QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 1

General

Page 1

1.

GENERAL ...................................................................................................... 2

1.1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 2

1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3

Scope
References
Definitions

1.2

APPROVAL OF SUPPLY SOURCE .............................................................. 2

1.2.1

General Requirements

1.3

SAMPLES, TESTING AND SUBMITTALS .................................................... 2

1.3.1
1.3.2

General Requirements
Sample Panels

1.4

PRODUCT HANDLING .................................................................................. 3

1.4.1

Storage of Materials

1.5

WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................... 3

1.5.1

General Requirements

1.6

CLEANING..................................................................................................... 3

1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3

General Requirements
Brickwork
Concrete Masonry Units

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QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 1

General

Page 2

1.

GENERAL

1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.1

Scope

This Section covers the products, erection and all associated accessories for construction of
concrete and clay masonry unit blockwork as well as requirements for glass block units,
gypsum units, and stonework.

Related Sections and Parts are as follows:

Concrete
Thermal Insulation of Buildings
Finishes to Buildings
Painting and Decorating

1.1.2

References

The following standards referred to in this Part:

BS 6100

Glossary of building and civil engineering terms

1.1.3

Definitions

Definitions used in this Section follow the requirements of BS 6100 unless otherwise stated.

1.2

APPROVAL OF SUPPLY SOURCE

1.2.1

General Requirements

All products supplied under this Section must be obtained from an approved source.

The Contractor will not be permitted to change his source of supply without the permission of
the Engineer.

1.3

SAMPLES, TESTING AND SUBMITTALS

1.3.1

General Requirements

Samples of each type of masonry unit to be used shall be submitted to the Engineer for
approval before use. All subsequent units are to be up to the standard of the approved
samples.

Initially, twelve (12) units will be selected by the Engineer from the first batch of units
manufactured or delivered. The units shall be delivered by the Contractor to an approved
independent testing laboratory, or if the Engineer so directed, to the Government Materials
Testing Laboratory.

The sample is to be accompanied by the following written information:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

type of unit
means of identification of unit
name of manufacturer
type of masonry units making machine
capacity of plant and present stocks available
certificates stating that the units are suitable for the purpose for which they are to be
used.

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Section 24
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Section 13

Part 1

General

Page 3

A number of units to indicate colour range for exposed work to be submitted to the Engineer
for approval prior to commencement of the Works.

Further samples will be selected and tested as directed by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall submit details of his proposed methods for reinforcement to the
Engineer for approval. The Contractor shall also submit details of his proposed methods for
constructing lintels, anchors and anchor channels.

1.3.2

Sample Panels

Before any fair or faced masonry work is commenced, the Contractor is to erect one sample
panel, size 1800 mm long x 2000 mm high, of each type of finish to be used.

The panels should incorporate a typical opening detail and a typical corner detail, and a
typical movement joint.

Before starting face brickwork, the Contractor shall lay up a sample panel 2 m long by 1 m
high for the Engineers approval. Random piles of brick as delivered to the Site shall be used.
Brickwork to be incorporated in the Works is to match original sample brickwork panels as
approved by Engineer. Sample panels must not be removed until directed by Engineer.

1.4

PRODUCT HANDLING

1.4.1

Storage of Materials

Masonry units delivered to the Site are to be carefully unloaded and handled so as to prevent
chipping and breakage. Tipping of units will not be allowed.

The units are to be stacked on a level area in an orderly manner on planks or other suitable
supports to ensure that they are free from contact with the ground. Stored units shall be kept
under waterproof covers.

Packaged materials shall be stored in their original containers.

1.5

WORKMANSHIP

1.5.1

General Requirements

Tops of walls shall be covered with waterproof covering when the work is not in progress.

When starting or resuming work, loose mortar and foreign materials shall be cleaned from
the top surface of the work. Surfaces of clay type masonry shall be wetted before resuming
work.

Newly laid blockwork and brickwork shall be protected from the harmful effects of sunshine,
rain, drying wind, and surface water.

Blockwork shall be water cured for a minimum of three days.

Units that will be exposed to view in finished work shall be supplied in adequate quantities to
permit selection and mixing of brick from several deliveries in advance of laying. Units shall
be exposed to the atmosphere for minimum of two weeks before laying.

1.6

CLEANING

1.6.1

General Requirements

Clean exposed masonry surfaces on completion. Protect material liable to damage.

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Section 13

Part 1

General

Page 4

1.6.2

Brickwork

Cut out defective exposed new joints to a depth of approximately 20 mm and repoint.
Remove mortar droppings and other foreign substances from the wall surfaces. First wet
surfaces with clean water and then wash down with a solution of soapless detergent specially
prepared for cleaning brick. Brush with a stiff fibre brush and immediately after, hose down
with clean water. Clean surfaces from any traces of detergent, foreign streaks or stains of
any nature. Protect adjoining construction materials during cleaning operations. Use of
muratic acid for cleaning brickwork is prohibited.

1.6.3

Concrete Masonry Units

Immediately following setting, brush exposed surfaces free of mortar or other foreign matter.

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QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 2

Mortar and Grout

Page 1

2.

MORTAR AND GROUT ................................................................................. 2

2.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................ 2

2.1.1
2.1.2

Scope
References

2.2

MORTAR MATERIALS .................................................................................. 2

2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5

Preparation Requirements
Cement
Aggregates
Water
Lime

2.3

EPOXY........................................................................................................... 3

2.3.1

General Requirements

2.4

HIGH BOND................................................................................................... 3

2.5

GROUTS........................................................................................................ 4

2.5.1

General Requirements

2.6

PIGMENTS FOR COLOUR ........................................................................... 4

2.6.1

General Requirements

2.7

TUCK POINTING ........................................................................................... 4

2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.7.7

General
Protection
Existing Mortar Joints
Installation of Tuck Pointing Mortar
Tooling of Joints
Replacement of Masonry Units
Cleaning

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QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 2

2.

MORTAR AND GROUT

2.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

2.1.1

Mortar and Grout

Page 2

Scope
This Section specifies mortar and grout for masonry, glass blocks and stone work.

Related Parts and Sections are as follows:

2.1.2

This Section
Part 2
Part 3
Part 5
Section 5
References

The following standards are referred to in this Part:

Unit Masonry
Reinforced Unit Masonry
Masonry Laying
Concrete

ASTM C270 ---- Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
BS EN 459-1 -- Building lime. Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria
BS EN 934-3 -- Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar.
Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
BS EN 998-2 -- Specification for mortar for masonry. Masonry mortar
BS EN 12004 -- Adhesives for tiles. Requirements, evaluation of conformity, classification
and designation
BS EN 12878 -- Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or
lime. Specifications and methods of test
BS EN 13888 -- Grout for tiles. Requirements, evaluation of conformity, classification and
designation
PD 6472 -------- Guide to specifying the quality of building mortars
PD 6678 -------- Guide to the specification of masonry mortar

2.2

MORTAR MATERIALS

2.2.1

Preparation Requirements

The required class of mortar, together with the type of mix, shall be as described in
the Project Documentation.

Mortar shall be mixed only as and when required in the relevant proportions
indicated in Table 2.1, until its colour and consistency are uniform. The constituent
materials shall be accurately gauged allowance being made for bulking of sand.
Table 2.1
Mortar Mixes
Nominal Mix by mass and their compressive strength
Class Cement (C), Lime (L) & Cement (C) & Sand (S) Compressive strength at 28 days
Sand (S) with or without
with or without
N/ mm2
entrainment (kg)
entrainment (kg)
C

M2

70

50

740

85

775

M4

105

35

725

110

755

M6

135

25

700

155

710

M12

190

20

655

190

675

12

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Section 13

Part 2

Mortar and Grout

The inclusion of mortar plasticisers will not be permitted without approval of the
Engineer.

