David Frawley - How I Became A Hindu

HOW I BECAME A HINDU
My Discovery of Vedic Dharma
By
David Frawley
(Pandit Vamadeva Shastry)
How I Became a Hindu – David Frawley
Contents
 Foreword
 Preface
 Introduction
 Early Years
 Spiritual Paths And Discovery of The Vedas
 India and Hinduism, the Spiritual Traditions
 Discovery Of Social And Political Hinduism
 Journalistic Work
 Ancient India And Vedic Knowledge
 Hindu Groups In The West
 Additional Studies Of Christianity And Islam
 Return Of The Pagans
 Debate With The Archbishop Of Hyderabad
 The Debate Goes On
 Systems Of Vedic Knowledge
 Towards a New Western Hinduism
 Conclusion
 The Meaning Of The Term Hindu
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Foreword
We live in the age of science. The frontiers of our

knowledge are receding everyday. The method of
science is empirical: it uses experiment to verify or
to refute. Science has dispelled miracles from the
physical world and it has shown that physical laws
are universal. Technology had made astonishing
advances and a lot that was the stuff of religious
imagination has been brought under the ambit of
science.
Why should we then be interested in the subject of

conversion to Hinduism? Isn't this the age of
questioning old-style religion in the manner of
Why I am not a Christian by the great British
philosopher, Bertrand Russell, or the more recent
Why I am not a Muslimby Ibn Warraq?
David Frawley's remarkable spiritual

autobiography answers this question and many
more. In a fascinating narrative, he walks us
through his own discovery of how the stereotype
of Hinduism presented by schoolbooks as a
tradition of worship of many gods, social inequity,
and meaningless ritual is false.
Not that there are not social problems in Hindu

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society, but these problems are a result of historical

processes, India's political and economic
vicissitudes of the last few centuries, and not
central to the essence of Hinduism. Apart from this
and, more significantly, he provides us a portrait of
living Hinduism as mirrored by his own life
experience.
Just as there can be only one outer science, so there

can be only one inner science of the spirit. One can
only speak of levels of knowledge and
understanding. The dichotomy of believers and
non-believers, where the believers are rewarded in
paradise and the non-believers suffer eternal
damnation in hell, is naive.
Also, since the physical universe itself is a

manifestation of the divine, the notion of guilt
related to our bodily existence is meaningless.
Modern science, having mastered the outer reality,
has reached the frontier of brain and mind.
We comprehend the universe by our minds, but

what is the nature of the mind? Are our
descriptions of the physical world ultimately no
more than a convoluted way of describing aspects
of the mind –the instrument with which we see the
outer world? Why don't the computing circuits of
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the computer develop self-awareness as happens in

the circuitry of the brain? Why do we have free-
will when science assumes that all systems are
bound in a chain of cause-effect relationships?
Academic science has no answers to these
questions and it appears that it never will.
On the other hand, Vedic science focuses on

precisely these conundrums. And it does so by
gracefully reconciling outer science to inner truth.
By seeing the physical universe to be a
manifestation of the transcendent spirit, Hindus
find meditation on any aspect of this reality to be
helpful in the acquisition of knowledge. But
Hindus also declare that the notion that the
universe consists of just the material reality to be
false.
Here Hindus are in the company of those scientists

who believe that to understand reality one needs
recognize consciousness as a principle that
complements matter. We cannot study the outer in
one pass; we must look at different portions of it
and proceed in stages. Likewise, we cannot know
the spirit in one pass; we must look at different
manifestations of it and meditate on each to
deepen understanding.
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There can be no regimentation in this practice.

Hinduism, by its very nature, is a dharma of many
paths. Thomas Jefferson would have approved. He
once said, "Compulsion in religion is distinguished
peculiarly from compulsion in every other thing. I
may grow rich by an art I am compelled to follow;
I may recover health by medicines I am compelled
to take against my own judgment; but I cannot be
saved by a worship I disbelieve and abhor.'' Not a
straitjacket of narrow dogma, Hinduism enjoins us
to worship any manifestation of the divine to
which one is attuned.
Yoga is the practical vehicle of Hinduism and

certain forms of it, such as Hatha Yoga, have
become extremely popular all over the world. This
has prepared people to understand the deeper,
more spiritual, aspects of Yoga, which lead
through Vedanta and the Vedasto the whole
Hindu tradition.
Hindu ideas were central to the development of

transcendentalism in America in the early decades
of the 19th century. That movement played a
significant role in the self-definition of America.
Hindu ideas have also permeated to the popular
consciousness in the West – albeit without an
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awareness of the source – through the works of

leading writers and poets. In many ways
Americans and other Westerners are already much
more Hindu than they care to acknowledge.
Consider the modern fascination with spirituality,

self-knowledge, environment, multiculturalism;
this ground was prepared over the last two
hundred years by Hindu ideas. David Frawley is
one of the most prominent Hindus of our times. He
has made fundamental contributions to our
understanding of the Vedas; he has also written on
Ayurveda and other Vedic sciences. Most
importantly, he has urged a return to the Vedas as
a means to unlock the secrets of the scriptures that
followed.
He has shown how this key can reveal the meaning

behind the exuberant imagination of the
Puranasand the Agamas. It also unlocks the
mysteries of Hindu ritual. Frawley has also been at
the forefront of questioning the old colonial
paradigm within which Indian history and Hindu
religion had been situated by nineteenth century
Indologists.
He has done this through his writings and lectures

all over the world. His work shows the way not
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only for the Westerner who wishes to understand

Hinduism but also for those Hindus who know
their religion only through the interpretations of
the Indologists.
The Gita says, "Both renunciation of works and

also their practice lead to the Supreme. But of these
to act rather than to renounce is the better path.''
Frawley's life story is a testimony to this wisdom of
following the path of action. Frawley's work is
informed by deep meditation and awareness of
larger forces of history. He is a modern rishi in the
same spirit as Vivekananda and Aurobindo.
Frawley's work has also shown the relevance of the

Vedas for the rediscovery of the forgotten past of
the Old Religion, pejoratively called paganism.
Ancient Hindus, Greeks, Romans, Celts, and
Babylonians knew that their religions were
essentially the same.
As the sole surviving member of the Old Religion,

Hinduism provides us many insights to recognize
the universality and perenniality of the spiritual
quest. David Frawley's discovery of Hinduism for
himself has eased the way for others who want to
reach the same goal.
8
His life story provides inspiration to all who wish

to be reconnected to the wisdom of our ancestors
everywhere.
Subhash Kak
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
December 15, 1999
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Preface
The following book unfolds an intellectual and

spiritual journey from the West to the East such as
a number of people have traveled in recent times.
This journey moves from the western world of
materialism to the greater universe of
consciousness that permeates India and was the
basis of her older civilization.
As an inner journey it is more pilgrimage to the

spiritual heart of India than an outer visit. Yet it is
also a story marked by meetings with important
people, friends and teachers who connected me
with deeper teachings and guided me along the
way. This journey is not only through space but
also through time, into the ancient world and its
spiritual culture, such as India has maintained
better than any country. It is a reencounter with the
spiritual roots of humanity that we have long
forgotten or denigrated. The book shows how the
ancient Vedic world can come alive and touch us
today, not only as a relic of the past but as an
inspiration for the future. It is a return to the
formative stages of humanity, before we directed
our energy to the outer world and were still
connected with our cosmic origins.
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Hopefully, the book can help reawaken this

original creative vision of the species that holds the
key of transformation for our present darker
world. In my books to date I have written little
about myself. This book is a departure and is
centered on my own life-experience. The book is
autobiographical in tone, but it is not so much an
account of my personal life as about how certain
changes occurred in my psyche. It focuses on an
inner transformation that fundamentally altered
who I am and changed my perception of both self
and world. In my case I simply didn’t build
bridges to the East, I crossed over them and left
them far behind. I immersed my being in the soul
of the East so completely that I almost ceased to be
a westerner, not only in my thoughts but also in
my instincts.
I moved from a western intellectual rationality to a

deeper cosmic rationality born of Vedic insight,
moving from a humanistic to a cosmic logic and
sense of cosmic law. I trace these changes in order
to make them accessible for others, should they
wish to follow a similar direction. I have recounted
my journey and the bridges over which I once
traveled, and how I experienced life while I was
still on the other side, so that others can take a
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similar path. I moved through western culture to

the yogic culture of India that seemed ever more
expansive, enlightened and happy.
I sought the source of that tradition in the ancient

