Seakeeping

Yempada Pallavi
4/4 B.E N.A.M.E

Regd. No: 312106918032
Assignment 1
Ship Stabilisation
There is a limit to the extent to which amplitudes of motion can be reduced in
conventional ship forms by changes in the basic hull shape. Considerable reductions
in amplitudes of motions are possible by other means, using stabilisation systems.
Stabilisation systems are of two types
Passive System
Active System
Passive systems in which no separate

source of power is required and no
special control system.
Active systems in which the moment

opposing roll is produced by moving
masses or control surfaces by means of
power.
Such systems use the motion itself to

create moments opposing or damping
the motion
They employ a control system which

senses the rolling motion and so decides
the magnitude of the correcting
moment required.
The passive systems may be internal

or external to the main hull.
The active systems may be internal or

external to the main hull.
The principal stabilisation systems are

Principal Stabilisation Systems
Active Systems
Passive Systems
Active fins
Fixed fins
Active tank system
Passive tank system
Active moving weight system
Passive moving weight system
Gyroscope
Bilge keels (and docking keels if fitted)
Active Systems
The essential requirement of any system is that the system should always generate a
moment opposing the rolling moment.
Active Fins:
With active fins a sensitive gyro system senses the rolling motion of the ship
and sends signals to the actuating system which, in turn, causes the fins to
move in a direction such as to cause forces opposing the roll.
The actuating gear is usually electrohydraulic.
The fins which may be capable of retraction into the hull, or may always
protrude from it, are placed about the turn of bilge in order to secure maximum
leverage for the forces acting upon them.
The fins are usually of the balanced spade type, but may incorporate a flap on
the trailing edge to increase the lift force generated.
Since the force on a fin varies in proportion to the square of the ship speed,
whereas the GZ curve for the ship is, to a first order, independent of speed, it
follows that a fin system will be more effective the higher the speed.
A fin system is not likely to be very effective at speeds below about 10 knots.
Active Weights System:

If a weight W is attached to a rotating arm of radius R then, when the arm is at
an angle to the centre line of the ship and on the higher side,
Righting moment = sin
Such a system has the advantage, over the fin system, that its effectiveness is
independent of speed.
It involves greater weight and power, however, and for these reasons is not
often fitted.
Active Tank Systems:

The active tank systems are available in a variety of forms.
The essential, common, features are two tanks, one on each side of the ship, in
which the level of water can be controlled in accord with the dictates of the
sensing system.
In scheme (a), water is pumped from one tank to the other so as to keep the
greater quantity in the higher tank.
In scheme (b), the water level is controlled indirectly by means of air pressure
above the water in each tank, the tanks being open to the sea at the bottom.
Scheme (b) has the advantage of requiring less power than scheme (a).
In scheme (c), each tank has its own pump but otherwise is similar to scheme
(a).
Gyroscope:
All active stabilizing systems depend upon gyroscopes as part of their control
system.
If the gyroscope is massive enough, use can be made of the torque it generates
to stabilize the ship.
Such systems are not commonly fitted because of their large space and weight
demands.
Passive Systems
Bilge Keels:
Bilge keels are so simple and easy to fit.
They typically extend over the middle half to two-thirds of the ship's length at
the turn of bilge.
Compared with a ship not fitted, bilge keels can produce a reduction of roll
amplitude of 35 per cent or more.
They are usually carefully aligned with the flow around the hull in calm water
so as to reduce their resistance to ahead motion.
Unfortunately, when the ship rolls the bilge keels are no longer in line with the
flow of water and can lead to significant increases in resistance. For this
reason, some large ships may dispense with bilge keels.
Fixed fins:
They are similar in action to bilge keels, except that they are shorter and
extend further from the ship's side.
An advantage is that, by careful shaping of their cross-section, the lift generated
at a given ahead speed can be increased compared with the drag they suffer.
A disadvantage is that, projecting further from the hull, they are more
susceptible to damage. They are generally less effective at low speed.
Passive Tank Systems:

Passive tank systems use the roll of the ship itself to cause water in the tanks to
move in such a way as to oppose the motion.
Starting from rest with water level in the two tanks, if the ship rolls to starboard
water flows from port to starboard until the maximum angle of roll is reached.
As the ship now tries to recover, the water will try to return but will
nevertheless lag and the moment due to the water will oppose the roll velocity.
Also, if the resistance of the duct is high the water will not be able to return
before the ship is rolling to port, i.e. the level of water in the tanks can be made
to lag the roll motion.
By carefully adjusting the resistance of the duct the system can be 'tuned' to give
maximum stabilizing effect.
This will be when the phase lag is 90 degrees.
One limitation of such a scheme is that the system can only be 'tuned' to one
frequency.
This is chosen as the natural period of roll because it is at this period that the
really large angles of roll can be built up.
At other frequencies the passive tank system may actually lead to an increase in
roll angle above the 'unstabilized' value, but this is not usually serious because
the roll angles are small anyway.
A more sophisticated system is one in which the resistance in the duct can be
varied to suit the frequency of the exciting waves. In this way roll damping is
achieved in all wave lengths.
Passive Moving Weight Systems:

These are similar in principle to the passive tank systems but are generally less
effective for a given weight of system.

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Yempada Pallavi

4/4 B.E N.A.M.E

Passive systems in which no separate

Active systems in which the moment

Such systems use the motion itself to

They employ a control system which

The passive systems may be internal

The active systems may be internal or

The principal stabilisation systems are

Active tank system

Passive tank system

Active moving weight system

Passive moving weight system

Bilge keels (and docking keels if fitted)

Active Weights System:

Active Tank Systems:

Passive Tank Systems:

Passive Moving Weight Systems:

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