i)

The reaction is reversible. [1]

(ii) NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l)

NH 4 +(aq) + OH(aq) [1]
(b) (i) The reaction is irreversible. [1]
(ii) FeSO 4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) + K 2 SO 4 (aq) [1]
(c) (i) The reaction is irreversible. [1]
(ii) 2AgNO 3 (aq) + MgCl 2 (aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) [1]
4

(a) It is a reversible reaction. [1]

The reaction does not go to completion [1] because the ester formed reacts with water to
regenerate ethanoic acid and ethanol at the same time. [1]
CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) CH 3 COOH(l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH(l)
(c) Ethyl ethanoate [1]
(d) Concentrated sulphuric acid [1]
(e) Any TWO of the following:
It can only be established in a closed system. [1]/
Equilibrium can be reached from either forward or backward direction of the reversible reaction.
[1]/
At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. [1]/
At equilibrium, the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged. [1]

(a) CH 3 COOH(aq) ions, CH 3 COO(aq) ions and H+(aq) ions [1]

(b) (i) The two reactions are:
CH 3 COOH(aq) CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq) [1]
CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq) CH 3 COOH(aq) [1]
(ii) The rates of these two reactions are the same at equilibrium. [1]
(c) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid that ionizes slightly in water while hydrochloric acid is a strong acid

that ionizes completely in water. [1] Therefore, the concentration of H+(aq) in hydrochloric acid is
higher and the pH value is lower. [1]
(d) The newly added small amount of H+ reacted with CH 3 COO(aq) in the reaction mixture, forming
CH 3 COOH(aq). [1] Therefore, the H+ concentration which determines the pH value did not change
much. [1]
(a) At the beginning, the concentration of N 2 O 4 (g) is the highest, so the rate of forward reaction is the
highest. [1] On the other hand, the concentration of NO 2 (g) is zero, so the rate of backward
reaction is zero. [1]
(b) At equilibrium, the rates of forward and backward reactions are the same. [2]
(c) If a hole is found in the vessel, both the reactant and product will escape. [1] As a result,
equilibrium cannot be established. [1]

(a) Forward reaction: 2NO(g) + O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g) [1]

Backward reaction: 2NO 2 (g) 2NO(g) + O 2 (g) [1]
(b)
Reaction rate

Forward reaction
Backward reaction
Time

Correct drawing [2]

Correct labelling [2]
(c) His statement is incorrect. [1]
At equilibrium, the concentrations of NO(g), O 2 (g) and NO 2 (g) remain unchanged, so the pressure
should be constant. [1]
(a) (i) The rates of forward and backward reactions are the same at equilibrium. [1]
(ii) The rate of backward reaction at equilibrium can be represented by decomposing 2 mol of
NO(g) per second. [1]
(b)
Concentration

NO(g)

N 2 (g)/O 2 (g)
Time

Correct drawing [2]

Correct labelling [2]
9

(a) CaCO 3 (s)

CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) [1]
(b) No, it would not. [1] Because the reaction system is not a sealed/closed one. [1]
(c) His statement is correct. [1]
CO 2 gas will be produced when calcium carbonate reacts with acid in the stomach, [1] which
would cause discomfort to the patients. [1]

10

(a) (i)

2NH 4 I(s) 2NH 3 (g) + H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) [1]

2NH 3 (g) + H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2NH 4 I(s) [1]
(ii) The rates of two reactions are the same. [1]
(b) 2NH 4 I(s)
2NH 3 (g) + H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) [1]

Concentration

(c)

NH 4 I
NH 3
H 2 /I 2
Time

Correct drawing [2]

Correct labelling [2]
11

(a) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)

(b) (i)

2HI(g) [1]

The initial concentration of H 2 (g) =

The initial concentration of I 2 (g) =

0.4 mol
= 0.4 mol L1
1L
0.3 mol
= 0.3 mol L1
1L

The concentration of HI(g) at equilibirum =

0.5 mol
= 0.5 mol L1 [1]
1L

According to the equation, the mole ratio of H 2 : I 2 : HI = 1 : 1 : 2

0.5 mol
No. of moles of H 2 (g) and I 2 (g) reacted =
= 0.25 mol [1]
2
the concentration of H 2 (g) at equilibrium = 0.4 mol L1 0.25 mol L1

= 0.15 mol L1 [1]

the concentration of I 2 (g) at equilibrium = 0.3 mol L1 0.25 mol L1
= 0.05 mol L1 [1]
(ii)

Concentration

HI

H2
I2
Time

Correct drawing [3]

Correct labelling [3]
12

(a) PCl 5 (g)

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) [1]

Reaction rate

(b) The forward reaction is PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) [1]
The backward reaction is PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) PCl 5 (g) [1]
(c)

Forward reaction
Backward reaction
Time

Correct drawing [2]

Correct labelling [2]
13

(a) (i)

The two reactions are:

2SO 3 (g) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) [1]

2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) [1]
(ii) The rates of these two reactions are the same. [1]
(b) The concentrations of SO 3 (g), SO 2 (g) and O 2 (g) remain unchanged at equilibrium. [1]
(c) Any TWO of the following:
It can only be established in a closed system. [1]/
Equilibrium can be reached from either forward or backward direction of the reversible reaction.
[1]/
At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. [1]/
At equilibrium, the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged. [1]
14

(a) Any THREE:

Equilibrium can only be established in a closed system, where no materials can enter or leave the
system. [1]
Equilibrium can be reached from either the forward or backward direction of a reversible reaction.

[1]
At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. [1]
At equilibrium, both reactants and products are present and their concentrations remain unchanged.
Hence, there are no observable changes of the reaction mixture. [1]

Amount (mol)

(b) (i) (3 0.5 3) mol = 1.5 mol [1]

(ii) 0.5 2 mol = 1.0 mol [1]
(c)

H 2 (g)
NH 3 (g)
N 2 (g)
Time

For correct labelling of axes [1]

For correct shape of diagram [1]
(a) Dynamic equilibrium refers to a reversible reaction [1] in which the rate of forward reaction is
equal to the rate of backward reaction. [1]
(b) (i)

Concentration

15

[C]
[A] or [B]

Time

[1]

It is because the two curves become horizontal and the concentrations of reactants and
product remain unchanged at time t. [1]
(ii)

Rate

forward reaction
backward reaction

Time
For correct labelling of axes [1]
For correct shape of diagram [1]
16

(a) No. [1] As the reaction proceeds to a certain point, equilibrium is established. [1] At the end there
is still some CaCO 3 solid left, no matter how long it is heated.
(b) When there is a tiny hole on the surface, after heating the CaCO 3 solid for some time, all of it
decomposes into CaO and CO 2 . No CaCO 3 solid will be left behind at the end. [1] This is because
the system is now an open system [1] and fails to attain equilibrium.

17

(a) The brown colour of the gas gradually fades and it finally becomes pale brown. [1]
(b) The concentration of NO 2 drops throughout the period of time. Initially the drop is very rapid, and
then it gradually slows down. [1] Finally the concentration of NO 2 stops dropping and the state of
equilibrium is reached. [1]
(c) At first, the number of NO 2 molecules is large. Therefore the forward reaction occurs quickly, and
N 2 O 4 molecules are rapidly produced. [1] As time goes by, the number of NO 2 molecules
decreases and the number of N 2 O 4 molecules increases. The forward reaction slows down and the
backward reaction speeds up. [1] Finally when the rate of formation of N 2 O 4 from NO 2 equals the
rate of formation of NO 2 from N 2 O 4 , an equilibrium state is established. [1]

18

(a) Ethanoic acid and ethanol. [1]

(b) Ethyl ethanoate and water. [1]
(c) A diagram showing the changes in rates of forward and backward reactions.