Vedas, the oldest wisdom teachings of India, which
became my spiritual home and in which I found an
untapped treasure house of inexhaustible insight.
It was a great adventure with many interesting, if
not amazing experiences that transcended my
earlier worldview and brought me into a new life
and consciousness.
But the journey was arduous and quite

challenging. I often thought of turning back and
actually did so for certain periods of time. I fell
down many times but always eventually got up
and kept on going. I had to go beyond not only my
own personal and family background but beyond
my entire culture and education. This involved
breaking with well-entrenched ideas, opinions,
habits and feelings. I had to disconnect with the
world around me and reconnect with a different
world within me. Sometimes I felt like a stranger in
a strange land, but if I did try to go back to the old
world, I quickly left, finding it to have lost depth
and meaning.
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The result is that I now look at the Vedic tradition

from the inside, as part of my family, as part of my
very own blood and breath. I don’t view Hinduism
with the cold eye of an academician or the starry
eyes of a curious and gullible Westerner looking
for a new fantasy. I view it as our deepest heritage
as human and cosmic beings, as divine souls
whose destiny is to bring a higher consciousness in
to the world. I have become a worker in this field
and hope that my contribution encourages others
to join this great cause.
For this book I would like to thank my many

teachers and friends and the many Hindu
organizations that have helped me in this cause.
Most are mentioned in the book, but notably B.L.
Vashta, K. Natesan, Avadhuta Shastri, Subhash
Kak, N.S. Rajaram, Ashok Chowgule, Swami
Satyananda, Ram Swarup, Sitaram Goel and Arun
Shourie. The Vedic tradition and Hindu Dharma
belong to all. Those who reject it are still part of it.
Those who try to limit it to a particular sect or
point of view don’t have the full picture. Until we
reconnect with such deeper spiritual impulses we
must remain immature as a race and have a culture
that, however technically advanced, leaves us
unhappy and spiritually destitute.
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Let us counter this negative trend in civilization by

looking once more to the noble spiritual origins
from which we came! The Vedas and the Rishis are
true and their influence can overcome any
obstacles personally or collectively.
May we honor them once again!
Dr. David Frawley Santa Fe,

New Mexico USA December 16, 1999
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INTRODUCTION
ENCOUNTERING HINDU DHARMA
Most of us are familiar with accounts of how a

person has changed from one religion to another,
becoming a Christian, Muslim or a Buddhist. In the
modern world we are coming to recognize
pluralism in religion just as in culture, ethnicity or
language. There is no more only one true religion
for everyone than there is only one true race,
language or way of life.
However, going from Christianity to Hinduism is a

rarer story, particularly for a westerner, because
Hinduism does not aim at conversion. Many
people think that Hinduism does not take new
members at all. It is also a more complex tale
because Hinduism is not only a religion, but also a
culture and, above all, a spiritual path.
To enter into Hindu dharma involves much more

than a shift of belief or accepting a new prophet. To
really understand Hindu dharma requires taking
on a new way of life, of which religion is only one
aspect. As a pluralistic system Hinduism does not
require that we hold to a single belief or savior or
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give up an open pursuit of truth.
This makes the change into Hinduism less

dramatic, overt or disruptive to a person’s life and
for that reason harder to trace. One does not need
to make a statement of faith to become a Hindu but
simply recognize the importance of dharma.
In my case it was not a question of a quick

conversion like accepting Jesus as one’s personal
savior or surrendering to Allah. Nor was it the
result of a concerted effort to convert me by
religious preachers speaking of sin or redemption,
or of religious intellectuals trying to convince me of
the ultimacy of their particular philosophy or
theology.
It was a personal decision that occurred as the

result of a long quest, a finishing touch of an
extensive inner search of many years. The word
conversion is a misnomer and a term that I dislike.
How can we be converted into anything? We can
only be who we are. Understanding who we are is
the Hindu and Vedic path.
It is not about conversion but about self-knowledge

and about cosmic knowledge because who we are
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is linked to the entire universe. Hinduism is not

about joining a church but about developing
respect for all beings, not only humans but plants
and animals as well. It is not about a particular
holy book but about understanding our own minds
and hearts.
It is not about a savior but about discovering the
Divine presence within us. For most people in the
West becoming a Hindu resembles joining a tribal
religion, a Native American or Native African
belief with many gods and strange rituals, rather
than converting to a creed or belief of an organized
world religion.
Discovering Hinduism is something primeval, a

contacting of the deeper roots of nature, in which
the spirit lies hidden not as an historical creed but
as a mysterious and unnamable power. It is not
about taking on another monotheistic belief but an
entirely different connection with life and
consciousness than our western religions provide
us.
THE HINDU TRADITION
Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world with a

tradition going back to the very beginning of what
17
we know of as history over five thousand years

ago. It is the third largest of the world’s religions,
with nearly a billion members or one-sixth of
humanity. It is the largest non-biblical or, to use a
pejorative term, pagan tradition remaining today.
As such it holds the keys to the pre-Christian

beliefs that all cultures once had and many people
still retain. Hinduism is the world’s largest
pluralistic tradition. It believes in many paths and
recognizes many names and forms for God, both
masculine and feminine. It contains many sages,
many scriptures and many ways to know God.
Its emphasis is not on mere belief as constituting

salvation but on union with the Divine as the true
goal of life. Hinduism is a culture containing its
own detailed traditions of philosophy, medicine,
science, art, music and literature that are quite old,
venerable and intricate. It is the foundation of
Indian culture that is rooted in the Sanskrit
language which first arose as Hinduism's sacred
language.
Most importantly, Hinduism is a great spiritual

path with yogic traditions of meditation, devotion
and insight, in which religion in the outer sense of
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ritual and prayer is only secondary. Its wealth of

teachings on mantra, meditation, prana, kundalini,
chakras and Self-realization is perhaps
unparalleled in the world.
Because of its cultural and spiritual sides some

people say that Hinduism is not a religion but a
way of life. Yet though it is a way of life Hinduism
is also a religion in the sense that it teaches about
God and the soul, karma and liberation, death and
immortality. It has its holy books, temples,
pilgrimage sites, and monastic orders like other
major world religions. Hindus have a deep faith in
their religion and its traditions.
Thousands if not millions of Hindus have died for

their religion in the many holy wars that have
targeted them over the last thousand years. They
refused to convert even when faced with threats of
death and torture. Both Christianity and Islam
found converting Hindus to be particularly
difficult, not because Hindus responded to assaults
on their religion with force, but because their faith
in their own religion and its great yogis was
unshakeable.
The western mind characteristically downplays

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Hinduism’s importance as a religion. In many

contemporary studies of world religions Hinduism
is left out altogether. Because it has no overriding
one God, single historical founder, or set creed,
Hinduism is looked upon as a disorganized
collection of cults. Few westerners know what
Hinduism is, or what Hindus believe and practice.
Most are content with negative stereotypes that

make them feel comfortable about their own
religions. If Hinduism is mentioned in the western
media it is relative to disasters, conflicts or
backward social customs. It is the one religion that
is still politically correct to denigrate, if not belittle.
There is also a general impression that Hinduism is
closed, ethnic or castist creed and therefore not a
true world religion.
This is strange because historically Hinduism

spread throughout South Asia and specific ways of
becoming a Hindu are described in many Hindu
teachings. Hinduism could not have spread so far
if it was not expansive in bringing in new
members.
Many Hindus seem to confirm these ideas. A

number of Hindu teachers say that they will make
20
a Christian a better Christian or a Muslim a better