All mortar shall be conveyed fresh to the works as required for use. Mortar which
has begun to set or which has been site-mixed for a period of more than one hour
in the cases of Classes M2, and M6, and two hours in the case of classes M4 and
M12 shall not be used.

Plasticizing and set retarding mortar admixtures shall comply with BS EN 934-3
and shall be supplied with instructions for use.

Ready-mixed lime: sand for mortar and ready-to-use retarded mortar shall comply
with the relevant provisions of BS EN 998-2 or ASTM C270.

2.2.2

Cement

Cement is to comply with the relevant provisions of Section 5, Concrete.

Mortar for use in contact with the ground will be mixed using sulphate resistant
cement and comply with the relevant provisions of Section 5, Concrete.

2.2.3

Aggregates

Aggregates are to generally comply with the relevant provisions of Section 5,

Concrete.

2.2.4

Water

Water is to comply with the relevant provisions of Section 5, Concrete.

2.2.5

Lime

Lime for mortar shall be in the form of lime putty, complying with the relevant
provisions of BS EN 459-1.

2.3

EPOXY

2.3.1

General Requirements

Epoxy grouts shall comply with the relevant provisions of BS EN 12004, BS EN

13888 as applicable.

2.4

HIGH BOND

Mortar mixture is to consist of, by volume, one-part Portland cement, three-parts

sand with addition of water and liquid acrylic resin.

The mortar will have the following properties when tested in accordance with the
relevant provisions of PD 6678:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

compressive strength :
tensile strength :
flexural strength :
brick bond strength :

QCS 2010

minimum 20 N/mm, using 50 x 50 x 50 mm cubes

minimum 4 N/mm, using the 25 x 25 x 25 mm briquettes
minimum 6 N/mm, using flexural bar
minimum 3 N/mm, using crossed brick.

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Section 13

Part 2

Mortar and Grout

Page 4

2.5

GROUTS

2.5.1

General Requirements

The required class of mortar, together with the type of mix, shall be as described in
the Project Documentation.

Cement grout shall be mixed in the relevant proportions indicated in the Table 2.2
using the minimum quantity of water to ensure the necessary fluidity and to render
it capable of penetrating the work.
Table 2.2

Nominal Mix by Mass

Class

Cement

Sand

pfa

1
1
1
1
1
1

3
10
-

10
4

G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
3

Cement grout shall be used within one hour of mixing, except where containing a
retardant admixture.

Sulfate-resisting cement shall not be used as a constituent of grouts containing

pulverised fuel ash.

Grout to have a compressive strength of 17,500 kPa at 28 days.

2.6

PIGMENTS FOR COLOUR

2.6.1

General Requirements

Mineral pigments only to be used.

Any pigments used to colour cement or cement products should meet the
requirements of BS EN 12878.

Pigments shall be inert, stable to atmospheric conditions, alkali resistant and water
insoluble.

2.7

TUCK POINTING

2.7.1

General

This Clause specifies the requirements for tuck pointing of existing masonry and
stone work.

Mortars to comply with the relevant provisions of Clause 2.2 of this Part.

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Grout Mixes

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 2

Mortar and Grout

Protection

Newly pointed joints are to be protected from rain, until pointed joints are
sufficiently hard enough to prevent damage.

2.7.3

Existing Mortar Joints

The existing mortar joints (both bed and head joints) are to be cut out and removed
by means of a toothing chisel or a special pointers grinder, to a uniform depth of
20mm, or until sound mortar is reached. Care is to be taken so as not to damage
the edges of existing masonry units.

Remove all dust and debris from the joints by brushing, blowing with air or rinsing
with water.

2.7.4

Installation of Tuck Pointing Mortar

Immediately prior to application of mortar, the joints to be tuck-pointed are to be

dampened. After dampening, the masonry units should be allowed to absorb all
surface water prior to application of pointing mortar

The mortar is to be tightly packed into the joints in thin layers, approximately 5 mm
thick maximum.

Each layer should become thumbprint hard before applying the next layer.

The final layer is to be flush with surfaces of masonry units. When the mortar
becomes thumbprint hard, joints can be tooled.

2.7.5

Tooling of Joints

A jointing tool is to be used to produce a smooth, compacted, concaved joint.

Tool joints in patch work are to be finished to match the existing surrounding joints.

2.7.6

Replacement of Masonry Units

Mortar joints surrounding masonry units which are to be removed and replaced are
to be cut-out with a toothing chisel. The units which are to be removed may be
broken and removed, provided that the surrounding units to remain are not
damaged. Once the units are removed, old mortar is to be carefully chiselled out,
and all dust and debris are to be swept out with a brush. If the units are located in
a cavity wall, care should be exercised not to allow debris to fall into the cavity.

The surface of the surrounding units are to be dampened before the new units are
placed. The existing masonry should absorb all surface moisture prior to the
installation of the new replacement units. The contact surfaces of the existing
masonry and the new replacement masonry units are to be buttered with mortar.
The replacement masonry units should be centred in the opening and pressed into
position. Excess mortar is to be removed with a trowel head and bed joints are to
pointed. When the mortar becomes thumbprint hard, joints are to be tooled.

2.7.7

Cleaning

1
2

Exposed masonry surfaces shall be cleaned on completion.

Mortar droppings and other foreign substances shall be removed from the wall
surfaces.
Surfaces shall be wetted with clean water, and then washed down with a solution
of soapless detergent specially prepared for cleaning masonry. Brush with stiff
fibre brushes while washing, and immediately thereafter hose down with clean

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5

Section 13

Part 2

Mortar and Grout

Page 6

water. Free clean surfaces from any traces of detergent, foreign streaks or stains
of any nature.
Protect adjoining construction materials during cleaning operations.
Use of muratic acid for cleaning brickwork is prohibited.
END OF PART

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QCS 2010

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 3

Accessories

Page 1

3.

ACCESSORIES ............................................................................................. 2

3.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................ 2

3.1.1
3.1.2

Scope
References

3.2

ANCHOR AND TIE SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 2

3.2.1

Cavity Wall Ties

3.3

CONTROL JOINTS ........................................................................................ 2

3.3.1

Movement Joints

3.4

JOINT REINFORCEMENT ............................................................................ 3

3.4.1

Reinforcement for Concrete Block Masonry

3.5

LINTELS ........................................................................................................ 3

3.5.1

Precast or Cast In-situ Lintels

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Section 13

Part 3

Accessories

Page 2

3.

ACCESSORIES

3.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

3.1.1

Scope

This Part specifies anchor and tie system, joint control, reinforcement and lintels associated
with masonry works.

Related Parts and Sections are as follows:

General
Masonry Laying

Section 1
Section 6

General
Concrete

3.1.2

References

The following standards are referred to in this Part:

BS EN 845-1:2003+A1:2008 Specification for ancillary components for masonry. Ties,
tension straps, hangers and brackets
BS EN 10346:2009 ----------- Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products. Technical
delivery conditions
BS EN 10143:2006,----------- Continuously hot-dip coated steel sheet and strip. Tolerances
on dimensions and shape
BS EN 13658-2:2005 --------- Metal lath and beads. Definitions, requirements and test
methods. External rendering
GSO ISO 4998:2007,--------- Continuous hot-dip zinc-coated carbon steel sheet of structural
quality
ISO 14657:2005, -------------- Zinc-coated steel for the reinforcement of concrete

3.2

ANCHOR AND TIE SYSTEMS

3.2.1

Cavity Wall Ties

Cavity wall ties to comply with BS EN 845-1 and be of one of the following types as directed
by the Engineer or as noted in the Project Documentation:
(a)
(b)
(c)

Butterfly wall tie fabricated from stainless steel wire

Double triangle wall tie fabricated from stainless steel wire
Vertical-twist tie fabricated from stainless steel strip.

Ties fabricated from wire are not be used for cavities exceeding 75 mm.