Rate

forward reaction
backward reaction

Time

For correct labelling of axes [1]

For correct shape of diagram [1]
19

(a) (1) Equilibrium can only be established in a closed system, where no materials can enter or leave
the system. [1]
(2) Equilibrium can be reached from either the forward or the backward direction of the
reversible reaction. [1]
(3) At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. [1]
(4) At equilibrium, both reactants and products are present and their concentrations remain
unchanged. [1]
(b) At equilibrium, the forward reaction CH 3 COOH(aq) CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq) [1] and the
backward reaction CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq) CH 3 COOH(aq) are still continuing, [1] even though
there is no observable change in the system [1] when it is in equilibrium.

20

(a) SbCl 5 (g), SbCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g) [2]

(b) Forward reaction: SbCl 5 (g) SbCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) [1]
Backward reaction: SbCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) SbCl 5 (g) [1]
(c) The rate of forward reaction decreases as SbCl 5 (g) is decomposed, [1] until the rate of forward
reaction becomes constant at equilibrium. [1] The rate of backward reaction increases from zero,
[1] until the rate of backward reaction becomes constant [1] and is essentially equal to the rate of
forward reaction at equilibrium. [1]

21

(a) PCl 5 (g)

(b) K c =

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) [1]

[PCl3 (g )]eqm [Cl 2 (g)]eqm

[PCl5 (g)]eqm

[1]

(c) Initial concentration of PCl 5 (g)

=

1.00 103 mol

= 4 103 mol dm3 [1]
3
0.25 dm

Equilibrium concentration of Cl 2 (g)

9.65 104 mol
= 3.86 103 mol dm3 [1]
=
3
0.25 dm
Consider the equilibrium,
Concentration

PCl 5 (g)

(mol dm3)

4 103

Initial
Equilibrium

Cl 2 (g)

0
3

3.86 10

Change

Kc =

PCl 3 (g)

+3.86 10

4 103
3.86 103
= 1.4 104 [1]

0 + 3.86 103
= 3.86 103 [1]

+3.86 103
0 + 3.86 103
= 3.86 103 [1]

[3.86 103 mol dm 3 ][3.86 103 mol dm 3 ]

[1.4 10 4 mol dm 3 ]

= 0.106 mol dm3 [1]

22

2.0 g
= 1 mol [1]
1.0 2 g mol1

(a) Number of moles of H 2 (g) =

Number of moles of I 2 (g) =

508 g
= 2 mol [1]
127 2 g mol1
1 mol
= 0.2 mol dm3 [1]
3
5 dm

(b) Initial concentration of H 2 (g) =

Initial concentration of I 2 (g) =

2 mol
= 0.4 mol dm3 [1]
3
5 dm

Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of H 2 (g).

Concentration (mol dm3)

Kc
48

H 2 (g)

I 2 (g)

2HI(g)

Initial

0.2

0.4

Change

+2x

Equilibrium

0.2 x

0.4 x

0 + 2x = 2x

2
[HI(g)]eqm

[H 2 (g)]eqm [I2 (g)]eqm

[1]

(2 x) 2
[1]
(0.2 x)(0.4 x)

Solving for x,
48(0.08 0.6x + x2) = 4x2
x = 0.186 or x = 0.468 (rejected)
equilibrium concentrations:
[H 2 (g)] eqm = 0.2 0.186 mol dm3 = 0.014 mol dm3 [1]
[I 2 (g)] eqm = 0.4 0.186 mol dm3 = 0.214 mol dm3 [1]

[HI(g)] eqm = 2(0.186) mol dm3 = 0.372 mol dm3 [1]

23
(a) K c =

2
[H 2 (g)]eqm
[S2 (g)]eqm
2
[H 2S(g)]eqm

(b) 2.25 104 =

[1]

2
[H 2 (g)]eqm
(1.165 103 )

(2.42 10 3 ) 2

[1]

[H 2 (g)] eqm = 1.06 103 mol dm3

Therefore, the equilibrium concentration of H 2 (g) is 1.06 103 mol dm3. [1]
24

(a) Initial concentration of PCl 3 (g) =

Initial concentration of Cl 2 (g) =

0.55 mol
= 0.22 mol dm3 [1]
3
2.5 dm
0.55 mol
= 0.22 mol dm3 [1]
3
2.5 dm

(b) Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of PCl 3 (g).

Concentration (mol dm3)

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

Initial

0.22

0.22

Change

+x

Equilibrium

0.22 x

0.22 x

0+x=x

The equilibrium constant for PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

1
=
= K c = 26.3 mol1 dm3 [1]
Kc
Kc =

26.3 =

PCl 5 (g)

[PCl5 (g )]eqm
[PCl3 (g )]eqm [Cl 2 (g )]eqm

PCl 5 (g)

[1]

x
(0.22 x)(0.22 x)

Solving for x,
26.3(0.22 x )(0.22 x ) = x
x = 0.146 or x = 0.332 (rejected)
the equilibrium concentration of PCl 3 (g) = 0.22 0.146 mol dm3
= 0.074 mol dm3 [1]
the equilibrium concentration of Cl 2 (g) = 0.22 0.146 mol dm3
= 0.074 mol dm3 [1]
the equilibrium concentration of PCl 5 (g) = 0.146 mol dm3 [1]
25

(a) Initial concentration of SO 2 (g) =

2x
mol dm3 [1]
V

y
mol dm3 [1]
V

Initial concentration of O 2 (g) =

2z
mol dm3 [1]
V

Equilibrium concentration of SO 3 (g) =

Concentration

2SO 2 (g)

(mol dm3)

O 2 (g)

2x
V

Initial

Change

2z
V

2
[SO3 (g)]eqm
2
[SO 2 (g)]eqm
[O 2 (g)]eqm

2SO 3 (g)

y
V
z

2x 2z
V

Equilibrium

Kc =

0
+

yz
V

0+

2z
V

2z
2z
=
V
V

[1]

2z 2
)
4 z 2V
V
=
=
[1]
2
2
2x 2z 2 y z
(
4
x

8
xz

4
z
)(
y

z
)
(
) (
)
V
V
(

(b) K c =

26

2
[SO3 (g)]eqm
2
[SO 2 (g)]eqm
[O 2 (g)]eqm

(1.00 mol dm 3 ) 2
= 3.97 mol1 dm3 [1]
3 2
3
(0.71 mol dm ) (0.5 mol dm )

(a) It is a homogeneous equilibrium [1] because all the reactants and products are in the same phase.
[1]
0.10 mol
(b) Initial concentration of CO 2 (g) =
= 0.10 mol dm3 [1]
3
1 dm
0.12 mol
= 0.12 mol dm3 [1]
3
1 dm

Initial concentration of H 2 (g) =

Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of CO 2 (g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

Kc =

CO 2 (g)

H 2 (g)

CO(g)

H 2 O(g)

Initial

0.10

0.12

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.10 x

0.12 x

0+x=x

0+x=x

[CO(g )]eqm [H 2O(g )]eqm

[CO 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]eqm

[1]

0.63 =

x2
[1]
(0.10 x)(0.12 x)

Solving for x,
0.63(0.012 0.22x + x2) = x2
x = 0.0483 or x = 0.423 (rejected)
equilibrium concentrations:
[CO 2 (g)] eqm = 0.10 0.0483 mol dm3 = 0.0517 mol dm3 [1]
[H 2 (g)] eqm = 0.12 0.0483 mol dm3 = 0.0717 mol dm3 [1]
[CO(g)] eqm = 0.0483 mol dm3 [1]
[H 2 O(g)] eqm = 0.0483 mol dm3 [1]
27
(a) (i)

