18.

1 a) calculate the total electromagnetic energy inside an oven of volume 1m heated

to a temperature of

400 F

Use equation 18.8

U = aT 4 V
a = 7.551016 Jm3k 4

400 32
400 F =
+ 273 k

18
plug in

368
U = 7.55 10
+ 273 1

18
= 3.9 10 5 J
16

b) Show that the thermal energy of the air in the oven is a factor of approximately 10
larger than the electromagnetic energy

10

Thermal energy = nRT

400 32

= 8.314 103
+ 273
18

= 3.969 10 4 J

which is 1010 times l arg er than (a )

18.2 a) Calculate max for the Earth, assuming the Earth to be blackbody.
From equation 18.11

max

2.9 10 3 mk
=
= 1 10 5 m
298k

b) Calculate the temperature at which the human eye is most sensitive to a wavelength of
500 nm

2.9 10 3 mk
T=
= 5.8 103 k
7
5 10 m
18.4 a) Find the frequency at which the radiant energy per unit frequency interval of a
blackbody is a maximum. How does this compare with the frequency at which the radiant
energy per unit wavelength interval is maximum?
From equ 18.5

8hV V 3
u (v ) =
hv
C 3 e kT 1
dv(u )
=0
the Vmax occurs at
dv
3
V

d hv
=0
kT
e 1
hv
3V 3
V3
h
1
kT
+ hv
e
=0
hv
kT
e kT 1 1 e kT 1
hv kThv
e
kT
3 = hv
e kT 1
which leads to
hv
= 2.82
kT
hv 2.82kT
=
kT
h
this is different from v calculated through

c
max
=

4.96kT
h

b) Find the frequency at which the cosmic background radiation is a maximum and
compare your results with that shown in Figure 18.3. Assume that T=2.7k

Vmax =

2.82 k 2.735
1.535 1011 S 1


18.3) Assume that the radiation from the sun can be regarded as blackbody radiation.
The radiant energy per wavelength interval has minimum at 480 nm.
a)
Estimate the temperature of the sun.
b)
Calculate the total radiant power emitted by the sun. (The radius of the sun is
approximately 7 10 8 m

max = 480nm = 480 10 9 m

a)
Temperature of the sun =T=?
We know that
hc
18.11
max T =
4.96k
6.626 10 34 3 10 8
T = 480 10 9 =
4.96
3
2.90 10
T=
4.8 10 7
T = 6041 k
Temperature of the sun T = 6041 k
b)

Total radiant power of sun = e =?

7 10 8 m
8
2 4
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant = = 5 . 67 10 wm k
Radius of the sun

We know that
e = 4
for sun
e = 4 4r 2

=r=

(18.9)

e = 5.67 10 8 wm 2 k 4 (6041 k ) 4 7 10 8 m
4

e = 3.49 1011 1.33 1015

18.5)
a) Calculate the number of photons in equilibrium in a cavity of volume 1m 3 held
at a temperature T = 273K
b) Compare this number with the number of molecules the same volume of an
ideal gas contains at STP
Volume of the cavity = V= 1m 3
Temperature of the Cavity = T = 273k
Standard Temperature = T = 273k
Volume at STP = V = 22.4d m 3 = 22.4L
a) Number of photons = N = ?
We know that
3 2
KT x .dx
= 8v
x
hc 0 e 1

where x = hv

KT
Integrated value of

x 2 .dx
0 e x 1 = 2.404
3

KT
= 8v
2.404
hc
3

1.38 23 273
2.404
= 8 1
34
8

6
.
626
10
3
10

14
= 4.1 10
Number of photons = N = 4.1 1014

b) Number of photons = N = 4.1 1014 (per 1m 3 )

No. of photons
=?
No. of molecules

At STP
22.4dm 3 contains = 6.02 10 23 molecules
0.224m 3 contains = 6.02 10 23
1m 3 contains = 6.02 10

23

.224

Number of molecules = 2.68 10 25 per 1m 3

No. of photons per 1m 3

No. of photons
= 1.53 10 11
No. of molecules

18.6) assume that the universe is spherical cavity with radius 1026 m and temperature
2.7K. How many thermally excited photons are there in the universe?
Use equation (18.16)

N = 2.02 10 7 T V
4
3
V = (10 26 )
3
N = 1.66 1087

T = 2.7 k

18.11) the chemical potential of a boson gas at temperature T=2TB is approximately 0.8kTB. Determine the mean number of bosons f in a single particle states having
energies of (a) 0, (b) 0.5kTB, (c) 2.0kTB, (d) 2.0kTB, (e) 3.0kTB

( )

f ( ) =

1
( )

e kT 1
= 0 as an example

= 0 ( 0.8kTB ) = 0.8kTB
we know T = 2TB
1
1
1
f ( ) = 0.8 kT
= 0.4
=
e k 2 T 1 e 1 1.496 1
B

=2

others follow the above approach !

