IS

2026 (Part II)

1977

Indian Standard
SPECIFICATION FOR
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART II

TEMPERATURE-RISE

(First Revision)
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part H) was adopted by the Indian Standards
Institution on 24 February 1977, after the draft finalized by the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotechnical
Division Council.
0.2 The first revision of IS : 2026~1962*has been undertaken with a view to
bring it in line with the revision of JEC Pub 76 (1967) Power transformers.
0.3 In this revision the requirements for power transformers are covered
in four parts as follows:
Part I General
Part 1 Temperature-rise
Part III Insulation 1e~relsand dielectric tests
Part IV Terminal markings, tappngs and connections
0.4 This standard (Part II) has been based on IEC Pub 76-2 (1976) Power
transformers, Part 2 Temperature-rise, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission.
0.5 This part shall be read in conjunction with IS : 2026 (Part I)-1977t,
iS : 2026 (Part I1I)-l977~ and IS : 2026 (Part Iv)-I977~.
0.6 For the purpose of deiding whether a particular requirement of this
standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing
the result of a test, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-196011.
The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should
be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
*

Specification for power transformers.

t Specification for power transformers: Part I General.

~ Specification for power transformers: Part HI Insulation levels and dielectric tests.
Specification for power transformers: Part IV Terminal markings, tappings and connecions.
Ii Rules for rounding off numerical values (tensed).

IS : 2026 (Part LI)

1977

I. SCOPE
1.1 This standard (Part I!) covers temperature-rise requirements

of power

transformers.

2. IDENTIFICATION ACCORDING TO COOLING METHOD

2.1 Identification Symbols
Transformers shall be identified according
to the cooling methd employed. Letter symbols for use in connection
-

with each cooling method shall be as given in Table I.

NOTE In transformers with forced directed oil circulation a certain proportion of
the forced oil flow is channelled so as to pass through the windings. Certain windings,
however, may have a non-directed oil flow, for instance, separate tapping windihgs,
auxiliary wndings and stabilizing windings.

TABLE I LETTER SYMBOLS

(Clause 2.1)
i) Kindof Cooling Mediwn
a) Mineral oil or equivalent flammable synthetic
insulating liquid
b) Non-flammable synthetic insulating squid
c) C~s
d) Water
e) Air
ii) A~iruof Circula$io,t
a) Natural
b) Forced (oil not directcd~
C) Forced (directed oil)

Symbol
0
L
G
W
A
N
F
D

2.2 Arrangeme!lt of Symbols Transformers shall be identified by four

symbols for each cooling method for ~chich a rating is assigned by the
manufacturer.
2.2.1 Dry-type transformer without protective enclosures are identified
by two symbols only for the cooling medium that is in contact with the
windings of the surface coating of windings with an overall coating (for
example, epoxy resin).
2.2.2 The order in which the symbols are used shall be as given in Table 2.
Oblique strokes shall be used to separate the group symbols for different
cooling methods.
2.2.3 For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced directed oil
circulation and forced air circuI~tionshall be designated ODAF.
2.2.4 For oil-immersed transfos~niersin which the a!ternatives of natural
or forced cooling with non-directed oil flow are possible, typical designations
are

ONAN/OFAF

ONANJONAF

IS

2026 (Part II)

1977

2.2.5 The cooling method of a dry-type transformer without a protective

enclosure or with a ventilated enclosure and with natural air cooling is
designated by:
AN
2.2.6 For a dry-type transformer in a non-ventilated protective enclosure
with natural air cooling inside and outside the enclosure the designation is:
ANAN

TABLE 2

ORDER OF SYMBOLS
(Clause 2.2.2)

1st Letter

2nd Letter

Kind of cooling medi- Kind of circulation

urn indicating the cool,
ing medium that is in
contact with the windings

3rd Letter

4th Letter

Kind
of cooling
medium indicating
the cooling i.iedium
that is in Contact
with the external
t~oohngsystems

