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    Week 3 - Exercise of Multiple Unit Problems

    Uploaded by

    Muhamad Risky 'chan'
    This document discusses analyzing material balances in multiple units involving chemical reactions. It provides the equations to calculate the degrees of freedom for such a system. It then applies these equations to a specific example involving the production of sulfur trioxide from sulfur. It calculates the amount of air required and determines the mole fractions of components in the exit streams from the burner and converter.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Week 3 - Exercise of Multiple Unit Problems

    Uploaded by

    Muhamad Risky 'chan'
    626 views15 pages
    This document discusses analyzing material balances in multiple units involving chemical reactions. It provides the equations to calculate the degrees of freedom for such a system. It then applies these equations to a specific example involving the production of sulfur trioxide from sulfur. It calculates the amount of air required and determines the mole fractions of components in the exit streams from the burner and converter.

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    multiple unit problem atk

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    This document discusses analyzing material balances in multiple units involving chemical reactions. It provides the equations to calculate the degrees of freedom for such a system. It then applies these equations to a specific example involving the production of sulfur trioxide from sulfur. It calculates the amount of air required and determines the mole fractions of components in the exit streams from the burner and converter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    626 views15 pages

    Week 3 - Exercise of Multiple Unit Problems

    Uploaded by

    Muhamad Risky 'chan'
    This document discusses analyzing material balances in multiple units involving chemical reactions. It provides the equations to calculate the degrees of freedom for such a system. It then applies these equations to a specific example involving the production of sulfur trioxide from sulfur. It calculates the amount of air required and determines the mole fractions of components in the exit streams from the burner and converter.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 15

    degrees of freedom analysis for material balance

    with reaction using element material balances


    degrees of freedom = number of unknowns
    number of independent equations
    N D = NU N E
    NU = NS(Nsp+1)- NK; NS = number of streams
    Nsp= number of elements
    NS(Nsp+1) = total number of variables
    NK = number of knowns
    Nsp+1 is number of variables in each stream that involves mass flow rate of
    stream (1) and mass fraction of elements (Nsp)
    NE involves independent element balances (Nsp-1), total mass balance (1), and
    in each stream the sums of the mass or mole fractions equals unity
    (implicit equation) (number of stream that have incomplete information
    of independent mass or mole fractions), etc.

    Analyzing of elements balance in multiple units


    (problem 11.14; 7th ed.)
    Metallurgical grade silicon is purified to electronic grade for use in the
    semiconductor industry. The Si metal reacts in varying degree with hydrogen
    chloride gas at 300 oC to form several polychlorinated silanes. Trichlorosilane
    is liquid at room temperature and is easily separated by fractional distillation
    from the other gases. If 100 kg of silicon is reacted as shown in Fig. P11.14,
    how much Trichlorosilane is produced?
    <D>
    21.42 mole % H2SiCl2
    14.29 mole % SiCl4
    64.29 mole % H2

    <B>
    HCl (g)

    <A>
    Si (s)

    Reactor

    <C>

    Distillation
    <E>
    100 % HSiCl3

    Step 1 - Step 5
    Base : <A> 100 kg

    MW
    Si
    H
    Cl

    28
    1
    35.5

    HCl
    Base =
    H
    Cl

    100 mole =
    100 mole =
    100 mole =

    mass fraction
    Si
    H
    Cl

    0
    0.027
    0.973
    1.000

    HSiCl3
    Base =
    Si
    H
    Cl
    3650 gr
    100 gr
    3550 gr
    3650

    mass fraction
    Si
    H
    Cl

    100 mole =
    100 mole =
    100 mole =
    300 mole =

    0.207
    0.007
    0.786
    1.000

    13550 gr
    2800 gr
    100 gr
    10650 gr
    13550

    Step 1 - Step 5
    Base : <A> 100 kg

    mole frac.
    H2SiCl2
    0.2142
    SiCl4
    0.1429
    H2
    0.6429
    base =
    1

    mole
    21.42
    14.29
    64.29
    100
    (as base)

    mass
    2163.42
    2429.3
    128.58
    4721.3

    H2SiCl2
    Si
    H
    Cl

    21.42 mole =
    21.42 mole =
    42.84 mole =
    42.84 mole =

    2163.42 gr
    599.76 gr
    42.84 gr
    1520.82 gr
    2163.42

    SiCl4
    Si
    H
    Cl

    14.29 mole =
    14.29 mole =
    0 mole =
    57.16 mole =

    2429.3 gr
    400.12 gr
    0 gr
    2029.18 gr
    2429.3

    H2
    Si
    H
    Cl

    64.29 mole =
    0 mole =
    128.58 mole =
    0 mole =

    128.58 gr
    0 gr
    128.58 gr
    0 gr
    128.58

    Si
    H
    Cl

    mass mass frac.


