Chapter 2

Network Models

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

2-1 LAYERED TASKS

A network model is a layered architecture

Task broken into subtasks

Implemented separately in layers in stack
Functions need in both systems
Peer layers communicate

Protocol:

A set of rules that governs data communication

It represents an agreement between the communicating
devices

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy (services)
Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

2-2 THE OSI MODEL

Established in 1947,
1947, the International Standards
ISO) is a multinational body
Organization (ISO)
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards..
standards
An ISO is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI
OSI))
model is the standard that covers all aspects of
network communications from ISO.
ISO. It was first
introduced in the late 1970s
1970s.

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

Layered Architecture
Layers
Layer 7. Application
Layer 6. Presentation
Layer 5. Session
Layer 4. Transport
Layer 3. Network
Layer 2. Data Link
Layer 1. Physical

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

Layered Architecture

A layered model
Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform
more primitive functions
Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers
The processes on each machine at a given layer are
called peer-to-peer process

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

PEER TO PEER PROCESS

Communication must move downward through the layers on

the sending device, over the communication channel, and
upward to the receiving device

Each layer in the sending device adds its own information to

the message it receives from the layer just above it and passes
the whole package to the layer just below it

At the receiving device, the message is unwrapped layer by

layer, with each process receiving and removing the data
meant for it

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

PEER TO PEER PROCESS

The passing of the data and network information down through

the layers of the sending device and backup through the layers
of the receiving device is made possible by interface between
each pair of adjacent layers

Interface defines what information and services a layer must

provide for the layer above it.

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

Topics discussed in this section:

1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

1. Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

Function

Physical characteristics of interfaces and media

Representation of bits
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration (point-to-point or multipoint)
Physical topology (mesh, star, ring or bus)
Transmission mode ( simplex, half-duplex or duplex)

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

2. Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

Function

Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

Example 1
In following figure a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node
with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected within the same
network. At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in the
header. These are the only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains
other information needed at this level at the receiver side. The trailer usually
contains extra bits needed for error detection

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

3. Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

Source-to-destination delivery
Responsible from the delivery of packets from the original
source to the final destination
Functions

Logical addressing

routing

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

Example 2
We want to send data from a node
with network address A and
physical address 10, located on
one LAN, to a node with a
network address P and physical
address 95, located on another
LAN. Because the two devices are
located on different networks, we
cannot use physical addresses
only; the physical addresses only
have local influence. What we
need here are universal addresses
that can pass through the LAN
boundaries.
The
network
addresses have this characteristic.

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

4. Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.

Process-to- process delivery

Functions

Port addressing

Segmentation and reassembly

Connection control ( Connection-oriented or connection-less)

Flow control

Error control

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

Example 3
Following Figure shows an example of transport layer communication. Data coming
from the upper layers have port addresses j and k (j is the address of the sending
process, and k is the address of the receiving process). Since the data size is larger
than the network layer can handle, the data are split into two packets, each packet
retaining the port addresses (j and k). Then in the network layer, network addresses
(A and P) are added to each packet.
Source A

Destination P

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

5. Session Layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
 It establishes, maintains and synchronize the
interaction between communicating system
 Function


Dialog control

Synchronization (checkpoints)

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
 Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two system
 Functions
 Translation ( EBCDIC-coded text file  ASCII-coded file)
 Encryption and Decryption
 Compression

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

7. Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

Functions

Network virtual terminal (Remote log-in)

File transfer and access

Mail services

Directory services (Distributed Database)

Accessing the World Wide Web

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan

Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

OSI Model
Data unit
User
support Data
layers
User
Network

Layer

Function

7. Application

Network process to application

6. Presentation

Data representation and encryption

5. Session

Inter-host communication

Segment 4. Transport

End-to-end connections and reliability

Packet

3. Network

Path determination and logical

addressing

2. Data Link

Physical addressing

1. Physical

Media, signal and binary transmission

Network
support Frame
layers
Bit

Based on
Data Communications and Networking, 4th Edition. by Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007

Dr. Mznah Al-Rodhaan