Anandababu N

BITS ID: 201518BT017

Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement
Q1 . The resistance R ( ) of a thermostat at temperature K is given by
R ( ) = exp ( / ). Given that the resistance at the ice point ( = 273.15 K) is
9.00 k and the resistance at the steam point is 0.50 k, find the resistance at 25 C.
Ans :
From the equation R( ) = exp(/ ).
Given the resistance at the ice point ( = 273.15 K) is 9.00 k
9 k = exp ( / 273.15 ). Ice point = 0 deg C
the resistance at the steam point is 0.50 k
= 0.50 k = exp ( / 373.15 ). Steam point is at 100 deg C
To find the resistance at 25 C we should be calculate the value of and
=

= exp ( / 273.15 )

9 k

0.50 k = exp ( / 373.15 )

18 k = exp( / 273.15 ) / exp ( / 373.15 )

equating both sides we get
e ^ ( / 273.15 )

= 18 k

e ^ ( / 373.15 )

( / 273.15 )

= ln (18)

( / 373.15 )

273.15

373.15

ln (18)
(Logarithmic)

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement
373.15 273.15
101925.9225

= ln (18)

373.15 273.15 = ln (18) x 101925.9225

100 = 294603.807
= 2946.03
By using the value of in the one of the above equation to find the value of
= 9 k / exp(2946.03 / 273.15 )
= 1.86 10^4
the resistance at 25 C.
R(298.15k) = (1.86 10^4)* exp( 2944.2 / 298.15 )
R(298.15k) = 3.62 k = R ( 25 C) - Ans

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Q2. A thermometer is initially at a temperature of 70F and is suddenly placed in a

liquid which is maintained at 300 F. The thermometer indicates 200 and 270F after
intervals of 3 and 5 s, respectively. Estimate the time constant for the Thermometer.
T0 = 70 deg F
Tf = 300 deg F
At Time interval of 3 sec, the rise in temperature T1 = 200 deg F
At Time interval of 5 sec, the rise in temperature T2 = 270 deg F
Find Time constant = ???
T Tf

= e - ( t / RC)

T0 Tf
RC = time constant
200 300

T1 Tf
T0 Tf

1 - 0.632 = 0.368
RC = 3.4 sec

= 0.4347 at 3 sec @ temp = 200 deg F

270 300

T2 Tf
T0 Tf

70 - 300

70 - 300

= 0.1304 at 5 sec = @ temp = 270 deg F

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Q 3.
A thermometer has a time constant of 10 s and behaves as a first order system. It is
initially at a temperature of 30C and then suddenly subjected to a surrounding
temperature of 120 C. Calculate the 90% rise time and the time to attain 99% or the
steady state temperature.
T0 = 30 deg C at t = 0 ; Tf = 120 deg C at steady state
Time constant - RC = 10 sec
For the 90% rise time
e - ( t / RC) = 0.1 and
ln (0.1) = - t / RC
Therefore t = ln (0.1) x RC =
e (- t / RC) = 0.1
- t = ln ( 0.1 ) x RC
- t = - 2.302 RC ; t = 2.302 RC,
t = 23.02 sec
for 99% rise steady state temperature
= e (- t / RC) = 0.01
= - t / RC = ln (0.01)
= - t / RC = - 4.605 , t / RC = 4.605
t = 4.605 RC & t = 4.605 x 10
t (99%) = 46.05 sec