Kind of circulation

3. LIMITS OF TEMPERATURE-RISE
3.1 Normal Temperature-Rise Limits
The temperature-rises of t~e
windings, cores and oil, of transformers designed for operation at altitudes
not exceeding those given in 3 of IS: 2026 (Part I)~l977*and with cooling
medium temperatures as described in 3 of IS: 2026 (Part I).1977* shall not
exceed the limits specified in Tables 3 and 4 when tested in accordance with 4,
For multi-winding transformers, the temperature-rise of the top oil refers
to the specified loading combination for which the total losses are highest.
Individual winding temperature-rises shall be considered relative to that
specified loading combination which s the most severe for the particular
winding under consideration.
3.1.1 The method of verification of the forced directed oil flow shall he
subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, normally
at the time of tender.
3.1.2 The temperature-rises of transformers immersed in non-flammable
synthetic insulating liquids and usinginsulating materials whose temperature
classes are different from A may be raised by an amount to be agreed by
manufacturer and purchaser.
p.1.3 In certain types of transformers with concentric windings and
vertical axes of core and windings two or more windings can be arranged
-

*Spuillcation for power transformers: Part I General.

2026 (Part II)

1977

one above the other. If these windirigs are identical, the arithmetic mean
value oftheir temperature.rise~shall not exceed the permissible temperaturerises given in Tables 3 and 4. If the windings are not idcntical~their ternperature-rises shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and
the purchaser. in this case, the axial dimensions of each winding are to
be considered.
TABLE 3
Si.

PART

TEMPERATLJRE-R~SE UMT~SFOR DRY-TYPR

TRANSFORMERS
(Clauses 3.1, 3.1.3, 3,3, 4,3 and 4.5.1)

Coousc

No

TEMPERATURE
CLASS OP
INSULATiONS

METHOD

(1)

(2)

(3)

TEMPERATURE.RtSE

(5)

(4)

i) \Vindings (Temperature- Au, natural or

rise measured by re- forced
sistance method)

OC

A
E
B

50
65
70
90
115
HOt

}1
C
ii) Cores and other parts
a) Adjacent to wind-

All

ings
b) Not adjacent to
windings

All

Same va1ue~ as for

windings

b)

The temperature shalt

in no case reach a
value thatwill damage
the core itself; other
parts or
materials

adjacent

NOTE Insulating materials may be used separately or in combination provided thAt

in any application each material shall not be subjected to a temperature in exces. ofthat
for which it is suitable, ifoperated under rated conditions.
51n accordance with IS : 1271-1958 Classification of insulating material for electrical
machinery and apparatus in relation to their thermal stability in service.
tFor certain insulating materials, temperature-rises in excess of l40~Cmay be adopted
by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

3.2 Reduced Temperature-Rises for Transformers Designed for

High Cooling-Medium Temperatures or Special Cooling-Medium
Conditions
If the transformer is designed for service where the temperature of the cooling-medium exceeds one of the maximum values shown
in 3 of iS : 2026 (Part 1)4977* by no more than 10C, the allowable temperature-rises for the wIndings, cores and oil shall be reduced.
Specihcation for power transformers: Part I General.

iS: 2026 (P~trtU)_1977

TABLE 4 TEMPERATURE-RISE LIMITS FOR OIL-IMMERSED
TYPE TRANSFORMERS
(Clauses 3.1, 3.1 3,3.3,4.3,4.4 and 4.5,1)
Sc

PART

TEMPERATURE-RISE
EXTERNAL CoouNa

Mr.nwss

No.
(1)

(2,

1) Windings (temperature-rse
measured by
resistance
method)
ii) Temperature class olinsulation A
iii) Top oil (temperature-rise
measured by thermometer)

Mr
(3)

Water
(4)
CC

55, when the oil circulation

is natural or forced nondirected

60, when the ci circulation

is natural or forced nondirected

60, when the oil circulation 65, when the oil circulation
4
is forced directed
is forced directe
50, when th~transformer is 55, when the tra~isformer
equipped with a conseris equipped with a convator or sealed
,ervator or sealed
45, when the transformer is 50, when the transformer is
neither equipped with a
neither equipped with a
conservator nor sealed
roscrvator nor aealed

iv) Cores, metallic parts, and

adjacent materials

The temperature shall in no The temperature shall in no

case reach a value that will case reach a value that will
damage the core itself, other damage the core itself, other
parts or adjacent materials
parts or adjacent materials

NOTE The temperature-rise limits of the windings (measured by resistance method)

are chosen to give the same hot-spot temperaturerise with different types of oil circulatiOn.
The hot-spot temperature-rise cannot normally be measured directiy. Transformers with forced directed oil flow have a difference between the hot-spot and the
average temperature-rise in the windings which is smaller than that in transformers with
natural or forced but not directed oil flow. For this reason the windings of transformers
with forced directed oil flow can haye temperature-rise limits (measured by resistance
method) which are 5Chigher than )n other transformers.

