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    Chapter 18 Class 10th PDF

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    Muneer Kaleri
    This document discusses radioactivity and nuclear physics. It begins by defining nuclear physics as the branch of physics dealing with atomic nuclei. It then provides details on atomic structure, including the composition of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It defines key nuclear terms like charge number, mass number, and atomic mass. The document then discusses radioactivity, describing experiments by Henri Becquerel in 1896 that discovered different types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements. It defines alpha, beta, and gamma rays and provides their properties. The summary concludes by defining half-life as the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and discussing uses of radioisotopes in areas like agriculture, industry, geology and archaeology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 18 Class 10th PDF

    Uploaded by

    Muneer Kaleri
    3K views9 pages
    This document discusses radioactivity and nuclear physics. It begins by defining nuclear physics as the branch of physics dealing with atomic nuclei. It then provides details on atomic structure, including the composition of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It defines key nuclear terms like charge number, mass number, and atomic mass. The document then discusses radioactivity, describing experiments by Henri Becquerel in 1896 that discovered different types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements. It defines alpha, beta, and gamma rays and provides their properties. The summary concludes by defining half-life as the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and discussing uses of radioisotopes in areas like agriculture, industry, geology and archaeology.

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    This document discusses radioactivity and nuclear physics. It begins by defining nuclear physics as the branch of physics dealing with atomic nuclei. It then provides details on atomic structure, including the composition of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It defines key nuclear terms like charge number, mass number, and atomic mass. The document then discusses radioactivity, describing experiments by Henri Becquerel in 1896 that discovered different types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements. It defines alpha, beta, and gamma rays and provides their properties. The summary concludes by defining half-life as the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and discussing uses of radioisotopes in areas like agriculture, industry, geology and archaeology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views9 pages

    Chapter 18 Class 10th PDF

    Uploaded by

    Muneer Kaleri
    This document discusses radioactivity and nuclear physics. It begins by defining nuclear physics as the branch of physics dealing with atomic nuclei. It then provides details on atomic structure, including the composition of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It defines key nuclear terms like charge number, mass number, and atomic mass. The document then discusses radioactivity, describing experiments by Henri Becquerel in 1896 that discovered different types of radiation emitted by radioactive elements. It defines alpha, beta, and gamma rays and provides their properties. The summary concludes by defining half-life as the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and discussing uses of radioisotopes in areas like agriculture, industry, geology and archaeology.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that radioactivity involves the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. The three main types of radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma rays, which have different properties like ionizing ability and penetrating power.

    When an atom emit alpha particle, then the following changes occur in atomic number and mass number. 4 2 A Z A Z Y X 4 235 2 92 235 92 Y X 231 90 235 92 Y X

    As we know that the temperature of the sun and stars are very high. Therefore fusion reaction take place on the surface of the sun and stars. Fusion reaction is the cheaper source of energy from sun and stars.

    RADIOACTIVITY

    Nuclear physics
    The branch of physics that deals with the study of the structure and
    properties of atomic nuclei is called Nuclear physics.
    Q.1 Write a note on the atomic structure.
    (Ans) Atomic structure
    An atom consists of two parts, the central massive part and the outer
    lighter part (orbits). The central massive part consists of protons and
    neutrons. Proton is positively charged whereas neutron is neutral.
    Therefore, a nucleus carries positive charge.
    The outer lighter part consists of circular orbits in which electrons
    revolving around the nucleus. An electron carries negative charge equal to
    proton (1.6 x 10-19C).
    The number of protons and electrons are equal in an atom; as a result, an
    atom is neutral.
    Mass of electron = Me = 9.11 x 10-31Kg
    Mass of proton = Mp = 1.67 x 10-27Kg
    Mass of neutron = Mn = 1.67 x 10-27Kg

    Charge number
    The number of protons or electrons present in an atom is called charge
    number. It is denoted by Z. For examples
    Charge number of Carbon = 06
    Charge number of Sodium = 11
    Charge number of Chlorine = 17
    Mass number
    The sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an
    atom is called mass number. It is denoted by A. Mathematically
    A=N+Z
    Where N is the number of neutrons and Z is the number of protons. For
    examples
    Mass number of Carbon = 12
    Mass number of Sodium = 23

    Mass number of Uranium = 235


    Atomic mass
    The sum of masses of protons and neutrons of an atom is called atomic
    mass. For examples
    The atomic mass of Hydrogen = 1.0008
    The atomic mass of Chlorine = 35.5
    The atomic mass of Oxygen = 16
    Q.2 What is meant by Radioactivity?
    (Ans) Radioactivity
    The phenomena in which some elements emit different types of radiations
    spontaneously are called Radioactivity.
    Explanation
    Radioactivity was first studied by a French scientist Henry Bequeral in
    1896. He studied that for a substance that has a charge number greater
    than 82 emit radiation spontaneously from itself naturally. The element
    that emits radiation is called radioactive element.
    Experiment
    Bequeral took a sample of radioactive element and placed in a lead box
    having a narrow opening. A strong magnetic field was provided around the
    opening of the lead box. A photographic plate was placed above the
    magnetic field. The apparatus is closed in a glass chamber as shown.

