\

THE

CAESARS

LAST

OF

BYZANTIUM.

TRANSLATED

F^OM

THE)

FRENCH

OF

^ODIERE.

15*JC

PHILADELPHIA

H.

I,, KILNER

"

Publishers.

\n

CO.,

1891,

Copyright,

BY

H.

L.

KILNBR

"

CO.

AUTHOR'S

I offer

the

to

interest

from

Turkey

in

public

the

regard

of

the

narrative

Byzantine

Palaeologi

the

the

have

rapid

whilst

and

by

one

until
blow

cities
the

that

to

trace,

after

of

which

mans.
Otto-

the

with
of

decline
is

their

dealt

capital
ruled

the

subjugated,

from

had

the

together

province

the

of

by

the

snatched

are

fall

power

to

Turks,

the

province

one

Greece

tains
con-

agitated

accession

of

the

It

which

events

great

claims

now

the

endeavored

last

at

the

from

of

the

Government.

conquest

progress

Greeks,

of

empire,

to

European

every

simple

which

question

and

Russia

from

and

other,

derive

may

of

attitude

each

to

which

volume

present

Russian-Turkish
attention

PREFACE.

grasp,
fatal

the

for

so

many

centuries.
For
its

the

details,
and

authors
not

the

may

examine

narrated

authority
to

whose

mention

them

Cantacuzenus,

Palaeologus,
of

it

whence

the
I

who

History

shared
who

of

the

was

various

documents.
fact

without

I have

referring

derived.

was

of

names

drawn

the
an

Empire
(Hi)

Justice

soiise

so

with

esteemed

of

the

East

to
quires
re-

historians

largely,
Such

throne

in

vast

so

consult

fellow-laborers.

my

and

have

subject
to

numerous

works

name

obliged

important

any

me

from

been

have

of

treatment

proper

that

are

John

John

V.

writer,

thor
au-

from

1320

iv

author's

to

Michael

1357;

taking

of

Ducas,
of

family

preface.

descendant

and

Ducas,

Constantinople

living

of

Mahomet

by

time

the

at

the

perial
im-

of

the

who

II.

has

left

us

of

History

Cantacuzenus
work

add

dyle,

of

Athens,

Chronicle

Having

work

the

in

Morea

of

may

be

from

whose

of

favorably

which

pen

received.

the

write,

1477.
in

care

lecting
col-

connected

events

have

we

to

1259

scrupulous
of

and

Phrantzes,

from

most

Chalcon-

Phranzaor

1446,

John
in

justice

Laonicus

of

George

the

from

Empire,

the
and

truth

names

accounts

period

of

Constantinople

employed

the

of

and

reliable

with

its

East

the

of

Empire
conquest

for

these

to

of

Governor

the

to

remarkable

may

the

trust

that

my

CONTENTS.

OF

TABLE

PAGE

CHAPTER

Return

of

Emperor

Greeks

the

I.

to

Pal^Eologus

Michael

CHAPTER

Civil

II.

Progress

Discord"

of

CHAPTER

Bajazet

to

the

64

Empire

the

Sultan

"

IV.

Opposes

Manuel

of

the

98

V.

Ottomans

"

Churches

Union

of

the

126

CHAPTER
HUNNIADES

Mustapha

II

Amurat

CHAPTER
Progress

35

...

Tamerlane

and

in

Ottomans.

the

III.

CHAPTER
Peace

The

Constantinople"

AND

VI.

SCANDERBEG

I5I

(V)

TABLE

VI

CONTENTS.

OF

CHAPTER

VII.
page

Preparations

Siege

the

for

Consternation

of

the

of

of

and

the

Fall

Empire

at

Constantinople"

of

of

Destruction

East

the

201

IX.

Constantinople"

of

LOGI

177

VIII.

CHAPTER

Mahomet

"

Greeks

CHAPTER

Siege

Constantinople

Conquest

the

Dynasty

of

of

the

ponnesus"End
Pelo-

Pal^Eo-

234

OF BYZANTIUM.

THE LAST C1SARS

CHAPTER

RETURN

THE

OF

THE

Michael
of

the

of

Michael

into

Arsenius

Abdication
Absolution

Patriarch"
the

in

associated
The

Church"
the

As

early
noble

father

of
the

state,

alliance

Emperor

of

Flor

"

the

as

of

Exploits

Palaeologus
of

the

Andronicus
with

dissolved"

Union

"

Michael

"

elected

provinces

the

Patras"

Palaeologus

Latin

the

against

League

Andronicus

II.

of

Revolt

Catalans"

of

exile

Joseph
of

of

of

rection
Insur-

"

and

monk

Duke

Grief

"

Emperor

Condition

"

the

Union

the

of

of

Palaeologi

the
of

peror
Em-

cus
Androni-

able

was

the

Caesars,

exercise

sought

by

eleventh

to
a

the

(7)

to

he

century,
with

appears
If

place

was

preside

indebted

vast

over

authority.

imperial

family,

the
his

upon

for

descendants

whose

armies,
to

the

Constantinople.

Palaeologus,

command

was

of

Comneni

crown

and

middle

history

the

George
to

of

the

against

family

in

to

of

Stratagopulus"

Deposition
The

Genoese

Lascaris

John

trance
En-

Younger.

honor

it

successor"

persecuted

Death
de

Roger

the

his

attack

Latins"
and

to

the

Nicaea"

of

Empire"

Greeks

Emperor"
"

brow

the

eyes

of

Expedition

East"

of

his

towards

the

Pisans

accorded

excommunicates

He

"

Mountaineers

the

"

the

out

puts

of

Venetians,

"

in

bassy
Em-

"

marches

Flight

of

death

Emperor

fails

Emperor

Honor

"

and

then

Strategopulus

City

Constantinople

Arsenius

of

The

Caesar

the

Disgrace

"

Despot,

Constantinople"

Palaeologus

Patriarch

the

The

of

at

Michael

named

Palseologus"

to

Taking

City"

Palaeologus

Palseologus

Baldwin

established

the

Michael

Constantinople"

upon

of

of

"

PALAEOLOGUS.

MICHAEL

character

Muzalon"

CONSTANTINOPLE

TO

GREEKS

EMPEROR

and

Family

I.

tinued
con-

councils
Their

and

if

THK

the

law

of

observed,
made

female

for

way

elder

the

the

to

and
affection

of

favor

at

dangers

to

of

of

his

which

those

in

death-bed

well

knew

his

him

the

his

after

enemies,

with

of

been
it

but

his

offered

various
aloud

had

six

of

the

on

his

; he

he

he

appointed
Muz-

control, George

with

Nicaea, Arsenius.

by

burst

in

forth
to

convened

palace

high nobility, the

before

of the

the

clothed

them

dignities.
from

their

disarm

In

throne

an

the

fury

with

openly

the

at

life of

the

undisguised

cope
to

towards

Greeks

the

during

expressed

the

of

years

influence

time

same

distinguished officers
himself

of

and

endeavored

tutor

consisting of
most

talents

absolute

Unable

death.
the

John,

of

walls

efforts

the

son

the

entertained

by gentleness
the

the

on

of

and

replaced

favorite, associating, however,

chief

had

Emperor,

had

the

Lascaris,

Constantinople,

hatred

Muzalon

Theodore

of

Patriarch

The

imprudence

the

masters

guardian,

alon, his

by

spite

At

him

deprived

in

(1259).

the

escaped

standard

whose

ners
man-

thrice

who

his

complished,
ac-

But

Bithynia,

Palaeologus,

to

Michael

hearts.

army

prince

Greeks

recommended

age,

the

Emperor

Roman

his

in his

affable

exposed

was

The

the

Latins, then

as

he

fugitive

maintained
Nicsea

this

Court, and

elevated

birth,

all

won

and

people

that

qualities. Brave,

eloquent,
he

have
of

mother

noble

brilliant

followers.

of

one

the

would

afterwards

To

conversation,

rigorously

Lascaris

who

generous,

been

sister, the

throne.

united

Palaeologus

had

of Theodore

Palaeologus,

family

BYZANTIUM.