    999.9
    0.212
    171.4
    0.036
    3550.0
    0.752
    4721.3
    1.000

    Step 6 - Step 10

    <B>
    0 % Si
    2.7 % H
    97.3 % Cl
    <C>

    Reactor

    <A> 100 kg
    100 % Si
    0% H
    0 % Cl

    Distillation
    <E>
    20.7 % Si
    0.7 % H
    78.6 % Cl

    Nsp = 3; NS = 4
    NU = 4(3+1) (4+3+3+3) = 3
    NE = 2 + 1 + 0 = 3
    ND = 3 3 = 0
    <A>

    frac.
    Si
    H
    Cl

    <D>
    21.2 % Si
    3.6 % H
    75.2 % Cl

    1
    0
    0

    <B>
    mass
    100
    0
    0
    100

    frac.
    0
    0.027
    0.973
    1.000

    <D>
    mass
    0
    10.11
    368.16
    378.27

    frac.
    0.212
    0.036
    0.752
    1.000

    0.027 -0.00006
    <A>+<B>-<D>-<E>= 0.00000

    <E>
    mass
    48.18
    8.26
    171.04
    227.48

    frac.
    0.207
    0.007
    0.786
    1.000

    mass
    51.82
    1.85
    197.12
    250.79

    (problem 11.17; 7th ed.)


    Solution hydroxide is usually produced from common salt by electrolysis. The
    essential elements of the system are shown in Figure P11.17.
    (a) What is the percent conversion of salt to sodium hydroxide
    (b) How much chlorine gas is produced per pound of product
    (c) Per pound of product, how much water must be evaporated in the
    evaporator?
    <4>
    Cl2
    <1>
    NaCl

    Dissolver
    <2>
    H2O

    <3> 30%
    solution

    <5>
    H2

    Electrolysis
    System

    <8>
    H2O

    <6>

    Evaporator
    <7>
    50 % NaOH
    7 % NaCl
    43 % H2O

    MW
    Na
    H
    Cl
    O

    23
    1
    35.5
    16

    NaCl
    Base =
    Na
    Cl

    100 mole =
    100 mole =
    100 mole =

    mass fraction
    Na
    H
    Cl
    O

    H2O
    Base =
    O
    H
    mass fraction
    Na
    H
    Cl
    O

    NaOH
    NaCl
    H2O

    5850 gr
    2300 gr
    3550 gr
    5850

    0.393
    0
    0.607
    0
    1.000

    100 mole =
    100 mole =
    200 mole =

    0
    0.111
    0
    0.889
    1.000

    1800 gr
    1600 gr
    200 gr
    1800

    mass frac.
    0.5
    0.07
    0.43

    mass
    50
    7
    43
    100
    (as base)

    NaOH
    Na
    H
    O

    1.250 mole
    1.250 mole =
    1.250 mole =
    1.250 mole =

    NaCl
    Na
    Cl

    0.120 mole
    0.120 mole =
    0.120 mole =

    H2O
    O
    H

    2.389 mole
    2.389 mole =
    4.778 mole =

    Na
    H
    Cl
    O

    mass mass frac.


    31.5
    0.3150
    6.0
    0.0603
    4.2
    0.0425
    58.2
    0.5822
    100.0
    1.0000

    mole
    1.250
    0.120
    2.389

    28.750 gr
    1.250 gr
    20.000 gr
    50.000

    2.752 gr
    4.248 gr
    7.000

    38.222 gr
    4.778 gr
    43.000

    <1>
    39.3 % Na
    0%H
    60.7 % Cl
    0%O

    Dissolver
    <2>
    0 % Na
    11.1 % H
    0 % Cl
    88.9 % O

    <4>
    0 % Na
    0%H
    100 % Cl
    0 %O
    <3> 30%
    solution

    <8>
    0 % Na
    11.1 % H
    0 % Cl
    88.9 % O

    <5>
    0 % Na
    100 % H
    0 % Cl
    0 %O

    Electrolysis
    System

    Nsp = 4; NS = 6
    NU = 6(4+1) (4+4+4+4+4+5) = 5
    NE = 3 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 5
    ND = 5 5 = 0

    <6>

    Evaporator
    <7> 1 lb
    31.5 % Na
    6.03% H
    4.25 % Cl
    58.22 % O

    neraca massa unsur untuk Na.


    Na : Na di <1> = Na di <7> = 0.315 lb, sehingga massa <1> = 0.315/0.393 = 0.801527 lb

    <1> 0.801527 lb
    39.3 % Na
    0%H
    60.7 % Cl
    0%O

    Dissolver
    <2>
    0 % Na
    11.1 % H
    0 % Cl
    88.9 % O

    <4>
    0 % Na
    0%H
    100 % Cl
    0 %O
    <3> 30%
    solution

    <8>
    0 % Na
    11.1 % H
    0 % Cl
    88.9 % O

    <5>
    0 % Na
    100 % H
    0 % Cl
    0 %O

    Electrolysis
    System

    Nsp = 4; NS = 6
    NU = 6(4+1) (5+4+4+4+4+5) = 4
    NE = 3 + 1 + 0 = 4
    ND = 4 4 = 0

    <6>

    Evaporator
    <7> 1 lb
    31.5 % Na
    6.03% H
    4.25 % Cl
    58.22 % O

    <1>
    Na
    H
    Cl
    O

    frac.
    mass
    0.393 0.315130
    0.000
    0
    0.607 0.486397
    0.000
    0
    1.000 0.801527