Muslim, as if Hinduism had nothing better or
unique to offer. They often apologize about being
Hindus when asked about their religion. They say,
"Yes I am a Hindu, but I accept all other religions
as well," which includes religions that do not
accept Hinduism!
Some Hindu temples, particularly in South India,

will not allow westerners, that is people of lighter
skin color, to enter even if they have already
formally become Hindus. Other Hindus simply
don’t know how to communicate their tradition.
The result is that the more universal or liberal

aspects of Hinduism are forgotten. Or they go by
another name in the West as Yoga, Vedanta or the
teachings of a particular guru, in which case they
can become popular all over the world as many
modern spiritual movements have demonstrated.
DISCOVERING HINDUISM THROUGH VEDAS
In my case I came to Hindu Dharma through the

Vedas,the oldest tradition of Hinduism. This was
an unusual way because the Vedas are so old that
most Hindus know little about them, following
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instead more recent teachings. People in the West

have no real idea what the Vedas are either. They
see Hinduism through a few prominent images
like Shiva, Krishna and the Goddess or a few
famous modern gurus and are not aware of the
older foundation of this multifarious tradition.
Most Hindus know their particular sect or guru but
have little recognition of their tradition and its long
history.
Even Hindus who speak of the glory of the Vedas

generally can’t explain Vedic teachings in detail.
By the Vedasthey usually mean the Upanishadsor
the Bhagavad Gita, not the older Vedic texts.
Western academia believes that the Vedas are only
primitive poetry, tribal rites, or some strange
babbling that arose from shamanic intoxications.
At best, for the more spiritually enlightened, the
Vedas are regarded as the lesser growths from
which the greater unfoldments of Yoga and
Vedanta arose or diverged.
For me, however, the Vedasbecame revealed not

only as the source of the Hindu tradition but as the
core spiritual wisdom of humanity. I could say that
I am more a Vedic person, a Vedicist if your will,
than simply a Hindu in the ordinary sense. This
22
might better describe what I think to the modern

world. But I can’t draw a line between Hinduism
and Vedic dharma, though some people might try
to.
Overcoming Anti-Hindu Stereotypes
Hinduism is a religion with many Gods and

Goddesses, with strange images of many heads,
many arms or animal features. It teems with magic
and mysticism, with gurus and god men and their
miraculous powers and enlightened insight. Much
of this appears erotic or even violent to us,
accustomed as we are to no images in religious
worship or to only a few holy images like Christ on
the cross or the Madonna with her child.
Hinduism appears like a form of brainwashing or

mind control, a cultish religion with little to offer a
rational and humane western mind.This negative
idea of Hinduism is shaped by missionary and
colonial propaganda that we have been
bombarding India with for centuries. Hindus
continue to be among the main targets of world
missionary efforts.
The missionaries highlight the poor, sick and
outcasts of India as needing salvation – the victims
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of a backward religion that we must help them

escape from. We focus on the poverty of India
today as the measure of the Hindu culture and
religion, emphasizing, if not promoting social
problems in India as a means of encouraging
conversion.
Encountering Hinduism, therefore, means

questioning our very idea of what religion should
be. Hinduism is overflowing with variety and even
contradiction. One could say that there are more
religions inside of Hinduism than outside of it.
Everything that we find in human religious activity
from aboriginal rites to insights of pure
consciousness is already there in the great plethora
of Hindu teachings and practices.
Hinduism is not only connected with many Gods

but with the formless absolute – the mysterious
immutable Brahman beyond not only the Gods
and Goddesses, but even beyond the Creator. It has
a place for monotheism but regards monotheism as
only one aspect of human religious experience, not
the measure of it all.
Hinduism accepts all human approaches to

religion, including its rejection, being willing to
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accept atheists into its fold. It does not try to

circumscribe the abundance of life in any formula.
It can even accept Christianity as another line of
religious experience but not as the only one or
necessarily the best.
Hinduism is not passed on by memorizing a creed,

though it does have clearly defined and highly
articulate teachings and philosophies. It is
intimately connected with the Earth, nature,
society and our daily activities from eating and
breathing to sleeping and dying.
Hindu Dharma sees itself not as manmade but as

part of cosmic creation, an emanation of the cosmic
mind. It aligns us with the cosmic religion that
exists in all worlds and at all times. It is a way to
link with the cosmic life, not a belief that we can
retreat into like a shell or like a fortress.
The Question of Becoming a Hindu
Why would anyone, particularly a modern and

educated person born in the West, want to become
a Hindu, much less feel proud in calling himself
one? How could a person find value in the
primitive Vedic roots of this ambiguous religion?
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After all, the term Hindu connotes an ethnic

religion mired in caste, idolatry, and the
oppression of women. It appears anti-modern,
inhumane, if not embarrassing for those who
would follow it.
A forward thinking person could not take on such
an identity, or could he? Is it a mere seeking of
emotional security? Indeed, many intellectuals out
of their own doubts, perhaps an inherent
emotional weakness of the intellectual mind, have
embraced regressive creeds. Intellectual apologists
can be found for every strange ideology.
Even Hitler and Stalin had them. So praise for an

ideology or religion even by an intelligent person
cannot be taken without skepticism. At the same
time we cannot ignore the fact that there is much in
the world that goes beyond our current cultural
preconceptions.We are beginning to appreciate the
deeper meaning of myths and symbols, which
Hinduism abounds in. We are gaining a new
respect for meditation and yoga to reach a higher
awareness beyond the pale of religious dogma. We
are recognizing the distortions born of
Eurocentrism and western materialism and
revising our estimate of native cultures.
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That we might have to revise our ideas of

Hinduism from colonial, missionary or Marxist
perceptions is without doubt. Yet even those who
have embraced Indic spiritual traditions like Yoga
generally find the appellation of being a Hindu to
be unappealing. Being a Buddhist, a Christian or a
Muslim seems more universal, even recognizing
that these traditions may lack the diversity and
richness of Hinduism.
The term Hinduism has become quite tainted and

seldom connotes anything high or noble to the
mass mind. In addition many enlightened thinkers,
particularly from India, believe that we should go
beyond all outer identities whether cultural,
national or religious. After all, our true nature is
not Hindu, Christian, American, Russian, or
anything else.
We are all human beings with the same basic urges

and inclinations. So why have any religious
identity at all? The age of religions is over and we
should be entering an age of spiritual search
without boundaries. Such thinking misses the
point that Hinduism is not a credal religion based
upon a person, institution or dogma. Hindu
dharma welcomes the spiritual search without
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boundaries. In fact, its great variety of teachings

and methods provides a good foundation for a free
individual search, which otherwise as an isolated
effort may not go far, just as free inquiry in science
benefits from a broad and open tradition of science
to draw from.
Most people in the world are not at the level of

high spiritual practices or ready to renounce the
world. They need religious teachings, including
prayers and rituals to shape their work, social and
family lives on an ethical and devotional level. But
such religious teachings should be broad based,
containing something for all aspects of society and
connected to the highest truth as well. Hindu
Dharma provides all this in a powerful way.
We should not forget the facts of our individual

existence and the organic connections of our lives.
Each one of us has a certain life span. We live in a
certain place and partake of a certain culture. We
have our particular temperament and individual
inclinations. All this shapes who we are and how
we approach the higher Self.
Only a rare soul can transcend the influence of

time and even he or she must consider the forces of
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time, just as one cannot avoid being affected by the

food that one eats. The yoga tradition considers
that unless a person has purity in body and mind
he cannot transcend them. Similarly, unless we
have harmony in our culture and life-style it is
very difficult to go beyond them. Unless we have a
culture that supports the spiritual life, few will be
able to pursue it. Culture is the soil on which we
grow like a plant to open out into the boundless
sky.
We cannot ignore nurturing the soil of culture in

our seeking of the unlimited beyond. Hinduism
with its broad spiritual culture offers this ground
on which to grow. It contains the abundant
creative forces and variety of nature itself.
Unfortunately, certain religions hold that they
alone are true and that other religions are unholy
or dangerous. This divisive and exclusive idea of
religion is the real problem, not religion per se,
which is a necessary part of human culture. Yet
this narrow idea of religion has so dominated the
western world that most people take it for granted
as representing what religion really is, which
makes Hinduism with all of its diversity seem
almost incomprehensible.
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Religion, in the original meaning of the word,