All connections between masonry walls or partitions and concrete columns or walls shall be
made using propriety stainless steel ties secured to stainless steel fixing channels embedded
in the concrete.

3.3

CONTROL JOINTS

3.3.1

Movement Joints

Movement joints to be 12 mm wide and formed where indicated or where continuous runs of
block walling exceed 8 metres in length.

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Section 13

Part 3

Accessories

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The joints are to be straight and vertically formed with uncut faces of the blocks to each side
and filled with an approved compressible material manufactured specifically for building into
movement joints.

External joints are to be sealed with a mastic compatible with the joint filling material when
the block walling is thoroughly dry and the joint surfaces have been cleaned with a wire
brush or mechanical tool.

A primer is to be applied to the joint surface if specified by the manufacturer of the mastic.

Mastic sealing to unfilled movement joints to be on an approved foam backing strip placed to
ensure the correct depth of sealant.

3.4

JOINT REINFORCEMENT

3.4.1

Reinforcement for Concrete Block Masonry

Expanded mesh lath reinforcement is to be fabricated from minimum nominal thickness 0.3
mm as per BS EN 13658-2:2005 , or welded wire lath or mesh with a minimum weight of
0.87 kg/m as per BS EN 13658-2:2005; or Zinc coated steel with one of the surface quality
Types "B" or C with minimum zinc coating - 225 g/m as per BS EN 10346:2009, as
directed by the Engineer or Project Documentation.

The widths of reinforcement for various wall thicknesses to comply with Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
Expanded Steel Mesh Joint Reinforcement Widths
Block Thickness
(mm)

Reinforcement Width
(mm)

100

50

150

60

200

110

3.5

LINTELS

3.5.1

Precast or Cast In-situ Lintels

Precast or cast in-situ lintels to be manufactured in accordance with the relevant provisions
of Section 5.

An open joint not less than 12 mm are to be left between the ends of precast or cast in-situ
concrete lintels and the blocks adjacent to these ends. These open joints should be left as
long as possible during construction and not be filled in until plastering or other works
necessitate such filling.

Lintels are to have a minimum end bearing of 200 mm.

END OF PART

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QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

Page 1

4.

UNIT MASONRY ........................................................................................... 2

4.1

GENERAL ...................................................................................................... 2

4.1.1
4.1.2

Scope
References

4.2

CLAY MASONRY UNITS ............................................................................... 2

4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7

Clay Bricks
Clay Blocks
Classification of Clay Masonry Units
Requirements of Clay Masonry Units
Marking of Clay Blocks
Testing of Clay Blocks
Criteria of Technical Conformity of Clay Blocks

4.3

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS........................................................................ 5

4.3.1

General Requirements

4.4

CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS .................................................................... 5

4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4

Concrete Blocks
Manufacture of Concrete Blocks
Block Dimensions
Precast Concrete Bricks

4.5

GLASS UNITS ............................................................................................... 8

4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4

General Requirements
Submittals
Material Storage and Handling
Laying

4.6

GYPSUM UNITS ............................................................................................ 9

4.6.1

General Requirements

4.7

STONE WORK .............................................................................................. 9

4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
4.7.7
4.7.8
4.7.9
4.7.10

General Requirements
Anchorage Devices
Mortar
Fabrication
Installation
Wall Cladding
Paving and Flooring
Erection Tolerances
Submittals
Visual Mock-ups

4.8

CAST STONE .............................................................................................. 12

4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.8.4

General Requirements
Submittals
Product Delivery, Storage and Handling
Anchorage Devices

2
2
2
3
4
4
5
5
5
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
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QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

4.

UNIT MASONRY

4.1

GENERAL

4.1.1

Scope

This Part specifies clay and concrete masonry units.

Related Parts and Sections are as follows:

General
Mortar And Grout
Accessories
Masonry Laying

Section 1
Section 5
Section 15

General
Concrete
Thermal Insulation of Buildings

4.1.2

References

The following standards are referred to in this Part:

ASTM C270 -------- Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
ASTM C1364 ------ Standard Specification for Architectural Cast Stone
BS 187 -------------- Calcium silicate bricks
BS 1217 ------------ Cast stone
BS 6073-2 ---------- Precast concrete masonry units. Guide for specifying precast concrete
masonry units
BS EN 771 --------- Specification for masonry units
BS EN 772-2 ------ Methods of test for masonry units. Determination of percentage area of
voids in masonry units (by paper indentation)
BS EN 771-3 ------ Specification for masonry units. Aggregate concrete masonry units
(dense and light-weight aggregates)
BS EN 771-5 ------ Specification for masonry units. Manufactured stone masonry units
EN 771-1 ----------- Specification for masonry units. Clay masonry units
EN 771-2 ----------- Specification for masonry units. Calcium silicate masonry units
EN 998-2 ----------- Specification for mortar for masonry. Masonry mortar
PD 6678 ------------ Guide to the specification of masonry mortar

4.2

CLAY MASONRY UNITS

4.2.1

Clay Bricks

A clay brick is a masonry unit not exceeding 290 mm in length and 115 mm in height.

Semi-solid bricks are bricks having up to 25 % holes or cavities of their gross volume.

Cellular bricks contain the same voids as hollow bricks but with the cavities closed at one
end.

Clay bricks to conform to the requirement of EN 771-1.

4.2.2

Clay Blocks

A clay block is a masonry unit which exceeds in any of its normal dimensions the maximum
dimensions given for clay bricks in Clause 4.2.1-1.

4.2.3

Classification of Clay Masonry Units

Units shall be classified as follows:

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Part 3
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QCS 2010
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

Page 3

non-load-bearing blocks
blocks produced for use in non-load-bearing walls
load-bearing blocks
blocks produced for use in load-bearing walls.

4.2.4

Requirements of Clay Masonry Units

Clay masonry units shall be of a uniform shape, free from surface cracks which decrease
its properties. Its outer surface shall be serrated to increase the bonding force with the
mortar. It should be well burnt, of a uniform texture and free from pebbles of lime.

The dimensions of the clay masonry blocks for walls to be as given in Table 4.1.

Dimensions of Clay Masonry Blocks

Nominal Dimensions (mm)

Actual Dimensions (mm)

Length

Width

Height

Length

Width

Height

300

100

200

290

100

190

300

150

200

290

150

190

300

200

200

290

200

190

400

100

200

390

100

190

400

150

200

390

150

190

400

200

200

390

200

190

The tolerance in the actual dimensions of the blocks shall be 4 %, provided that the
difference between the largest actual dimension and the smallest one in the same
consignment does not exceed 5 % as shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
Dimensional tolerance
Dimension

Length

Width

Height

Size
(mm)

Permissible size
(mm)

Permissible difference between

largest actual size and smallest
one in one (consignment)

Largest

Smallest

390

406

375

20

290

302

278

15

200

208

192

10

150

156

144

7.5

190

198

182

10

Adjacent faces of the units are to be at right angles, and the tolerance of the squareness not
to exceed 2 mm for each 100 mm length.

The faces should have a plain surface, and the tolerance not to exceed 5 mm from the
straight line.

Water absorption of the units shall not exceed 25 % by weight for the individual block and 20
% by weight for the average of tested blocks.

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QCS 2010
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Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

Page 4

The compressive strength of the units, calculated for the total area including holes shall not
to be less than the limits shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3
Compressive Strength
Class of Block

Minimum Value for Compressive

Strength of One Block

Minimum Average of the

Compressive Strength

N/mm

(kg/cm)

N/mm

(kg/cm)

(60)

7.5

(75)

Class 12

12

(120)

15

(150)

Class

Marking of Clay Blocks

Every clay block is to be marked with the name of the manufacturer and/or his registered
mark.

The class of block should be shown on every load-bearing block.

