12

A student placed some crystals of salt at the bottom of a beaker of distilled water. She left the
contents of the beaker to stand for one hour.
The diagram below shows her observations.

distilled water

salt crystals
at start

after 15 minutes

after 1 hour

After one hour, all the salt had disappeared but the solution at point X tasted salty.
(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Salt is sodium chloride, NaCl.
(i) Which one of the following statements about bond formation in sodium chloride is
true?
Tick one box.
A sodium atom shares one electron with a chlorine atom.
A sodium atom loses its outermost electron and a chlorine
atom gains an electron.
A sodium atom shares two electrons with a chlorine atom.
A sodium atom gains an electron and a chlorine atom
loses its outermost electrons.
[1]

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13
(ii) Explain why solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium
chloride does conduct.

For
Examiners
Use

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) State the name of the product formed at each electrode when a concentrated
aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes.
at the positive electrode .............................................................................................
at the negative electrode ..................................................................................... [2]
(iv) What is the name of the negative electrode?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
anion

anode

cation

cathode

electrolyte
[1]

(v) Suggest why graphite is a suitable material for an electrode.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]

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9
6

During electrolysis, ions move in the electrolyte and electrons move in the external circuit.
Reactions occur at the electrodes.

For
Examiners
Use

(a) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium iodide.

external circuit

electrode

electrode

molten lithium iodide

heat
(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the electron flow in the
external circuit.
[1]
(ii) Electrons are supplied to the external circuit. How and where is this done?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Explain why solid lithium iodide does not conduct electricity but when molten it is a
good conductor.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The results of experiments on electrolysis are shown in the following table. Complete the
table. The first line has been done as an example.
electrolyte

electrodes

product at
cathode

product at
anode

change to
electrolyte

molten lithium iodide

carbon

lithium

iodine

used up

aqueous copper(II) sulfate

platinum

oxygen

concentrated aqueous
potassium chloride

carbon

chlorine
[4]

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10
(c) The diagram below shows the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is formed at
the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen at the positive electrode (anode) and the
concentration of sulfuric acid increases.
+

carbon anode

carbon cathode
dilute sulfuric acid

bubbles of
oxygen gas

bubbles of
hydrogen gas

The ions present in the dilute acid are H+(aq), OH(aq) and SO42(aq).
(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
4OH(aq) O2(g) + .....H2O(l) + .......

[1]

(iii) Suggest an explanation of why the concentration of the sulfuric acid increases.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) In the apparatus used in (c), the power supply is removed and immediately replaced by
a voltmeter.
voltmeter
V
carbon anode

carbon cathode
dilute sulfuric acid

bubbles of
oxygen gas

bubbles of
hydrogen gas

A reading on the voltmeter shows that electrical energy is being produced. Suggest an
explanation for how this energy is produced.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 15]

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(c) The diagram below shows an electrolysis cell used to manufacture sodium from molten
sodium chloride.

For
Examiners
Use

C
D
B

A
E

+
(i) Which letter in the diagram above represents
the anode? ..............
the electrolyte? ..............

[2]

(ii) State the name of the product formed

at the positive electrode, ............................................................................................
at the negative electrode. .................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Which one of the following substances is most likely to be used for the anode?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
graphite

iodine

magnesium

sodium
[1]

(d) Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals with a low density.
State two other physical properties of these metals.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]

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6
4

The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, between inert electrodes, is used
to make four important chemicals.
hydrogen
chlorine
sodium hydroxide
sodium chlorate(I)
(a) The ions present in the electrolyte are Na+, H+, Cl and OH .
(i) Hydrogen ions are discharged at the negative electrode (cathode).
Write an equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) The hydrogen ions are from the water.
H 2O

H+ + OH

Suggest an explanation why the concentration of hydroxide ions increases.

....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) When a dilute solution of sodium chloride is used, chlorine is not formed at the
positive electrode (anode), a different gas is produced. Name this gas.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) State an example of an inert electrode.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) State a use of hydrogen.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Why is chlorine used to treat the water supply?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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3
2

The results of experiments on electrolysis using inert electrodes are given in the table.

For
Examiner's
Use

Complete the table; the first line has been completed as an example.
electrolyte

molten lead(II)
bromide

change at negative
electrode

change at positive
electrode

change to
electrolyte

lead formed

bromine formed

used up

potassium formed

iodine formed

used up

hydrogen formed

bromine formed

potassium hydroxide
formed

dilute aqueous
sodium chloride

aqueous copper(II)
sulfate

[Total: 8]

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9
6

Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture that contains alumina, which
is aluminium oxide, Al2O3.
(a) The ore of aluminium is bauxite. This contains alumina, which is amphoteric, and
iron(III) oxide, which is basic. The ore is heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Complete the following sentences.

The
The

dissolves to give a solution of

does not dissolve and can be removed by

[4]

(b) Complete the labelling of the diagram.

waste gases

carbon anode (+)

.......................

mixture of aluminium

....................... ()

oxide and .........................