OF

succession

wife

the

Michael

C^SARS

LAST

his

malice
bly
assem-

an

magistracy,

army,

and

in the

insignia

sented
pre-

crafty discourse,

explanation

of

he
his

C^SARS

I.AST

THK

his

conduct, expressing
if

regency

had

Muzalon

favorable

that

the

they

overwhelmed

with

protestations of

most

implacable
to

eager

their

renew

these, Michael
had

elevated

been

of

the

the
had

the

regent

was

soon

On

who

ninth

solemnit}^

of

his

of

his

Asia.

In

guards

rushed

into the church,

Muzalon,
Under

and

massacred,

his

brothers,

these

the

or,

at

as

manner

without

massacre

least, without

it.

Claiming

of

his

liberality,the
his
to

Grand

executive

at

elect

Duke,

and

all

derive

The

valued

foot

cording
ac-

of

altar,

the

self
him-

advantage
the

odium

him

Arsenius

left

in

his

effect

the

the

offered

crime,

attaching
to

regent,

the

partisans.

all the

from

precation
im-

conducted

lords

authority.

Lascaris,

horrible

their

great

bition.
am-

ceremonies,

trusted

he

and

Magnesia,

participating in

more

fortune.

of

uttering
the

of

the

celebrated

Michael

honors,

no

not

Emperor.

death

the

and

to

of

or

Romans

young

was

suffering the

to

of

of

circumstances,

in such
of

midst

the

the

cathedral

of

city

boyhood

credulity

after the

the

Among

perfidious,and

so

obsequies

in

custom,

of

of the

been

day

most

plored
chiefs, urgently im-

savior

dupe

his

the

Constable

of

rived;
ar-

modest}?-

in

even

mercenary

the

yet

obedience.

office

and

not

apparently
of

sidered
con-

fidelity,and

and

the

Greeks

the

to

pretended

guardianship

Never

the

the

guardian

renounce

his

were

of

enemies

had

oath

to

his

moment

Palaeologus,

Commandant

to

enemies

ducive
con-

destruction

but

esteem

the

renounce

abdication

The

determined,

been

to

his

judge

public good.

the

to

willingness

should

they

BYZANTIUM.

OF

tion
diminu-

having
the

sembled
as-

title of

hands

all

THK

IO

IvAST

From

that

regarded

his

which
he

the

over

John

The

of

guard

of

Norman

so

great

the

on

and
diminish

the

discontent

he

taxes,

At
the

demanded

life,who
his

should
hold

These

the

be

not

of

advantages

of

the
an

for

the

children

of

the

first acts

of

the

of

the

this

powerful
schismati-

his

that

vanity.
among
of

age

in the

superior

conferred

Patriarch

mingling
tender

clergy,

the

prime

talents.

On

precarious

him

upon

who

of

thority
auwas

government.

pretensions
whither

hinted

ordeal

the

flattered

to

To

continual

of

incorruptible

the

tained
ob-

he

guards.

all the

emissaries

experience

reins

tion,
opposi-

provide

associate,one

side, Palaeologus

that

of

seduced

that

an

united

under

forbid

to

which

intimated

people,

Hermus,

influence

the

even

time, his

same

emperor

to

adhesion

the

liberalities

prelates, and
the

in

cause

the

the

gained by homage

was

among

secure

Secret

treasures

without

and

widows

the

Knowing

to

Theodore

of

corrupt the

people,

soldiers, were

order.

to

of
the

of

strove

cal

of it to

use

regent.

new

either
nobles.

the

men,

treasure

judicial combats,

maintenance
veteran

these

the

amount

and

of

of the

which

to

genius

immense

over

of

among

fire

his

predecessor

banks

influence

made

throne

Varangians, foreign troops

descent.
an

of

by

stone

faithful

the

possession

by

the

deposited

fortress situated

the

factions

the

Ducas-Vataces,

Palseologus

stepping

ascendency

divided

or

as

ascend

easily to

L,ascaris, had

the

ambitious

the

dignity only

more

BYZANTIUM.

OF

moment

aspired.

won

C^SARS

aroused

Court
elective

the
had

whole

been

monarchy

city

removed-.
were

of

nesia,
MagThe

freely dis-

THE

cussed, and

and

laws

the

his

assertions

awaited
be

moment

able

himself

could

private

life.

return

empire.

It

was

should

the

despot,
their

considered

duty

by exacting of
authority

as

perjuring

would

he

merit

sacrificinghis
received

the

Nicsea, from

own

the

only with
interests

of

his

his

his

aged
The

Alexis
new

by gaining

and

to

resign

his

attain

his

should

Palseologus
by

The

pupil.

bestowed

that

crown,

generously

so

He

cathedral

the

of

ever,
had, how-

who

abandoned

the

grateful Palaeologus

and

with

the

public good.

repugnance

partisans,loaded

family,

oath

patriarch Arsenius,
extreme

money

Theodore,

in

diadem

liberally dispensed civil

an

the

to

the

vinced
con-

of

crown

repose

imperial

by

by accepting

immortal

an

been

son

young

himself

jointly with

had

assured

prelates

Michael

filled
they sufficientlyful-

Lascaris

as

in

rank

that

who

of

enjoyed

second

election

colleague

soon

The

majority.
far from

his

the

of

silenced

thus

the

that

towards

he

prerogatives

emperor

his

of

services, and

decreed

clergy,

necessity

of the

emperor

He

and

crowned

The

Lascaris.

John

young

and

him.

next

be

impatiently

peaceful obscurity

title

purple

If

he

management

upon

the

abuses.

all

his

the

the

of

Palseologus

of

and

honors

all the

of

the

dexterous

conferred

despot were

administration

when
with

number

the

just

upon,

to

His

relied

dispense

to

opponents;

the

of

reformation
be

II

increased

Duke

the

could

the

would

his

Grand

the

BYZANTIUM.

OF

partisans by promises

of his
of

C^SARS

LAST

military employments
honors

the

members

title of Caesar

the

of

upon

the

Strategopulus (1260).
emperor

strove

the

of

love

his

to

strengthen

subjects.