4.2.6

Testing of Clay Blocks

The following tests are to be carried out on the representative sample taken according to
Clause 4.2.6-3 of this Part:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

appearance
dimensions
compressive strength
water absorption (optional)

Appearance and dimension tests are to be carried out on the same units that are to be
tested for compressive strength and water adsorption. Appearance and dimension tests are
to be carried out before the other referenced tests.

A representative sample is to be taken from the consignment not exceeding 15,000 blocks
as shown in Table 4.4. As for consignments exceeding that number, one excess block is to
be taken for each 1,000 additional blocks. The sample is to be taken at random during
loading or unloading by dividing the consignment into a convenient number of real or
imaginary sections. From each section, a corresponding number of units are to be taken,
provided that the total number of samples units is equal as shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4
Sample Sizes
Number of units in consignment

Number of units for each test

Appearance and size measurements (mandatory)

Compressive strength
(mandatory)

Water absorption
(optional)

5,000 or less

More than 5,000 and up to 10,000

10

More than 10,000 and up to

15,000

15

10

The methods of test for clay bricks shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions of EN
771-1.

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4.2.7

Criteria of Technical Conformity of Clay Blocks

The consignment is to be accompanied with a certificate indicating its conformity with all the
requirements of this standard.

The consignment is to be considered complying with this standard if the representative

sample passes all the mandatory tests mentioned in this standard.

Compressive test : the consignment will be considered complying with this standard if the
following two conditions are fulfilled:
(a)
(b)

Water absorption : the consignment is to be considered complying with this standard if the
following two conditions are fulfilled:
(a)
(ii)

each tested block should meet the minimum limit of water absorption mentioned in this
standard
the average water absorption for the tested blocks will meet the minimum limit of the
average water absorption mentioned in this standard.

If the tested units do not comply with the requirements of the appearance, dimension and/or
absorption tests, other units may be taken for testing. If these units do not pass the test(s),
the consignment is to be considered non-complying with this standard.

4.3

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS

4.3.1

General Requirements

Calcium silicate bricks are to conform to the requirements of EN 771-2.

The brick is to be constructed of sand consisting mainly of quartz or uncrushed siliceous

gravel or crushed siliceous gravel or crushed rock or a combination of such materials.

Suitable pigments may be mixed into the constituents to produced bricks of the required
colour.

4.4

CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

4.4.1

Concrete Blocks

Blocks to be made with ordinary Portland cement unless used below ground floor at natural
slab level in which case sulphate resisting cement is to be used.

All blocks are to be manufactured, supplied and tested in accordance with

and BS 6073-2.

Recycled Aggregates RA and Recycled Concrete Aggregates RCA could be used in

concrete blocks. Its proportion shall be not more than a mass fraction of 20% of coarse
aggregate and according to BS 8500-2 sec 6.2.2.

Recycled Aggregates RA and Recycled Concrete Aggregates RCA can be used up to 100%
of coarse aggregates, and if applicable then ACI 555 requirements shall be applied.

The use of blocks shall comply with Table 4.5. The minimum compressive strength of the
average of 10 blocks shall be as given in Table 4.5. The associated mortar requirements for
use with different applications for blocks is also provided in Table 4.5. Details of mixes for
the class of mortar specified is provided in Part 2 of this Section.

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BS EN 771-3

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each of the tested blocks meets the minimum limit of compressive strength mentioned
in this standard
the tested blocks meet the minimum limit of the average compressive strength
mentioned in this standard.

QCS 2010

Section 13

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Table 4.5
Compressive Strength
Classification

Minimum Compressive
2
Strength (N/mm )

Uses for which Blocks are Suitable

Class of Mortar

Average
of 10
Blocks

Lowest
Individual
Block

7.0

5.6

External non-load bearing walls

M6

10.4

8.3

Load bearing walls

M6

17.4

14

Load bearing walls below ground

M12

14.0

11.2

Soakaways and manholes

M12

4.0

3.6

Internal non-load bearing walls

M6

4.0

3.6

Roof Block

M4

4.0

3.6

Protective skins to foundations

M6

Manufacturer should label or clearly define the classification or the uses of the blocks in
factory.

Consultant or contractor should also mention the classification or the uses of the blocks in
request sheet when the samples submit for testing in laboratory.

The volume of the cavities in the block shall not exceed 50 % of the gross volume of the
block. The overall dimensions and wall and web thicknesses shall comply with Table 4.6.
Table 4.6
Block Dimensions and Wall and Web Thicknesses
Coordinating (nominal)
size (mm)

Work size (mm)

400 x 200 x 100

Minimum Thickness (mm)

Wall

Web

390 x 190 x 100

19

19

400 x 200 x 150

390 x 190 x 150

25

25

400 x 200 x 200

390 x 190 x 200

32

30

Notes:
(a)
(b)
9

Co-ordinating size is the size of the space allocated to the block including the
joints and tolerances.
Work size is the actual size for manufacture within the tolerances specified.

Subject to the tolerances specified in Table 4.7 and to any requirement for blocks with
special faces, all surfaces should be flat and rectangular and adjacent surfaces are to be at
right angles to one another with clearly defined undamaged arises.

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Classes

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

Page 7

Table 4.7
Block Tolerances
Dimensions

Work Size of Block

Length

+ 3 mm to - 5 mm

Height

+ 3 mm to - 5 mm

Thickness

2 mm for any measurement

1.5 mm for the average of 7 measurements in any one block.

Unless otherwise specified, all block faces are to provide a satisfactory bond for mortar,
plastering or rendering.

11

Each block manufactured from sulphate resisting cement is to be colour coded with an
identifying mark.

12

All connections between masonry walls or partitions and concrete columns or walls shall be
made using propriety stainless steel ties secured to stainless steel fixing channels
embedded in the concrete.

13

Full Water Absorption:

The average water absorption of the tested sample shall not exceed 5% and no individual
block shall have a water absorption greater than 5.5% (in accordance with CML Method 997).

14

Water absorption by capillarity method:

The manufacturer shall declare in g/ms the maximum water absorption coefficient due to
capillarity action of the exposed face of the unit.(according to EN 771-3:2003 )

4.4.2

Manufacture of Concrete Blocks

Blocks are to be manufactured in a vibrated/pressure block making machine using cement

and aggregate in the proportions required to produce the minimum strengths given in Table
4.5.

The design of the cavities and webs in hollow blocks is to be submitted to the Engineer for
approval before production commences.

The materials to be mixed in a mechanical mixer and placed in the block-making machine in
layers not exceeding 100 mm, each layer being thoroughly vibrated and compacted before
the addition of the next.

Immediately after manufacture the blocks are to be stacked on clean, level, non-absorbent
pallets in honeycomb fashion. The pallets are to be marked with the date of production (in
English and Arabic) and stored in a level curing and stacking area in such a manner that one
days production is separated from the next.

Blocks manufactured from mobile machines are to be cast on to a clean concrete

hardstanding. Each days production shall be easily identifiable and kept separate from the
next.

All blocks, however manufactured, are to be immediately protected from the effects of the
sun and wind by suitable moisture retaining coverings.

4.4.3

Block Dimensions

Block dimensions are to be measured in accordance with BS EN 772-2.

Blocks not exceeding 75 mm thick and blocks for use in the ground are to be solid unless
otherwise directed. All other blockwork is to be hollow.

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Precast Concrete Bricks

Precast concrete bricks are to conform to the requirements of BS 6073-2.

Precast concrete bricks are to be manufactured by compacting concrete under high pressure
into a mould.

The pressure employed is to be such that a high initial strength is achieved, enabling the
brick to be removed immediately, by extrusion, from the mould.

The cement used should be rapid hardening Portland cement and conform to the
requirements Part 3 of Section 5.

The aggregate used to be sand or manufactured sand.