If the rated power is 10 MVA or greater, the reduction shall correspond

to the excess temperature. For smaller rated powers the allowable temperature-rises shall be reduced as follows:
a) by 5Cii the exces~temperature is less than or equal to 5C, and
b) by 10Cif the excess temperature is greater than 5Cand less than
or equal to 10C.
Where for air-cooled transformers the excess temperature specified above

exceeds 10C,or for water-cooled transformers the temperature ofthe cooling

water exceeds 30~C, the allowable temperature-rises shall be agreed to
between

the manufacturer and the purchaser.

7

IS

2026 (Part II) 1977

-

Any site conditions which may either impose reStrictions on the air
cooling or produce high ambient air temperatures shall be specified by the
purchaser.
3.3 Reduced Temperature-Rises for Transformers Designed for
High Altitudes Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and
the purchaser for air-cooled transformers designed for operation at an altitude
greater than 1 000 m but tested at normal altitudes, the limits of tempera
ture-rise given in Tables 3 and 4 shall he reduced by the following amounts
for each 500 m by which the intended working altitude exceeds 1 000 m:
a) Oil-immersed, natural air-cooled transformers
20 percent
b) Dry-type, natural air-cooled transformers
2~5percent
c) Oil-immersed, forced air-cooled transformers
30 percent
d) Dry-type, forced ai!-cooled transformers
5O percent
NoTE I If air-cooled transformers, which are designed for operation below 1 000 m,
~re tested at altitudesabove 1 000 m, the measured temperature-rises are to be reduced
by the above mentioned amounts for each 500 m by which the test altitude exceeds

l000m.
NOTE 2 These reductions irs temperature-rise limits or in measured temperaturerises are not applicable to water-cooled transformess.

i. TEST OF TEMPERATURE-RISE (TYPE TEST)

4.1 Measurement of Temperature of Cooling Air
4.1.1 General
The cooling-air temperature shall be measured by means
of several thermometers arranged according, to 4.1.2 and 4.1.3. They shall

be protected from draught and abnormal heat radiation.

To avoid errors due to the time lag between variations in the temperature
of the transformer and that of the cooling air, the thermometers may he
inserted in cups filled with liquid, having a time constant of about two hours.
The value to be adopted for the temperature of the cooling air for a test
is the average of the readings taken on these thermometers at equal intervals
of time during the last quarter of the test period.
~he temperature of the cooling air should be as constant as possible
during the test period, especially during the last quarter.
4.1.2 Natural Air-cooling * The thermometers (at least three) shall be
placed at different points around the transfhrmer, at a level approximately
halfway up the cooling surface, at a distance of I to 2 m from the cooling
surface.

4.1.3 Forced Air-cooling If there is a well defined flow of air from the
surroundings towards the intakes of the coolers, wilhout much rectrculation
of warm air, the thermometers should be placed in this intake stream.
They should be far enopgh away from the tank and cooler surfaces to prevent disturbance by radiant heating (distance of I m to 2 m).
If these conditions cannot be fulfilled, the temperatures shall he measured
8

IS : 2026 (Part H) - l~77

around the complete transformer, outside the recirculation streams, preferably on the side without cooler, if any.
4.2 Measurement of Temperature of Cooling Water The cooling
water temperature shall be measured at the intake of the cooler and the
temperature shall be taken as the average of at least three readings taken at
approximately equal intervals not greater than one hour. The readings shall
be taken in the last quarter of the test period.
4.3 Determination of Winding Temperature The winding temperatures shall in principle be ascertained using the resistance method.
The temperature of a winding ( 8~)at the end of a test period shall be
calculated from its measured resistance (R
2) at that temperature and its
measured resistance (R1) at some other temperature (8k) using the formula:
~

~.