means to link together. It should provide us tools
for self-realization, enabling us to unfold our full
divine potential. In this process we will probably
need to follow a certain teaching, with specific
disciplines and practices. We cannot follow all
religions any more than we can eat all food or
perform all jobs. We will probably also become
part of a spiritual group or family. We cannot have
everyone as a mother or father. We usually have
our lineage and our transmission in the spiritual
life, just as in other aspects of life.
Indeed such connections are more important in the

spiritual life because spirituality is more intimate,
more interior and less capable of being transmitted
in an outer, mechanical or mass-produced way
than other aspects of culture. Some people argue
that the name Hindu is inappropriate because it is
not traditional. After all the great rishis and yogis
didn’t call themselves Hindus but simply spoke of
truth and dharma. The reason for this lack of
definition is that Hinduism is an open tradition.
It is not defined versus an other as are Biblical

traditions that reflect a dichotomy of Christian-
pagan or Muslim-kafir. Many Hindus have only
30
become conscious of being Hindu because of the

negativity they have encountered from Christians
and Muslims trying to convert them. Sanatana
Dharma or the universal dharma is a more correct
term and reflects the broader basis of the Hindu
tradition. Unfortunately, it is cumbersome and
unfamiliar. The terms "dharmic" and "native"
traditions are also helpful because Hinduism
grows out of the land and is connected with life
itself. But Hinduism is the convenient term;
whatever limitations may be associated with it.
So we must define it in an appropriate manner.

This is to face our own prejudices about Hinduism,
which are probably more deep-seated than we
would think. Why should we object to the term
Hindu for such a broad tradition, while accepting
the names for much narrower religions?
This prejudice against the Hindu religion reflects a

built in prejudice against non-Biblical beliefs. The
western pattern of religion as one true faith, along
with a missionary effort, is used as the standard for
all proper religion. Missionary aggression is
associated with universality in belief, while
tolerant religions that see no need to convert the
world are condemned as merely ethnic or tribal
31
beliefs. Buddhism is more respected than

Hinduism in the West because it at least has the
one historical Buddha to relate to and a more
homogenous and missionary type tradition.
Buddhism can be placed in the western model of
religion, but without a Creator.
Hinduism, on the other hand, calls up all our

misconceptions about religion. For that reason it is
a good place to enlarge our views and gain a
greater understanding of our global religious
heritage, most of which does not lie in western
monotheism. In my case I came to Hindu dharma
after an earlier exploration of western intellectual
thought and world mystical traditions, a long
practice of Yoga and Vedanta and a deep
examination of the Vedas. In the process I came
into contact with diverse aspects of Hindu society
and with Hindu teachers that few westerners have
access to, taking me far beyond the range of the
usual perceptions and misconceptions about the
subject.
Such direct experience, which was often quite

different than what I had expected or was told
would be the case, changed my views and brought
me to my current position. Hopefully my story can
32
help others change from taking Hinduism as

something primitive to understanding the beauty
of this great spiritual tradition that may best
represent our spiritual heritage as a species.
33
EARLY YEARS
GROWING UP OUT OF CATHOLICISM
I always had a certain mystical sense, going back to

early childhood. Whether it was looking at the sky
and gazing at the clouds or seeing distant snow
covered mountains, I knew in my heart that there
was a higher consciousness behind the world. I felt
a sacred and wonderful mystery from which we
had come and to which we would return after our
short sojourn on this strange planet. The human
world seemed like a confined sphere, a prison
filled with conflict and suffering, marked by the
clash of human emotions, shifting desires and
instinctual needs. But beyond was a wide and
beneficent universe with open arms ready to
embrace us if we would but set aside our human
compulsions.
The question was how to reach that other realm or

if it were even possible while we are alive and
active in this vale of sorrow. Though one could
glimpse that higher realm in quiet moments there
was always the travail of the human world in
which one had to live, which seemed inescapable. I
had trouble reconciling this mystical sense with the
idea of religion that I contacted through my
34
Catholic background. Both my parents grew up on

dairy farms in the Midwest of the United States
(Wisconsin) and came from strong Catholic
backgrounds. My mother’s family in particular was
quite pious and a pillar of the church where they
lived, following all the church observances and
donating liberally to its causes.
One of her brothers was a priest, a missionary in

South America, and he was regarded very highly,
pursuing a very noble and holy occupation.
Generally one son in the family would become a
priest. My mother thought that I would become the
priest in our family. I did have a religious
disposition and for most of my childhood tried to
be pious, but somehow I couldn’t really connect
with the church or its beliefs, which were as
frightening as they were appealing.
With their trappings of suffering, sin and guilt

Catholic beliefs seemed more part of the human
world rather than that other magical realm where
human turbulence couldn’t enter. My parents were
the first generation off the farm in the post-war era
and came to live in the city. Because of their
Catholic background, which at that time was
against any form of contraception, they were
35
compelled to have many children like their

parents. Many children in the city didn’t mean
more helpers as on the farm but only more mouths
to feed and more expenses for education.
My mother had ten children by the time she was

thirty-five, with a new baby every two years. I was
the second child, born when she was twenty-one. I
had one elder brother, seven younger sisters and
one younger brother. The family size inevitably led
us into financial difficulty. My parents were the
first casualties of the church mind that I would
soon come to oppose. The most memorable events
as a child were our weekend visits to my
grandparent’s farm (on my mother’s side), which
was still in the old world and almost European.
They had a huge house, as well as a big farm with
barns, cows and a wide pasture. They had large
dinners, holiday gatherings and a sense of family
togetherness extending through several
generations.
Though our lives gradually moved away from this

traditional Catholic religious background, it was
there at the beginning and foundation of my life. It
lingers here and there in my dreams, like a shadow
out of which I gradually emerged.
36
Younger Years as a Catholic
I attended Catholic school until the fifth grade or

about the age of ten years old (I was born in 1950).
I tried to be devout, attending mass, doing prayers
and following the commandments. I shied away
from being an altar boy, however, feeling nervous
about appearing in public. The sense of Catholic
guilt, however, was enormous and came to block
my piety. We were taught of venal and mortal sins.
Venal sins would land us in purgatory where we
would be summarily tortured, but the suffering,
however bad, would eventually come to an end.
Mortal sins would take us to an eternal hell from
which there was no possible redemption. Venal
sins were generally simple things like disobeying
one’s parents or teachers.
Mortal sins were another matter. Some mortal sins

were obvious criminal acts, like robbery or killing a
person, which violate all sense of ethics and fellow
feeling. Other mortal sins, however, consisted of a
merely ignoring of church injunctions like missing
church on Sunday, missing confession or the other
sacraments. By the first standard I shouldn’t go to
hell. By the second I had missed some church
obligations so I was definitely a candidate for the
37
eternal fires.
Children take such punishment threats quite

seriously, particularly those who are more
sensitive. In retrospect we can perhaps laugh at
them as strict ways of training children, like a
strong stake for a young tree, but their effect on a
child’s psyche should not be underestimated.
Perhaps being sensitive I was more inclined to
believe such injunctions, but after all, didn’t they
come from God and his holy church?
Going to confession was another great fear of mine.