He

his

power

appeared

THK

12

in

frequently
He

of

the

addressed

effect

his

went

to

provinces

cities, the

to

him

could

he

which

the

held
of

city

remains

answered

there,"

' '

first battle.
returned

To

their

hunting
asked:
'

'

Nothing

me

as

but

the

of

signal

desire

tribute

the

for

abandon

success

us

"It

was

fought

it

that

was

my

ing,
still insistus?"

must

3-ou

of the

of your

wall

in

of
be

military

God

rely upon

pay

taxes

master

deficient

mirable
ad-

an

give

you

peace

not

city

"Grant

proceeds

am

insulting

deputies

refusal

of

Boliva, the Greek

will

if you

w7ar.

and

experience,

The

then,

The

with

"that

plea

bassadors
am-

cession

the

deputies.
for

the

upon

Constantinople.

him

some

sent

father.

the

ground.

annual

an

his

demand

"What
;

Baldwin

Palaeologus,

refusal

of

least,

at

replied

said

Serres,"

Constantinople.

honorably

not

residence

lost

of

requesting

of

usual

emperor

Palaeologus

raillery that

b}r gifts

the

negotiation,

or

and

people,

eloquence

had

they

by

recover

the

Nympha,

after

Thessalonica.

the

of

to

emperors

Hoping

BYZANTIUM.

OF

public,

the

heightened
money.

OflSSARS

I.AST

and

my

sword."
Michael
less

no

from

of

project

favorable

Thrace,

himself

at

of
restricted

having

visited

the

head

of

towards

greater

the

beyond

Latin
the

an

the

part

their
army,

the

city was

of the
all

of

of

Latins

appeared
the

at

fortresses

garrisons, he placed
crossed

the

capital, obtained

empire,
walls

of

moment

distress

augmented

the

expulsion

present

and

marched

reality, meditating

the

him;

After

height.

the

The

to

in

was,

than

Byzantium.

most

its

Palaeologus

the
that

suburbs,
it

pont,
Hellession
possesand

scarcely

Constantinople.

so
tended
ex-

An

attack

Galata

upon
the

upon

him

forced
The

into

his

favorite

soldiers, in

of

condition

the
which

opportunity

eagerly

to

the

twenty-five

numbered

well

knewr

Latins, which

had

attack

that

power;

imprudent

governor

of the

thirty galleys
an

upon

situated

old

tered
scat-

hastened
soon

of

their

would

fall into

and

women

the

tion.
observa-

if he

for

favorable,

unteers
vol-

his

there

mained
re-

children.

officer, recently nominated

young

colony

the

ture
ven-

These

that

the
any

to

condition

general

the

of

Venice, had

gone

of

Latin

elite

the

expedition against
on

proach
ap-

army

necessarily

was

to

Greeks

under

city only

the

and

The

men.

come

the

of

not

Caesar, whose

must

time

the

within
An

the

capital, it

the

but

deplorable

daily

of

carefully

advantage

thousand

the

assured

They

him

examine

present,

the

foot

hundred

adjoining country

of

camp

Strate-

Hellespont

directed

enterprise.
the

throughout

losses

movements

take

to

great

the

few

the

might

doubtful

upon

and

to

city,

gates.

Alexis

crossed

instructions

Constantinople,

who

the

open

Caesar

watch

to

His

Bulgarians.

the

knights

order

relied

; he

his

Asia.

general,

hundred

eight

to

and

repulsed,

withdraw

unsuccessful

unwilling

or

was

to

BYZANTIUM.

perfidious nobleman,

following spring,

gopulus,
with

of

unable

assault

Every

OF

proved

concurrence

either

was

C^SARS

LAST

THE

Black

sea,

the

city
short

of

with

out

knights

Daphnusia,

distance

from

Byzantium.

Notwithstanding
the
to

Caesar, after
risk
to

the

attack,

ensure

the
few
and

success.

prohibition of
moments'
took

the

emperor,

hesitation, resolved

even'

Leaving

precaution
the

body

sary
neces-

of

the

at

army

C^SARS

LAST

THE

14

certain

distance,

circumstances

as

of

cover

the

He

which

had

darkness,

breaking

closed

least.
to

the

was

wall

the

august

emperors

toward

them.

In

upon.

meantime

consisting of Comans,
had

Caesar

when

long experience
in

army

than
order

his

to

retreat

would

be

attack, he

an

of

battle.

midst
who
the

all whom

upon
and
of

the

were

Genoese

alarm

thrown

was

the
in

had

tumult,
attached

merchants,

Golden

fully

the

to

ious
victor-

unteers
vol-

found

who

and

urged

disastrous

his

given,

he

paused,

and

leading

the

by

numerous

difficult

to

Gate

aware

by

city, he

standard,

they

sent

direction.

every

the

by

was

to

open

auxiliary troops,

incurred
a

and

advance.

to

of

commenced

This

acclamation,

advanced,

The

"

the

rashness;

more

and

stationed

But, encouraged

them

and

capture

flocked

Michael

soldiers

dangers

who

fell

the

the

their

deliberated.

that

of

first

the

was

Strategopulus

his

the

was

The

dispersed

at

height

to

scarcely passed

trembled

he

been

Romans

remaining troops
just dawning when

was

The

the

the

to

Day

the

of

purpose

ordered

life to

long

Greek

had

were

its

gate, which

the

by

assailants

repeated

ramparts

passage

Gate, which

where

picked

for the

men,

others

and

under
of

him

to

the

signal agreed

rushed

orders

subterranean

whilst

"Victory

the

near

priest among

the

John,

into

Golden

years,

out:

cry

the

open

silence

in

advanced

detachment

known

him

second

to

fiftydetermined

many

scale

order

with

made

been

deserter,about
of

in

might require, he

introduced

men.

BYZANTIUM.

OF

troops in

and

the

armed,

diers
solsacred
mas-

pillage the city.

their

of

nople,
Constanti-

former

considering

In

the

masters,
alliance

Palaeologus,
and

to arms,

the

took

of

life to

the

Awakened
his

palace;
of

thought

but

all

collected
their

to

point

them
of

hopes

against Daphnusia,
Constantinople
and
the

the

all

Negroponte
Pope
great

Michael

after

crossed
with

It

man,

Byzantium,

having

him

As

allured
the
the

news

valor

been

by
of

messenger

to

when
the

of

an

human
in-

the

who

him

only

the

the

island

of
the

Italy, where
due

so

that

manner

the

July, 1261, fifty-

driven

hope

the

fore
there-

compassion

25

the

Latin

the

Baldwin,

it.

from

residing in

was

and

expedition

midst

in this

was

the

to

embarked

into

the

the

on

Bosphorus.

with

sailed

Smyrna,

near

the

the

carried

thence
him

of

conquerors.

Palaeologus

Nymphea,
carried

and

recovered
years

the

emperor,

misfortune.

Greeks
seven

of

received
a

of

possessions

title

empty

in

them

Fortunately

families

galleys

diers
sol-

trophy

irrevocably lost;

was

Venetian

his

entering

was

sword,

carried

its fruitless

principal

railleries
of

from

the

Greek

deeds

to

only
to

them

as

Latins.

the

returned

fleet,having

emperor

thus

he

ran

Some

them

from

his

suspending

lance, exhibited

the

crushing

He

precious spoilsand

these

inciting

troops,

sword,

crown,

royalty.

generals, who,

of

on

of

!' '

John

his

his

way

and

II. rushed

draw

not

the

on

insignia

the

and

safety by flight.

seeking

shore, dropping
and

did

he

with

"Victory

cries, Baldwin

the

shouted

Alexis:

Michael

emperors

rushed

men

city soon

Michael

and

The

stand.

fortunate

the

republic

of the

people

by

BYZANTIUM.

their

decided

the

soldiers

long

OF

between

made

recently

C^SARS

LAST

THJ3

the

obscure
of

capture

produced

palace
and

at

known
un-

recompense,
of

no

nople.
Constantiletter

from

l6

THK

the

victorious

that

immense

year,

had

been

large

army.

in
if he
few

the

in
the

thanks

good
cause

and

the

to

diffused

event

the

being

of the

universal

exclaimed

his
and

country,
the

old

the

future,

Michael

you

' '

the

residence

by

in
our

to

that

with

The

will

they

will

into
of

who
the

life.

possession

is

turned
re-

success.

the

great
the

"What!"

city;

from

he

so

eye

to

pillage.

will

fix his

be

long been

They

will

and

customed
ac-

live

at

mountains,

they will ultimately

Constantinople

lowed
fol-

effeminate

an

their

see

to

will

he

our

replied

doomed

have

timent
sen-

recovered

corrupted by
descend

the

"Alas!"