(23549~.23.~ for copper

~2=

(225+0~)~223for aluminium

~~1

where 8~and 82 arc measured in C.

The resistance (R1) is generally the cold resistance measured in accordance
with 16.2 of IS 2026 (Part I)_l977*, The resistance (R2) is measured
either after switching off the supply, having regard to the corrections indicated in 4.9, or without interruption of the supply by means of the superposition method (see Appendix A) which consists of injecting into the winding a dc measuring current of low value superposed on the load current.
In case of transformers with concentric windings and vertical axes of
care and windings where two or more identical windings are arranged one
above the other, all these windings can be connected in series for the test
of temperature-rise. The measured temperature-rise of these series-connected windings shall not exceed the appropriate value given in Tables
3 and 4.
If the windings have a resistance of 0005 ohm o~greater the winding
temperatures shall be ascertained by means of the resistance method.
Practical difficulties due to the short time available for the measurement of
hot resistances may affect the accuracy of such measurement by about one
percent.
For winding having a value less than 0005 ohm, the resistance method
may he inaccurate. In such cases the temperature-rise at the end of a
temperature test shall be determined as follows
The temperature of the oil shall be measured by a thermometer placed
in a thermometer pocket. The temperature-rise so determined shall not
exceed the limiting value for oil given in Table 4.
Any one method shall be used for the determination of the winding ternperatures.
Spedfication for power transformers: Part 1 General.

IS :2026 (Part fl)-1977

4.4 Measurement of Top Oil Temperature

The temperature of the

top oil shall be measured by a thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermometer pocket on the cover or in the outlet pipe to the cooler, but in the case
ofseparate coolers it shall be located in the outlet pipe adjacent to the transformer. Should the tank not be completely filled with oil, the pocket shall
be long enough, or placed in an appropriate position on the tank, to ensure
true measurement of the top oil temperature; alternatively, an opening shall
be provided through which the thermometer can be inserted. The temperature-rise so determiiied shall not exceed the limiting value for oil given
in Table 4.

4.5

Duration of Test of Temperature-Rise The test shall be continued until the requirements of one of the following methods have been met.
The method shall be chosen by the manufacturer.
4.5.1 Method a Evidence shall be obtained that the highest temperaturerise will not exceed the value given in Table 3 or 4, as appropriate, even ii
the test were continued until thermal equilibrium is reached. Temperatures
shall be taken where possible during operation, as well as when the supply
to the transformer is switched-off. The test shall not be regarded as completed until the temperature-rise increment is less than 3C in 1 hour.
The method shown in Fig. I shall he employed for the determination of
the final temperature-rise.

4.5.2 Method b -~ It shall be demonstrated that the top oi! temperaturerise does not vary more than I ~C per hour during 4 consecutive hourly
readings. If the test is performed initially with reduced cooling or without
any cooling, it shall be continued for sufficient time with full cooling to
prevent errors in the measurement of the final oil temperature-rise.
4.6 Test Method for

Dry-Type Trans]~ormers* The method shall

be one involving excitation of the core at normal lIux density. The input
tst current I~shall be held constant at a value as near as possible to the
rated value N and at least equal to 90 percent of this value, and the run
continued until the temperature-rise, Ot, of the windings, is steady.
The temperature-rise of the windings above the temperature of the cooling
air, for rated load conditions, ON, is calculated from the formula:

tLYJ

UN= ~ IINlq
The value of q shall be taken as follows:
AX transformers
1 6
AF transformers
18

For loading method see 4J.

SIt is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or if it has, that the test is made on the
principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace in the
tet the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and
anpropriate tapping current.

10

AMENDMENT NO. 2

OCTOBER 1984

TO
IS:2026(Part 2)-1977 SPECIFICATION FOR P~Y~4EP
TRANSFORMERS
PART 2 TEMPERATURE-RISE
(First Revision)

(Paqe 5, ciause 3.1)

Delete para 2 of this

clause.