The problem was that I was afraid to tell the priest
my sins, thinking that they were much worse than
they actually were. I felt that I was probably the
only or the worst offender of religious rules. I
didn’t seem to notice that I was more pious than
the other children were, including my brothers and
sisters. I also did the usual childhood pranks, like
irritating the nuns who taught us, which I felt were
probably mortal sins as well. The result was that I
didn’t confess all my sins and my guilt got worse. I
also felt that the sins got worse, though in
retrospect my real failing was taking such religious
rules seriously at all.
I remember doing prayers to atone for my little

38
sins, which seemed like major soul failings at the

time. These prayers were called "indulgences" and
allowed us to get rid of our potential punishment
after death. Each prayer would say something like
"good for two hundred days in purgatory,"
meaning that its recitation would save a person
from that amount of suffering after death.
My problem was that I couldn’t figure out exactly

how much time in purgatory my sins merited. But
at least it promised away to eradicate my sins
without having to announce all my dastardly
deeds to the priest. Yet it didn’t deal with the
greater problem of my few mortal sins which
weighed on me and caused much worry and
anxiety. Later the church ended this business of
indulgences and no longer prescribed time off of
purgatory for its prayers.
I doubt that God was informed that the church

changed his laws. But that came long after I left the
church. Of course there were the usual childhood
activities, with sports in school and the general
issues of growing up that brought about their own
joys and stresses, but the Catholic religion loomed
behind with its strange doctrines, threats and
demands, spoiling the innocence and happiness of
39
childhood. No doubt it has done this for many

children throughout the world, who then as adults
feel compelled to perpetuate the same abuse on
their own children in the name of becoming good
Christians.
Another question I had was, if belief in Jesus and

following the ways of the church guaranteed that
one would go to heaven, why should one make
any effort beyond it? What was the need for any
extreme piety or saintliness? The nuns told me two
things. First the usual purgatory idea, that even
minor sins had great punishments, though not in
hell. Second, if one was particularly good one got a
bigger house in heaven, with saints having great
mansions. I wasn’t quite certain what a house in
heaven might be, and the whole thing seemed
suspicious.
And what would one do for eternity in heaven,

which sounded like a glorification of life on earth?
I always pondered about things and never merely
accepted them at face value. I tried to figure out
why something is so and what it really means. As a
child I began to think about religion as well.
I soon realized that we are supposed to take

religious matters as articles of faith, which means
40
to be quiet and accept them, however odd they

may appear. Such faith is usually a veil for our
human needs or for superstitions that cannot stand
scrutiny. I couldn’t suppress myself from thinking
in the name of faith in something, like the miracles
of Jesus, which had little to do with me and
seemed impossible. The figure of Jesus on the cross
that we saw during mass was rather gruesome and
unpleasant. One didn’t want to look at it. We were
told that we had all killed Jesus.
We were responsible for his death by our sins,

which were terrible in the eyes of God. But then I
never knew Jesus and since he lived two thousand
years ago, how could my actions have affected
him? I could never really relate to the image of the
sacrificed savior who saves us, we who cannot
save ourselves. I also began to notice that we all
have our personal failings, including the nuns that
taught us who had evident tempers and not much
patience. The whole thing didn’t seem to be as God
given as we were told it was.
The Christian God who had to sacrifice his own

son to save humanity was a figure of both fear and
enigma. This strange God created the devil as well.
And of course we were all afraid of the devil and
41
his retinue, particularly at night or on Halloween.

This strange God was distant and unapproachable
and yet demanded so much of his creatures.
He had to allow his only begotten son to be killed.

With all his omniscience one would think that he
could have done better with his own creation or
better helped his church. The idea of a personal
God who dispensed rewards and punishments
seemed more like some irrational despot than any
sense of the transcendent. Yet religion offered
some means of access to that other mystical world,
or at least I thought that it did. Christmas with its
dark snowy nights and the birth of the Divine child
had something fascinating that kept my mind and
heart attracted.
So though my faith was disturbed I still held on to

it, hoping that something better would come from
it. I remember first encountering Protestants, or
rather realizing that the people nearby followed a
dangerous religious heresy. The church taught us
that Protestants were deluded Christians who were
all going to hell. Protestants denied the authority of
the church and the infallibility of the pope, which
were not to be questioned by a good Christian. At
first I was hesitant to associate with them, feeling
42
bad for their plight, wondering how much they

would suffer in hell. I was suspicious about them
as if they had some sort of plague.
But boys will be boys and play games together,

regardless of their family faiths. Later I learned
that Protestants were human beings like we
Catholics and, as boys to boys were just other
friends. These great religious divides, like strict
religious rules, appeared manmade or part of a
special world outside of life that people found it
convenient to ignore.
We moved to Denver, Colorado shortly thereafter

and never again returned to the Midwest. While
we had already lived in Colorado for brief periods
before this time we had always returned to
Wisconsin and I had previously not escaped the
influence of my Catholic world there. Now that
world would pass away.
In the American West I came into contact with the

beauty of the Rocky Mountains and felt their
mystical power. I transferred my devotion to these
snowy peaks. Catholicism for me was mainly of
the Midwest, the farmhouse and my grandparents.
In Colorado the beauty of nature and the

43
mountains dominated over the church, which

seemed out of place in the greater universe where
there are no manmade boundaries.
Science and History/ Leaving the Church
We moved at first to the suburbs in Denver, which

was a big city. Unlike the small towns in which we
had mainly lived, it opened me up to broader
cultural influences. This was particularly so since,
owing to financial constraints, we had to enter
public school for the first time. The public schools
removed me from religious indoctrination. My
mind grew under new stimulation. At first we
were wary of public school, because in parochial
(Catholic) school we were taught that public school
was dangerous. It was irreligious, didn’t teach
about God, and allowed people to mix regardless
of their faiths. I had to learn to compartmentalize
religion, forget its rigidities, and just be in school
with other children.
As school children it seemed to matter little what

our religious background was and it was seldom a
topic of discussion or consideration. In my first
year of public school I become deeply interested in
science, particularly astronomy in which we had a
special class that entranced me. The Catholic
44
schools of the time had little by way of science

classes. Soon I was reading books on physics,
cosmology and relativity. I may not have
understood the details but my view of the universe
made a radical shift. I began to connect my innate
mystical sense with the scientific vastness of a
cosmos unbounded time and space. Compared to
these great vistas of science the Catholic Church
appeared narrow and backward.
In a couple of years I bought a telescope from the

money gained by summer jobs that I had done.
Later I got larger telescopes. I spent many hours as
a young teenager looking up at the stars at night. It
was not just a hobby or an interest in science but
part of a mystical quest. It once more gave me a
sense of that greater universe of consciousness and
the cosmic lights that shimmered behind our semi-
darkened world.
I also read many books on science fiction that

helped spread my mental horizons and widen my
imagination. There were other planets and
different types of intelligent life far more advanced
than we are and no doubt having higher religions
and philosophies as well. Life contained many
other possibilities that I was beginning to discover,
45
moving beyond the boundaries of my rigid

religious beliefs. I was always fascinated with
history, which public school also had more to offer.
At first it was American history that intrigue me,
including the settling of the West, about which I
sympathized with the Native Americans who
seemed more the victims than the aggressors in
this continental saga. The history of World War II
was a big topic of the then post-war era.
This led me to a special study of European history

from about the age of fourteen. Europe had a much
broader and more diverse culture and a longer
history that drew my curiosity. European history
brought me in contact with the history of the
church with its political and military popes and
anti-popes. I learned of the many religious wars in
Europe like the bloody Thirty Years War in the
seventeenth century that resulted in over one third
of the population of Germany getting decimated.
I learned about the European extermination of the

Native Americans under Cortez and Pizarro. I
began to see the dark side of my Catholic religion.
My lingering religious sentimentality and
childhood nostalgia for the church gradually
faded.
46
Another subject of fascination was geography.