Turks.

Europe,

of

man

prophetic

now

voluptuous

become

them

sharing

Constantinople

court, they will

pass

old

have

we

seemed

combat

Turks

' '

tears?".

warriors

assembled

to weep.

shed

of

tory,
vic-

death-bed, learning

him, began

empire

is master

of

win
Bald-

by

of all

rejoicing,not

friends,

who

man,

his

on

of all around

and

greatest joy throughout

arrival

the

with

Author

Torinice,

sense,

fear

he

and

senators,

Supreme

Theodore

country.

Then

precipitate flight.

prelates,nobles

This

After

trophies of

the

tained
de-

reward

abandoned

ornaments

be

to

lied.

by

ceding
pre-

foothold

man

if he

Alexis, bringing

imperial

his

death

only
self
him-

handsome

convinced

was

emperor

the

obtain
the

him

suaded
per-

the

he,

agitation,alternating between

from

couriers

to

be

made

which

ordered

He

truth, but

the

of

hours

hope,

unable

liance
re-

left with

easily have

city in

no

not

had

who

so

prison,promising

spoke

could

He

could

an

of

master

with

assertion.

men,

placed

emperor

Strategopulus,

hundred

BYZANTIUM.

OF

the

general,
his

upon

eight

C^SARS

LAST

the

tain
ob-

empire."

THE

belonged

now

Trebizonde,

founded

its ancient

Asia

of

and

Turkish

the

bounded

Danube
the

on

of the

and

in

the

Rascia, occupied, like

along

the

and

fourth

Adriatic

far

as

in the

Modon

and

and

Corinth, Patras

formed

of

of

Thessaly.
only

southeast

to

who,

foreseeing the

prince, had
into

sad

abandoned

of

Ephesus,

honors

in

the

see

fate
the

of

had

islands,

Thebes,
the

dependent
in-

Epirus
part

acquired

session
pos-

Peloponnesus.
nople
Constanti-

restore

also

was

taking

patriarch Arsenius,

awaiting
of

care

Another

Bishop

he

of the

return

solitude.

of

coast

splendor,

the

steps

had

striving to

was

ancient

procure

and

of the

its

the

Pylos, composed

emperor

of

of Greece

Etolia, Arcania, Epirus,

donia.
Mace-

chiefs

the

of

Michael

to

of

south

tari,
Scu-

to

that

The

also

Ragusa

Morea

Achaia

principality of
was

extended

by

the

of

name

portion of

possessed
in

Coron

of

time

the

and

Venetians

; the

the

mountains

centre

of

kingdom

in

from

the

as

in

Hermus

new

and

of

Phrygia,

the

Bulgarians,

Danube,

the

crusade

Whilst

the

principalitiesfounded

still subsisted

Athens,

of

northeast

the

of the

south

The

with

of

shore

south

and

continent

the

gorges

tended
ex-

retained

Mysia,

Servia, founded

Heraclius, bearing

Iconium

Minor,

On

the

and

north

Bulgarians.

right

of

empire

part of Cilicia.

remained

sea,

sultany

possessions

the

Europe,

the

Euxine

the

of

empire

of Andronicus

grandsons

only Paphlagonia, Bithynia,

Caria,

the

the

greater part of Asia

the

over

the

by

The

BYZANTIUM.

OF

Mamelukes;

coast

independent.
all

the

to

southern

the

on

C^SARS

I.AST

the

his

legitimate

flock

and

tired
re-

patriarch,Nicephorus,
been

Nicaea,

installed
and

this

with
new

great

election

THE

caused

of

the

from

distant
after

dignity.
and

and

land,
He,

the

by

of

his

There

taking

the

"Here

is the

chair

the

of

which
it

the

time

same

the

Hitherto
other

of

he

him

by

could

honors.
a

him

to

his

the

been

brilliant

Caesar,

drawn

was

intoxicated

by
and

he

it the

rest

of

his

name

was

to

be

by

joy.

joined

the

of

all the

For
to

expeditions, acclamations,

the
that

and

the

rendered
of

ways

new

the

esteemed

He

him

sovereign
in

streets

His

brow

nificent
mag-

of

applause

the

pressing
ex-

decorations

the

similar
the

engrossed

service

in

crown

granted

life.

the

At

Strategopulus

clothed

with

was

to

through

jewelled

of

prived
de-

care."

much

too

decreed

and

chariot, followed
Greeks

sake

your

imagined

Strategopulus,

the

said

long

too

conquest.

equal

gratitude,

Sophia.
he

hand,

possession

upon

; he

concourse

St.

have

the

patriarchate.

bestow

bestow

his

former

synod,

to

the

to

in

had

General

the
his

of

to

cares

confided

put

Michael

recompense
none

he

belonging

property

by

flock

to

tary
volun-

his

large

for

now

had

revisit

to

the

you

who

Constantinople,

prelate

patriarch by

yourself: enjoy
of

and

court,

become

his

resume

accompanied

the

resolved

of

to

conducted

salvation

to

entry into the

therefore, returned

emperor,

people,

his

desire

the

consented

principal officers
of

resist

had

see

latter, wearied

not

by

bishops

the
attend

to

As

deliberation

long
The

exile, could
native

patriarchal

places

Church.

consulted

Arsenius.

recall

Greek

the

emperor

capital, and

BYZANTIUM.

OF

the

Nicephorus

vacant,
come

in

schism

death

C^SARS

LAST

was

to

the
mounted
sur-

the

peror's,
em-

privilegeof wearing
space

of

of

emperor

the

public

one

year

prayers.

his

in all

They

LAST

next

celebrated

Constantinople
of

in

the

C-^SARS

THE

20

and

empire,

new

cathedral

coronation.

of

John

himself

to

be

persuaded

injured

in

brow

the

of

in

name

finally

he

five

he

selected

weak

too

Having

protection
himself

to

his

of

from

optic
a

was

castle

Dacybiza,

for many

then

Of

his

family.
been

the

in

given

others

three

distinguished

give

him

cause

to

deprived

the

this

by
plate

sent

where

the

of

of

heated

he

the

secure

tearing

them

command

of the

to

of

throne, by ordering

barbarous
means

their

prince

and

determined

the

under

dread

young

government

Instead

out.

nerve

metal

the

most

in

of

Lascaris
of

For

all

the

thus

put

child

already

relatives, he

ministers

the

august

had

and

of

possession

be

the
rays

his

the
to

eyes

out,

to

consideration

all

the

had

two

omitted

had

government,

in his

peror,
em-

bly
impercepti-

the

found

have

noblemen

vengeance.
of

from

the

ing
approach-

now

were

npon

of

designs

foreign princes.

to

birth, but

of

legitimate

diadem

the

he

acts

allowed

coronation

his

L,ascaris of all honors,

sisters,

marriage

second

and

might

older

this

The

ation
restor-

ambitious

patriarch
of

his

of

by the

placed

to

repeat

ceremony

by degrees

withdrawn

support

he

had

He

the

to

the

artfully laid,

and

deprived

the

rights

Palaeologus.

maturity.
his

that
the

again

slowly

desired

him

Lascaris,

manner

and

Greeks

establishment

the

were

paid

of

sovereign,

the

by the splendors of the

colleague

no

it

Sophia

St.

deference

the

of

return

Palaeologus

Dazzled

and

the

though

as

BYZANTIUM.