K c1 =

(ii) K c2 =

(iii) K c =

[ N 2 (g)]eqm [O 2 (g)]eqm
2
[ NO(g)]eqm

2
[ NOBr(g)]eqm
2
[ NO(g)]eqm
[Br2 (g)]eqm

[1]

[1]

2
[ NOBr(g)]eqm

[1]

[ N 2 ]eqm [O 2 (g)]eqm [Br2 (g)]eqm

Kc2
[1]
K c1

1.4 mol1 dm3

= 5.83 1017 mol1 dm3 [1]
(b) K c =
18
2.4 10
28

(a) It is incorrect [1] because the equilibrium concentration of each species is dependent on the
equilibrium constant of the reaction. [1]
(b) It is correct. [1]
(c) It is incorrect [1] because the rates of forward and backward reactions are the same at equilibrium.
[1]

29

(a) (i)

Forward reaction: 2X(g) + Y(g) 2Z(g) [1]

Backward reaction: 2Z(g) 2X(g) + Y(g) [1]
(mol dm 3 ) 2
(ii) The unit of K c for forward reaction =
(mol dm 3 ) 2 (mol dm 3 )
= mol1 dm3 [1]
The unit of K c for the backward reaction = the unit for

(b) (i)

The initial concentration of NOCl =

1
mol dm3 [1]
Kc

2 mol
= 2 mol dm3 [1]
3
1 dm

(ii) Consider the equilibrium,

Concentration

2NOCl(g)

(mol dm3)

2NO(g)

Cl 2 (g)

Initial

Change

0.66

+0.66

+0.33

Equilibrium

2 0.66 = 1.34

0 + 0.66 = 0.66

0 + 0.33 = 0.33

The equilibrium concentration of NOCl = 1.34 mol dm3 [1]

The equilibrium concentration of Cl 2 = 0.33 mol dm3 [1]
(iii) K c =

2
[ NO(g)]eqm
[Cl 2 (g)]eqm
2
[ NOCl(g)]eqm

[1]

(0.66 mol dm 3 ) 2 (0.33 mol dm 3 )

=
(1.34 mol dm 3 ) 2
= 0.0801 mol dm3 [1]
30
(a) K 1 =

K2 =

(b) K =

2
[PCl3 (g )]eqm
2
[P(g)]eqm
[Cl 2 (g )]3eqm

[1]

[PCl5 (g)]eqm
[PCl3 (g )]eqm [Cl 2 (g )]eqm
2
[PCl5 (g)]eqm
2
[P(g)]eqm
[Cl 2 (g)]5eqm

[1]

[1]

= K 1 K 2 2 [1]
1.6 103 mol
(c) Equilibrium concentration of PCl 3 (g) =
= 6.4 104 mol dm3 [1]
3
2.5 dm
0.03 mol
= 0.012 mol dm3 [1]
Equilibrium concentration of Cl 2 (g) =
3
2.5 dm
5.04 104 mol
Equilibrium concentration of PCl 5 (g) =
= 2.016 104 mol dm3 [1]
3
2.5 dm
Kc =

[PCl5 (g)]eqm
[PCl3 (g )]eqm [Cl 2 (g )]eqm

(2.016 104 mol dm 3 )

[1]
(6.4 10 4 mol dm 3 )(0.012 mol dm 3 )

= 26.25 mol1 dm3 [1]

31

(a) K c indicates the extent of a chemical reaction but not the rate of the reaction. [1]

(b) K c =

4
[CS2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g )]eqm
2
[CH 4 (g )]eqm [H 2S(g )]eqm

[1]

(0.9 mol dm 3 )(1.78 mol dm 3 ) 4

Kc =
= 5.86 mol2 dm6 [1]
3
3 2
(1.07 mol dm )(1.2 mol dm )
Since the calculated value of K c is greater than the given value, the reaction mixture is not at
equilibrium. [1]
9.25 g
= 0.1 mol
(c) (i) Number of moles of ClF 3 (g) =
35.5 19.0 3 g mol1
The initial concentration of ClF 3 (g) =

0.1 mol
= 0.05 mol dm3 [1]
3
2 dm

Consider the equilibrium,

Concentration

ClF 3 (g)

(mol dm3)

ClF(g)

F 2 (g)

Initial

0.05

Change

0.05 0.215 =
0.01075

+0.01075

+0.01075

Equilibrium

0.05 0.01075 =
0.03925

0 + 0.01075 =
0.01075

0 + 0.01075 =
0.01075

Kc =

[ClF(g)]eqm [F2 (g)]eqm

[ClF3 (g)]eqm

[1]

(0.01075 mol dm 3 )(0.01075 mol dm 3 )

=
= 2.94 103 mol dm3 [1]
3
(0.03925 mol dm )
39.4 g
= 0.426 mol
(ii) Number of moles of ClF 3 (g) =
35.5 19.0 3 g mol1
The initial concentration of ClF 3 (g) =

0.426 mol
= 0.213 mol dm3 [1]
3
2 dm

Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of ClF 3 (g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

ClF 3 (g)

ClF(g)

F 2 (g)

Initial

0.213

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.213 x

0+x=x

0+x=x

x
= 2.94 103
0.213 x
Solving for x,

Kc =

x2 = 2.94 103 (0.213 x)

x = 0.0236 or x = 0.0265 (rejected)
equilibrium concentrations:

[ClF 3 (g)] eqm = 0.213 0.0236 mol dm3 = 0.189 mol dm3 [1]
[ClF(g)] eqm = 0.0236 mol dm3 [1]
[F 2 (g)] eqm = 0.0236 mol dm3 [1]
32

(a) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)

2NH 3 (g) [1]

10 mol
0.1 mol dm3 [1]
3
100 dm

(b) Initial concentration of N 2 (g) =

28 mol
= 0.28 mol dm3 [1]
3
100 dm

Initial concentration of H 2 (g) =

Equilibrium concentration of NH 3 (g) =

6 mol
0.06 mol dm3 [1]
3
100 dm

Consider the equilibrium,

Concentration

N 2 (g) +

(mol dm3)

Kc =

3H 2 (g)

2NH 3 (g)

Initial

0.1

0.28

Change

0.03

3(0.03)

+0.06

Equilibrium

0.1 0.03 =
0.07

0.28 0.09 =
0.19

0 + 0.06 =
0.06

2
[ NH 3 (g)]eqm

[1]

[ N 2 (g )]eqm [H 2 (g )]3eqm

(0.06 mol dm 3 ) 2
(0.07 mol dm 3 )(0.19 mol dm 3 )3

= 7.50 mol2 dm6 [1]

33

(a) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)

2HI(g) [1]
0.15 mol
= 0.05 mol dm3 [1]
3
3 dm

(b) Initial concentration of H 2 (g) =

Initial concentration of I 2 (g) =

0.15 mol
= 0.05 mol dm3 [1]
3
3 dm

Equilibrium concentration of HI(g) =

0.24 mol
= 0.08 mol dm3 [1]
3
3 dm

Consider the equilibrium,

Concentration
(mol dm3)

H 2 (g)

I 2 (g)

2HI(g)

Initial

0.05

0.05

Change

0.04

0.04

+0.08

Equilibrium

0.05 0.04 =
0.01

0.05 0.04 =
0.01

0 + 0.08 =
0.08

Kc =

2
[HI(g)]eqm

[H 2 (g)]eqm [I 2 (g )]eqm

[1]