    Result
    It can be observed from the photographic plate that that radiated rays are
    split into three types. Some of the rays bend towards the right of the
    positive field are known as Beta rays. Some are bend towards the

    negative field called Alpha rays. The third type of rays move straight
    without deflection, these rays are called Gamma rays.
    Q.3 Discuss the properties of Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays.
    (Ans) Properties of Alpha rays
    (1) Alpha rays have a charge double to a proton and are called helium nuclei.
    The mass of alpha particle are also equal to helium atom. It is denoted by
    .
    (2) Alpha rays ionize the gas through which they pass.
    (3) Alpha rays produce fluorescence in zinc sulphide.
    (4) The penetrating power of alpha rays is very small.
    (5) They are affected by the electric and magnetic field.
    (6) The speed of alpha particles ranges between 1.4 x 107 to 1.8 x 107ms-1.
    Properties of Beta rays
    (1) Beta particle carries negative charge and is consider fast moving electrons.
    It is denoted by .
    (2) Their ionization capability is small.
    (3) They produce fluorescence in Barium platinocynide.
    (4) They are affected by the electric and magnetic field.
    (5) Their penetrating power is greater than alpha particles.
    (6) The speed of Beta particles ranges between 2.7 x 107 to 9.0 x 107ms-1.
    Properties of Gamma rays
    (1) These rays are not affected by the magnetic and electric field. It means
    that these rays are neutral. It is denoted by .
    (2) Their penetrating power is very high.
    (3) These rays produce feeble fluorescence in Barium platinocynide.
    (4) Their ionization capability is very small.
    (5) They move with the speed of light.
    Q.4 What is meant by half life of a radioactive element?
    (Ans) Half-life of radioactive element
    The time interval in which half of the atoms in any given sample of a
    radioactive element decay into daughter element is known as the half-life
    of the parent element.
    It is clear from radioactivity that during radiation different rays are emitted
    from the nucleus of the atom. As a result, the element transforms into
    another element known as daughter element. For example
    When an element emit alpha particle, it can be stated as:
    A
    A 4
    X

    Z
    Z 2

    Similarly, when an element emits Beta particle, then we can state it as:
    Z

    X A Z 1 Y A

    Half-life of different elements is different. For examples


    Half-life of Radon = 3.82 days

    Half-life of Radium = 1600 years


    Half-life of Krypton is = 3.16 minutes
    Half life of Lead-210 = 22.3 years
    Q.5 What are radioisotopes? Discuss its uses.
    (Ans) Isotopes
    Atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different
    mass number are called isotopes. For example
    Hydrogen has three isotopes.
    i. protium (1H1)
    ii. Deutrium
    (1H2)
    iii. Tritium (1H3)
    Radioisotopes
    Those isotopes that are unstable in nature and emit radiations are called
    radioisotopes. For examples
    236
    , 11Na24, 6C14, 27Co62 and 15P31 etc.
    92U
    Uses of Radioisotopes
    The advantage of using radioisotopes is that its location can be easily
    identified by the radiation it emits. Therefore, radioisotopes are used in
    agriculture, industry, geological dating and archaeological dating.
    Agriculture
    Various types of new seeds are introduced by radiation that is called
    mutation. Different types of radiations are used to kill bacteria and
    preserve the fruits, vegetables and other foodstuff.
    Radioisotopes are also used to determine the suitable amount of fertilizers
    and other intakes needed by plants.
    Industries
    In industries, the wear and tear of different tools is found by using
    radioisotopes. Cobalt-60 is used to detect the cracks in some welded
    joints. Radioisotopes are also used to find the leakage in the pipes by
    introducing some small amount of radioisotope in the fluid. A detector is
    move over the pipe which detect the leakage by receiving of radiation.
    Geological dating
    Uranium-238 is used for dating rocks and can be used to determine the
    age of a rock.
    Archaeological dating
    Significant progress has been made in this field of study since the
    discovery of radioactivity and its properties. One application is Carbon-14
    is used to know that when an organism died.

    Q.6 State Einstein mass-energy equation.


    (Ans) Einstein mass-energy equation
    Einstein in 1905 state that mass and energy are interconvertable into
    each other. It means that mass can be converted into energy and energy
    into mass. Mathematically

    E mc 2
    Where m is the mass of the body E is the energy and C is the speed
    of light. The value of speed of light is 3 x 108ms-1.
    Q.7 Discuss in detail what is nuclear fission reaction.
    (Ans) Nuclear fission reaction
    A special type of nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus split into two
    nuclei by the bombardment of a slow neutron is called nuclear fission
    reaction.
    Explanation
    Two German scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in 1938 conducted
    the first fission reaction. They bombarded the nucleus of uranium by a
    slow neutron expecting that to form a heavier isotope of uranium. They
    observed that the heavy nucleus itself split into lighter nuclei with huge
    amount of energy.
    1

    n1 92 U 235 56 Ba141 36 K 92 3n1 E

    It is found that the mass of the product is less than the mass of the
    reactants in the above reaction. It means that some of the mass is
    converted into energy by Einstein mass-energy relation.