OF

to

reflection

redness.

strong

languished

stroyed
de-

guard
in

of

John
to

the

obscurity

years.

Intimidated

by

the

cruelty of

the

hypocritical

THE

his

act

Not

with

so

inaccessible

himself
roused

and

anger

his

breast, he
to

hair

horrid

by his example,
all his

and
midst

the

of

his

with

sentence

feigned
pardon

of

Whilst

his

judge.

the

emperor

restoration

the
of

Epirus,

cities,and

unimportant
the

hands

present

to

who

claimed

with

his

his

he

sister

he

in the

recourse

devoting

for the
widow

of the

to

taking

the

frontiers

of

Strategopulus
obtaining

Despot

sent

King

of

implored

country,

after

purpose

guilt,

Despot

to

Manfred,

from

Michael,

Alexis

The

the

attention

defeated, and

was

in

ting
omit-

his

and

his

the

Caesar

peror
em-

understood

acknowledged

sent

mated
ani-

yet

criminal

Michael

was

the

And

formula,

the

boldly

merciful
un-

pronounced

anathema,

enemy.

Anne,

have

(1262),

the

son-in-law,

him

this

the

advantage

of his

excommunicated

Constantinople,

But

tremble!

he

Palaeologus

him.

oppose

his

bishops,

advancing

even

out

of

devastating

was

empire.

the
to

of

ments
ele-

tore

to

excluded

to

the

deed,

synod

mitigation

submit

to

doned
aban-

position;

dangerous

he

in

participationin public prayers.

hope.

soul; he beat

sun,

just indignation
which

or

upon

atrocious

accomplices

some

words

the

"O

always

Compassion

called

resolved

He

and

spiritual arms,

to

pupil,

crime, he

this

ferocity!"

tion.
indigna-

fear

of his

powers

aloud, he

! detest

earth, lament

of
his

of

exclaiming:

beard,

of

deepest despair.

the

avenge

and

fate

all the

cried

applauded

patriarch Arsenius,

sad

the

to

either

temptations

the

learning

Upon

21

expression

any

the

the

to

BYZANTIUM,

courtiers

from

refrained

or

OF

degraded

his

usurper,

C^SARS

LAST

some

fell into
him
of

as

Sicily,

strangling him,

emperor

Vataces.

THK

22

The
had

in the

but

Nicaea,

whom

lives.
clothed
with

rural

of age
to

they

had

him

in

of

the

Hearing

of

to

him

this

who

force

their

were

won

the

what

the

to

him

they

meant.

Palaeologus

impossible

was

; but

the

greater

after

and

their

sovereign,

insurrection,

defences

the

ment
great astonish-

the

It

mountains,

due

honors

rebels.

Lascaris

pretended

the

the

by presents,

over

wTith

surrounded

strange

met

Lascaris,

defend

not

ones

by disease,

garments,

to

of

only

having

young

to

knew

mountain

the

blind

to

him,

troops against the

sent

the

their

to

environs

the

were

him

avenge

boy,

of

sworn

royal

guards, paid

promised

expression

rendered

conveyed

nation,
just indig-

revolt, and

be

Lascaris

young

Greeks

men,

of

him

They

the

mountaineers

years

they imagined

the

open

standard

the

of nine

prince

of
no

and

simple

raised

child

souls

The

BYZANTIUM.

upon

they gave

discontent.

and

OF

cruelty exercised

roused

who

CAESARS

LAST

Turks,

the
the

to

part

flight

of

died

revolt

out.

On

from

returning
of

Sultan
the

Iconium,
of

means

Palaeologus seriously
Arsenius

inducing
fulminated

in every
He

to

way

begged

disarm

of him
submit

to

feet of

prelate, but

to

his

crime

have

you

refused
that

entreaties

to

to

was

committed.

appoint

any

great sins demanded

then," said

it.

He

the
"Do

what

The

' '

Palaeologus,

great
"

the

you

communication
ex-

tried

He

Patriarch.
to

himself

impose,
at

the

vouchsafed

answer
can

inflexible
of

means
a

cast

only

the

him.

chose

he

considered

remove

of

anger

penance

promising
the

to

against
the

any

the

expedition against

an

to

effacethe
Arsenius

expiation, saying

atonement.

abdicate

the

' '

Must

throne?

"

THE

to

resign it

to

receive

prepared
his

The

it.
to

sword

Then
inner

an

Arsenius

outside

assembled

at

the
if

that

they had

for

their

of

guard

soldiers

coldly

where

he

of

new

the

the

He
of

himself

had

on

the

election
the
of

The

no

monk
him.

power

to

to

the
;

sea

shore, determined

his

days

Joseph,
Loaded

in

the

confessor
with

honors

one

of
was

creased
in-

and

besides, Germain
the
the

to

to

emperor.
year

very

small
pass

of

peace
of

of

mildness

people

absolve

retired

man

the

patriarchal throne

(1267), and

no

see

good morals,
But

Arsenius

and

island

the

Adrianople,

displeased

prince.

to

and

reproached

Arsenius,

Byzantium.

partisans of

abdicated
his

of

Patriarch

the
of

address

of

clement

more

permitted
of

to

tion
deputa-

and

him

Bishop

See

be

deposed

was

He

remission

criminal

the

intimated

sent

received

to

letters, of agreeable
to

to

of

indulgent judge

more

conducted

Germain,

called

spairing
de-

harshness.

for the

him

consequence,

Proconesia,

(1266).

emperor

Michael,

adroitly

find

condescension

in

of his

canon

begging

deputies were

synod,

into

withdrew

suppliant

frightened prelates

Arsenius

the

and

no

possibly

The

Rome.

but

cations.
suppli-

determination

openly

bishops,

might

to

the

the

overcoming

Patriarch, complained

sin, he

his

humiliating attempts,

these
of

them

not

was

door.

the

After

hand

absolution, returned

indignantly

leaving

apartment,

who

continued

and

scabbard,

the

to

offered
his

extended

his

for

dear

and

however,

emperor,

so

pay

23

sword

his

drew

patriarch,who

the

to

BYZANTIUM.

OF

he

words,

these

Sa}dng

C^SARS

LAST

ing
dwellthe

private

Palaeologus,
by

his

mainder
re-

life.
ceeded
suc-

sovereign,

24

THK

Joseph

withdrew

penitent

the

first condition

He

of

he

prince.