4.5

GLASS UNITS

4.5.1

General Requirements

Glazing units shall incorporate expansion-contraction thermal foam tape, sealants, flashings,
and other items necessary for complete installation.

4.5.2

Submittals

The Contractor shall submit assembly instructions and installation drawings as required to
indicate methods on construction, location and spacing of anchorage, joinery, finishes, sizes,
shape, thickness of all materials and relationship to the adjoining work.

4.5.3

Material Storage and Handling

Material shall be stored in a dry place, off the ground, where temperature will not exceed 32
C handle material to prevent damage to finished surfaces. Do not install scratched or
damaged components.

After installation, finished surfaces shall be protected from damage caused by ensuing work.

4.5.4

Laying

The Contractor shall verify all applicable field dimensions and adjust as necessary to
accommodate the glazed wall.

The glass block grid system for the wall shall be assembled and sealed in accordance with
instructions furnished by the manufacturer.

The assembled glass block grid system frame shall be placed into a properly prepared and
sized rough opening and adjust until plumb and level. The grid system shall be screwed or
nailed into place utilising all predrilled holes in the nailing flange.

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QCS 2010

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Page 9

A foam tape gasket shall be adhered to each of the glass blocks according to instructions
furnished by manufacturer of the glass block grid system. The glass blocks shall be carefully
inserted into the grid system from the exterior side of the wall so that each block is pressed
against the T-Bar and the foam tape does not roll back.

Sealant to completely fill the channel shall be applied around each glass block and wipe
flush with the surface. The sealant shall be applied to the exterior frame corners according
to instruction furnished by the grid system manufacturer.

All exposed surfaces of the glass block grid system shall be cleaned with a clean, soft cloth
and mild hand soap using gentle rubbing action. Abrasive or solvent-type cleaner, detergents
or paint removers shall not be used.

All labels shall be removed from the glass blocks and cleaned with a soft cloth and water.

4.6

GYPSUM UNITS

4.6.1

General Requirements

Blocks for claustra walls are to be manufactured and built generally in accordance with the
preceding clauses for blockwork, except where otherwise noted below.

Blocks may be constructed of either

(a)
(b)
(c)

white gypsum plaster

concrete
white concrete using white Portland cement and white aggregates, as described in the
relevant provisions of Section 5, Concrete, or as described in the Project
Documentation.

All blocks are to be finished with a fine finish to an approved ornamental pattern and are to
be 100 m thick unless otherwise noted with slots in ends of blocks to receive reinforcement.

Claustra walls should be built with vertical straight joints reinforced with 12 mm mild steel
reinforcing bars vertically at each straight joint pinned to structure at each end and
surrounded solid with mortar.

Blocks are to be bedded in a mixture of white cement and sand (1:4) and struck pointed to
approval.

4.7

STONE WORK

4.7.1

General Requirements

Stone work includes rough cut stone, marble, limestone, granite.

Stone work shall be executed by an approved specialist sub-Contractor

Stone should be sound and free from defects which would impair strength, durability or
appearance. Each species of stone is to be provided from a single quarry. Quarries and
fabrication plants should be available for inspection by the Engineer.

All stone to be of soundness (hardness and density), texture, graining colour, tone and range
matching the Engineers sample.

Dielectric separator: Bituminous paint is to be used in accordance with the manufacturers

instructions and shall be approved by the Engineer.

Cushions: Clear plastic or neoprene, 25 by 50 mm, thickness as required.

4.7.2

Anchorage Devices

Anchors, dowels, cramps, plug anchors, angles, relieving anchors: Fabricated of stainless
steel or non ferrous metal (e.g. bronze) complying with thickness as required to system
imposed loads but not less than 5 mm.

Embedded items shall be of malleable iron castings or steel fabrications, thickness as

required to sustain imposed loads but not less than 5 mm thick products to be stainless steel
or non-ferrous. Devices embedded in concrete or masonry include the following:
(a)

edge inserts with tee-shaped wedge-action slot, with askew head bolt, washer and nut

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QCS 2010
(b)
(c)

Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

Page 10

dovetail anchor slots of size to receive specified anchor, filled with waterproof filler and
open face sealed
adjustable insert with square nut slinging in integral track.

Reinforcing mesh used for anchorage shall be stainless steel.

4.7.3

Mortar

Mortar shall comply with the relevant provisions of Part 2 of this Section. The cement used
for stone work mortar shall be white Portland cement. The Class of mortar

Mortar for setting stone flooring, steps and treads shall be Class M7 mortar. The grout shall
incorporate a waterproofing additive for wet area flooring.

Mortar for setting all other stone shall be Class M3 mortar. The mortar shall incorporate a
waterproofing additive for wet areas and exterior stone. The mortar shall incorporate a
shrinkage-reducing accelerator diluted with water in the ratio as recommended by the
manufacturer.

Pointing mortar: shall be Class M5 mortar with a mineral colouring admixture as required to
match the stone. The mortar shall incorporate a waterproof additive for exterior and wet area
pointing.

4.7.4

Fabrication

The Contractor shall accurately cut, dress, drill, fit and finish stonework to shapes and
dimension shown on the approved Shop Drawings. Exposed plane surfaces shall be made
true in line and exposed curved surfaces true in radius. The thickness of the stone shown is
the minimum thickness.

For wall facings, the Contractor shall do the following:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

cut exposed external corners of stone as shown

ease exposed external edges where shown
cut all other joints and edges square and at right angles to face, and with backs
parallel to face
make arises straight, sharp, true and continuous at joints
cut curved stone panels true to radius as shown to produce an even, flush curved
surface.

4.7.5

Installation

Dovetail anchor slots, wedge type inserts, and other items requiring building in to concrete or
masonry work shall be furnished in sufficient time so as not to delay the progress of the
work. Tie inserts shall be wired into reinforcing to prevent displacement. No forced entry
anchorage device will be allowed.

Stone shall be set in accordance with the approved Shop Drawings, level, plumb, square and
true with uniform joints, accurately aligned with grain running in the direction as approved by
the Engineer unless otherwise stated elsewhere in the Project Documentation. The work
shall match mock-ups.

Dowels, anchors and ties in shall be provided in sufficient quantity to eliminate rattle or
loose pieces and to ensure a rigid installation. The extent of the anchorage and installation
details shown are intended to indicate minimum requirements. In general, a minimum of one
2
anchor per 0.18 m is required, with additional anchorage provided where necessitated by
the size, thickness and setting or shape.

Steel backup support shall be provided for the stone work where shown on the Project
Drawings and as required to provide rigid installation. Steel support framing shall be
anchored securely to the building structure.

4.7.6

Wall Cladding

Relieving angles shall be set as required for the proper support of stone. Before setting, the
Contractor shall clean the stones and the backing. The stone shall be saturated with water
before setting in mortar in order to prevent total absorption of moisture from the mortar.

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Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

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Stone shall be set with two cushions per stone in every horizontal joint, extending full depth
of the stone and to within the dimension from the face as shown. Secure with anchors,
dowels, and cramps of approved construction, as required for a rigid and secure installation.
Fill anchorage holes with accelerated setting mortar. Rigidly secure strap anchors to the
backing.

Flashing materials shall be repaired to their original condition where they have been
punctured by anchorage or damaged during setting.

Cavities shall be kept behind the facing free of mortar or other foreign material.

Fill and seal joints as indicated in the Project Documentation.

4.7.7

Paving and Flooring

The following shall be performed by the Contractor when laying paving and flooring:
(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)

place reinforcing mesh in the setting bed

tamp the stone into the setting bed with mallet until firmly bedded to the proper level
remove stone, cover the back of the stone with wet cement and return to position on
the setting bed; before applying the wet cement, wet the back of the stone to prevent
major absorption of moisture from the cement
use cushions and spacers to maintain uniform jointing and setting.

