Entropy and Free Energy

PRE-SPAIN
CHEMISTRY 4 (SNP20304)
TUTORIAL 2 ENTROPY AND FREE ENERGY
1.
Use the following enthalpies of formation to calculate the enthalpy change

for the reaction:
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+ CO2(g) + H2O(g)
(Hf(kJmol-1): NaHCO3(s) 951, Na2CO3(s) 1131, CO2(g) 394, H2O(g)
242)
Use the following entropies to calculate the entropy change for the same
reaction: NaHCO3(s) 102, Na2CO3(s) 135, CO2(g) 214, H2O(g) 189
(all JK-1mol-1)
Predict the temperatures for which this reaction will be feasible.
2.
Use the following data to calculate the entropy change when one mole of
ammonia is formed from its elements:
S (JK-1mol-1): N2(g) = 191.6, H2(g) = 130.6, NH3(g) = 192.3
Given that the enthalpy of formation of ammonia is -46 kJmol -1, determine
the range of temperatures for which this reaction is feasible.
Why is the reaction often carried out at temperatures lower than this?
3.
Use the following data to explain why NaCl is soluble in water:

H = +31 kJmol-1, S(Na+(aq)) = 320.9 JK-1mol-1, S(Cl-(aq)) = 56.5 JK-1mol-1,
S(NaCl(s)) = 72.1 JK-1mol-1
Are there any temperatures at which you would not expect NaCl to
dissolve?
4.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution of sodium chloride given the following

data (all in kJmol-1):
enthalpy of hydration of Na+: -405
enthalpy of hydration of Cl-: -364
lattice enthalpy of NaCl: -780
5.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution of the hydroxides of barium, calcium

and magnesium given the following data (all in kJmol -1):
lattice enthalpy of Ba(OH)2: -2235
lattice enthalpy of Ca(OH)2: -2650
lattice enthalpy of Mg(OH)2: -2995
hydration energies: Ba2+: -1360, Ca2+: -1650, Mg2+: -1920, OH-: -460
Use your answers to explain the trend in solubility of the group (II)
hydroxides.
6.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution of silver chloride given the
following data:
Lattice enthalpy of silver chloride: -905
Enthalpy of hydration of Ag+: -464
Enthalpy of hydration of Cl-: -364

Explain why AgCl is much less soluble than NaCl.
7.
The reaction between solid barium hydroxide and solid ammonium
chloride can be
represented by the equation below.
Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(s) BaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)
+51.1 kJ mol1
H =
The standard entropies, at 298 K, for the reactants and products are:
S[Ba(OH)2(s)]
= + 99.7 J mol1K1
S[NH4Cl(s)] = + 94.6 J mol1K1

S[BaCl2(s)] = + 123.7 J mol1K1
S[NH3(g)]
= + 192.3 J mol1K1
S[H2O(l)]
= + 69.9 J mol1K1
(a) Why is the standard entropy of ammonia more positive than the
standard entropy of barium chloride?
(b) Use the values given to calculate the standard entropy change,
Ssystem, for this reaction. Include the sign and units in your answer.
(c) Calculate Ssurroundings, at 298K for this reaction.
(d) Use your answer to (b) and (c) to show that this reaction is feasible at
298K.
(e) Calculate the minimum temperature, in Kelvin, at which the reaction is
spontaneous.
8.
Thermochemical data, at 298 K, for the equilibrium between zinc

carbonate, zinc oxide and carbon dioxide is shown below.
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
H = +71.0 kJ mol1
S[ZnO(s)] = +43.6 J mol1 K1

S[ZnCO3(s)] = +82.4 J mol1 K1
S[CO2(g)] = +213.6 J mol1 K1
(a) Suggest reasons for the differences between the three standard
entropies.
(b) Calculate the entropy change for the system, S system, for this reaction.
Include the sign and units in your answer.
(c) Calculate the entropy change for the surroundings, Ssurroundings, at 298
K, showing your method clearly.
(d) Calculate the total entropy change for this reaction, Stotal, at 298 K.
(e) What does the result of your calculation in (d) indicate about the
natural direction of this reaction at 298 K? Justify your answer.
9.
The equation below shows a possible reaction for producing methanol.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l)
H = 129 kJ mol1
The entropy of one mole of each substance in the equation, measured at

298 K, is shown below.
Substance
CO2 (g)
H2 (g)
CH3OH (l)
S / J mol-1 K-1
197.6
130.6
239.7
(a) Suggest why methanol has the highest entropy value of the three
substances.
(b) Calculate the entropy change of the system, S system, for this
reaction.
(c) Is the sign of Ssystem as expected? Give a reason for your answer.
(d) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings S surroundings, at
298 K.
(e) Show, by calculation, whether it is possible for this reaction to occur
spontaneously at 298 K.
10.
The fermentation of glucose is an exothermic reaction and is catalyzed by
enzyme in yeast.
C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
The reaction is slow at room temperature.
(a) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, an experiment you could do to
follow the progress of this reaction at different temperatures.
(b) Would you expect Ssystem to be positive or negative for this
reaction? Justify your answer with TWO pieces of evidence.
(c) Deduce the sign Ssurroundings. Show your reasoning.

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How does entropy change affect the feasibility of chemical reactions?

Why is NaCl soluble in water at room temperature but other salts are not?

PRE-SPAIN

Use the following enthalpies of formation to calculate the enthalpy change

Use the following data to explain why NaCl is soluble in water:

Calculate the enthalpy of solution of sodium chloride given the following

Calculate the enthalpy of solution of the hydroxides of barium, calcium

Enthalpy of hydration of Cl-: -364

S[NH4Cl(s)] = + 94.6 J mol1K1

Thermochemical data, at 298 K, for the equilibrium between zinc

S[ZnO(s)] = +43.6 J mol1 K1

The equation below shows a possible reaction for producing methanol.

The entropy of one mole of each substance in the equation, measured at

The fermentation of glucose is an exothermic reaction and is catalyzed by

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