(0.08 mol dm 3 ) 2
=
= 64
(0.01 mol dm 3 )(0.01 mol dm 3 )
the equilibrium constant for the reaction is 64. [1]
(c) The equilibrium position of the reaction lies mainly to the product side [1] because the equilibrium
constant is much larger than 1. [1]
34

2.5 g
= 0.012 mol [1]
(31.0 5 35.5) g mol 1

(a) Initial number of moles of PCl 5 (g) =

Initial concentration of PCl 5 (g) =

0.012 mol
2 dm

= 0.006 mol dm3

Let x mol dm be the change in concentration of PCl 3 (g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

PCl 5 (g)

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

Initial

0.006

Equilibrium

0.006 x

x2
Kc =
[1]
(0.006 x)

0.19 (0.006 x) = x2
0 = x2 + 0.19x 0.00114
x = 0.00582 or 0.1958 (rejected) [1]
[PCl 5 (g)] eqm = 0.00018 mol dm3 [1]
[PCl 3 (g)] eqm = 0.00582 mol dm3 [1]
[Cl 2 (g)] eqm = 0.00582 mol dm3 [1]
0.012 mol
= 0.0024 mol dm3
3
5 dm
3
Let y mol dm be the change in concentration of PCl 3 (g).

(b) Initial concentration of PCl 5 (g) =

Concentration
(mol dm3)

PCl 5 (g)

Initial

0.0024

Equilibrium

0.0024 y

Kc =

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

y2
[1]
0.0024 y

0.19 (0.0024 y) = y2
0 = y2 + 0.19y 0.000456
y = 0.002370 or 0.1924 (rejected) [1]

[PCl 5 (g)] eqm = 3 105 mol dm3 [1]

[PCl 3 (g)] eqm = 0.002370 mol dm3 [1]
[Cl 2 (g)] eqm = 0.002370 mol dm3 [1]
35

(a) K c =

[H2(g)]2 eqm[S2(g)]eqm
[1]
[H2S(g)]2 eqm

6.0 dm 3
1
(b) Initial concentration of H 2 S(g) =

= 0.025 mol dm3 [1]

3
1
3
10 dm
24.0 dm mol
3
4.2 dm
1

= 0.0175 mol dm3

Equilibrium concentration of H 2 (g) =
3
3
1
10 dm
24.0 dm mol
Concentration
2H 2 (g) + S 2 (g)
2H 2 S(g)
(mol dm3)
Initial

0.025

Change

0.0175

+0.0175

Equilibrium

0.0075

0.0175

0.00875

0.0175
2

[2]
3 2

Kc =

(0.0175 mol dm ) (0.00875 mol dm )

[1]
(0.0075 mol dm 3 ) 2

= 0.04764 mol dm3 [1]

36

(a) (i) The gas gradually changed from colourless to violet. [1]
(ii) The reaction mixture was put into potassium iodide solution in order to dissolve iodine in an
aqueous solution. [1]
(b) (i)

I 2 (aq) + 2S 2 O 3 2(aq) 2I(aq) + S 4 O 6 2(aq) [1]

(ii) Number of moles of sodium thiosulphate used = 0.1 mol dm3

22.2
dm 3 = 0.00222 mol
1000

[1]

(c) (i)

From the equation, the mole ratio of I 2 : S 2 O 3 2 = 1 : 2

Number of moles of iodine at equilibrium = 0.00111 mol [1]
[H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (aq)]eqm
[1]
Kc =
[HI(g)]2 eqm

(ii) Assume the volume of the sealed vessel is 1 dm3.

2.56 g
= 0.02 mol
Initial number of moles of HI(aq) =
(1.0 127.0) g mol 1
Initial concentration of HI(aq) =
Concentration
(mol dm3)

2HI(g)

0.02 mol
= 0.02 mol dm3
3
1 dm

H 2 (g)

I 2 (g)

Initial

0.02

Change

0.00222

+0.00111

+0.00111

Equilibrium

0.01778

0.00111

0.00111
[2]

Kc =

(0.00111) 2
[1]
(0.01778) 2

= 3.897 103 [1]

37

(a) Since the concentration of a solid or a liquid, i.e. density, is so large that it is considered to be
constant at a fixed temperature, [1] it is not included in the equilibrium constant expression.
(b) K c = [CO 2 (g)] eqm . [1] The unit of the equilibrium constant expression is mol dm3. [1]
(c) From (b), equilibrium constant = 2.80 mol dm3 = [CO 2 (g)] eqm
Hence, the equilibrium concentration of CO 2 (g) is 2.8 mol dm3. [1]

38

[HI(g)]2 eqm
[1]
[H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm

(a) K c =

(1.47 10 2 M) 2
[HI(g)]2 eqm
= 29.6
=
(b) Trial 1:
[H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm
(0.27 10 2 M)(0.27 10 2 M)
(1.80 10 2 M) 2
[HI(g)]2 eqm
= 29.5
=
Trial 2:
[H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm
(1.10 10 2 M)(0.10 10 2 M)
(1.92 10 2 M) 2
[HI(g)]2 eqm
= 30.3
=
Trial 3:
[H 2 (g)]eqm[I 2 (g)]eqm
(3.04 10 2 M)(0.04 10 2 M)
[1]
Average value of equilibrium constants at this temperature =

29.6 29.5 30.3

= 29.8 [1]
3

(c) Let a 102 M be the change in concentration of H 2 (g).

Concentration
( 102 M)

H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)

2HI(g)

Initial

Change

+2a

Equilibrium

3a

1a

2a
[2]

29.8 =

(2a )
[1]
(3 a)(1 a)

29.8 (3 4a + a2) = 4a2

25.8a2 119.2a + 89.4 = 0
a = 0.942 or 3.678 (rejected) [1]
Hence, [H 2 (g)] eqm = 2.058 102 M

[I 2 (g)] eqm = 0.058 102 M

[HI(g)] eqm = 1.884 102 M [3]
39

(a) Initial mass of CH 3 COOH present = 1.049 g cm3 25 cm3 = 26.225 g [1]
Initial mass of C 2 H 5 OH present = 0.789 g cm3 25 cm3 = 19.725 g [1]
Molar mass of CH 3 COOH = (12 2 + 16 2 + 1 4) g mol1 = 60 g mol1
Molar mass of C 2 H 5 OH = (12 2 + 16 1 + 1 6) g mol1 = 46 g mol1
Therefore,
26.225 g
= 0.437 mol
initial number of moles of CH 3 COOH present =
60 g mol1
initial number of moles of C 2 H 5 OH present =

19.725 g
= 0.429 mol
46 g mol1
0.437 mol
50 cm3
1000 cm3 dm 3

initial concentration of CH 3 COOH present =

= 8.74 M [1]

0.429 mol
50 cm3
1000 cm3 dm 3

initial concentration of C 2 H 5 OH present =

= 8.58 M [1]

(b) Let a M be the change in concentration of CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 .