Joints shall be grouted with water and neat cement by buttering the edges of the stones as
they are laid. Surplus joint cement cleaned from face of the stone immediately.

Where grinding is required to completely align and level joints, permit a minimum of six days
of setting time to elapse before commencing grinding. Perform grinding by wet abrasion, in a
manner as to retain the finish, to match the balance of stone paving, and so as to be free of
depressions and grind marks. The Contractor shall exercise care to avoid damage to or
soiling of adjacent work.

4.7.8

Erection Tolerances

The following maximum non-cumulative erection tolerances shall be complied with:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

variation from plumb

variation from level
variation in location
edge alignment

+/- 3 mm in storey height

+/- 3 mm in any bay
+/- 6 mm in any bay
1.5 mm

4.7.9

Submittals

Submittals shall be made in accordance with the relevant provisions of Section 1, General
and the following Clauses.

Shop Drawings: The Contractor shall submit shop drawings of the stonework showing in
detail the layout, jointing, anchors and dowels, dimensions, sizes and locations of cut-outs,
adjoining work, etc. Each piece on the Shop Drawings is to correspond to the identification
number on the back of each stone. The Contractor shall co-ordinate all components which
are specified elsewhere (flashing, insulation) which comprise the system into this submittal.
Shop Drawings shall be co-ordinated with all related trades.

Samples: The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer 600 x 600 mm sample panels with
cross-joints to show the sealant materials of each type and finish of stone required. The
samples shall show the full range of colour and texture expected in the finished work. In
addition the Contractor shall submit one (1) full size sample of each type and finish, falling in
the average colour and texture range. The Engineers review and approval of the sample is
to be for colour, texture and pattern only. Compliance with all other requirements is the
exclusive responsibility of the Contractor.

4.7.10

Visual Mock-ups

Following the approval of the samples, the Contractor shall construct mock-ups for approval
by the Engineer prior to installation. Mock-ups to be provided shall be as follows:

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QCS 2010
(a)

(b)

(c)

Section 13

Part 4

Unit Masonry

Page 12

wall facing: assembled to simulate the final condition, direction of graining, and
indicating joint conditions, use of spacers, shims, anchorage, relieving angles,
supports, and all other features of the final work
flooring: samples of flooring/skirting, etc, of each type of stone work specified is to
consist of a full pattern and be complete with all anchors, bedding, jointing, sealers,
etc., in accordance with approved shop drawings
provide mock-up for any other stonework as shown on the drawings and as required
by the Engineer.

CAST STONE

4.8.1

General Requirements

The requirements for manufactured stone for vertical applications and for trim, including
copings and sills shall comply with the relevant provisions of BS 1217 or ASTM C1364 and
reconstructed masonry shall comply with the relevant provisions of BS EN 771-5.

Cast stone work is to be executed by an approved specialist subcontractor.

All cast stone is to be sound and free from defects which would impair strength, durability or
appearance. Each type of stone is to be supplied from the same quarry. Quarries and
fabrication plants are to be available for inspection by the Engineer.

Joint sealing compounds used with stone will conform to Section 24, Part 15.

4.8.2

Submittals

Samples: The Contractor shall supply cast stone sample panels, size 200 x 200 x 300 mm,
for each colour and finish of stone for approval by the Engineer.

Shop Drawings: The Contractor shall provide drawings of cast stone work showing
anchorages for the approval of the Engineer.

Certificates: The Contractor shall provide certification documentation as necessary,

describing in detail testing laboratory facilities and qualifications of its principals and key
personnel. The Contractor shall also provide certification that the cast stone meets
requirements of the Project Documentation.

4.8.3

Product Delivery, Storage and Handling

Cast stone shall be cured for a minimum of 30 days before delivery. Each unit is to have the
date of manufacture impressed in the back of the stone.

Cast stone shall be stored under waterproof covers on boarding clear of the ground and shall
be protected from handling damage, dirt, stain, water and wind.

4.8.4

Anchorage Devices

Coping stones shall be anchored to the masonry with no less than two dowels to each stone.
Dowels may be either 8 mm stainless steel pipe 75 mm long or 12 mm diameter stainless
steel bars 75 mm long.

Course stones shall be anchored to the backing with one metal anchor for each 600 mm in
length. Each stone shall have not less than two anchors. Anchors are to be stainless steel 4
mm x 30 mm with the end in the stone turned down 25 mm and other end turned up to 50
mm
END OF PART

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4.8

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 5

Masonry Laying

Page 1

5.

MASONRY LAYING ....................................................................................... 3

5.1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 3

5.1.1
5.1.2

Scope
References

5.2

WORKMANSHIP ........................................................................................... 3

5.2.1

General Requirements

5.3

BLOCKWORK................................................................................................ 3

5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3

Setting Out of Blockwork

Wetting Blockwork Units
Laying of Blockwork

5.4

BRICKWORK ................................................................................................. 5

5.4.1
5.4.2

Brickwork Wetting and Brick Wetting Test

Brickwork Laying

5.5

REINFORCEMENT ........................................................................................ 6

5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5

General Requirements
Placing Reinforcing
High Lift Grouting of Cavity Walls
Low Lift Grouting of Cavity Walls
Water Penetration Testing

5.6

FAIR FACED BLOCK WALLS ....................................................................... 8

5.6.1

General Requirements

5.7

OPENINGS .................................................................................................... 8

5.7.1

General Requirements

5.8

INTERSECTING WALLS AND PARTITIONS ................................................ 8

5.8.1

General Requirements

5.9

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN WALLS OR PARTITIONS AND COLUMNS..... 9

5.9.1

General Requirements

5.10

JOINTS BETWEEN PARTITIONS AND FLOOR SOFFITS ........................... 9

5.11

5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9

CAVITY WALLS ............................................................................................. 9

5.12.1 General Requirements

5.13

3
4
4

FILLING HOLLOW BLOCK WALLS ............................................................... 9

5.11.1 General Requirements

5.12

SERVICES ................................................................................................... 10

5.13.1 General Requirements

5.13.2 Fixings

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10
10

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5.10.1 General Requirements

3
3

QCS 2010
5.14

Section 13

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Page 2

DAMP-PROOF COURSES .......................................................................... 10

5.14.1 General Description

5.15

Part 5

10

PROTECTION OF FINISHED WALLING ..................................................... 11

5.15.1 General Description

11

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QCS 2010

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 5

Masonry Laying

5.

MASONRY LAYING

5.1

INTRODUCTION

5.1.1

Scope

This Part specifies workmanship and setting out of masonry works.

Related Parts and Sections are as follows:

Mortar and grout
Unit Masonry

Section 6

Concrete

5.1.2

References

The following standards are referred to in this Part:

BS 743
BS 6398:1983
BS 6515:1984
BS 8215:1991

Materials for Damp-Proof Courses

Specification for bitumen damp-proof courses for masonry
Specification for polyethylene damp-proof courses for masonry
Code of practice for design and installation of damp-proof courses in
masonry construction

5.2

WORKMANSHIP

5.2.1

General Requirements

Work is to be performed by experienced workers under the direction of a qualified supervisor

who is fully aware of the Project requirements. Final work is to be equal to any sample
panels submitted to, and approved by, the Engineer.

5.3

BLOCKWORK

5.3.1

Setting Out of Blockwork

All blockwork is to be fully set out before laying commences to ensure:

(a)
(b)
(c)

correct bonding over all lengths of wall particularly at openings and piers
minimum cutting
compliance with Table 5.1

The average thickness of both vertical and horizontal mortar joints is to be 10 mm exclusive
of any key in the joint surfaces of the unit.