................................

temperature is .........................
[4]
(c) The ions that are involved in the electrolysis are Al3+ and O2-.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the cathode.
[2]
(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide is formed at the anode.

[2]

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0620/03/M/J/07

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For
Examiner's
Use

2
1

In 1886, the modern electrolytic process for the extraction of aluminium was discovered in
the USA by C. Hall.
(a) Before this discovery, the only method of extracting the metal was by displacement.
(i)

Name a metal that can displace aluminium from aluminium chloride.

..................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Write a word equation for this displacement reaction.

..................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

Complete the equation for the reaction.

AlCl3 + ....................... ...................................... + ........................................[2]

(b) Aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of an electrolyte that contains aluminium

oxide.
(i)

Write an ionic equation for the reduction of the aluminium ion at the cathode.
..................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

Name the main ore of aluminium.

..................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

Complete the following description of the electrolyte by filling the spaces.

The electrolyte is a ................................................ mixture of aluminium oxide
and .................................................. which is maintained at 900 C.

(iv)

[2]

Explain why the gas given off at the anode is a mixture of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(c) One property of aluminium is that it resists corrosion because it is covered with a layer
of its oxide.
(i)

Give one use of the metal that depends on this property.

..................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Give another use of the metal that depends on a different property.

use .............................................................................................................................
property..................................................................................................................[2]

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10
(c) The major ore of strontium is its carbonate, SrCO3.
electrolysis of its molten chloride.

Strontium is extracted by the

(i) Name the reagent that will react with the carbonate to form the chloride.
[1]
(ii) The electrolysis of molten strontium chloride produces strontium metal and
chlorine. Write ionic equations for the reactions at the electrodes.
negative electrode (cathode)
positive electrode (anode)

[2]

(iii) One of the products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous strontium chloride
is chlorine. Name the other two.
[2]

(d) Both metals react with water.

(i) Write a word equation for the reaction of zinc and water and state the reaction
conditions.
word equation

[1]

conditions

[2]

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of strontium with water and give the reaction
condition.
equation

[2]

condition

[1]

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For
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7
(iii) If aluminium chloride had been used instead of iron(III) chloride, the shape of the
graph would be different. How are the shapes of these two graphs different and
why?
difference in shape

reason for difference

[2]

(a) Copper has the structure of a typical metal. It has a lattice of positive ions and a sea
of mobile electrons. The lattice can accommodate ions of a different metal.
Give a different use of copper that depends on each of the following.
(i) the ability of the ions in the lattice to move past each other
[1]
(ii) the presence of mobile electrons
[1]
(iii) the ability to accommodate ions of a different metal in the lattice
[1]

(b) Aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution can be electrolysed using carbon electrodes. The
ions present in the solution are as follows.
Cu2+(aq),

SO42 (aq),

H+(aq),

OH (aq)

(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
[1]
(ii) A colourless gas was given off at the positive electrode (anode) and the solution
changes from blue to colourless.
Explain these observations.

[2]

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8
(c)

Aqueous copper(II) sulphate can be electrolysed using copper electrodes. The

reaction at the negative electrode is the same but the positive electrode becomes
smaller and the solution remains blue.
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the colour of the solution does not change.

[2]
(iii) What is the large scale use of this electrolysis?
[1]

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12
6

For
Examiner's
Use

The diagram shows the structure of lead bromide.

Br

Br

Br

Pb2+

Br

Br

Br

Pb2+
Br

Br

Pb2+

Br

Br

Pb2+
Br

Pb2+

Br

Pb2+

(a) What is the simplest formula for lead bromide?

[1]

(b) What type of structure and bonding is present in lead bromide?

Choose two words from the following:
atomic

covalent

giant

ionic

metallic

molecular

[2]

(c) Lead bromide is electrolysed using the apparatus shown below.

B
electrodes

molten lead bromide

C

heat
(i) Which letter, A, B or C represents the cathode?
[1]

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13

For
Examiner's
Use

(ii) State the name of a metal which can be used for the electrodes.
[1]
(iii) Why does lead bromide have to be molten for electrolysis to occur?

[1]
(iv) State the name of the products formed during this electrolysis;
at the anode,
at the cathode.

[2]

(d) A student bubbled chlorine gas through an aqueous solution of sodium bromide.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
Cl2
chlorine

2NaBr

............

sodium
bromide

bromine

2NaCl
sodium
chloride

[1]
(ii) What colour is the solution at the end of the reaction?
[1]
(iii) An aqueous solution of iodine does not react with a solution of sodium bromide.
Explain why there is no reaction.

[1]

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15
(d) Copper can be purified by electrolysis.

For
Examiner's
Use

pure copper foil

impure copper foil

copper(II) sulphate
solution
(i) Choose a word from the list below which describes the pure copper foil.
Put a ring around the correct answer.
anion

anode

cathode

cation

electrolyte

[1]

(ii) Describe what happens during this electrolysis to

the pure copper foil,
the impure copper foil.

[2]
[Total: 9]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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