Concentration
(M)

CH 3 COOH

C 2 H 5 OH
H2O

CH 3 COOC 2 H 5

Initial

8.74

8.58

Change

+a

+a

Equilibrium

8.74 a

8.58 a

a
[1]

CH 3 COOH + NaOH CH 3 COONa + H 2 O

Number of moles of NaOH in 3 M NaOH(aq)
10.4 cm3
= 0.0312 mol [1]
1000 cm3 dm 3
From the equation, mole ratio of CH 3 COOH : NaOH = 1 : 1
Hence, number of moles of CH 3 COOH remaining in 10 cm3 sample = 0.0312 mol [1]
Thus,
= 3 mol dm3

[CH 3 COOH] eqm =

0.0312 mol
10 cm3
1000 cm3 dm 3

= 3.12 M [1]

8.74 a = 3.12
a = 5.62
[C 2 H 5 OH] eqm = (8.58 a) = (8.58 5.62) = 2.96 M [1]
[CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 ] eqm = 5.62 M [1]

[H 2 O] eqm = 5.62 M [1]

[CH 3COOC 2 H 5 (l)]eqm[H 2 O(l)]eqm
(c) K c =
[1]
[CH 3COOH(l)]eqm[C 2 H 5 OH(l)]eqm
(d) K c =

40

5.62 M 5.62 M
= 3.42 [1]
3.12 M 2.96 M

Initial concentration of SO 3 (g):

=

1 mol
= 0.1 mol dm3
3
10 dm

Initial concentration of NO(g):

=

1 mol
= 0.1 mol dm3
3
10 dm

Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of SO 2 (g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

SO 3 (g) + NO(g)

SO 2 (g) + NO 2 (g)

Initial

0.1

0.1

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.1 x

0.1 x

x
[2]

Kc =

[SO 2 (g)]eqm[NO2 (g)]eqm

[SO3 (g)eqm][NO(g)]eqm

( x) 2
[1]
Kc =
(0.1 x) 2
0.5 =

x
0.1 x

0.7071(0.1 x) = x
x = 0.0414 mol dm3 [1]
The concentration of SO 2 (g) at equilibrium is 0.0414 mol dm3.
41

(a) K c =

[HCOOCH 2CH 3 (l)]eqm[H 2O(l)]eqm

[1]
[HCOOH(l)]eqm[CH 3CH 2OH(l)]eqm

(b) Mass of HCOOH = 1.22 g cm3 11.31 cm3 = 13.798 g

Mass of CH 3 CH 2 OH = 0.789 g cm3 36.44 cm3 = 28.751 g
13.798 g
Number of moles of HCOOH before reaction =
= 0.30 mol [1]
46 g mol1
Number of moles of CH 3 CH 2 OH before reaction =

28.751 g
= 0.625 mol [1]
46 g mol1

(c) HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H 2 O

Number of moles of NaOH in 25 cm3 of 0.25 M NaOH(aq)

= 0.25 mol dm3

25
dm3 = 0.00625 mol [1]
1000

From the equation, mole ratio of HCOOH : NaOH = 1 : 1

Hence, number of moles of HCOOH in 5.0 cm3 sample = 0.00625 mol [1]
(d) Let x mol be the number of moles of HCOOH in the equilibrium mixture.

x
(11.31 36.44)
=
0.00625
5
x = 0.0597 [1]
Let the volume of container used be 1 dm3.
Concentration
(mol dm3)

HCOOH

CH 3 CH 2 OH

HCOOCH 2 CH 3

+ H2O

Initial

0.30

0.625

Change

0.0597
0.30

0.2403

+0.2403

+0.2403

0.3847

0.2403

0.2403

= 0.2403
Equilibrium

0.0597

[2]
Kc =

(0.2403)(0.2403)
[1]
(0.0597)(0.3847)

= 2.51 [1]
42

(a) Point M represents the rate of disappearance of B(g) at time t 1 . [1]

Point N represents the rate of formation of A 2 B(g) at time t 1 . [1]
(b) At time t 2 . [1] The concentrations of all chemical species do not change after time t 2 . [1]
(c) [A(g)] eqm =
[B(g)] eqm =

0.15 mol
= 0.3 mol dm3 [1]
3
0.5 dm
0.575 mol
= 1.15 mol dm3 [1]
3
0.5 dm

0.425 mol
= 0.85 mol dm3 [1]
3
0.5 dm
[ A2 B(g)]eqm
[1]
(d) K c =
[ A(g)]2 eqm[ B(g)]eqm

[A 2 B(g)] eqm =

(0.85 mol dm 3 )
(0.3 mol dm 3 ) 2 (1.15 mol dm 3 )

= 8.21 mol2 dm6 [1]

The unit of K c is mol2 dm6 [1]
43

Let x mol dm3 be the change in the concentration of PCl 3 (g).

Concentration

PCl 5 (g)

(mol dm3)

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

Initial

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

5.00 104

x
[2]

Kc =

[PCl3(g)]eqm[Cl2(g)]eqm
[PCl5(aq)]eqm

x2
[1]
5.00 10 4
x = 2.00 103 [1]
Initial concentration of PCl 5 (g) = 5.00 104 + 2.00 103
8.00 103 =

= 2.5 103 mol dm3 [1]

44

Initial concentration of XO(g):

=

1.00 mol
= 0.50 mol dm3
3
2.00 dm

Initial concentration of O 2 (g):

=

2.00 mol
= 1.00 mol dm3
2.00 dm 3

Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of O 2 (g).

Concentration

2XO(g)

(mol dm3)

O 2 (g)

2XO 2 (g)

Initial

0.50

1.00

Change

2x

+2x

Equilibrium

0.50 2x

1.00 x

2x
[2]

Kc =

[ XO 2 (g)] eqm
[ XO(g)]2 eqm[O2 (g)]eqm

1.00 104 =

(2 x) 2
[1]
(0.50 2 x)2 (1.00 x)

Assume x << 1.00,

4 x2
[1]
0.25 2 x 4 x 2
2.5 105 2.00 104x + 4 104x2 = 4x2

1.00 104 =

2.5 105 2.00 104x 3.9996x2 = 0

x = 2.48 103 or x = 2.53 103 (rejected) [1]
[XO(g)] eqm = 0.50 2 2.48 103 = 0.495 mol dm3 [1]
[O 2 (g)] eqm = 1.00 2.48 103 = 0.998 mol dm3 [1]

[XO 2 (g)] eqm = 2 2.48 103 = 4.96 103 mol dm3 [1]
45

Initial concentration of SO 2 Cl 2 (g) =

2.00 mol
= 0.020 mol dm3
3
100.0 dm

Initial concentration of SO 2 (g) =

Initial concentration of Cl 2 (g) =

0.030 mol
= 0.00030 mol dm3
3
100.0 dm

1.00 mol
= 0.010 mol dm3
3
100.0 dm

Let x mol dm3 be the change in the concentration of SO 2 (g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

SO 2 Cl 2 (g)

Initial

0.00030

0.020

0.010

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.00030 x

0.020 + x

0.010 + x

SO 2 (g)

Cl 2 (g)

[2]
Kc =

[SO 2 (g)]eqm[Cl 2 (g)]eqm

[1]
[SO 2Cl 2 (g)]eqm

0.0810 =

(0.020 x)(0.010 x)
(0.00030 x)

2.43 105 0.081x = 2 104 + 0.03x + x2

x2 + 0.111x + 1.757 104 = 0
x = 0.001606 or 0.1094 (rejected) [1]
[SO 2 Cl 2 (g)] eqm = 0.00030 (0.001606) = 1.91 103 mol dm3 [1]
[SO 2 (g)] eqm = 0.020 + (0.001606) = 1.84 102 mol dm3 [1]
[Cl 2 (g)] eqm = 0.010 + (0.001606) = 8.39 103 mol dm3 [1]
46

(a) CH 3 CH 2 OH(l) + CH 3 CH 2 COOH(l)