    Q.8 What is fission chain reaction?


    (Ans) Fission chain reaction
    When uranium is bombarded with a slow neutron two nuclei barium and
    krypton is formed. Three neutrons are released during the reaction, these
    neutrons react with next nuclei of uranium producing heat energy and
    more neutrons. In this way the number of neutrons and the fission reaction
    goes on increasing such a reaction is called fission chain reaction.

    Q.9 Discuss in detail what is nuclear fusion reaction.


    (Ans) Nuclear fusion
    A special type of nuclear reaction in which two lighter having charge
    number less than 30 combine to form a heavy nucleus is called nuclear
    fusion reaction. For example
    When Deuterium and Tritium are brought closer to each other, they form
    helium nuclei and released a lot of heat energy.
    1

    H 2 1 H 3 2 He4 0 n1 E

    the sum of the masses of combine nuclei is more than the sum of the
    product nuclei. This deficit in masses is converted into energy. The heat
    energy released in fusion reaction is far more than the energy released in
    fission reaction. The difficulty is that to bring two positively charged nuclei
    closer to each other required energy. This reaction required a temperature
    of 1 million degree Celsius to get the required kinetic energy.
    Radiation hazards
    Radiation is useful in many ways for mankind. However, Radiation also
    causes different diseases in living organism. For examples
    Anemia (a disease in red blood corpuscle)
    Leukemia or blood cancer
    Malignant tumor
    Cataracts (opacity of lens of the eyes)

    SHORT QUESTIONS
    1.
    A.

    What type of charge is present on (a) -particle (b) -particle (c) particle?
    See Q.3

    2.
    A.

    What are the source of energy from sun and stars?


    AS we know that the temperature of the sun and stars are very high.
    Therefore fusion reaction take place on the surface of the sun and stars.
    Fusion reaction is the cheaper source of energy from sun and stars.

    3.

    An element X having atomic number 92 and mass number 238 emits


    an alpha particle to form another element Y. What will be the atomic
    number and mass number of element Y?
    When an atom emit alpha particle, then the following changes occur in
    atomic number and mass number.

    A.

    X A Z 2 Y A 4

    235
    235 4
    X

    92
    92 2
    92

    X 235 90 Y 231

    4.

    Which one of the following nuclei will be more stable and why?
    (a) 92U235
    (b) 16S32

    A.

    The stability of an atom depends upon the number of neutrons present in


    it. Smaller the number of neutrons greater will be the stability and vice
    versa. As the number of neutron present in 16S32 is smaller than the
    number of neutrons present in 92U235. Therefore 16S32 is more stable than
    235
    .
    92U

    5.

    Complete the following reaction.


    92

    A.

    U 235 0 n1 56 Ba141 K 30 n1 Q

    When uranium nucleus is bombarded with a slow neutron it split into


    two smaller nuclei barium and krypton releasing a large amount of
    heat energy.
    92

    U 235 0 n1 56 Ba141 36 K 92 30 n1 Q

    NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
    1.

    Half-life of uranium is 4.47 x 1010 years. In how much time only 5g will
    be left out of 20g.
    Solution
    Half-life of Uranium = 4.47 x 1010 years
    Amount of Uranium = 20g
    20
    10 g
    Amount left after first Half-life =
    2
    10
    5g
    Amount left after 2nd Half-life =
    2
    No of Half-life passed = 2
    Total time passed = No of Half-life x Half-life
    Total time passed = 2(4.47 x 1010) = 8.94 x 1010 years

    2.

    Find the mass of the body from which 1.8 x 1015 J of energy is
    obtained?
    Given data
    E = 1.8 x 1015 J
    C = 3 x 108 ms-1
    m=?
    We know that

    E mc 2
    E 1 8 1015
    m 2
    c
    (3 108 ) 2
    1 8 1015
    m
    0 2 101516
    16
    9 10
    m 0 2 10 1 0 02Kg 20gm
    3.

    The Half-life of radium is 1600 years. How much of 120g of radium


    will be left after 4800 years?
    Given data
    Half-life of radium = 1600 years
    Total time passed = 4800 years
    Amount left =?
    Solution
    4800
    3
    No of Half-life =
    1600
    120
    60 g
    Amount left after first Half-life =
    2

    60
    30 g
    2
    30
    15g
    Amount left after 3rd Half-life =
    2

    Amount left after 2nd Half-life =

    4.

    Find the energy produce from 400Kg of uranium if it is completely


    changed into energy.
    Given data

    m 400Kg

    c 3 108 m / s
    E ?
    We know that

    E mc 2
    E 400 (3 108 ) 2
    E 400 9 1016
    E 3600 1016 J
    E 3 6 1019 J

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