But

he

The

his

after

spirit

the

ever

new

imperial

from
those

Asia,

been

lost

thither

his

title of

despot,

brother
of

in

John

art.

tried

and

rapacious horde,
; his

government

attention

left them

to

the

time

drove

the

would

prey
have
sent

emperor

honored
skill

restored

become

lay beyond

and

valor

with

in

the

the
tary
milithis

away

ancient

of

form

activityrestrained

and

courage

his

clergy,

already

the

not

short

in

oppressed them,

prince

this

and

provinces

had

John,

for

lived

which

them,

these

the

Palseologus, separated

governors

Greeks,

affection

sufficient

pay

empire

Still
the

to

had

devastated

having

Turks.

the

not

Avaricious

Bosphorus.
after

his

of

portions

did

with

monks

East.

the

castle

intruder.

an

residence

provinces of

ambition.

in the

luxury

the

to

unfortunate

the

Arsenius

of

The
was

reconciliation

considered

was

fatal to the

to

live in

the

faithful.

of his

to

revenue

restored

usurper

the victim

partisans among

numerous

and

the

upon

might

; and

the

deceitfully professed

Church,

and

he

that

Dacybize

large

and

of

sufferingsof

assigned

BYZANTIUM.

anathema,

imposed

the

Lascaris,

OF

communion

the

to

alleviate

C^SARS

LAST

the

dations
depreever-increasingaudacity of the Turks, whose
seemed
tor
to justifythe predictionof old SenaTornice.
The
preservation of the East required
the

presence

but

the

either

former

was

expedition against
frontier, and

of

now

the

as

well

as

in the

was

of the
state

religious.

or

of

the

always engaged

barbarians

Palaeologus

formed

despot

almost

by the seditions
who

the

on

the

detained

at

partisans

of

emperor
in

some

western

tinople
Constan-

Arsenius,

powerful party, political

26

THK

I, AST

gary.

This

Joseph

in

C^SARS

marriage
the

of

church

displayed
Eager

to

decided
the

the

with

purple

crowned

and

and

nine

his

defiance
the

under

all

to

Greek

without

In
between

the

stirred

up

which

might

arms
on

order

between

subject
of

Palaeologus

both

and

of

means

the

Greek

please

the

time

the
of

the

with
and

West,

condition

of Louis
became

the

of

of

nople
Constantiseemed

shared

the

III.

The

their
the

to

thrown
over-

spoils
tians,
Vene-

accept

numerous

sessions.
pos-

rivalry existing
the

maritime

emperor

from

war

powers

taking

up

By strong representations
alliance, and

it.

excite
the

their

empire.
of

him

menaced

The
of

Church

the

munication
excom-

notified

IV.

which

averting

the

by

Urban

danger

IX., Charles

King

of

Genoese,

Genoese,

of

Church

perilous
brother

this

league
col-

foreign

had

Venetians

Greeks.

of

of

two

the

by

disposed

not

and

prevent

long

who

Innocent

these

the

and

profit by

to

the

father's

capital

Latins

loss

Venetians

against
the

the

struggle

of

during

both

that

empire

particularly, were

of

emperor

conquest

in

of

honors

accordingly

his

beset

those

Pontificate

the

he

successor.

His

residence

family,

the

was

as

years

his

as

his

title

august

enemies.

and

who

proclaimed

continually

was

domestic

bold

share

this

bore

fiftyyears

Michael

to

Andronicus,

inglorious reign,
and

Palseologus
magnificence.

to

year

celebrated

and

in which

succession

solemnly

He

Romans.
and

the

patriarch

the

unbounded

following

the

by

Sophia,

St.

festivities

most

secure

BYZANTIUM.

blessed

was

Constantinople by

at

OF

Rome

interest

would
in

Moreover,

Anjou,

Sicify, acquired

of

reunion

who
in

at

the
the
that

1267, by

THK

with

treaty
claim

C^SARS

LAST

the
the

upon

Beatrix, the claim

influence

arm

or

of

the

proposed

from

empire

as

of

in which

of

force

by
the

houses

who

would

but

that

Some
the

their

of

voluntary

exile

their

would

and

new

changing
The

his

emperor

over

he

union
re-

the

by

edict

of his

general,

rent,

not

into

went

by

perial
im-

the

most

ignominious

were

unshaken

reunion

he
;

that

swore

Arsenius,

from

against
and

in

patriarch,

usurping

in which

Satan,

of

they had

punished
the

all

opponents.

others

of all

permit
free

because

the

an

proprietor

them

were

to

the

this

to

would

occupy

letter

to

of

the

excommunication
him

delivered

existence

not

taking Constantinople

that

Joseph,

consent

did

he

in

endured
in

and

promulgated

patriarch, fulminated

deposed
exile

part

He

Irritated

payment

people,

never

ciliate
con-

with,

met

looked

be exacted

pastoral

to

he

adhesion

opposition.

published
he

the

to

making

authority,
outrages;

city ;
would

payment

he

become

him

obey

means

fore
there-

was

palace,

X.

salvation.

had

the

he

very

that

that

he

in

in

the

bishops,

declared

his

Gregory

that

of

arms

gave

It

emperor

in

opposition

stake, and

the

he

the

clergy

with

means

resistance

the

them
at

was

vassal, either

prince.
to

Pope,

Sicily, could, by
his

over

the

reunion

of

King

Christian

assembled

notwithstanding
conceal

the

daughter

The

himself.

to

II.,

will.

good

Michael

for his

importance

utmost

his

Byzantium

exercised

he

restrain

of the

Baldwin

reverting

suzerain

was

of

27

emperor

deposed
throne

BYZANTIUM.

OF

his

the

place

the

emperor,

died

without

of

sentiments.
remained

immovable

in

his

deter-

28

THE

urination;

prelates

C^SARS

I.AST

embassy

an

of

composed

whom

upon

BYZANTIUM.

OF

he

perfumes
the

galleys conveying
suite

rocks, and

the

upon

Gregory

to

emperor

were

Pope

received

the

gus

in the

General

Council

hundred

gave

them

headed

bishops,

the

Holy

Ghost

Three

conditions

of Rome

Court
the

Council,

the
with

the

Church,

ring

in the

and

mitre.

than

monks,

and

against

union.

had

been

body

the

of
the

was

The
to

primacy
of

satisfied
upon

the

Latin

prelates

of

the

title

Pope

of

with

the

his

been

Universal

prelates

and

declared

people, openly
See, and

retired

replaced by Veccus,

moderation,

great confidence

'

Constantinople

at

name

Joseph resigned

of known

the

bestowed

custom

the

of the

He

'

appeals

returned,

patriarch Joseph,

monastery.

ecclesiastic
gus

the

the So?i.

year.

under

mass

the

Bishop,

had

sooner

the

conclusion

the

arrived

same

that

accepted

At

decorated

They

of the

at

the

had

Pope

no

"

tinople,
Constan-

and

allowed, and

had

to

the

mentioned

into

which

honors

of

prayer

ambassadors

the

autumn

But

public

be

shall

According

them.

the

in

joy,

prelates,

repeated

and

proposed

of

tears

the Father

of

head

the

Greek

thrice

sea.

Palseolo-

at

Patriarch

last

acknowledged.

Pope

Lyons

the

by
the

Michael

The

and

named

be

in

peace.