    <2>
    frac.
    mass
    0.000
    0
    0.111 0.207803
    0.000
    0
    0.889 1.662426
    1.000 1.870229

    <4>
    frac.
    0.000
    0.000
    1.000
    0.000
    1.000

    <1>+<2>-<4>-<5>-<7>-<8> =

    mass
    0.000000
    0.000000
    0.444027
    0.000000
    0.444027
    0.000000

    <5>
    frac.
    0.000
    1.000
    0.000
    0.000
    1.000

    <7>
    mass
    0
    0.0125
    0
    0
    0.0125

    frac.
    0.3150
    0.0603
    0.0425
    0.5822
    1.000

    mass
    0.315021
    0.060278
    0.042479
    0.582222
    1

    <8>
    frac.
    mass
    0.000
    0
    0.111 0.135025
    0.000
    0
    0.889 1.080204
    1.000 1.215229

    <1> 0.801527 lb
    100 % NaCl
    0 % H2O

    Dissolver
    <2>
    0% NaCl
    100 % H2O

    <3>
    30 % NaCl
    70 % H2O

    Nsp = 2; NS = 3
    NU = 3(2+1) (3+2+2) = 2
    NE = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
    ND = 2 2 = 0
    <1>

    frac.
    NaCl
    H20

    mass
    1 0.801527
    0
    0
    0.801527

    <2>
    frac.

    <3>
    mass

    0
    0
    1.000 1.870229
    1.000 1.870229

    frac.
    mass
    0.300 0.801527
    0.700 1.870229
    1.000 2.671756

    degrees of freedom analysis for material balance


    with reaction using species material balances
    degrees of freedom = number of unknowns
    number of independent equations
    N D = NU N E

    NU = NS(Nsp+1)+Nr- NK; NS = number of streams


    Nsp= number of species
    Nr = number of reactions
    NS(Nsp+1)+Nr= total number of variables
    NK = number of knowns
    Nsp+1 is number of variables in each stream that involves mass flow rate of
    stream (1) and mass fraction of elements (Nsp)
    Nr involves reaction conversions of each reaction
    NE involves independent species balances (Nsp-1), total mass balance (1), and
    in each stream the sums of the mass or mole fractions equals unity
    (implicit equation) (number of stream that have incomplete information
    of independent mass or mole fractions), etc.

    Analyzing of material balances in multiple units involving reaction


    (problem 2, page 327; 7th ed.)
    A simplified process for the production of SO3 to be used in the manufacture
    of sulfuric acid is illustrated in figure SAT11P2. Sulfur is burned with 100%
    excess air in the burner, but for the reaction S + O2
    SO2 , only 90%
    conversion of the S to SO2 is achieved in the burner. In the converter, the
    conversion of SO2 to SO3 is 95% complete. Calculate the kg of air required per
    100 kg of sulfur burned, and the concentrations of the components in the exit
    gas from the burner and from the converter in mole fractions.

    <1> Air

    Burner
    <2> S
    <3> unburned S

    <3>
    SO2
    O2
    N2

    Converter

    <4>
    SO3
    SO2
    O2
    N2

    S in <2> = 100/0.9 = 111.11 kg


    S + O2 SO2
    100 % excess of O2 = (mol O2 in <1> - mol O2 consumed theoretically) . 100 %
    mol O2 consumed theoretically
    mol O2 consumed theoretically = mol S in <2> = 100/32 kmol
    Mol O2 in <1> = 2 . 100/32 kmol = 200/32 kmol = (200/32) x 32 = 200 kg
    Mol N2 in <1> = 79.(200/32)/21 kmol = (79.(200/32)/21) x 28 = 658.33 kg
    Mass rate of <1> = 858.33 kg

    <1> Air

    Burner
    <2> S
    <3> unburned S

    <4>
    SO2
    O2
    N2

    Converter

    <5>
    SO3
    SO2
    O2
    N2

    <1> Air
    858.33 kg
    S =0%
    SO2 = 0 %
    O2 = 21 %
    N2 = 79 %

    Burner
    <2> S
    111.11 kg
    S = 100 %
    SO2 = 0 %
    O2 = 0 %
    N2 = 0 %

    <3> unburned S
    S = 100 %
    SO2 = 0 %
    O2 = 0 %
    N2 = 0 %

    <4>
    S =0%
    SO2
    O2
    N2

    Nsp = 4; NS = 4
    NU = 4(4+1)+1 (5+5+4+1)-1 = 5
    NE = 3 + 1 + 1.1= 5
    ND = 5 5 = 0

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