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Advanced Operating Systems
1. What is thrashing? Why does it occur? Explain the two approaches to prevent it from happening.
Thrashing occurs when too many processes are run on a processor at a given time. What occurs is the the number of page faults increase dramatically and the virtual memory subsystem is constantly paging pages in and out of memory. This occurs when the working set of all processes is larger than the amount of RAM available on a system.
This can be detected by monitoring the page fault frequency and CPU utilisation. If increasing the number of processes results in increasing page fault rate and decreasing CPU utilisation, then the system is thrashing.
To recover from this condition the number of processes currently in the running/ready queue must be reduced. This can be accomplised by suspending processes (pushing them onto the sleeping queue), so that pressure on physical memory is reduced (suspended processes eventually get swapped out), and thrashing subsides.
• Approach 1: working set – thrashing viewed from a caching perspective: given locality of reference, how big a cache does the process need? – Or: how much memory does process need in order to make “reasonable” progress (its working set)? – Only run processes whose memory requirements can be satisfied.
• Approach 2: page fault frequency – thrashing viewed as poor ratio of fetch to work –
PFF = page faults / instructions executed
– if PFF rises above threshold, process needs more memory • not enough memory on the system? Swap out. – if PFF sinks below threshold, memory can be taken away
2. What is memory-mapped-file? Explain the advantage of the approach.
A memory-mapped file is a segment of virtual memory which has been assigned a direct byte-for-byte correlation with some portion of a file or file-like resource. This resource is typically a file that is physically present on-disk, but can also be a device, shared memory object, or other resource that the operating system can reference through a file descriptor. Once present, this correlation between the file and the memory space permits applications to treat the mapped portion as if it were primary memory.
Adavantage:
Primary benefit is increase in I/O performance.
A possible benefit of memory-mapped files is a "lazy loading", thus using small amounts of RAM even for a very large file. Trying to load the entire contents of a file that is significantly larger than the amount of memory available can cause severe thrashing as the operating system reads from disk into memory and simultaneously writes pages from memory back to disk. Memory-mapping may not only bypass the page file completely, but the system only needs to load the smaller page-sized sections as data is being edited, similarly to demand paging scheme used for programs.
3. With an average page-fault service time of 4 milliseconds and a memory access time of 200 nanoseconds, what is the effective memory access time in nanoseconds for 0.0001% page-fault rate?
4. Consider a demand-paging system with the following time-measured utilizations:
CPUutilization 20%
Paging disk 97.7%
OtherI/Odevices 5%
For each of the following, indicate whether it will (or is likely to) improve
CPUutilization. Explain your answers.
a. Install a fasterCPU.
b. Install a bigger paging disk.
c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.
d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming.
e. Install more main memory.
f. Install a faster hard disk or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks.
h. Increase the page size.
5. Answer to the textbook question “10.7. It is sometimes said …”
6. Answer to the textbook question “10.11. Suppose that a disk …”
7. Answer to the textbook question “11.12. Provide examples of …”
Advanced Operating Systems (CS5500)
HW #6, Fall 2015
1. What is thrashing? Why does it occur? Explain the two approaches to prevent it from happening.
Thrashing occurs when too man
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
162 views4 pagesHW4
Advanced Operating Systems
1. What is thrashing? Why does it occur? Explain the two approaches to prevent it from happening.
Thrashing occurs when too many processes are run on a processor at a given time. What occurs is the the number of page faults increase dramatically and the virtual memory subsystem is constantly paging pages in and out of memory. This occurs when the working set of all processes is larger than the amount of RAM available on a system.
This can be detected by monitoring the page fault frequency and CPU utilisation. If increasing the number of processes results in increasing page fault rate and decreasing CPU utilisation, then the system is thrashing.
To recover from this condition the number of processes currently in the running/ready queue must be reduced. This can be accomplised by suspending processes (pushing them onto the sleeping queue), so that pressure on physical memory is reduced (suspended processes eventually get swapped out), and thrashing subsides.
• Approach 1: working set – thrashing viewed from a caching perspective: given locality of reference, how big a cache does the process need? – Or: how much memory does process need in order to make “reasonable” progress (its working set)? – Only run processes whose memory requirements can be satisfied.
• Approach 2: page fault frequency – thrashing viewed as poor ratio of fetch to work –
PFF = page faults / instructions executed
– if PFF rises above threshold, process needs more memory • not enough memory on the system? Swap out. – if PFF sinks below threshold, memory can be taken away
2. What is memory-mapped-file? Explain the advantage of the approach.
A memory-mapped file is a segment of virtual memory which has been assigned a direct byte-for-byte correlation with some portion of a file or file-like resource. This resource is typically a file that is physically present on-disk, but can also be a device, shared memory object, or other resource that the operating system can reference through a file descriptor. Once present, this correlation between the file and the memory space permits applications to treat the mapped portion as if it were primary memory.
Adavantage:
Primary benefit is increase in I/O performance.
A possible benefit of memory-mapped files is a "lazy loading", thus using small amounts of RAM even for a very large file. Trying to load the entire contents of a file that is significantly larger than the amount of memory available can cause severe thrashing as the operating system reads from disk into memory and simultaneously writes pages from memory back to disk. Memory-mapping may not only bypass the page file completely, but the system only needs to load the smaller page-sized sections as data is being edited, similarly to demand paging scheme used for programs.
3. With an average page-fault service time of 4 milliseconds and a memory access time of 200 nanoseconds, what is the effective memory access time in nanoseconds for 0.0001% page-fault rate?
4. Consider a demand-paging system with the following time-measured utilizations:
CPUutilization 20%
Paging disk 97.7%
OtherI/Odevices 5%
For each of the following, indicate whether it will (or is likely to) improve
CPUutilization. Explain your answers.
a. Install a fasterCPU.
b. Install a bigger paging disk.
c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.
d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming.
e. Install more main memory.
f. Install a faster hard disk or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks.
h. Increase the page size.
5. Answer to the textbook question “10.7. It is sometimes said …”
6. Answer to the textbook question “10.11. Suppose that a disk …”
7. Answer to the textbook question “11.12. Provide examples of …”
Advanced Operating Systems (CS5500)
HW #6, Fall 2015
1. What is thrashing? Why does it occur? Explain the two approaches to prevent it from happening.
Thrashing occurs when too man
Uploaded by
Sam RockyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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