Creed

were

engulfed

shedding

the

struck

sent

and

proceeded from

shall

Pope
of

of

by Germain,
sang

the

kiss

the

of

two

ous
numer-

one

presents

of

envoys

The

their

storm;

for

church,

jewels.
and

rich

X.,

The

five

and

by

the

Peter's

St.

ambassadors

overtaken

were

and

rely, embarked

could

Italy (1274), bearing offerings to

ministers

(1275).

in whom
But

the

an

Palseoloefforts

of

the

monarch
and

Some

years

of

the

from

the

yield
and

the

to

failed

he

faith.

become

him

from

solemnly promised
permit
addition

the

to

deal

them

with

all

ennoys

That

Church.

whatever

Bishop

prelates, which
to

piinces

of

seologus,

of

his

no

orders

Ephesus,

to

being done,

the

dungeons,

where

the

imperial

family

Raoul

Manuel,

Palaeologus, nephew

of

his

least

phrases

in

doubt

as

the

Andronicus

to

Latin
to

the

ries,
secta-

the

Latin

were

ducted
con-

found

four

Andronicus

Isaac, and
"

the

directed

be, he

brother

In

order
the

legates

"

ently
appar-

to

with

they

the

faith.

imprison

the

He

obtained

he

upon

might

rank

and

them

explained

Greek

of

would

Scripture

have

yet

settle

to

suffered

the

they might

their

the

Catholic

of

and

by

nor

ambiguous
from

of

he

means

which

done

inflicted

punishment

By this

union

the

consummate

and

fathers, advised

Palaeologus

had

he

Anjou,

that

customs

declaration

of

legates.

legates, and

the

might

stratagem

prelates

their

in

he

profession

Pope's

sentences

discourse,

long

of

formula

contained

Isaac,

their

fair words.

interspersed

in

with

prudently

difficultyby
from

Greek

Creed

to

the

the

change

no

that

the

clergy

The

feared, should

Charles

recourse

deceive

to

profession

empire.

he

of

stantinople
Con-

to

Constantinople,

the

had

Palseologus

endeavored

to

attack

to

obtain

to

of the

displeased,

entreaties

urgent

permit

legates

embarrassed:

Father

Holy

few

III., suspecting

require

to

ecclesiastics

much

only

wishes.

sent

instructions

all the

was

emperor

his

to

Greeks,

29

success,

Nicholas

later, Pope

with
of faith

little

priests yielding

sincerity

BYZANTIUM.

OF

with

met

courtiers

the

C^SARS

LAST

THE

in chains

Pal-

John
in

THE

30

The

reunion.
of

the

the

to

At

time

he

"

the

which

they regarded

doubted.

At

Nicholas

III.

had

last

clement

of

suspicions

the

day, the mention

the

Venetians,

the

Sicilies,whose

two

in its scabbard
of

brother

Sain

obtained
of

this

first

into

open

Louis

Rossi,

Belgrade.
was

of

of

defeat, the

Greeks

field, and
efforts.

in
But

formed
of

tween
be-

Baldwin
of

king

Gregory

X.

The
of

command
of

nobleman
and

attacked

made

brought
general

emperor,

the
to

its

prisoner.
caused

all

his

Provence.

hastened

and

the

at mass.

was

consternation

remained

Albania

the

on

hitherto

the

conquered

forbid

Anjou,

Palaeologus

advantage

their

had

The

name

heir
of

gave

barbarians,

to

was

Pope's

bidding

possession of

Rossi

Taking

Soliman

to

fortress

the

at

of

unfortunate.

Charles

was

successor

as

emperor,

sword

he

excommunicated

Palaeologus

and

and

cause,

Rome

IV.,

emperor,

Latin

II., the

his

his

nieces

deserted

the

of the

dethrone

Philip,

his

his adherents
to

Natolia,

prisoners

Eulogia,

publicly

and

by

his

account

on

into

journey

Martin

mercy

taken

league

crowned

be

as

back

them

to

sacrilegious; at

Pope

no

family

(1281),

shown

only revenge

relief.

two

punished

detested

was

sister

as

Palseologus

Michael

He

to

Pope

sent

his

princes,

two

his

of

members

troops

III.

during

his

other

be

him

Michael

06

eyes

generals,

festival

the

to

retained

had

he

cruelty

favorite

who

to

resistance

sincerity.

out

put

sent

Nicholas

Constantinople

of his

their

recommending

same

Michael's

of

schismatics,

fit.

emperor,

the

at

even

emperor

think

BYZANTIUM.

OF

consequence

obstinate

most

should

he

in

prison,

narrow

CAESARS

LAST

their

battle,
aware

by

forces

victory
that

he

could
the

to

later

C^SARS

LAST

THE

rely

not

BYZANTIUM.

troops, trusted

the

for

success

Procida, which

de

by John

Sicily from

snatch

to

his

on

headed

conspiracy
was

OF

of his

grasp

most

powerful adversary.
As

him

caused

had

who
Prince
of

attention

of Trebizond.

small

the
his

with
and

Anjou

the

the

the

preservation

His

son

the
and

Veccus,

the

to

temples

his
on

abdicate,

had

Aragon,

of

prelates

Palaeologi.

named

as

Joseph,

due

exile, deposed
infirm

an

now

burial.

return,

Gregory,
was

refused

his

father

son,

but

even

from

the

Upon
the

and

of

the

being
by

the

soon

monk

old

The
the

funeral

denied

him

Joseph, shortly

patriarchal dignity

who,

succeeded

death

the

recalled

He

partriarchate of Constantinople.
only

his

East.

of the

from

an

Sicily and

the

churches.

two

restored

not

emperor

Christian

of

he

Charles

Elder, definitively broke

the

Greek

death

Sicily against

he

at

regretted by

his

of

the

suddenly

little

Peter

was

arrived

purified, penitents reconciled,

were

ceremonies

after

of

union

once

died

throne

wrhom

broken

Having

independence

the

II., the

temporary

new

of

title

had

he

of

the

who

proclaimed Emperor

was

Andronicus

man,

the

Andronicus,

successor,

at

victory

the

expedition

before
of

revolt

wTas

next

but

days

princes

assume

them.

Thrace,

in

secured

which

event

Thessaly,

few

joy

to

His

between

Palaeologus
them

; among

fifty-eight(1282),

subjects.

learned
of

village

of

age

of

existing

then

truce
at

Prince

the

anxiety

neighboring

continued

Saves, who

Emperor

against

anger

the

Anjou,

those

to

his

from

of

Charles

provoked

de

relieved

wras

by

his

turned

he

as

soon

wTas

ferred
con-

compelled
Athanasius.

to

The

C^SARS

LAST

THE

32

in the

Mussulmans

rapid

and

progress,
the

unaided,

seemed

and

he

Flor.

de

troops of Roger

fought

and

Anjou,
left

and

sea

on

who,

land

For

in warfare

engaged
battle

the

or

ship

of

in contest,

from

with

bearing eight

thousand

lodged

bestowed
of

the

where

the
victories

of

of

surname

another
the

and

himself,
without

first

one

the

in

riage.
mar-

Asia,

far

passed
sur-

the

Cyzicus,
for

their

The

East.

Eutenca

of

existing

between

have

Greeks

miral
ad-

or

brilliant

two

near

Berenger

if the

and

palace,

into

campaign

obtained

of

niece

they passed

undoubtedly

calamities

his

Andronicus,

good understanding

many

saved

had

been

chief
arrival

(1306),
Roger
the

pire
em-

able

to

perfidy.

Victorious
of

their

Liberator

would

him

repose

adventurer,

and

act

grand-duke

Taurus,

Mount

in

title of

Turks,

the

over

near

of

hopes

intrepid warriors.

the

gave

set

eighteen galleys,

Roger

of

success

of his

their

Constantinople

and

vessels

gaging
en-

Roger

valiant

short

with

awake!"

of

of

point

ground
for

been

field

the

the

or

were

had

the

and

Roumania,
After

the

him

upon

Aragon

they
was

the

steered

large

emperor

other

and

four

The

struck

of
had

who

of peace,

on

"Sword,

Messina,

fleet of

When

they

mercenary

of

years

country

war.

exclaiming:

swords,
sail

their

them

composed

were

houses

twenty

the

restoration

the

peror
em-

with

Aragonese,

for the

upon

unemployed.