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement
Q4: A force sensor has a mass of 0.5 kg, stiffness of 210 2 Nm1 and a damping
constant of 6.0N s m1.
(a) Calculate the steady-state sensitivity, natural frequency and damping ratio for the
sensor.
(b) Calculate the displacement of the sensor for a steady input force of 2 N.
(c) If the input force is suddenly increased from 2 to 3 N, derive an expression for the
resulting displacement of the sensor
Soln :
mass m = 0.5 kg, stiffness k = 2 x 102 Nm-1 ; = 0.2 Nm;
damping constant = 6.0 N sm-1 =
Steady state sensitivity K = 1 / k
= 1 / (2 x 102 Nm-1) = 0.005 Nm-1
undamped natural frequency = wn = (k / m) rad / s
( 2 x 102 / 0.5) = 20 rad / s
damping ratio = / 2( km) ; damping ratio = 6.0 N sm-1 / 2( 2 x 102 x 0.5) = 0.3
under damped natural frequency = wd = wn. ( 1- 2 ) = 20 x ( 1- 0.32 ) = 19.07 rad / s
b) displacement of the sensor for steady input force of 2 N
x = F / k ; F = 2 N; k = 2 x 102 Nm-1 = 2 / 2 x 102 Nm-1 = 0.01 m
displacement x = 0.01 m
c) Resulting displacement of the sensor
As damping ratio = 0.3 < 1 (underdamped condition)

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

f o (t) = 1- e ^ (0.3 x 20 x t) [ cos 20 ( 1- 0.32 ) t +

0.3

2
sin 20 x ( 1- 0.3 ) t ]

( 1- 0.32 )
f o (t) = 1- e ^ (6 t) x [ cos 19.07 t + 0.3145 x sin 19.07 t ] meters
Steady state displacement is given below

Steady state sensitivity = 0.005

step height = 1 (change in force = 2 N to 3 N)
unit step response = f o (t)
Hence, steady state displacement as below
= 0.005 x 1 x 1- e ^ (6 t) x [ cos 19.07 t + 0.3145 x sin 19.07 t ] meters

Q5 :
An elastic force sensor has an effective seismic mass of 0.1 kg, a spring stiffness of
10N m1 and a damping constant of 14 N s m1. Calculate the following quantities:
(i) sensor natural frequency (ii) sensor damping ratio
(iii) transfer function relating displacement and force.
Soln :
i) sensor natural frequency,
mass m = 0.1 kg, spring stiffness k = 10 Nm-1 ; = damping constant = 14 N s m1
undamped natural frequency wn = (k / m) rad / s
undamped natural frequency wn = (10 Nm-1 / 0.1 kg) rad / s
= 10 rad / s
Sensor damping ratio = / 2( km) ;

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Sensor damping ratio = 14 N s m1 / 2( 10 Nm-1 x 0.1 kg) = 7 ;

G (s) =

(1 / 10)2 s 2 +( ( 2 x 7 ) / 10 )) s + 1

1 x 10 - 1

G (s) =
(10 - 2 x

s 2 +( 2 x 7 )

s+1

1 x 10 - 1

G (s) =
(10

-2

s 2 + 14

s+1

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Q6. A force sensor has an output range of 1 to 5 V corresponding to an input range

of 0 to 2105 N. Find the equation of the ideal straight line.
Output Omin = 1 V ; Output Omax = 5 V ; Input I min = 0 N ; Input I Max = 2 x 105 N

51

2 x 105 0

= 0.00002

K = 0.00002

a = Omin K I min = 1 - 0.00002 x 0

a=1

Oideal = KI + a
Oideal = 0.00002 I + 1

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Q7: A non-linear temperature sensor has an input range of 0 to 400 C and an output
range of 0 to 20 mV. The output signal at 100 C is 4.5 mV. Find the non-linearity at
100 C in millivolts and as a percentage of span.
Solution :
Input Imin = 0 deg C; Input Input Imax = 400 deg C
Output Omin = 0 V ; Output Omax = 20 mV ; Output O = 4.5 mV ; Input I = 100 deg C

20 0

400 0
K = 0.05

a = Omin K I min = 0 - 0.05 x 0

a=0

O ( I ) = 0.05 ( I ) + 0
O ( I ) = 0.05 (100 ) = 5 mV (for Input temp @ 100 deg C)
O (100) = 4.5 mV
N ( I ) is the difference between actual & ideal straight line behaviour