[Page 7, Table 4, cal (1) and (2)]

Substitute

the foilo.rir~ for tl~ existing matter against 5]. No. i)

ani ii) c.~I rerumber subsequent
ial Nos. accordingly.
(i)

(2)

1)

Windings (temperature-rise measured by

resistance method) temperature class of
insulation A

(ftge 8, clauBe 3.3)

clause

after

3.14 Choice

Add the following

new

this clause:
of T~p~~ing
for

Temperature-rise

test

TemEerature~iseTest
shall be performed at the tapping
-

as desired by the purchaser.

If nothing has been stated
by the pm-chaser, the test shall be carried out as
indicated

below:
Jess than or equal to
10 percent tapping on negative side, the test
shall be performed on the lowest tap at appropriate current re1atin~ to this tapping; and

a) For tappin~ ranges

b) For tapping ranges exceedIng 10 percent on

negative side, the test shall be performed
at 10 percent tapping with appropriate current
relating to this tapping.
NOTE 1
While above mentioned tapping
limits may be applicable in respect of temper~
aturerise test only, there shall be no injury
to the transformer when delivering the appro
oriate rated current on any tap including the
cxtreme negative tap.

A transformer may be expected to

permanent injury so long as it
is operating within the absolute temperature
Limits and other conditions specified in
IS:66001972 Guide for loading of oil immersed
transformers
NOTE 2

operate

without

(ETLc 16)
2

~eprography Unit, ISI, New Delhi, India

2026 (Part fl).1977

C
0

I..

0
U

U)
U
0
I

5-

U
U
5-

ii

IS :2026 (Part II)-1977

5
Tem4.7
Test Method
Oil-Immersed
Type Traassformer.
perature-rise
tests of for
oil-immersed
type transformers
include the determination of top oil temperature-rise and of winding temperature-riser

NOTE I During the test the Dower required for the pumps and fans may be
measured.
No~ra2 For loading method see 4.8.

4.7.1 Top Oil Temperature-Rise The top oil temperature-rise shall be

obtained by subtracting the cooling medium test temperature from the
measured top oil temperature, the transformer being supplied with the total
losses. The input power shall be maintained at a steady value.
If the total losses (taken as the sum of the measured load iosses, corrected
to the reference temperature and the measured no-load losses) [sea
16.1
and 16.4 of IS: 2026 (Part I)-1977t] cannot be obtained,diflrent losses, as
near as possible to the above losses, but in any case not less than 80 percent,
shall be supplied and the following correction factor applied to the top oil
temperature-rise so determined:
ITotal lossesi x
L Test losses J
The value of x shall be as follows:

For natural air circulation:

O~8
For forced air circulation and water cooling:
l0
Nom
In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at
80 percent of the total losses, the losses U which the test is to be conducted and the details
of the test shall be subject ofagreement between the manufacturerand the perchaser.

4.7.2 Winding Temperature-Rises Winding temperature-rises shall be

obtained on all windings by subtracting the external cooling medium test
temperature from the average temperature of the windings as measured by
resistance, after circulating the rated current at rated frequency in the
winding under test.
If the rated current cannot be supplied, the tests may be performed with
a current not less than 90 percent of the rated current.
Alternatively, a current providing the total losses may be supplied. In

either case the following correction factor shall be applied to the determined
temperature-rise of the windings above average oil temperature:
IRa ted currenti

Test current J
The value ofy shalt be a~follows:
For natural and forced non-directed oil circulation:
16
For forced directed oil circulation:
20
It is assured that the transformer has no tappusgs, or if it has, that the test is made ce the
principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to replace in the
text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and
appropriate tapping current.
fSpecification for power transformers: Part I General.

12

IS : 2026 (Part U)-1977

Noig In cases where testing facilities are not available for carrying out the test at
90 percent cirated current the current at which the test is to be conducted and the details
of the test shall be subject ofagreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

The average oil temperature may be determined by any of the following

ways

a) For all cooling methods the average oil temperature in the surroundings of the different windings shall be calculated according to
Fig. 2 from the resistance R where the straight line L cuts the ordinate. The winding resistances shall be determined after switching-off
the supply according to 4.9.