CH 3 CH 2 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid. [1]
(c) 1. Allow the mixture to reach an equilibrium and withdraw a known amount of equilibrium
mixture by a pipette. [1]
2. Quench the reaction in the small portion of equilibrium mixture by cooling it in an ice bath.
[1]
3. Determine the equilibrium concentration of propanoic acid by titrating the equilibrium
mixture against standard sodium hydroxide solution. [1]
4. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of ethanol, ethyl propanoate and water based on the
balanced equation. [1]
5. Substitute the equilibrium concentrations in the expression for K c .
Kc =

[CH 3CH 2COOCH 2CH 3 (l)]eqm [H 2O(l)]eqm

[CH 3CH 2OH(l)]eqm[CH 3CH 2COOH(l)]eqm

[1]

Calculate the average K c by repeating steps 15 two more times. [1]

6.
47

(a) The mixture is allowed to stand for two hours in order to ensure the equilibrium is reached. [1]
(b) When the end point is reached, a blood red colour would be observed. [1] Excess SCN(aq) reacts
with Fe3+(aq) to give the blood red colour. [1]
[Fe3 (aq)]eqm
Kc =
[1]
[Fe 2 (aq)]eqm[Ag (aq)]eqm

(c) (i)

(ii) After mixing the two solutions, the total volume of solution is 50 cm3.
The concentration of Ag+(aq) after mixing = 0.10 mol dm3

25
= 0.05 mol dm3 [1]
50

The concentration of Fe2+(aq) after mixing = 0.12 mol dm3

25
= 0.06 mol dm3 [1]
50

(iii) (1) Ag+(aq) + SCN(aq) AgSCN(s) [1]

(2) Number of moles of KSCN used = 0.02 mol dm3

14.2
dm3 = 0.000284 mol [1]
1000

From the equation, mole ratio of Ag+ : SCN = 1 : 1

Number of moles of Ag+(aq) in the 25.0 cm3 resultant solution = 0.000284 mol
Concentration of Ag+(aq) at equilibrium =

0.000284 mol
= 0.01136 mol dm3 [1]
25
dm 3
1000

(d)
Concentration
(mol dm3)

Ag+(aq)

Fe2+(aq)

Ag(s) + Fe3+ (aq)

Initial

0.05

0.06

Change

0.01136
0.05

0.03864

+0.03864

0.02136

0.03864

= 0.03864
Equilibrium

0.01136

[2]
Kc =

0.03864
[1]
(0.01136)(0.02136)

= 159.24 mol1 dm3 [1]

48

##
(a) (i)

The red substance formed is thiocyanatoiron(III) ion/FeSCN2+(aq) [1]

(ii) Fe3+ (aq) + SCN(aq)

FeSCN2+(aq) [1]
(b) (i) Addition of Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) increases the concentration of Fe3+(aq) in the mixture. This shifts
the equilibrium position of the system to the right. [1] Hence, the colour of the solution turns
dark red. [1]

(ii) Addition of KSCN(aq) increases the concentration of SCN(aq) in the mixture. This shifts the
equilibrium position of the system to the right. [1] Hence, the colour of the solution turns dark
red. [1]
(iii) Addition of KOH(aq) removes the Fe3+(aq) in the mixture. Fe3+(aq) react with OH(aq) to
give a precipitate Fe(OH) 3 . [1] This shifts the equilibrium position of the mixture to the left.
[1] Hence, the colour of solution turns yellow. [1]
(iv) Addition of Na 2 HPO 4 crystal removes the Fe3+(aq) in the mixture. Fe3+(aq) react with
HPO 4 2(aq) to give a colourless complex FeHPO 4 +. [1] This shifts the equilibrium position of
the mixture to the left. [1] Hence, the colour of solution becomes paler. [1]
49

(a) More CaCO 3 (s) will be precipitated back and deposit at the bottom of the container. [1]
(b) More CaCO 3 (s) will be consumed and some gas bubbles are evolved from the surface of CaCO 3
solid. [1]
(c) More CaCO 3 (s) will be consumed and some gas bubbles are evolved from the surface of CaCO 3
solid. [1]
(d) More CaCO 3 (s) will be precipitated back and deposit at the bottom of the container. [1]

50

(a) When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added, this increases the concentration of H+(aq), thus the
equilibrium position of the system shifts to the left. [1] The colour of bromine water becomes
darker. [1]
(b) When concentrated potassium hydroxide is added, the OH(aq) removes H+(aq) from bromine
water, thus the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the right. [1] The colour of bromine
water becomes paler. [1]
(c) When silver nitrate solution is added, Ag+(aq) removes Br(aq) from bromine water, the
equilibrium position of the system shifts to the right. [1] The colour of bromine water becomes
paler. [1]

51

(a) When concentrated hydrochloric acid is added, the concentrations of H+(aq) and Cl(aq) increase,
thus, the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the left. [1] The white precipitate dissolves to
give a clear solution. [1]
(b) When a large amount of water is added, the concentrations of H+(aq) and Cl(aq) decrease, thus the
equilibrium position of the system shifts to the right.[1] More white precipitate is formed. [1]
(c) When saturated sodium chloride solution is added, the concentration of Cl(aq) increases, thus the
equilibrium position of the system shifts to the left. [1] The white precipitate dissolves to give a
clear solution. [1]

52

(a) When water is added, the equilibrium position of the system shifts to the left, [1] more
tetrachlorocobaltate(II) becomes cobalt(II) hexahydrate. Hence, the colour of cobalt chloride paper
changes from blue to pink. [1]
(b) As the forward reaction is endothermic, [1] heating the pellets shifts the equilibrium position to the
right. [1] Hence, the blue colour of pellets can be restored.

53

(a) K c =

[H 2 O(g)]eqm[CO(g)]eqm
[1]
[H 2 (g)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm

(b) Q c =

[H 2 O(g)][CO(g)]
[H 2 (g)][CO 2 (g)]

0.55 mol dm 3 0.55 mol dm 3

[1]
0.20 mol dm 3 0.30 mol dm 3
= 5.042 [1]
As Q c is not equal to K c at 1800 K, therefore the system has not reached the state of equilibrium.
[1]
(c) As Q c (= 5.042) is smaller than K c (= 6.0) at 1800 K, the equilibrium position will shift to the
right. [1], more products should be formed and less reactants should be remained, until the value of
Q c equals K c . [1]
=

(d) Let x mol dm3 be the change in the concentration of H 2 O(g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)

H 2 O(g) + CO(g)

Initial

0.20

0.30

0.55

0.55

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.20 x

0.30 x

0.55 + x

0.55 + x
[2]

Kc =

[H 2 O(g)]eqm[CO(g)]eqm
[H 2 (g)]eqm[CO 2 (g)]eqm

(0.55 + x) 2
[1]
6.0 =
(0.20 x)(0.30 x)

0.3025 + 1.1x + x 2
0.06 0.5 x x 2
0.36 3x + 6x2 = 0.3025 + 1.1x + x2
5x2 4.1x + 0.0575 = 0
x = 0.01427 or 0.8057 (rejected) [1]
6.0 =

54

[H 2 (g)] eqm = 0.20 0.01427 = 0.186 mol dm3 [1]

[CO 2 (g)] eqm = 0.30 0.01427 = 0.286 mol dm3 [1]
[H 2 O(g)] eqm = 0.55 + 0.01427 = 0.564 mol dm3 [1]
[CO(g)] eqm = 0.55 + 0.01427 = 0.564 mol dm3 [1]

(a) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. [1] Since the forward reaction is exothermic, [1]
increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium position to the left.
(b) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. [1] According to Le Chteliers Principle, the
equilibrium position will shift to the left producing more SO 2 (g). [1]
(c) The equilibrium position will shift to the right. [1] According to Le Chteliers Principle, the
equilibrium position will shift to the right producing more SO 3 (g). [1]