N ( I ) = 4.5 ( 0.05 x 100 + 0); where N ( I ) is non linearity

N ( 4 ) = - 0.5

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Non linearity % =

- 0.5

x 100 %

Nl = 2.5 %

20 - 0

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q8: A force sensor has an input range of 0 to 10 kN and an output range of 0 to 5V at

a standard temperature of 20 C. At 30 C the output range is 0 to 5.5 V. Quantify this
environmental effect.
Solution :
Input Imin = 0 ; Input Imax = 10 KN ; Output Omin

= 0 ; Output Omax = 5 v @

standard temperature T = 20 deg C,

@ temperature = 30 deg C ; Output Omin = 0 v ; Output Omax = 5.5 V

K for temp T = 20 deg C

K

50

K = 0.5

10 0

K1 for temp T = 30 deg C

K

5.5 0
10 0

K1 = 0.55

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement
K1 = K+KM x IM
K = sensitivity
KM = Modifying sensitivity w.r.t environment , temp variation
IM = modifying input i e., change in temp = 20 30 = 10
0.55 = 0.5 + 10 KM
KM = 0.005 V KN-1 C-1

a = 0 0.5 x 0 = 0

O (ideal) = 0.5 x 30 + 0 = 15

N ( I ) = 15 (0.5 x 30 + 0)
N(I)=0

As no shift of the curve to the axis I or O, then:

KI = 0

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Q9: A pressure transducer has an input range of 0 to 104 Pa and an output range of 4
to 20 mA at a standard ambient temperature of 20 C. If the ambient temperature is
increased to 30 C, the range changes to 4.2 to 20.8 mA. Find the values of the
environmental sensitivities KI and KM.
Solution
Omax = 20 mA ; Omin = 4 mA ; Imax = 104 ; Imin = 0 ; @ temp = 20 deg C
Omax = 20.8 mA ; Omin = 4.2 mA @ temp = 30 C
IM = 30-20 = 10 C

T ambient = 20C

T ambient = 30C

II = 30-20 = 10C

IM = 30-20 = 10C

K = Omax Omin
Imax Imin

K1 = Omax Omin
Imax Imin

a1 = a+KI.II

K1 = K + KM.IM

4.2 = 4+10KI

0.1596=0.158+10KM

K = 20 - 4
104 - 0

K1 = 20.8 - 4.2
104 - 0

KI = 0.02 mA C-1

KM = 6 x 10 -4 mA Pa-1 C-1

K = 0.1538

K1 = 0.1596

a = Omin KImin

a = Omin KImin

a=4

a1 = 4.2

KI = 0.02 mA C-1
KM = 6 x 10 -4 mA Pa-1 C-1

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Q10: Following Figure shows a block diagram of a force transducer using negative
feedback. The elastic sensor gives a displacement output for a force input; the
displacement sensor gives a voltage output for a displacement input. VS is the
supply voltage for the displacement sensor. Calculate the output voltage V0 when
(i) VS=1.0 V, F =50 N (ii) VS =1.5 V, F =50 N.

K = sensing element

Force transducer

= 10-4

KA = Amplifier gain

Amplifier

= 103

Kf = Feedback element =

Coil and magnet

= 10

Km x Im = Modifying Input =

Displacement sensor

= 100 x Vs

Fin = Input Force

= 50 N

= Output Voltage V0 =
= Output Voltage V0 = for Input force 50 N & Vs = 1.0 V
(10-4 + 100 x 1) x 103
1 + (10- 4 + 100 x 1) 103 x 10

x 50

= 4.995 V

Anandababu N
BITS ID: 201518BT017
Assignment 1 Engineering Measurement

Output Voltage V0 = for Input force 50 N & Vs = 1.5 V

(10-4 + 100 x 1.5) x 103
1 + (10- 4 + 100 x 1.5) 103 x 10

x 50
= 4.997 V

This means that the system output depends only on the gain KF of the feedback element
and is independent of the gains K and KA in the forward path. Changes in K and KA due
to modifying inputs and/or non-linear effects have negligible effect on VOUT.