18.8) Use the result of problem 18.7 to show that

8k k 4
ln z
=
T V

a) U = KT
15 hc
T V , N
2

Solution:
Result of problem 18.8 is
3

8 5 k
V
45 hc
8 5 K 3V 3
T
ln Z =
3 3
45 h c
ln Z =

8 5 K 3V
ln Z

3 3
T V , N 45h c

2
3T

8 5 k
ln Z
2
=

3T
45 hc
T V , N
put this value in eq (1)
U = KT 2

8 5 k 2
3T
45 hc
3

b)

8 5 K k 4
U=
T V
15 hc
ln Z
= KT
=0
N V ,T
from 18.7
3

8 5 K k
ln Z =
V
15 hc
ln Z

=0
N V ,T
put this value in eq (2)
= KT (0)

=0
c)

(2)

 32 5 k
U
+ k ln Z =
T
45
from problem 18 . 7 (b )

S =

k 3

T V
hc

(3 )

32 5 k
ln Z =

V
45 hc
From problem 18 . 8 (a )
32 5
U =
15
Put values

k 4
T V

hc
of U and ln Z in eq (3 )
3

S =

8 5 k k 4
8 5 k kT
+

T V K

V
15 T hc
45 hc
3

8 5 k kT
8 5 k kT
=

V +

V
15 hc
45 hc
3

8 5 k kT
1

V 1 +
15 hc
3
3

8 5 k kT
4

V
15 hc
3
3

S =

d)

32 5 k k 3

T V
45 hc

1 U
ln z
P + kT
=

V T , N 3 V
We know that
8 5
ln Z =
45

(4)

kT
V
hc

8 5 kT
ln z
=

45 hc
V T , N
Put this value in eq (4)
8 5 kT
P = kT

45 hc

8 5 (kT )
45 (hc )3

P=

4
1 8 5 (kT )
P=

3 15 (hc )3
We know

(5)

U 8 5 (kT )
=
15 (hc )3
V
Put this value in eq (4)
1U
P=
3V
4

18.12)
a) Find the chemical potential of a kilomole of 4 He gas at STP. Express your answer in
joules and in electron-volts
solution:
Number of Helium ( 4 He ) atoms at STP = N = 1 kilomole = 6.023 10 26
Volume of 1 kilomole of 4 He at STP = V= 22.4 dm 3
Standard Temperature = T= 273k

Mass of

4
1

4
= 6.64 10 27
He atom = m =
26
6.023 10

Chemical Potential = = ?
We know that

2mkT 3 2 V
kT
= ln

2
N
h
2 6.64 10 27 1.38 10 23

22.4

1.38 10 23 273
= ln
26
34 2

6
.
023

10

6.626 10

= 4.685 10 20 J = 12.44kT
= 0.2924ev

b) Use Equation (18.24) to show that the mean occupancy of a single particle states
having energy 3 kT is 8.8 10 7 at STP
2
solution:

Energy =

3
kT
2

Chemical Potential = = 12.44kT

From eq (18.24)
f ( ) =
=

1
e ( )

kT

1
1

kT + 12.44kT

e 2

kT

1
13.94

1
1
=
1132569.063
f ( ) = 8.8 10 7
e

Mean occupancy of a sin gle particle = f ( ) = 8.8 10 7

18.13 a) an ideal boson gas consists of He atoms whose Bose temperature is 0.087 K.
Find the boson concentration, the number of bosons per cubic meter.
Use equation 18.37
4

2mkTB
N = 2.612V

2
h

N
2mkTB
= 2.612

2
V
h

2 3.14 6.65 10 27 1.38 10 23 0.087

34 2
(

)
V
6
.
63
10

= 2.612 (0.114 1018 ) 2

= 0.1 10 27 = 1 10 26 m 3
N in 1 m 3 = 1 10 26
b) What percentage of the bosons are in the ground state at temperature of 10-2 K?
use equation 18.40
3

T 2
N0
0.01
= 1 = 1

N
T
0
.
087

= 0.96
(18.14) In Bose-Einstein condensation experiment, 10 7 rubidium -87 atoms were cooled
down to a temperature of 200nK. The atoms were confined to a volume of
approximately 10 15 m 3
Number of rubidium-87 atoms = N= 10 7
Temperature =T = 200nK= 200 10 9 k
Volume

= V = 10 15m 3

Mass of rubidium-87 atom =

87
= 1.44 10 25
26
6.023 10

a) Calculate the Bose temperature TB =?

We know that
h2 N
TB =

2mk 2.612V

18.38

(6.626 10 )

34 2

10 7

=
25
23
15
2 1.44 10 1.38 10 2.612 10
= 3.5 10 20 2.447 1014

TB = 8.56 10 6 k
Boson Temperature = TB = 8.65 10 6 k
b) Determine how many atoms were in the ground state at 200nK
Temperature = T = 200 10 9 k
Total No. of atoms = N = 10 7
Boson Temperature = TB = 8.56 10 6
No. of atoms in ground state = No. = ?
We know

T
No = N 1
TB

200 10 9
= 10 1
8.56 10 6

7
= 10 1 3.57 10 21
7

= 10 7 3.57 10 14
No = 9.97 10 6
No. of atoms in ground state = 9.97 10 6

(c) Calculate the ratio kT

0 , where T = 200nK and where the ground state energy 0 is

3h 2
8mV

Temperature = T = 200nK

Energy =

3h

8 V

Mass of rubidium atom = 1.44 10 25

0 =
=

KT
=?
0

3h 2
8V

3 6.626 10 34

8 1.44 10 25 10 15

1.14 10 42
1.002 10 16
0 = 1.137 10 32
=

KT = 1.38 10 30 200 10 9 k
KT = 2.76 10 30
KT
2.76 10 30
= 242
=
0 1.137 10 32
Ratio

KT
= 242
0