55
Addition of
H 2 O(g)

Addition of H 2 (g)

Change in
temperature

Effect on [CO 2 (g)]

Increases [1]

Decreases [1]

Decreases [1]

Effect on [CO(g)]

Decreases [1]

Increases [1]

Increases [1]

Effect on equilibrium
position

Shifts to the right

[1]

Shifts to the left

[1]

Shifts to the left

[1]

Effect on equilibrium
constant

No change [1]

No change [1]

Decreases [1]

56

(a) The equilibrium position shifts to the left. [1]

Since an increase in volume can decrease the pressure, the equilibrium position shifts to the left,
raising the number of gas molecules and bringing the pressure back up. [1]
(b) The equilibrium position shifts to the right. [1]
Since the concentration of hydrogen decreases, the equilibrium position shifts to the right to
produce more hydrogen. [1]
(c) The equilibrium position shifts to the right. [1]
Since the pressure is decreased, the equilibrium position shifts to the right to produce more gases.
[1]
(d) There is no change in equilibrium position. [1]
It is because the numbers of moles of gas molecules are equal on both sides of chemical equation.
[1]
(e) The equilibrium position shifts to the right. [1]
Since sodium hydroxide removes HCl once it is formed, the concentration of HCl decreases. Thus
the equilibrium position shifts to the right to produce more HCl. [1]

57

(a) When the volume of the vessel is decreased, the pressure is increased. [1]
The equilibrium position shifts to the left to lower the number of gas molecules and bring the
pressure back down. [1]
(b) The forward reaction is exothermic [1] because a decrease in temperature favours an exothermic
change of an equilibrium system. [1]
(c) His statement is incorrect. [1]
Adding a catalyst does not affect the equilibrium position [1] because a catalyst increases the rates
of forward and backward reactions to the same extent. [1]

58

(a) An increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium position to the left. [1]
Since the backward reaction is endothermic, an increase in temperature favours the endothermic
change of an equilibrium system. [1]
[CH 4 (g )][H 2O(g )]
(b) (i) The reaction quotient, Q c =
[1]
[CO(g )][H 2 (g )]3

(6 mol dm 3 )(6 mol dm 3 )

(4 mol dm 3 )(8 mol dm 3 )3

= 0.0176 mol2 dm6 [1]

(ii) Since Q c < K c , more CH 4 (g) and H 2 O(g) will be formed and more CO(g) and H 2 (g) will be
consumed until Q c = K c . [1] Hence, the equilibrium position will shift to the right. [1]
59

[CO(g )]eqm [H 2O(g )]eqm

(a) The equilibrium constant, K c =

[1]

[CO 2 (g )]eqm [H 2 (g )]eqm

(0.0483 mol dm 3 )(0.0483 mol dm 3 )

(0.0517 mol dm 3 )(0.0717 mol dm 3 )

= 0.629 [1]
3

Let x mol dm be the change in concentration of CO 2 (g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

CO 2 (g)

H 2 (g)

CO(g)

H 2 O(g)

Initial

0.0517 + 0.02
= 0.0717

0.0717

0.0483

0.0483

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.0717 x

0.0717 x

0.0483 + x

0.0483 + x

0.629 =

(0.0483 x mol dm 3 )(0.0483 x mol dm 3 )

(0.0717 x mol dm 3 )(0.0717 x mol dm 3 )

Solving for x,

x = 4.78 103 or x = 0.508 (rejected)

new equilibrium concentrations
[CO 2 (g)] eqm = 0.0717 4.78 103 mol dm3 = 0.0669 mol dm3 [1]
[H 2 (g)] eqm = 0.0717 4.78 103 mol dm3 = 0.0669 mol dm3 [1]
[CO(g)] eqm = 0.0483 + 4.78 103 mol dm3 = 0.0531 mol dm3 [1]
[H 2 O(g)] eqm = 0.0483 + 4.78 103 mol dm3 = 0.0531 mol dm3 [1]
(b) The equilibrium position will remain unchanged. [1] Since the numbers of moles of gas molecules
are equal on both sides of reaction, [1] the change in volume does not affect the equilibrium
position. [1]
60

(a) Let x mol dm3 be the change in concentration of Ag+(aq).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

Ag+(aq)

Fe2+(aq)

Ag(s)

Fe3+(aq)

Initial

0.200

0.100

0.300

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.200 + x

0.100 + x

0.300 x

Kc =

2.98 =

[Fe3 (aq)]eqm
[Ag (aq)]eqm [Fe2 (aq)]eqm

[1]

0.300 x
(0.200 x)(0.100 x )

Solving for x,

x = 0.108 or x = 0.744 (rejected)

equilibrium concentrations
[Ag+(aq)] eqm = 0.200 + 0.108 mol dm3 = 0.308 mol dm3 [1]
[Fe2+(aq)] eqm = 0.100 + 0.108 mol dm3 = 0.208 mol dm3 [1]
[Fe3+(aq)] eqm = 0.300 0.108 mol dm3 = 0.192 mol dm3 [1]
(b) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. [1]
Since Cl(aq) reacts with Ag+(aq) to form AgCl(s), a white precipitate, the concentration of
Ag+(aq) decreases. [1] Thus, the equilibrium shifts to the left, producing more Ag+(aq) and
Fe2+(aq).
61
(a) K c =

[C2 H 5OH(g )]eqm

[C2 H 4 (g)]eqm[H 2O(g )]eqm

[1]

(b) (i)

A high pressure should be used. [1]

Since the number of moles of gas molecules on the reactant side is greater than that on the
product side, a high pressure favours the forward reaction and gives more products. [1]
(ii) Advantage: The equilibrium position can be shifted to the product side, giving more products.
[1]
Disadvantage: The manufacture cost is higher. [1]/The danger of production is enhanced. [1]
(c) (i) Fermentation [1]
(ii) C 6 H 12 O 6 2CH 3 CH 2 OH + 2CO 2 [1]
62

(a) Vanadium(V) oxide [1]

(b) His statement is incorrect. [1] It is because the value of equilibrium constant depends on
temperature only. [1]
(c) Determine the equilibrium constants of the forward reaction at various temperatures. [1] If the
equilibrium constants decrease with the increase in temperature, then the forward reaction is
exothermic. [1] It is because an increase in temperature favours an endothermic reaction only. [1]

63
Change

Effect on the
equilibrium position

Indicated
quantity

Effect

(a)

Adding CO(g)

Shift to the right

Ni(s)

Decreases

(b)

Removing CO(g)

Shift to the left

Kc

No change

(c)

Removing
Ni(CO) 4 (g)

Shift to the right

CO(g)

Decreases

(d)

Increasing the
temperature at
constant pressure

Shift to the left

Kc

Decreases

(e)

Decreasing the
temperature at
constant pressure

Shift to the right

CO(g)

Decreases

(f)

Decreasing the
volume at constant
temperature

Shift to the right

Ni(CO) 4 (g)

Increases

Each correct answer [1]

(a) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(b) (i)
Concentration (mol dm3)

64

The equilibrium position does not change. [1]

The equilibrium position shifts to the left. [1]
The equilibrium position shifts to the right. [1]
The equilibrium position shifts to the left. [1]
The equilibrium position shifts to the left. [1]

I 2 (g)
CO 2 (g)

CO(g)

10
1
Each correct answer [ ]
2
(ii)

Time (min)

Concentration (mol dm3)

I 2 (g)
CO 2 (g)