(All three scales are linear)

Fio. 2

MemoD FOR DETERMINING THE WINDING RESISTANCE AT THE

INSTANT OF SWLTCHING-OFF THE SUPPLY, AND THE AVERAGE OIL
TEMPERATURE

b) In transformers with ON, OF and OD cooling the average oil

temperature shall be determined as the difference between the top
oil temperature and half the temperature-drop in the cooling equipment.
For tanks with tubes or radiators mounted on them, the temperaturedrop shall be taken as thc difference between the surface temperatures at the top and the bottom of a cooling tube or radiator element,
13

IS

2026 (Part fl) 1977

-

the tube or radiator element chosen being as near as practicable to

the middle of a side of the tank.

in the case of a separate cooler, the temperature-drop shall be taken

as the difference in readings ofthermometer.s in thermometer pockets
adjacent to the main tank in the inlet and outlet pipes to and from
the cooler.
c1 For transformers having rated powers up to 2 500 kVA with natural
oil circulation and plain or corrugated tanks or with tubes or radiators mounted on the tanks, the average oil temperature-rise is taken
approximately as 08 times top oil temperature-rise.
Allowances shall be made for variation in average oil temperature during
tests, as captained in detail in 4.8.3
It shall be accepted that the average oil temperature-rise may vary with
the losses according to the law given in 4.7.1 f0r the top oil temperature-rise.

4.8 Loading Methods*

At the choice of the manufacturer, for twowinding transformers any one of the loading methods according to 4.8.1
to 4.8.3 may be applied for oil-immersed type transformers and either of the

loading methods according to 4.8.1 and 4.8 2 for dry-type transformers.

4.8.1 Direct Loading Method One winding of the transformer shall be
excited at rated voltage with the other connected to a suitable load such
that rated currents flo~vin both windings. No correction for average oil
temperature need be applied to the winding temperature-rise ofoil-immersed
type transformer.
4.8.2 Back-to-Back Method Two transformers, one ofwhich is the trans,
former under test, shall be connected in parallel and excited at the ratEd
voltage of the transformer under test. By means of different voltage ratios
or an injected voltage, rated current shall be made to flow in the trans.

fotmer under test. No correction for average oil temperature need be

applied to the winding temperature-rise of oil-immersed type transformers.
4.8.3 Sikn-t-Circuit Method To determine the temperature-rise ofthe oil,
the sum of the no-load and load losses at the reference temperature shall be
supplied to the transformer, one of its windings being excited and another
short-circuited at its terminals. The top oil temperature-rise and she

average Oil temperature-rise shall be recorded.

The input shall then he reduced to a value which results in the circulation
of rated current at rated frequency in the windings, and this value shall be
maintained for 1 hour. The temperature of the windings shall then be
determined by the resistance method. The drop in average oil tempera~aire
during this hour is taken into account when calculating the temper~t~irerise of the windings above the average oil temperature.
1t is assured that the transformer has no tappings, or ifit has, that the test is made on the
principal tapping. If the test is made on another tapping, it is necessary to~replacein the
text the words rated voltage and rated current by appropriate tapping voltage and
appropriate tapping current

14

IS

i 2026 (Part II).. 1977

The temperature-rise of the windings above the average oil temperature,

determined in the second part of the test, added to the average oil temperature-rise, determined in the first part of the test, shall give the temperaturerise ofthe windings above the cooling medium temperature for total losses at
rated current, rated frequency and rated voltage.
Alternatively, the temperature-rise of the windings above tht t~ooting
medium temperature for total losses at rated current and rated voltage may
he derived from the temperature-rise of the windings at the end of the rim
with total losses, mentioned in the first sentence of 4.8.3, by correcting the
difference between the temperature of the windings and the average oil
temperature to the conditions corresponding to rated current and rated
frequency.
4~8.4Loading of Multi-Winding Trancformers
In the case of multiwinding transformers where mor than two windings can be loaded simultaneously in service the temperature-rise tests shall normally be performed
by separate two-winding tests.
In certain cases the rated powers of the individual windings may preclude

t~e testing of the transformer at the full total losses.