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Part 2
Part 4

Page 3

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 5

Masonry Laying

Page 4

Table 5.1
Setting Out of Blockwork

Item of Construction
Space between walls

Size and shape of wall

elements

Door, window and other

openings

Permissible Deviation
(mm)

At floor

20

At Soffit

30

Height up to 3,000 mm

40

Straightness in 5,000 mm

Verticality up to 2,000 mm

15

Level of bed joints in 3,000 mm

15

Position in plan of any point or

specified face in relation to nearest
grid line on the same level

15

Position in elevation from design

position

15

Level of sill or soffit for each 1,000

mm of width

with maximum of

15

Verticality of any point for each

1,000 mm of height
with maximum of

5
15

5.3.2

Wetting Blockwork Units

All blocks are to be adequately wetted with water before they are laid and the tops of walls
left off from the previous days work are to be similarly wetted before the new work
commences.

5.3.3

Laying of Blockwork

Block walls are to be built from undamaged blocks in stretcher bond unless otherwise
specified.

All bed and vertical joints are to be spread with mortar to ensure complete and solid bedding
and grouting through the full thickness of the wall. All keys in jointed surfaces must be
completely filled.

Mortar extending into the cavities of hollow blocks which are to be reinforced and filled shall
be removed.

Each block is to be adjusted to its final position in the wall whilst the mortar is still plastic.
Any block which is moved after the mortar has stiffened shall be removed and relaid with
fresh mortar.

Half blocks and special blocks are to be used as required to ensure correct bonding.

All perpends, quoins and joints are to be kept true and square, other angles are to be
plumbed and bed joints levelled as the work proceeds.

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Walls

Type of Dimensions

QCS 2010

Section 13

Part 5

Masonry Laying

Page 5

The work is to be carried out course by course not leaving any part more than 800 mm lower
than another. Work, which is left at different levels, is to be racked (stepped) back to the
approval of the Engineer.

In cavity wall construction both leaves are to be carried up together, not leaving any leaf
more than 400 mm below the other.

Partitions shall be 100 mm thick unless otherwise noted. Partitions having lavatories or
other plumbing fixtures secured to them back-to-back (or approximately so) are to be a
minimum of 150 mm thick. Solid concrete masonry units shall be built in where full units
cannot be used or where needed for the fixing of accessories. Bells or hubs of pipes must be
completely enclosed.

10

Reinforced masonry partitions are to fully extend to the underside of slabs.

11

When pipes or conduits or both occur in plastered partitions, at least one web of the hollow
masonry units must be retained.

12

When new masonry partitions start on existing floors, the existing floor finish material is to be
cut down to the concrete surface. New masonry partitions are not to abut any existing
plastered surfaces, except suspended ceilings.

5.4

BRICKWORK

5.4.1

Brickwork Wetting and Brick Wetting Test

Bricks shall be laid dry unless the following test indicates the need for wetting:
(a)

(b)

draw a 30 mm circle with wax crayon on bed surface of dry brick. Using a medicine
dropper, place 20 drops of water inside the circle and measure the time required for
absorption of the water
if water is absorbed in less than 1 minutes the brick must be wetted before being
laid.

Bricks are to have no visible moisture when laid.

5.4.2

Brickwork Laying

Unless otherwise specified elsewhere in the Project Documentation, bricks are to be laid in a
running bond with each course of masonry bonded at the corners. The bond of facing bricks
in existing buildings shall be matched. Before starting work, facing bricks shall be laid on the
foundation wall and the bond adjusted as needed for openings, angles, corners, etc.
Exposed brickwork joints are to be symmetrical about centre lines of openings. No brick
smaller than a half-brick shall be used at any angle, corner, break, or jamb. The bond pattern
shall be maintained plumb throughout. Jumping of the bond is prohibited. Brickwork shall be
anchored to concrete columns, beams and walls, to steel stud construction and to masonry
backup with ties and anchors in accordance with the relevant provisions of BS 5628.

Bricks shall be laid in a full bed of mortar. The mortar shall be spread over a few bricks at a
time and shall not be furrowed. The mortar bed shall be slightly levelled to incline towards
the cavity. The brick shall be placed before the mortar has had chance to stiffen. Head joints
in stretcher courses are to be completely filled with mortar. Bricks shall be pushed into place
so that the mortar oozes out at the top of the joints.

Before connecting new masonry with masonry previously laid masonry, loose bricks or
mortar shall be removed, and the previously laid masonry shall be cleaned and wetted. New
work is to be toothed into unfinished work.

Brick headers are not to project into the grout space.

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Cleaning holes are to be left in double cavity walls during construction by omitting units at
the base of one side of the wall. In general, clean-out holes are to be provided at each
location of vertical reinforcement.

Cavities shall be kept clean of mortar and debris. The cavity shall be cleaned every day
using a high pressure jet stream of water, compressed air, industrial vacuum, or by laying
wood strips on the metal ties as the wall is built. If wood strips are used, lift strips with wires
or heavy string as the wall progresses and before placing each succeeding course of wall
ties.

Exterior walls shall be built with 100 mm of facing brick, backed-up with inner leaf of brick or
concrete masonry units. Solid brick jambs shall be constructed not less than 200 mm wide
at exterior wall openings and at recesses.

Joints are not to be tooled until mortar has stiffened enough to retain a thumb print when the
thumb is pressed against the mortar, however, mortar is to be soft enough to be compressed
into joints. Joints in exterior face brick work shall be finished with a jointing tool to produce
smooth, watertight concave joints. Exposed interior joints in finished work shall be tooled to
a concave profile.

5.5

REINFORCEMENT

5.5.1

General Requirements

Expanded stainless steel mesh joint reinforcement, if specified, will be embedded in the
horizontal mortar joints not closer than 20 mm from the external face of the wall and, except
at movement joints, is to be continuous and lapped at least 75 mm at all passings. Full lap
joints are to be provided at angles.

Vertical bar reinforcement is to be properly positioned and secured against displacement.

The cavities containing the reinforcement are to be completely and solidly filled with the
specified concrete. The whole surface of the reinforcement is to be in contact with the mortar
or concrete. The minimum clear distance between the vertical bars and the block is to be 12
mm.

5.5.2

Placing Reinforcing

At the time of placement, steel reinforcement is to be free from loose flaky rust, mud, oil, or
other coatings that will destroy or reduce the bond.

Steel reinforcement is to be in place at the time of grouting. Horizontal reinforcement shall be

placed as the masonry work progresses.

The minimum clear distance between reinforcing and masonry units shall be 12mm.

The minimum clear distance between parallel bars shall be one bar diameter.

Vertical steel reinforcement shall be held in place by centring clips, caging devices, or other
approved methods.

Vertical bars shall be supported near each end, and at intermediate intervals not exceeding
80 bar diameters.

Horizontal reinforcement shall be set in a full bed of grout.

Reinforcement shall be spliced or attached to dowels by placing in contact and wiring

together.

Splices shall be staggered in adjacent reinforcing bars. Reinforcing bars shall be lapped at
splices at a minimum of 40 bar diameters.

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5.5.3

High Lift Grouting of Cavity Walls

Grout shall be placed by hand bucket, concrete hopper, or grout pump. Each lift of grout
shall be consolidated after free water has disappeared but before plasticity is lost.

When placing grout by the high lift method, the Contractor shall:
(a)
(b)
(c)

(b)

High lift grouting of double cavity walls should be undertaken in a single, continuous pour of
grout to the top of the wall in 1 m layers or lifts in the same working day, with a minimum
waiting period of 10 minutes between each 1 metre layer or lift. Each layer or lift of grout is
to be vibrated. The vibrator is to be extended 300 mm to 450 mm into the preceding lift to
close any shrinkage cracks or separation from the masonry units.

Grout for cavities of double cavity walls less than 50 mm wide should not be poured from a
height exceeding 300 mm.

5.5.4

Low Lift Grouting of Cavity Walls

Grout shall be placed by hand bucket, concrete hopper, or grout pump. Each lift of grout
shall be consolidated after free water has disappeared but before plasticity is lost.