CO(g)

10

Time (min)

1
Each correct answer [ ]
2

Concentration (mol dm3)

(iii)

I 2 (g)
CO 2 (g)

CO(g)

10

Time (min)

1
Each correct answer [ ]
2
65

(a) The equilibrium position will shift to the right. [1]

According to Le Chteliers Principle, the equilibrium position will shift to the right, consuming
some of added HA(aq) and decreasing its concentration. [1]
(b) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. [1]
If the pH of the reaction mixture is decreased, the concentration of H 3 O+(aq) is increased. [1]
According to Le Chteliers Principle, the equilibrium position will shift to the left, consuming
some of added H 3 O+(aq) and lowering its concentration. [1]
(c) The equilibrium position will shift to the right. [1]
The forward reaction is an endothermic reaction. [1]
According to Le Chteliers Principle, the equilibrium position will shift to the right to remove the
heat added. [1]

66

(a) Since the forward reaction is an exothermic reaction, so a lower temperature favours the formation
of SO 3 . [1]
(b) Although the percentage of conversion is higher at lower temperature, the rate of reaction is slow.
[1]

(c) (i)

When the volume of container is reduced, the pressure of the system increases. [1] The
equilibrium position shifts to the right. [1]
(ii) When sulphur trioxide is removed from the system, the equilibrium position shifts to the
right. [1]

67

(a) K c =

[NO(g)]2 eqm[Cl2(g)]eqm
[NOCl(g)]2 eqm

[1]

(b) Initial concentration of NOCl(g):

=

1 mol
5 dm

= 0.2 mol dm3

Concentration

2NOCl(g)

(mol dm3)

2NO(g)

Cl 2 (g)

Initial

0.2

Change

0.2 (0.2)
= 0.04

+0.2 (0.2)
= +0.04

+0.2 (0.1)
= +0.02

Equilibrium

0.2 0.04
= 0.16

0.04

0.02
[2]

Kc =

(0.04) (0.02)
[1]
(0.16) 2

= 0.00125 mol dm3 [1]

(c) Since the forward reaction is an endothermic reaction, [1] an increase in temperature shifts the
equilibrium position of the system to the right. Hence, the degree of dissociation increases. [1]
(d) The numbers of moles of gases on the left-hand side of the balanced equation is less than that on
the right-hand side.[1] An increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium position of the system to the
left, hence the degree of dissociation decreases. [1]
68

69

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

[SO 3 (g)] increases. [1]

[SO 3 (g)] decreases. [1]
[SO 3 (g)] increases. [1]
[SO 3 (g)] increases. [1]

[CO(g)]eqm[H 2 (g)]3 eqm

(a) K c =
[1]
[CH 4 (g)]eqm[H 2 O(g)]eqm
(b) (i)

The equilibrium position of the system will shift to the left [1] because the number of moles
of gases on the left-hand side of the equation is less than that on the right-hand side. [1]
(ii) The equilibrium position of the system will shift to the right [1] because the forward reaction
is endothermic. [1]
(iii) The equilibrium position of the system will not be affected [1] because the catalyst can only
affect the time to attain equilibrium but not the equilibrium position. [1]

(c) (i) The value of K c remains unchanged. [1]

(ii) The value of K c increases. [1]
(iii) The value of K c remains unchanged. [1]
70

(a) K c = [H 2 S(g)] eqm [NH 3 (g)] eqm [1]

(b)
Concentration
(mol dm3)

NH 4 HS(s)

H 2 S(g)

NH 3 (g)

Initial

0.60

Change

+0.27

0.87 0.60
= +0.27

Equilibrium

0.27

0.87

[1]

K c = [H 2 S(g)] eqm [NH 3 (g)] eqm

= (0.27 mol dm3)(0.87 mol dm3) [1]
= 0.2349 mol2 dm6 [1]
(c) Let V be the volume of the sealed flask.
Doubling the volume of the sealed flask, the new volume = 2V
The initial number of moles of ammonia gas = molarity volume = 0.60 V
The initial concentration of ammonia gas =
=

number of moles of ammonia gas

new volume

0.60 V
= 0.30 mol dm3 [1]
2V

Let x mol dm3 be the change in the concentration of H 2 S(g).

Concentration
(mol dm3)

NH 4 HS(s)

H 2 S(g) + NH 3 (g)

Initial

0.30

Change

+x

+x

Equilibrium

0.30 + x

0.2349 = [H 2 S(g)][NH 3 (g)]

0.2349 = (x)(0.30 + x) [1]
0.2349 = 0.3x + x2

x = 0.357 or x = 0.657 (rejected) [1]

[NH 3 (g)] eqm = 0.30 + 0.357 = 0.657 mol dm3 [1]
71

(a) K c =

[ClF3 (g)]2 eqm

[Cl2 (g)]eqm[F2 (g)]3 eqm

[1]

(b) (1) Decreasing the temperature of the system. [1]

(2) Adding either Cl 2 (g) or F 2 (g) to the system. [1]
(3) Increasing the pressure by decreasing the volume of the system. [1]

(c) It was wrong to predict the amount of reactants and products in the mixture by referring to the
enthalpy change of the reaction [1] because enthalpy change only implies that the products are
more energetically stable than that of the reactants, but it gives no information on the amount of
reactants and products in the mixture. [1] Only K c can tell the ratio of the concentrations of
reactants and products. [1]
72

(a) As the forward reaction is exothermic, [1] an increase in the temperature of the reaction vessel
causes the equilibrium position of the system to shift to the left and the value of K c will decrease.
[1]
(b) As the numbers of moles of gases on the left-hand side of the balanced equation are greater than
that on the right-hand side, [1] an increase in the volume of the reaction vessel causes the
equilibrium position of the system to shift to the left. But the value of K c will remain unchanged.
[1]
(c) Adding C(graphite) to the reaction vessel does not affect the concentration of C(graphite) in the
system. [1] Hence, there is no effect on both the equilibrium position and the value of K c . [1]

73
(a) K c =
(b) (i)

2
[ NH 3 (g)]eqm

[ N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]3eqm

[1]

The reaction quotient, Q c , has the same form as the equilibrium constant, K c . [1] It can be
calculated from concentrations at any particular moment, not necessarily at equilibrium. [1]

(ii) Once an equilibrium system is disturbed, more products will be formed if Q c K c and more
reactants will be formed if Q c K c . The equilibrium is established if Q c = K c . [3]
(c) (i) If the volume of the system is decreased, the pressure of the system is increased. [1] Since the
number of moles of gas molecules on the product side is less than that on the reactant side, [1]
an increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium position to the right, [1] producing more
NH 3 (g). Thus, the yield of NH 3 (g) is increased. [1]
(ii) Since the backward reaction is an endothermic change, an increase in temperature favours an
endothermic reaction. Thus, the equilibrium position shifts to the left, [1] removing some of
added heat and consuming some NH 3 (g). Therefore, the yield of NH 3 (g) is decreased. [1]
74
(a) K c =
(b) (i)

2
[ NH 3 (g)]eqm

[ N 2 (g)]eqm [H 2 (g)]3eqm

[1]

The equilibrium position will shift to the right. [1]

Since the forward reaction is an exothermic change, a decrease in temperature favours the
exothermic reaction. [1]
(ii) The equilibrium position will shift to the left. [1]
When the volume of the system is increased, the pressure of the system is decreased. [1]
Since the number of moles of gas molecules on the reactant side is greater than that on the
product side, [1] the system shifts to the left, increasing the number of gas molecules and
bringing the pressure back up. [1]