From a young age I played with the globe and
loved to look over maps of the world, memorizing
the countries, their terrain and their cities. I
realized that we lived on a large planet composed
of many lands with diverse religions and cultures,
most of which I was taught little about in school. I
was particularly interested in distant and exotic
places, as if they contained some key to humanity
that I was searching for. I didn’t see any need to
get the entire world to follow the same religion.
For such reasons at the young age of fourteen I
suddenly decided of my own accord to stop going
to church on Sundays.
At first I just pretended to go and then went

somewhere else, like taking a walk in the park.
Soon my parent knew that I was no longer
interested in the church and gradually accepted it.
In fact I led what became a family movement away
from the Catholic Church. But at the time I still felt
some guilt about the matter. I was not attending
church but I had not left its influence entirely
behind me either. At the age of fifteen I had a
remarkable schoolteacher who taught a class on
ancient history that opened my eyes about the
ancient world. The class focused on ancient Egypt,
47
which I found to be utterly fascinating. Out of the

enthusiasm so generated I memorized the entire
list of the pharaohs of Egypt and would recite them
with pride.
I could sense in ancient Egypt a monumental

spiritual culture with great inner power and magic.
I imagined living at that time, which seemed much
more interesting than the modern world in which I
was trapped. This began my fascination with
ancient cultures that eventually led me to the
Vedas. I sensed that the ancients had a better
connection to the universe than we moderns and
that their lives had a higher meaning. I gradually
studied the ancient history of other lands,
particularly ancient Persia, which also had a
special pull for me. Clearly the American focus of
our education left out most of humanity both in
time and space.
Intellectual Awakening and the Counterculture
About the age of sixteen I underwent a major

intellectual awakening. It came as a powerful
experience that radically changed my thoughts and
perception. Initially it was quite disturbing and
disorienting. While some sort of intellectual
ferment had been developing in me for several
48
years, this one resulted in a profound break from

the authorities and ideas of my childhood and the
vestiges of my American education. It initiated a
series of studies that encompassed western
intellectual thought and first brought me in contact
with eastern spirituality. It marked an important
transition in my life.
At this time I began to write a philosophical type of

poetry, which I kept secretly to myself. I lost
interest in science and mathematics that had been
my main mental pursuits. My interest in Europe
became stronger but moved from its history to its
thought and culture. America began to seem a
rather provincial country, devoid of sophistication
or culture.I looked briefly into rationalist
philosophers like Kant, Hegel or Bertrand Russell
but was not drawn to them. I found them too
dominated by a dry reason that seemed devoid of
life and creativity. My mind had a certain
emotional or artistic urge and was not content with
mere logic or science.
The existentialists at first stimulated me with their

deep questions about consciousness and
perception. I began to think about consciousness
and how it works. They were rather depressing as
49
well. Emptiness, despair and suicide were ideas I

could relate to as part of growing up in a world
without meaning, but I was not so morbid in
temperament as to be swallowed up by them.
Existentialism eventually seemed to me to be a
rather dry and hopeless affair.
The existentialists had no solution to the dilemma

of existence that they so eloquently pointed out.
The atheist existentialists generally took refuge in
Communism. The theistic ones returned to the
church with an irrational leap of faith. But the
problem of our inherent nothingness was not
something that they had any real method to solve.
The example of the existentialists showed me that
the intellect by itself, however rational or cunning,
could not arrive at any ultimate truth. A higher
consciousness was required for that. The intellect
gets caught in endless doubts and ends in nihilism
or agnosticism.
Excessive thinking weakens the emotions and saps

the will. It didn’t take me long to realize that the
existentialists were not going anywhere. The
German existential philosopher Heidegger,
however, connected me with the concept of Being,
which seemed to be the greatest insight in
50
existentialism, though generally I found his

philosophy to be too complex and verbose. With
the idea of Pure Being I felt on a firm ground and
knew that a greater truth and peace enveloped the
universe, but that the intellect was probably not the
right vehicle to understand it.
Once in high school I openly challenged a priest

who was giving a talk at the school auditorium
criticizing the existentialists. He used the ignorance
of his audience to plant negative ideas about these
thinkers so that the students would not fall under
their influence. I realized that we should speak out
on these issues and not simply be silent or such
distortions would go unchallenged. My remarks
created a lot of commotion and the priest was
shaken. I learned that speaking out can have a
strong impact on people.
I became involved in the American counterculture

about the same time, hanging out with the local
hippies and intellectuals in downtown Denver
cafes, spending evenings and weekends there.
While I read a lot on my own, getting books from
our large public library, I also dialogued
extensively with various local intellectuals, striking
up new friendships. Several college teachers and
51
area poets helped direct me to new thinkers and

writers, including those from Asia. We had various
intellectual groups and contacts, generally of an
informal nature, that met and freely discussed
various artistic and philosophical topics.
I became a counterculture figure in my local high

school, which was quite large as it was centered in
the downtown region. I lost interest in my school
studies that seemed very narrow in their ideas.
While I came to school with many books to study,
most had little to do with the actual classes that I
was taking. Yet because of my intellectual habits
the teachers tolerated my eccentricity. I became a
counterculture figure in my local high school,
which was quite large as it was centered in the
downtown region. I lost interest in my school
studies that seemed very narrow in their ideas.
While I came to school with many books to study,
most had little to do with the actual classes that I
was taking.
Yet because of my intellectual habits the teachers

tolerated my eccentricity. My revolt was not
simply youthful emotion but had an intellectual
thrust, which they found hard to refute. They
created a special class for me and for another such
52
intellectual student to address our deeper interests.
But we also found this class to be boring. Like the

Marxists, whom I would later sympathize with
during the anti-war movement, I felt a revolt
against the bourgeoisie, specifically the American
middle class. I would walk through the array of
tract homes in the city and feel what a meaningless
life it was, so standardized and mechanical,
without any real thinking or creativity. It seemed
that everyone was involved in a pursuit of material
gain that went nowhere, except to mediocrity. This
was not so much a political as an intellectual
revolt, though it eventually developed political
ramifications.
I revolted against American culture or rather

against the lack of it. What had my country really
added to civilization apart from mass production
and technological inventions? What had it
produced in terms of poetry, art, philosophy or
literature? I became a kind of expatriate. I wouldn’t
read or study American authors except for
Thoreau. I sympathized with writers like Henry
Miller who abandoned the United States for
Europe. I felt that American culture was a
diminution of a greater European culture for which
53
I had a greater affinity.
Mystical Poetry and Discovery of Eastern

Spirituality Throughout this intellectual revolt I
never lost sight of a higher reality. I fancied myself
to be a "mystical atheist" because though I rejected
the Biblical idea of a personal God I did recognize
an impersonal consciousness or pure being behind
the universe. I also remember reading Herman
Hesse’s Journey to the East. I learned that there
were great spiritual and mystical traditions in the
East that perhaps still existed. I began my own
journey to the East. Meanwhile I also studied
European poetry and art. I particularly enjoyed the
French symbolist poets like Rimbaud and
Mallarme who had a mystic vision.
The German mystic poet Rilke, however, was my

favorite and best epitomized what I thought real
poetry should be. Poetry had a depth and
ambiguity that philosophy could not reach. I
realized that it was a better vehicle to reflect this
mysterious universe in which we live. I examined
twentieth century European artistic movements
like the Surrealists and Dadaists as well. While I
enjoyed their images and ideas I felt that their style
of expression had become crude. I preferred
54
something more classical in art. The modern art of

the machine, the newspaper or the mass media
seemed vulgar. I could not relate to the
degradation found in modern art, particularly
what transpired after World War II.
I also found that rather than breaking through into

a higher perception such artists generally remained
trapped in hedonism or got caught in drugs,
neurosis, or suicide. They hadn’t found a way out
either, though perhaps they could look over the
walls that confine us. My own poetry became more
imagistic, reflecting a symbolist base like that of
Rilke or Rimbaud. Images of the dawn and the
night, the sun, wind and fire arose in mind like
primordial forces, with vague images of ancient
Gods. These poems also had eastern affinities that I
was gradually discovering.
They were images of an internal landscape that

itself was a doorway into the universe of
consciousness and the cosmic powers. Many of
these images I would later find in the poetry of Sri
Aurobindo and in the Rig Veda. In my poetic
writings I could sense a feminine archetype or
muse guiding and inspiring me. An inherent sense
of the Goddess existed inside of me, which took
55
shape in my poems. She was the Divine power

hidden in the beauty of nature, which reflected a
secret power of consciousness and life. This would
later connect me with the Goddess traditions of
India.
About the same time I began to study eastern texts