These

struction
de-

The

cope

hire

to

and

Sicilians, Catalonians,

to

ing
mak-

with

threaten

to

enough

forced

was

been

Andronicus.

of

powerful

not

was

had

time

mean

throne

very

BYZANTIUM.

OF

dread

over

to

the
the

Turks,

Roger

pusillanimous

became
allies ;

an

he

ject
obde-

the

of

minds
the

May

from

of

and

called
of

The

to

his

assured

him

of

but

standard

of

counsellor

years

(1328).

and

the

changed
died

in

secured

cloister.

after
of

purple

all

to

transfer

the

raised

the

was

the

debauchee,

young

the

nity
dig-

gance
extrava-

he

patience
im-

(1320),

imperial
and

power,

for

the

Younger.

Cantacuzenus
the

the

power,

father

the

long

grandsons,

of

general

Deprived

his

grandfather

his

tions
conten-

of

the

dissipation

John

he

triumph

monarch

of

revolt.
and

whose

his

another

to

his

the

against

crown

Michael,
ere

lest

induce

might
crown

of

Elder,

Ottoman

Andronicus

obtaining

fearing

for

the

his

defend

you

invasion

the
of

proverb:

the

only

Church,

death

premature

overtake

remarkable

grandson,

the

Andronicus

increase

the

upon

Catalans

the

Greek

the

Catalans,
was

is

reign

into

passed

anxieties,

these

long

and

of

BYZANTIUM.

OF

Greeks

the

vengeance

Freed
whose

C^SARS

LAST

THE

34

of

contest

the
monk's

five

deposed
habit,

CHAPTER

DISCORD

CIVII.

of

Weakness
the

Ottoman

"His

progress

of

father-in-law
of

Amurat

"

I.

peace

is
of

to

continual
looked

If

at

necessarily

times

the

they

"

and

and

and

involved
from

(35)

loss

their

of

able
favor-

already
morals.

absorbed

not

their

lethargy

in

luxuries,

terrible
did

they

the

enemies

by

the

the

arms,

of

corruption

upon

her

however,

empire

surrounded

the
of

only

Csesars,

of

power

implacable

an

degenerate

awoke

"

successor

some

in

awaited

who

enacted,

his

dreaded,

Unskilled

indifference

being

"

allegiance

which,

overthrow

dissensions

was

it

that

the

his

under

strength

revolutions

say,

with

which

to

of

King

Andronicus

the

equally

recovered

and

of

I.

into

falling

forget

her,

the

Thessalonica

to

Bajazet

"

ing
dur-

death.

enemies

to

by

Strange

I.

His

peror
Em-

Orkhan

Amurat

of

takes

returns

"

sole

of

Conspiracy

"

visits

of

death

Defeat

"

He

"

and

Amurat

"

weakness.

opportunity
undermined

West

Amurat
"

apparent

threatened

who

of

had

seemed

people

the

escaped

real

in

punished

tion
modera-

Emperors

two

Occupations

Janizaries

the

Emperor

Constantine

"

"

emperor

other

an

death

His

Palseologus

"

Grief

ter
daugh-

Orkhan

"

the

Europe

Ottomans

of

Death

"

the

and

covered

"

and

having

emperors

in

the

proclaimed

of

Chosroes
of

of

between

war

His

Palseologus

Cassora

Humiliation

After

Soliman

discovered

Andronicus

city

of

John

Civil

Orkhan
the

"

Helena

of

power

Prusa"

Constantinople
Princess

the

the

marries

Orkhan

"

enters

Ottomans

Success

"

Saoudji

Battle

the

Organization

"

Hungary"
and

latter

of

Conquest

Greeks

marries

of

Commencement

"

Othman"

the

Scutari"

at

Conquest

"

of
The

"

Establishment

East
of

Reign

Palseologus

John

the

Discord

"

Cantacuzenus

"

his

of

Empire
Turks"

OTTOMANS.

THE

OF

PROGRESS

"

the

II.

drama

perceive
crown.

and

lis-

36

THB

tened

distant

the

to

consoled

C^SARS

LAST

themselves

voice

the

of

empire
in

the

to

the

Asia

remote,

and

historical

then

us

sider
con-

Providence

by

crepit
de-

the

to

Let

the

valiant

and

blow

terest
in-

who,

Ottomans,

last

destined

and

they

Therefore,

skillful

Constantinople.

Europe

was

storm,

lethargy.

their

deal

people,

new

the

Cantacuzenus,

of

to

soon

this

fatal

exclusively

attaches

were

it

of

the

chiefs,

by thinking

abdication

after

to

of

their

relapsed

docile

mutterings

into

then

BYZANTIUM.

OF

to

degenerate

place
re-

of

race

Greeks.

The

domination

Minor

Aladin,

subjugated
emirs

into
of

their
the

by
emirs
to

Asia

which

Minor
the

man,

Gifted

with

followers

into

destiny

of

his

dream.

He

and

himself
in
saw

increase

descended

of

and

his

the

moon,

the

visibly until
and

entered

his

known

name

led

host

star

of

it became
breast.

the
to

lofty

him

the

extended
the

in

house
vision

side

by

of

the

breast

Mahomet,
full, when
From

his

Paphla-

following

the

Oth-

soldier,

and

account,

From

deep sleep.

his

good

lay asleep in

had

he

of

coast

circumstances,

made

he

as

Bithynia

was

name

commanded.

he

Turkish

the

Edebali,

beheld

he

to

night

Cheik

imposed

qualifications of
plains

the

share, and

whom

of

the

ful
power-

southern

his

to

who

horde

posterity

One

side, both
cheik

the

the

by

most

left

who
the

fallen

Orthogrul,

According

gonia.

the

of

taking advantage

Othman,

The

states.

portion
had

all the

of

death

divided

was

Caraman,

Turkish

the

of

of

son

upon

the

Asia

Sultan, their empire, already

Moguls,

was

Caramania

the

upon

independent

ten

the

last

in

Seljuk dynasty

the

existed

longer

no

brave

of

his

arise
it

body

THE

with

tree

sprang
branches

of

as

though

of

this

as

the

C^SARS

LAST

horizon.
the

From

tent.

the

mountains
out

covered

the

his

arbors
dwelt

eye

by

of

lofty towers,
the

of

various

cut

blew

towards

towards
the

at

resembled
and
most

two

This

the
tree

in the

flowery

Eden.

In

was

and
of

form

of

two

of the

upon

his

emblem

the

countless

Next
of

and

finger

pally
princi-

and

ated
situ-

continents,

two

sapphires

two
to

form

the

domination

vast

about

was

he

when
son

leaves

which,

thus
of

strong

these

world,

the

The

amid

Othman

of

parrots,
warbled

the

ring

tude
multi-

colors.

between

world.

whole

of

to

and

points

seas

call

sang

seemed

and

stone

the

the

tened
glis-

infinite

an

sabre.

encased

emeralds,

ring

columns

the

city of Constantine,

diamond

the

domes,

which

of

of

air

the

valleys

with