Double cavity masonry walls are to be constructed and grouted in lifts not to exceed 200
mm. Slushing with mortar will not be permitted.

The grout space shall be kept clean from mortar droppings and clean the space before
placing the grout.

All grout is to be puddled with a grout stick during and immediately after placing.

The cores of concrete masonry units containing reinforcing bars shall be grouted as the
masonry work progresses. Slushing with mortar will not be permitted.

5.5.5

Water Penetration Testing

Seven days before plastering or painting, the Contractor shall test exterior masonry walls for
water penetration. The number and location of tests shall be as stated in the Project
Documentation or as directed by the Engineer.

Water shall be directed at masonry for a period of one hour at a time when wind velocity is
less than five miles per hour.

The areas showing moisture on the inside of the walls shall be corrected and re-tested to
insure that moisture penetration has been stopped.

Unless otherwise instructed, testing shall take place in the presence of the Engineer.

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not pour grout until the masonry wall has properly cured for a minimum of 72 hours
close cleaning holes with masonry units
place grout in one continuous operation (grouting of any section of a wall between
control barriers is to be completed in one day with no interruptions greater than one
hour)
provide vertical solid masonry dams across the grout space for the full height of the
wall at intervals of not more than 9 m

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5.6

FAIR FACED BLOCK WALLS

5.6.1

General Requirements

Fair faced block walls and walls built of facing blocks are to be constructed generally as
Clause 5.3.3 with particular care being taken to ensure:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

the specified bonding or joint pattern is consistent

the perpends are truly plumb for the full height
the blocks used are of the same texture and appearance to avoid a patchy effect
the colour of the mortar is consistent.

When a block has been placed in the wall, the extruded mortar is to be struck off flush, extra
care being taken to avoid smearing the mortar on the face of the block.

Joints are to be left to stiffen slightly (thumb print hard) and then be firmly compacted with a
jointing tool to the required profiles. The tooling of wet mortar will not be permitted.

If mortar droppings have struck to the blocks it must be allowed to dry and the surplus
removed by a trowel. The remaining residue shall be cleaned by rubbing with a small piece
of block and subsequent brushing down.

Where the cutting of blocks in fair face work is unavoidable, this should be done using a
mechanical saw.

The cutting of facing blocks will only be permitted where this can be achieved without a
visible alteration to the facing pattern.

5.7

OPENINGS

5.7.1

General Requirements

Openings are to be square and the jambs, vertical and formed with the uncut faces of the
blocks.

If door and window frames are to be built-in the requirements of Clause 5.3.4 of Section 18
shall be complied with and the fixing cramps built-in solid in the mortar joints.

The jamb walling is to be built up against the frame all round as the work proceeds.

5.8

INTERSECTING WALLS AND PARTITIONS

5.8.1

General Requirements

Walls and partitions are to be bonded or tied to one another at junctions, unless movement
joints are indicated.

If ties are used they should consist of 3 x 20 mm stainless or galvanized steel as directed by
the Engineer fully embedded in the horizontal mortar joints at vertical spacings not
exceeding 600 mm.

The ends of the ties are to project a minimum of 75 mm into each wall or partition.

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CONNECTIONS BETWEEN WALLS OR PARTITIONS AND COLUMNS

5.9.1

General Requirements

All connections between block walls or partitions and concrete or steel columns are to be
reinforced at maximum 400 mm centres by means of stainless steel or zinc coated expanded
metal as directed by the Engineer or approved proprietary ties shot fired to the column and
built into and fully embedded in the mortar joints of the block walls or partitions.

Stainless steel or expanded metal ties as directed by the Engineer are to be a width that will
allow 20 mm clearances from each face of the wall or partition and be embedded for a
minimum distance of 200 mm in the mortar joint.

5.10

JOINTS BETWEEN PARTITIONS AND FLOOR SOFFITS

5.10.1

General Requirements

Non-load bearing internal walls and partitions shall be built-up to leave a 20 mm joint
between the top of the wall or partition and the soffit of the slab.

After the walling has thoroughly dried out and after the expected deflection in the slab due to
dead load has taken place, the joint is to be filled solid with a Class M7 mortar in accordance
with the relevant provisions of Part 2 of this Section.

Where concrete slabs are supported on blockwork, a layer of polythene sheet is to be

provided between the top of the wall and the slab for the full width of the wall.

5.11

FILLING HOLLOW BLOCK WALLS

5.11.1

General Requirements

In the following situations, the cavities of hollow block walls are to be filled solid with either
Class M7 mortar in accordance with the relevant provisions of Part 2 of this Section or
concrete Grade C15:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

jambs of all openings

ends, angles and junctions of walls and partitions
junctions of walls and partitions with columns
at sills
at tops of partitions, if so specified
to provide a solid fixing for false ceiling perimeters

The filling to courses is to be supported on a strip of expanded metal lathing embedded in

the joint below.

Walls which are to be filled solid are to be built up in lifts not exceeding 1,200 mm and be
filled after allowing a minimum period of 24 hours to elapse to enable the mortar to harden.
The initial compaction of the concrete is to be carried out by hand using a 25 x 50 mm
wooden rod or by vibrator. The final compaction shall take place 10-15 minutes after initial
compaction.

5.12

CAVITY WALLS

5.12.1

General Requirements

Cavity walls are to consist of two walls separated by a minimum space of 50 mm and
bonded together with stainless steel or approved other cavity wall ties.

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5.9

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The air space between the walls is to be kept clear and clean of mortar droppings by the use
of laths drawn up the cavity as the work proceeds or by other approved methods.

Any mortar which inadvertently falls on wall ties is to be removed.

Wall ties are to be spaced at the intervals given in the Table 5.2 unless otherwise indicated
elsewhere in the Project Documentation. Additional ties are to be provided in each course
within 250 mm of openings or at end wall situations and on each side of movement joints.
Table 5.2
Spacing of Wall Ties in Cavity Walls
Maximum Horizontal Spacing
(mm)

Maximum Vertical Spacing

(mm)

50 - 75

1,000

400

75 - 100

800

400

100-150

500

400

Notes:
(a) The spacing of ties may be varied providing that the number per unit area is maintained.
(b) The Table is applicable to cavity walls constructed of two blockwork skins.

5.13

SERVICES

5.13.1

General Requirements

Where walls are constructed of hollow blocks, the mechanical and electrical services are to
be run in the cavities of the blocks wherever possible. No services are to run within the cavity
of a cavity wall.

Where chases have to be cut, suitable power tools, as approved by the Engineer, are to be
used.

5.13.2

Fixings

Where fixing blocks, anchors, accessories, wall ties, etc., are specified they are to be built
into the walls or partitions and solidly bedded in mortar.

Fixings which are not built-in are to be drilled or shot fired to the blockwork.

Expanded bolt fixings are only to be drilled into solid blocks or blocks having their cavities
filled solid.

5.14

DAMP-PROOF COURSES

5.14.1

General Description

Damp-proof courses shall comply with the relevant provisions of BS 743 or one of the other
references mentioned in 5.1.2.

Damp-proof courses are to extend through the full thickness of the wall, including pointing,
applied rendering or any other facing material.

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Cavity Width
(mm)

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The mortar bed upon which the damp-proof course is to be laid is to be even and free from
projections liable to cause damage to the damp proof course.

Where the damp-proof course is situated in a hollow block wall, the blocks are to be filled
solid in the course below the damp proof course.

All damp-proof courses are to be solidly bedded in mortar.

Joints of all damp-proof courses shall be lapped a minimum of 100 mm at all passings and
sealed.

5.15

PROTECTION OF FINISHED WALLING

5.15.1

General Description

All newly or partially built walls are to be protected against drying out too rapidly in the suns
heat by covering with hessian or other approved material which is to be kept wet for a
minimum of 3 days.

END OF PART

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