from Lao Tzu to the Upanishads, which were
readily available at the time. I discovered the Hare
Krishna, TM and other eastern groups that were
visible in this large western city where I lived.
While a more European ethos dominated my mind
the eastern view was not far behind and getting
closer.
I began to see in these eastern teachings the
answers to the questions that western intellectuals
had failed to achieve. More importantly, they had
methods to reach higher states of consciousness,
while the intellectual tradition of the West could
only conceptualize about it. I remember once
walking down the street and realizing that the sky
was Krishna. I intuitively felt that such deities
reflected cosmic realities, windows on the
universe. I realized that there was a spiritual
current in Europe in spite of the church, and that it
not only used Christian symbols in a spiritual
context but retained older pagan symbols and
56
contacts with the eastern world.
The alchemical tradition was universal and

extended even to China. I discovered that symbols
were not only poetic images but had a
psychological power, an appeal to the collective
unconscious, and that they took us in the direction
of the ancient Gods and Goddesses. I found the
idea of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as the three
great forces of creation, preservation and
destruction in the universe to be make sense.
Psychology was another interesting topic that I

discovered, including Freud’s ideas on sex, which
helped liberate me from my Catholic background,
but I felt that he had not understood the deeper
levels of the mind and its creative process. Then I
encountered the works of Carl Jung on psychology
and alchemy, which brought on another revelation.
I spent my summer after high school in 1968 not
preparing for college but going through Jung’s
esoteric works on Psychology and Alchemy. The
images that he pointed out – the sun and the lion,
the phoenix and the cauldron - were much like the
poetic images that I was working with. They
brought me in contact with older European
mystical traditions.
57
This led me to a discovery of the Renaissance and

its art and philosophy, which I examined in some
depth. But it seemed that the Renaissance went the
wrong way. It started off as a mystical awakening
with Marsilio Ficino and a translation of hermetic
works, but soon got caught in realism and
materialism. The West had moved away from the
rigidity of the church but only to the other extreme
of materialism, not to a real discovery of the Spirit
that could reconcile both true religion and true
science. Out of curiosity from my Catholic
background, I looked into Thomas Aquinas and
Catholic philosophy as well. It seemed rather dry
and dogmatic and had little mysticism in it.
The teachings of mystical Christianity through the

teachings of Meister Eckhart made more sense and
I moved on to these. For a while I tried to get back
into Christianity outside of the pale of the church,
perhaps out of some personal nostalgia. But it
quickly became clear to me that the mystical
Christian tradition consisted of incomplete
teachings or isolated individuals, a tradition that
had been crushed before it could flower. The law of
karma and the process of rebirth that I had learned
about through eastern philosophy made more
sense to me than such Christian teachings.
58
After reading a number of different scriptures and

spiritual texts from all over the world, the
Christian fixation on Jesus seemed almost neurotic.
It was clear to me that there have been many great
sages throughout history and Jesus, however great,
was only one of many and that his teachings were
not the best preserved either. I failed to see what
was so unique about him or what his teachings had
that could not be found with more clarity
elsewhere. The mystic feeling I once had in
Christianity was now entirely transferred to the
East.
The Anti-War Movement
In 1969 I began taking classes at a local university.

In particular I remember a class in "Cosmology and
Metaphysics." It was very disappointing. It was
mainly about science and had no real cosmology,
much less metaphysics. The professor was also
quite disappointing. I asked him about all the
world problems and what could be done to solve
them. He said that humanity would be unlikely to
survive another thirty-five years and there was
nothing that anyone could do about it. He was
content to be a professor and watch it all unfold.
This caused a certain activist trend in my nature to

59
revolt. I wanted to do something. I wasn’t content

to live in an intellectual ivory tower and watch the
world fall apart. Such motivation led me to the
anti-war movement, though I already had an
earlier interest in civil rights, which were both
prominent at the time. I became involved in the
anti-war movement and participated in several
anti-war protests. The movement in Colorado
wasn’t large and so I quickly became a visible
leader and helped organize several protests. The
movement in Colorado wasn’t large and so I
quickly became a visible leader and helped
organize several protests.
I was a member of SDS (Students for a Democratic

Society) that was the largest student anti-war
group and was connected to revolutionary groups
of a communist and anarchist bent. I attended SDS
national conventions in Austin, Texas and in
Chicago, Illinois in 1969.
Hundreds of students gathered at these and

discussed a wide variety of issues but mainly about
how to start a revolution in the United States,
which we all felt was a necessity. However, the
SDS split in late 1969 between old socialist groups
and new radical militants. The socialists wanted to
60
appeal to the working class and tried to appear

straight and conservative. I found their approach
quite unappealing. At one point I considered
joining the more militant groups, but was held
back by my pacifistic nature. The anarchist
approach most agreed with my individualistic
nature, so I joined an anarchist group, but they
were clearly a small minority that no one took
seriously.
Along with my intellectual and political friends I

started to regard the hippie movement as rather
superficial, anti-intellectual and hedonistic. The
fun-loving, drug-taking way of life seemed rather
shallow during such a crisis of war and
exploitation. The fun-loving, drug-taking way of
life seemed rather shallow during such a crisis of
war and exploitation. I wasn’t content merely
seeking enjoyment but was looking for some
higher goal, whether political, intellectual or
spiritual. At the same time I continued with my
spiritual and philosophical studies.
With my poetic and mystical background, I soon

found all such political groups to be too outward in
mentality. I decided that the spiritual life was
better and returned to poetry and meditation as
61
my main activity. I never returned to political

involvement in America through I did preserve a
strongly leftist, anti-bourgeoisie and anti -
establishment mentality for many years, which to a
great extent still remains with me.
62
SPIRITUAL PATHS AND DISCOVERY

OF THE VEDAS
Discovery of the Inner Paths
At the beginning of 1970 in Denver I found a local

guru who introduced me to many spiritual
teachings. While in retrospect he was limited in his
insights, he did serve as a catalyst to connect me
with the spiritual path. Through the encounter
with various spiritual teachings that he initiated, I
took to the yogic path as my main pursuit in life.
He made me familiar with a broad array of

mystical teachings: Hindu, Buddhist, Theosophist
and Sufi. It included everything from occult
teachings of Alice Bailey to Zen, and a prominent
place for the teachings of Gurdjieff. I learned that a
core of inner teachings existed behind the outer
religious traditions of the world, an esoteric
approach beyond their exoteric forms.
A number of such American teachers and arose at

this time, as well as teachers from India coming to
the West. A major counterculture interest in India,
Yoga and gurus began. The group that I was
involved with was one of the few in the Denver
63
area and so offered an alternative way of life than

either my family or the counterculture, which was
quite appealing at the time.
The teacher’s approach was highly eclectic. He

considered himself to be universal in views and
would take the truth, he said, wherever he found
it, which was a compelling idea. But his approach
was tainted with a need to become a guru without
ever having completed the disciplines that he was
studying.
Eventually he wrote letters to spiritual

organizations all over the world asking them to
become his disciples because he felt that he alone
understood how to put all the different traditions
together. Not surprisingly none of them took him
up on his offer. This was my first contact with
spiritual hubris, which I learned was not
uncommon, particularly among self-proclaimed
western gurus.
The spiritual path has a strong appeal not only for

the soul but also for the ego, which can gain its
greatest power through it. We can become the guru
and gain an uncritical adulation before we have
reached our goal, which then puts an end to our
64
search. Perhaps being exposed to spiritual egoism

at a young age helped me become aware of the
problem and avoid its pitfalls.
I realized that spiritual practices can have side

effects and even organized mystical traditions can
have their excesses. At first I found the teacher’s
eclectic approach to be interesting, moving on a
weekly basis from one teaching or tradition to
another. His approach was quite dramatic, exciting
and novel, with ever-new ideas and bizarre stories.
But after not long I realized such an approach was
doomed to be superficial. How could one learn,
much less practice all these teachings that reflected
centuries of culture and the work of diverse people
and which could not all be appropriate for you as
an individual? While one should respect a
diversity of spiritual paths, life requires choices
and we must eventually follow a specific path,
though hopefully one that is broad in nature.
At this time I discovered the Upanishads, in which

