Technology Deployment: Current Status
Technology Deployment: Current Status
Technology Deployment: Current Status
TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT
The need to develop, test, and field new law enforcement tools remains as compelling as ever, given the rapidly increasing technological capabilities of criminals. U.S. government national laboratories
that produce advanced technologies and U.S. businesses that supply
those technologies to local law enforcement agencies would benefit
from a focused effort to develop and deploy crime-fighting technologies to local agencies.
About 95 percent of a typical law enforcement agencys budget is
dedicated to personnel. The scarce resources left over are spent on
basic equipment, such as cars, radios, and side arms. There is little
money available to purchase the new tools necessary to keep up with
criminals. As the examples below demonstrate, a new effort to get
technology onto the streets is needed to provide modern crimefighting tools to the nations local law enforcement agencies.
CURRENT STATUS
NIJ has funded the research, development, testing, and evaluation of
numerous technologies to help law enforcement. These range from
less-than-lethal technologies, to weapons detection, see-throughwalls systems, capture nets, a smart gun, a rapid DNA identification system, and more. There are numerous cases where new DNA
techniques have helped free people who were wrongly convicted. NIJ
has also put on the streets the technologies that it is helping to develop. For example, police now have a better way to stop a fleeing car
with less risk to officers and bystanders because of an NIJ technology
called RoadSpike. The following are examples of technologies cur-
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rently in use by, or being developed and tested for, law enforcement
agencies.
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TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
NLECTC has awarded grants for development of technology in the
areas of communications, computers and software, forensics, lessthan-lethal weapons, protective equipment, security equipment,
surveillance and sensor equipment, vehicles and equipment, and
weapons and ammunition. Each of the following development projectsand many othersare described on NLECTCs web site at
www.nlectc.org/techproj:
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DNA testing
Officer protection
Less-than-lethal incapacitation
Information management
Counterterrorism
Crime mapping
Secure communications
Smart Gun
The Smart Gun Prototype II program is a one-year project to develop
a firearm that will only fire for a recognized user.4 When energized,
the gun emits a radio signal that is received by a small transponder
worn by the authorized user, which returns a coded radio signal.
When the gun receives the signal, a locking pin is removed from the
trigger mechanism, enabling the gun to be fired.
FBI data show that about 16 percent of the officers killed in the line
of duty are killed by a suspect armed with either the officers own
firearm or that of another officer. In addition, there are currently
10,000 civilian firearms-related injuries and deaths each year due to
accidental discharge or unauthorized use of a firearm.
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4This description is from NLECTCs web site, www.nlectc.org/.
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The need for and applicability of this technology has been aptly described in an NIJ-funded document issued by Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Smart Gun Technology Project
Final Report (available in Adobe Acrobat format, http://www.prod.
sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.p1/1996/961131.pdf). Sandia
identified the law enforcement requirements for smart firearms
technology and then investigated, evaluated, prioritized, and demonstrated (by proof of concept) the most promising technologies
available.
Prototype I was tested and demonstrated. These tests showed that
the technology can work, that all necessary electronic and mechanical components can be made to fit inside a full-size pistol, and that
authorization can be made well within the time required to draw and
aim. Colt Manufacturing has been funded by NIJ to design and build
Prototype II, which will contain more-advanced designs suitable for
the law enforcement environment.
Vehicle Stopping
Police pursuits of suspects in motor vehicles have received considerable public attentionin large part due to live coverage by local
television news programs.
From 1990 to 1994, an average of 331 people nationwide per year
died as a result of police pursuits; 78.9 percent of these were in the
pursued vehicle. An average of about 68 uninvolved people died
each year as a result of high-speed pursuits. In California, approximately 2 percent of all pursuits result in serious injury, and about
one-half of 1 percent involved a fatality. Research conducted to date
indicates strong public approval of police pursuits as long as certain
safeguards are in place. 5
The Pursuit Management Task Force recently convened by the NIJ
offered the following priority listing of recommendations:
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5This section quotes extensively from Bayless and Osborne (1998).
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1. More resources for research, development, testing, and commercialization of viable pursuit termination, management, and prevention technologies, to include
an accelerated Phase III program to deliver electrical, electromagnetic, or other technology prototypes for operational
testing and evaluation by local and regional law enforcement
agencies
encouragement of civilian law enforcement agencies to participate with vendors and suppliers in developing prototypes
2. Aggressive development of
Counterterrorism
Table 3 shows the most frequently cited technology needs for combating terrorism, as identified by a 1998 study sponsored by NIJ.
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Table 3
Technology Needs for Combating Terrorism
Function
Apprehension and riot control
Need
Improved nonlethal weapons
Intelligence
Surveillance
Training
Improved training to combat terrorism
SOURCE: TriData Corporation (1998), p. 16.
a Referred to in the TriData report as weapons of mass destruction.
Communications Systems
The local law enforcement communitys ability to fight crime would
be significantly enhanced if personnel could communicate and exchange data in a seamless fashion. Numerous cases have been reported in the news in which a lack of interoperability has led to the
escape of suspects, including the murder of police officers. Communications provides the backbone that supports local law enforcement agencies efforts to combat crime. But in most communities,
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Counter Point Correctional Vest. A low-cost, lightweight staband slash-resistant vest for corrections officers who face a lesser
ballistic threat than most police officers. OLETC provided commercialization assistance to allow the inventor to rapidly identify
the potential market for this product, establish an integrated
commercialization methodology, and provide the tools to effectively initiate market entry.
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6The police need for body armor has increased as criminals have become more heavily armed. Of the 687 officers killed by firearms in the decade ending in 1993, more
than half were killed by relatively powerful weapons: 25.2 percent by .38 caliber handguns, 12.1 percent by .357 Magnum handguns, 9.5 percent by 9 millimeter handguns,
and 7.4 percent by 12 gauge shotgun (Zawitz, 1995).
7Information in this section is from Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization (1999).
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Table 4
Technologies Tested in Mock Prison Riot
Technology
Body Armor
Commercialized
Yes
Description
A bulletproof vest said to be capable of stopping
a nine-millimeter submachine gun, a .44 Magnum, and all lesser threats
Entanglement Net
Yes
Night-vision
devices
Yes
Pupil Measurement
Device
No
RoadSpike
Yes
Silent Witness
Yes
Spider Alert
Yes
Tiger Vision
No
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over one million mug shots in less than two seconds. The system
is currently under development by OLETC.
RadarVision. A see-through-walls technology using timemodulated radio signals. OLETC has assisted the developer in
introducing the technology to a number of federal market
sectors.
Tiger Vision. A patented, low-cost, hand-held, multipurpose lowor no-light, night imaging system that operates on a standard
camcorder battery or 12-volt car battery. OLETCs role in the
commercialization process consisted of performing market research and financial analyses, developing a commercialization
plan, profiling and identifying candidate manufacturing partners, and assisting the developer and a candidate manufacturer
to conclude an acceptable license agreement.
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to both specialized and geographic areas,9 creation of a paperless reporting system with laptop computers, development of a data architecture for reengineering business processes within the LAPD,10 extension of fiber-optic connectivity, installation of video case filing
(Bellow, 1993), and development of a conditions-of-probation system.11
Reducing the time officers spend in administrative functions will increase their productivity by an estimated 1819 percent, which is the
equivalent of deploying 682 currently sworn officers into the field.