Antenna Conï Guration in WCDMA Indoor Network
Antenna Conï Guration in WCDMA Indoor Network
Antenna Conï Guration in WCDMA Indoor Network
I.
INTRODUCTION
In 3G network, network optimization is next step
towards higher capacity. A significantly high number
of users may be preset inside the indoor locations, thus
this is a challenge for the network operator to provide
high quality network coverage for such users. High
density of such user might degrade the network as a
whole unless they are supplied with some dedicated
solutions. This phenomenon is well defined by the high
transmission power requirement due to the indoor
losses. So, to overcome this problem we should
implement dedicated indoor networks for which
Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is most preferred.
II.
A. Indoor Environment
For a system to be wideband, transmission bandwidth
must be larger than coherence bandwidth of the radio
channel. We can consider WDCMA as frequency
selective fast fading in outdoor environment because
coherence bandwidth is less than WCDMA bandwidth.
But in indoor environment coherence bandwidth can be
more than 16 MHz. [3] This leads to the fact that
WCDMA signal behaves as flat fading causing some
unconventional behavior within the systems.
B. Configuration Planning
In WCDMA the interference limited nature of the
system can cause problem if a single user requires high
throughput at the edge of the cell which in turn will
deteriorate the whole cell coverage. So, if outdoor
network is not planned considering the indoor users
then these users might introduce high loads to some
cells. Therefore a dedicated indoor solution is a worth
consideration for good quality indoor network
coverage.
Macro/Micro cellular network can be designed
considering in-building propagation/coverage which in
turn will reduce our chance to deploy indoor systems.
However, high penetration loss makes this idea an
unsuitable approach. Thus, a most typical solution
becomes implementation of a dedicated indoor system.
To overcome the indoor network planning feature we
can use 3GPP path loss model but we cannot expect a
high accuracy even though [10]. In other hand we can
use other models like ray tracing which in turn is very
expensive implementation. To implement tools like
this we need more information on building to which we
are planning indoor systems.
C. Indoor Antenna Systems
For providing in-building coverage DAS is the most
efficient approach. In DAS we use small discrete
antennas which are specially designed for indoor
purpose. Typically they are either Omni-directional or
directional 65o-90o antennas. While implementing DAS
signals from BTS is carried through network of feeder
cables using splitters and tappers.
Radiating cable (RC) are the leaky feeders where
signals leak in a controlled way through the holes in
the outer conductor. The end of a RC can be terminated
or one discrete antenna can be installed there. Since we
have very low EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated
Power) we can use it even in the interference areas like
hospitals and airplanes.
DRAFT VERSION
III.
A. Load Equations
When user or user bit rate increases in a network it will
eventually increase the interference level in network
which is modeled by Interference margin (IM).
IM= -10 log10 (1-load)
(1)
)j Rjvj
)DL
.(
TxPower
CPICH
),
(3)
powers
and (
). By replacing
DL
o
with DL SIR as (SIRTargetDL) might result in some error
to the orthogonality but the relative difference remains
c
the same. The resolution factor
CPICH measurement
o
in the User Equipment is found to be 1 dB which can
cause some random error to the results. Finally we can
evaluate relative orthogonality r as:
r=
IV.
Target DL .
Target DL .
TxPower
CPICH
(5)
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
DL.
c
b
TxPower
CPICH
DL.
(4)
DRAFT VERSION
Packet Data Channel). To maintain the same activity
factor and throughput in the downlink transmission the
DRAFT VERSION
best results and the 4 antenna was the worst in
providing coverage.
Ec/IoCPICH defined as relation between pilot RSCP
(Received Signal Code Power) & RSSI (Received
Signal Strength Indicator) is used to measure the
quality of cell, which is found to be expectedly low
including the RC measurements.
For the measurement of minimum value for STDRSCP
(Standard Deviation of RSCP) measurements were
done under RC scenario where distance between UE
and RC was constant throughout the measurement
route. To calculate the maximum value for STDRSCP the
distance between UE and RC was varied from couple
of meters to about 30m. On measuring the maximum
value for STDRSCP highest value was obtained from 1antenna and the lowest was obtained from 2-antenna.
,
The observed variation in DL Tx powers,
fits
into 1 dB window, which indicates that in an
interference free environment DL power does not
depend on path loss. However the smallest value
measured was from 1-antenna and 2-antenna scenario.
The highest of them was observed from RC scenario.
The DL Tx power remains close to 1-antenna and 2antenna scenario under RC.
The DL transmission quality was measured using the
outer loop control in UE which also tunes the DL SIR
target accordingly. As observed DL SIR target value is
found to be around 9 dB indicating rather similar
transmission quality between different scenarios under
consideration, which can also be verified by small
difference in BER on the pilot channel.
The difference between Tx powers in the UL direction
was found to be rather obvious thus giving a clear
relation between RSCP and
. Using 4-antenna
scenario lowest average UL Tx power was obtained
and was found to be increasing with number of
antennas decreasing. The highest UL Tx power were
achieved with RC indicating that network coverage is
limited in UL direction other than under the straight
cable. UL Tx power CDF is as shown in fig (6).
The compensated UL Tx power relative to 1-antenna
configuration can be expressed as:
PUL= -(RSCP-RSCp(ref))- (
))
(6)
(
) are the corresponding
Where, RSCp(ref) &
values from 1-antenna scenario. The value for the 4antenna scenario which is low indicates increased
diversity against slow fading due to several antennas is
CONCLUSIONS
DRAFT VERSION
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