For such cases the oorrection of the top oil temperature-rise of oil-imnmer~ed type transformers shall be Made as described irs 4.7.1.
Catculat~dcorrection~according to 4.7.2 shall be made, where necessary,
to determine the individual winding temperature-rises at the specified load-

ing combination which is the most severe for tb particular winding. In

these calculations the manufacturer may take ~ccount of the stray and
eddy current losses at this loading combination.
4.9 Temperature Correction for Cooling of Transformers After
Switching-Off the Supply
4.9.1 Generac
Winding temperature measurement may be made ~chule
the transformer is in operation by the superposition method mentioned
in 4.3 or by taking resistance readings after the supply to transformer is
switched-off.
In the latter case, to provide for the interval between the instant of
switching-off the su~p~y
and the measurement of the temperature, a correction shall be appDed so as to obtain as nearly as practicable the temperature
at the instant of switching-off the supply.
Readings shall be ~akenas soon as possible after switching-off the supply.
but allowing sufficient time for the inductive effect to disappear, as indicated
from the cold resistance measurements [see 16.2.1 of Is. 2026 (Part fl1977*].
V~Thenthe supply to transformer is switched -off, the fans ancI~caterpumps
shall be stopped but the oil pumps shall remain running.
Correction of the temperature-rise as determined by the resistance method
to the instant ofswitching-off the supply shall be made by extrapolation back
*Spedficatjon for power transformers~Part I General.
15

IS :2026

(Part

JI)-197?

to the instant of switching-off the supply from time/temperature curves or

time/resistance curves.

4.9.2 Method of Ertrapolation Using Linear Scales The correction shall

be determined approximately by making a series ofresistance measurements
and from this plotting a time/resistance curve, which is extrapolated back
to the instant ofswitching-off the supply. The highest winding temperature
shall then be calculated from the resistance at the instant of switching-off
the supply.
This extrapolation shall be done according to Fig~2, wnere the resistances
R are determined at equal intevals of time At.
irs taking actual resistance measurements by some bridge methods it is
more accurate to determine times for fixed changes in resistance AR, that
is, time as noted at the moment the indicator of the pre-set bridge passes
through zero.
The decreases in resistance, /~R0corresponding to equal time interval
are put down horizontally at the appropriate points of the ordinate and give
the straight line L. R2 is the resistance of the winding at the instant of
switching-off the supply.
4.9.3 Method of Extrapolation Using Log-Linear Scales
The difference AR
between the measured resistance and the resistance R, corresponding to the
temperature to which the winding is cooling after switching-off the supply
shajl be drawn on log-linear graph paper with time as linear and AR as
the logarithmic axis. The resistance R shall be chosen in such a way that
the test points plotted appear almost on a straight line. The resistance at
the instant of switching-off the supply shall then be equal to R + AR0,
where AR0 is found by drawing a straight line through the point on the
graph and extrapolating it back to zero time.
4.9.4 Temperature cf hot-Spot in Winding
For the purpose of calibrating
winding-temperature indicators, the temperature of the hot-spot in a winding shall he takers as the sum of the temperature at the top oil (Or+cooling
aii temperature) and 1 1 times the temperature-tise of the winding above

average oil tempe~alure.

APPENDIX
(Clause 4.3)

TEMPERATURE-RISE OF WINDINGS BY RESISTANCE

MEA~SUREDBY THE SUPERPOSITION METHOD
A-i. PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD
A-1.1 A sm?tL auxiliary dc current, supplied preferably from a storage
battery is superposed on the ac load current in the tramformer winding
under consideration. Measurements are made of the magnitude of the
superposed current circulating in the winding and also the voltage drop at
16

IS : 2026 (Part fl) 1~77

-

the terniin~alsofthe winding due to this direct current. These measurements

are made at least at the beginning and end orthe temperature-rise test and
an.-~edtodetermine the mean temperature of the windings by the variation
of resistance, the accuracy being in the order of 1C.
The nscthod is equally applicable t~temperature-rise tests carried Out by
means of the direct loading, back-to-back or short-circuit methods.
The test arrangements vary according to the winding connections; the
two most frequent connections are described in A-2 and A-3.

