Non-Cognitive Tools of Translation
Non-Cognitive Tools of Translation
Non-Cognitive Tools of Translation
Thereafter, the
scientific literature got the prominence and preference. Due to the demand
of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that
began in the mid-18th century, shift got changed to legal and business
documents. And at present, in the wake of globalization every genre of
literature is getting translated. As an effect of globalization, different groups
of people are coming together, bringing with them their own culture, values
and ethos. Translation has been playing an important role in bridging the
cultures and making this world a global village in true sense.
In the field of literature, we find that the literature is sustained
by the agency of translation. Translation promotes cosmopolitanism. Edith
Grossman, in her valuable little book Why Translation Matters1, has shown
how the very notion of literature would be inconceivable without translation.
Profession of the translation is becoming increasingly essential in the era of
globalization. With the increasing business demand, now a day, translation
has been developed as a full-fledged profession and some translation
associations and companies have cropped up with dedicated services. Every
bilingual person does a translation at either mental or explicit level.
Moreover, to show solidarity of the worldwide translation community in an
effort to promote the translation profession in different countries, an
International Translation Day is celebrated on 30th September. A literary
critic George Steiner in his both seminal2 and controversial work After
Babel has stated that To understand is to decipher. And to hear is to
translate3 thus amplifying the very gamut of the translation and placing it
at the centre of all intellectual processes.
The Scope of the Paper:
The subject assigned to me for this seminar is Non-cognitive Tools of
Translation. Hence, it is imperative to first define the scope of the paper
before beginning with the subject-matter. The word non-cognitive indicates
the exclusion of cognitive tools of the translation. Cognition means the
mental faculty of acquiring knowledge by the use of reasoning, intuition, or
perception or the knowledge acquired through these means (i.e. reasoning,
intuition, or perception). Cognitive means concerned with the acquisition of
knowledge viz. by the use of reasoning, intuition or perception or relating to
the thought process. Thus, the cognitive tools incorporate the actual
thought
process,
knowledge,
reasoning,
perception,
intuition,
etc.
Therefore, the non-cognitive tools indicate the tools other than these, i. e.
other than the actual thought process, knowledge, reasoning, perception,
intuition, etc. and which at the same time are helpful to the acquisition of
knowledge or to the thought process. Thus, the scope of this paper is to deal
with the tools other than the knowledge which are helpful to generate
knowledge and get the translation done. The tools, in themselves, in turn,
are the outcome of the knowledge. These tools can be either tangible or
intangible.
2A
work from which other works grow. The term usually refers to an intellectual or artistic
achievement whose ideas and techniques have been adopted or responded to in later works by
other people, either in the same field or in the general culture.
3After
word
from
the
other
language.
It
involves
creativity,
prudence,
skillfulness and much more which an author has to have for a new
literary creation. In this sense, a translator can be equated with a
Sanskrit word Kavi. In Sanskrit texts nothing about a translator has
been told. But, texts on poetics have exhaustively dealt with the tools /
resources of a poet which are equally applicable to a translator. Three3
|i,
|i, i{k
and
+.
And they were reckoned not as causes but as a cause since all three
produce a good Kvya in unison.4 Rjaekhara has given eight causes of
the Kvya, which are good health, genius, repetitive study, devotion,
erudition,
knowledge
of
discussion
with
or
of
scholars,
firm
CiO Eh{xE{iCniS*
C uknxi xvi& r{n r&**
(1) the usages of words by elders, (2) grammar, (3) analogy (4) lexicon, (5)
direct statement of a trust-worthy authority/person, (6) the rest of the
passage in the context (7) explanation (8) the syntactic connection.
Besides this, the importance of contextual factors in determining
the exact meaning of an expression has been emphasized by various
writers in India from very early times. Mammaa has given a list of such
contextual factors that determine the exact meaning of a word in the case
of ambiguous and equivocal expressions. They are as follows-
M |MS S vi*
+l& |Eh RM nx zv**
lSi n& E Ci& n&*
nlxSUn ii&**
4
Cix{hi EjEtIhi*
EYI <i iinn** |kij& ni& x i i&, i En xh x S ix i i&
l |i CiuiEl ii*
infxnS i ]Ei** Kvyamims of Rjaekhara, V.
(1)
Sasarga
(contact)
or
sayoga
(association),
(2)
Viprayoga
collections
later
grew
into
synonymous
Koa-s
like
Amarakoa,
translation
in
limited
extend
of
the
ancient
text
whose
and
translation
of
annual
reports
of
government
departments and public sector units among, English, Hindi and local
languages. To ease and facilitate this work, a majority of the Indian
Machine Translation (MT) systems are for English-Hindi translation.
Some of them are as below :
4.1) Rule-based Machine Translation (RBMT) : It is also known as
Knowledge-based Machine Translation or Classical Approach of MT.
It denotes that machine translation systems is based on linguistic
information about source and target languages, basically gathered
from (bilingual) dictionaries and grammars, covering the semantic,
morphological, and syntactic rules of both language. Having input
sentences (in some source language), an RBMT system generates them
to output sentences (in some target language). Anglabharati software
deals with machine translation from English to Indian languages,
primarily Hindi, using a rule-based transfer approach. Two different
types of rule-based machine translation systems (RBMT) are given.
They are
Example-based
machine
translation:
It
is
essentially
difficulty
to
deal
with
ambiguous
words,
idiomatic
5) Computer-Assisted Translation :
Computer-assisted translation or computer-aided translation, or CAT
is a form of language translation in which a translator uses computer
software to support and facilitate the translation process.
Computer-assisted translation is sometimes also called machineassisted, or machine-aided, translation. It is different than Machine
Translation. It has emerged to salvage the short-comings of Machine
Translation. The automatic machine translation systems available
today are not able to produce high-quality translations. Their output
needs to be edited by a human to correct errors and improve phrasing.
Computer-assisted translation (CAT) incorporates that manual editing
stage
into
the
software.
intelligence.
This
type
professional
translators.
It
of
collaborates
technology
Some
is
human
and
machine
widely
used
amongst
translation
professional
service
providers claim their superior service by stating that they dont provide
MT but CAT. Computer-assisted translation is a broad and imprecise
term and covers a wide range of tools, from simple to the complicated
one. These can include spell checker, grammar checker, electronic
dictionaries, either unilingual or bilingual, full text search tool, bi-text
aligners, translation memory tool (consisting of a database of text
segments in a source language and their translations in one or more
target languages) and concordance.
NCST
in
Mumbai
Indian
and
CDAC
Languages
Pune.
(TDIL),
an
The
Technology
initiative
of
the
in
Indian
Languages
(TDIL),
an
initiative
of
the
10
from English to Hindi. The focus is on the innovative use of manmachine synergy. The system breaks an English sentence into chunks,
analyzes the structure and displays the Hindi output. It is primarily
meant for translators, editors and content providers. Currently, it
works for simple sentences, and work is on to extend the coverage to
complex
sentences.
It
has
been
funded
by
TDIL.
MT
between
English,
Hindi
and
Marathi:
translation
tool
that
supports
post-editing.
Conclusion :
developed
and
regular
efforts
are
being
done
for
their
********
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