A-2. STAR WINDINGS WITH NEUTRAL BROUGHT OUT

4.2.1 The injection ofdc through the winding neutral does

not present any

difficulty. Nevertheless it is necessary to arrange for a return neutral.point
which will generally be that of the supply transformer or a neutral point
of the externalcircuit, or, in the case of a short-circuited winding, the shortcircuit connection at the phase terminals. One point of the injection
circuit should preferably be earthed.
Fig. 3 shows the circuit for a star/star transformer with the neutrals brought
out from both windings, the temperature test being carried out by the shortcircuit method.
For each of ~he two windings, the sum I of the dc currents injected into
the three phases is measured by means of a milhivoltmeter connected across a
shunt placed in the injection circuit.
For the energized winding, a microammeter is connecters between the
neutral point of the winding and the neutral point of three reactors connected in star to the phase terminals. These reactors are for the purpose of
limiting the circulation of alternating current, and to this effect, voltage
transformers may be used. Provided that the resistance of the voltage
transformer winding in each phase is equal, then the microamnieter measures
a current i proportional to the sum of the dc voltages at the terminals ofthe
three phases bf the transformer.
If R is the mean resistance of the three-phase windings of the transformer
under test, r1 the resistance per phase of the reactors or voltage transformer
and r the circuit resistance, then

(3rr,)

In the rase of the windings on short-circuit, r again being the resistance

of the voltage measuring circuit the relation becomes simply:
R =
~ 3r
-~~-

A-3. DELTA WINDING OR STAR WINDING WITHOUT ACCESSIBLE NEUTRAL

A-3.1 Such winding connections do not lend themselves to the injection of

dc when they are short-circuited.

The phase terminals shall necessarily be

17

IS :2026 (Part U).1977

U)
UJ
I-

w
0

0
0

U4
1~

UU)

z
4

I.-

I-

0
0.

0.

F-

rID

0
UU)

z
I-

aCI,

18

IS~2O26(Part H)-1977

C,,
Ui
I-

a
z
Ui

5.

rID

U-

(I)

-~

.4

F-

F-

z
I0

z
a
F-

ATV~3MU3O
~
03~~iiO!%RUOT 0 ~
q~~flr

ece ~
q
c~t~C~
33JjAMA~i00~~
~A~OAM ~

15:2026 (Part fl)-1977

connected to an external circuit such as a supply transformer or a loading
circuit.
The dc injection may he made through one of the phase terminals but the
three pbases of the winding do not play symmetrical roles and intervene in
the measurement with different weights.
Return of the dc may often be effected by an accessible neutral point of
the external circuit, which is then earthed. The injection circuit must
include in series a reactor capable of withstanding the ac phase voltage.
In the absence of such an available neutral point in the internal circuit,
return of the dc may be effected in another way, for example, by a second
phase terminal. One point in the injection circuit is then fixed at earth
potential and reactors interposed between this point and the two-phase
terminals used.
Fig. 4 shows the circuit for a delta-connected winding and where the
neutral point is available on the ~upply transformer.
The dc is injected via terminal U1, and the measuring shunt shall be placed
between, the terminal and the pointofinjection. The shunt is thus at phase
voltage and the millivoltmeter shall be read at a distance.
The dirett current I which flows via terminal (J~divides equally between
the two-phase windings each of resistance R connected to this terminal and
flows out via terminals V1 and W1.
To measure the dc voltage between terminal (J~and the combination of
terminals V1 and W1, three reactors are arranged as shown in the figure.
These may consist of voltage transformers supplemented, if necessary, by
additional resistors, the primary purpose of which is to ensure that overall
resistances r2 and r3 are equal. Adequate capacitances are connected
between the ends of the reactances and earth to suppress residual alternating voltages.
If i is the current in the microammeter the mean resistance of the two
phases included in the measurement is:

4.

(2r1+r2)

A-4. MEASURING EQUIPMENT

A-4.1 Shunts

The shunts placed in the neutral connection do not pre.

difficulty. Fe the shunt inserted in a phase conductor, in the

case of a delta-connected winding, it is necessary to consider possible ~hersent any

mocouple effects due to the alternating current which is of the order of 100
times the dc meauring current. It shall therefore be constsuctcd with
particular care to completely eliminate these thermocouple effects.

A-4.2 Microammeter and Mil~1ivoItmeter These instruments shall

bwaccurate and linear, The accuracy class shall be 05. Both instruments

shall be fi1ter~~RARMl~
~~~t~lternating
instrument.

current does not affect the

LA RSEN & TOUA~~~JT~NTRE

ECC

CON8TRUC~N
P.9. No. ~79 GROUP

MAN

ROAD