I found great inspiration and became my favorite
book. It led me to various Vedantic texts. I soon
studied the works of Shankaracharya, which I
avidly read in translation, particularly his shorter
works like Vivekachudamani. Of the different
65
teachings that I contacted Vedanta struck the

deepest cord. I remember once climbing a hill by
Denver with a friend. When we got to the top, I
had the feeling that I was immortal, that the Self in
me was not limited by birth and death and had
lived many lives before. Such Vedantic insights
seemed natural, but the friend who was with me at
the time didn’t understand what I was talking
about.
Of the different teachings that I contacted Vedanta
struck the deepest cord. I remember once climbing
a hill by Denver with a friend. When we got to the
top, I had the feeling that I was immortal, that the
Self in me was not limited by birth and death and
had lived many lives before.
Such Vedantic insights seemed natural, but the

friend who was with me at the time didn’t
understand what I was talking about. With my
philosophical bent of mind I also studied several
Buddhist Sutras, especially the Lankavatara, which
I found to be intellectually profound. The Buddhist
Sutras helped serve as a bridge between the
existentialism that I had studied earlier and eastern
meditation traditions.
As I encountered these teachings at a young age

66
before my mind had become fixed, I had the

benefit of an almost eastern education to
complement my western studies.
First Yoga Practices
My study of eastern traditions was not merely

intellectual but involved experimenting with yogic
and meditational practices. I began practicing
intense pranayama, mantra and meditation
teachings in the summer of 1970. These mainly
came from the Kriya Yoga tradition, which I
contacted in several ways. I found that the
techniques worked powerfully to create energy at a
subtle level.
I could feel the prana moving through the nadis,

with some experiences of the chakras, and a
general widening of consciousness beyond the
ordinary sense of time and space. Mantra practices
had a particularly powerful effect upon me. I felt
that I had been some old Hindu yogi in a previous
life, though in retrospect there was probably much
fantasy in my approach.
Another benefit from the pranayama was that it

almost eliminated the allergies that I had suffered
67
from for years. It cleared and cleaned my nervous

system. I learned that yogic practices can heal both
body and mind.
I remember walking down the streets late at night

in Denver where I lived, feeling the primordial
being inherent even in inanimate things in the
streets, the houses, and the plants. I could feel the
spirit or Purusha enchained in matter, gradually
striving emerge through the human being.
Consciousness was the basis of existence and had

no boundaries. No group, idea or organization
could claim it. Yet the emergence of consciousness
in the human being and our body made of clay is
slow, difficult and painful, though glorious in its
eventual triumphs.
I realized that it would be a long journey,
particularly in such a materialistic culture that was
asleep to all higher aspirations.
Buddhism and Vedanta: Becoming a Vedantin
In early 1972 a friend and I moved to California to

explore the spiritual groups and communities that
were more common there. We visited a whole
array of India groups: the Ramakrishna-Vedanta
68
center, Self-Realization-Fellowship (SRF), an

Aurobindo center, the Krishnamurti foundation
and several other gurus and their ashrams, which
all taught me something.
We also visited Buddhist centers, including

Japanese, Chinese, Tibetan and Theravadin
traditions. The direct approaches and the
connection with nature in Chan and Zen were very
appealing. The Tibetans with their deities and
Tantric Yoga practices appeared much like
Hinduism. I felt a special affinity with Taoism and
its connection with nature and found a good
Chinese teacher to guide me in its study.
Taoism is a religion free of dogma, close to the

Earth, one with nature and not seeking converts. It
was tolerant, open and non-judgmental, free of any
sense of sin or moralism. I studied Taoism and the
I Chingin some detail for several years, though
more as a secondary path, which eventually led me
to pursue Traditional Chinese medicine as well.
I was even once ordained as a Taoist priest.

However, my philosophical mind drew me more to
Buddhism and Vedanta. For a while I went back
and forth between Buddhist and Vedantic
69
perspectives. The intellectuality of Buddhism

appealed to me, while the idealism of Vedanta was
equally impelling.
Buddhist logic had a subtlety that went beyond

words and the Buddhist understanding of the
mind had a depth that was extraordinary,
dwarfing that of Western psychology. But Vedanta
had a sense of Pure Being and Consciousness that
was more in harmony with my deeper mystical
urges. It reflected the soul and its perennial
aspiration for the Divine that seemed obvious to
me.
I felt the need of a cosmic creator such as

Buddhism did not have. It was not the old
monotheistic tyrant with his heaven and hell, but
the wise and loving Divine Father and Mother,
such as in the Hindu figures of Shiva and Parvati. I
also found the existence of the Atman or higher
Self to be self-evident. That all is the Self appeared
to be the most self-evident truth of existence.
The Buddhist non-ego approach made sense as a
rejection of the lower or false Self but I saw no
need to dismiss the Self altogether as many
Buddhists do. I couldn’t understand why
Buddhism, which after all arose in India, rejected
70
Atman, Brahman or Ishwara, or why they couldn’t

accept the Upanishads as valid or complete
teachings. Besides the Vedantic view was quite
open and not dogmatic.
It seemed that Buddhism had taken certain

Vedantic ideas and reformulated them, turning
Brahman into the Dharmakaya, Atman into
Bodhichitta, and God or Ishvara into Buddha. So,
however much I admired Buddhism, I saw no need
to become a Buddhist apart from Vedanta. The
result was that I became a Vedantin and accepted it
as my life’s philosophy, which has remained so
ever since. I found it easy to integrate Buddhist
insights into this Vedantic mold.
This shift from a general exploration of the world’s

different spiritual paths to a specific following of
Vedanta was another important stage in my
development. I no longer tried to study everything,
much less felt that I had to practice everything.
Ramana Maharshi, the Ultimate Sage
At first it seemed that Vedanta did not have quite

the intellectual sophistication of Buddhism and its
direct mind teachings. Then I discovered Advaita
71
Vedanta texts like Avadhuta Gita and Ashtavakra

Samhita that had this as well. But more
importantly I learned of a teacher who had the
most enlightened teaching that I had seen
anywhere.
In the teachings of the Advaitic sage Ramana

Maharshi I discovered a Vedanta that was alive
and intellectually sophisticated, yet spiritually
profound and experiential. Ramana Maharshi was
like the quintessential sage, who perfectly
understood all the workings of the mind as well as
the consciousness beyond it. I felt an immediate
pull from his picture from my first encounter with
it. Ramana has remained as a kind of spiritual
father and as the ultimate model for
enlightenment. I also corresponded with his
ashram in India and studied their magazine, the
Mountain Path, which I would later write articles
for.
Self-knowledge is the essence of all spiritual paths

and the basis of Vedanta, whose main motto is
Know Thyself. Ramana embodied this path of Self-
knowledge completely and lived it fully. With him
Vedanta became a living presence, a radiant flame
that persisted throughout all time and space.
72
Ramana embodied this path of Self-knowledge

completely and lived it fully. With him Vedanta
became a living presence, a radiant flame that
persisted throughout all time and space. At the
same time Ramana was not trapped in tradition or
ceremony, mere book learning or dry ritual. His
Advaita was simple, direct and modern, as well as
faithful to the highest realization. It was quite
adaptable and open to each individual.
I felt perfectly at home with it. Ramana’s influence

combined with that of the Ramakrishna order, the
Upanishads and Shankaracharya became the basis
of my Vedantic path. I also studied other important
Advaitic texts and tried to develop an informed
view of the tradition. In terms of my practices I
switched to Jnana Yoga, the Yoga of knowledge or
Self-inquiry approach, such as taught by Ramana,
with some influence of J. Krishnamurti.
Such meditation approaches were both calming

and deepening. Though I examined the main yoga
teachers and spiritual groups in the West, I didn’t
find a teacher among them that I could specifically
follow. With my individualistic nature I avoided
the more popular and faddish movements. But I
did develop a strong sense of commitment to
73
tradition.
Sufism
In my examination of the world’s spiritual

traditions I looked into Sufism, starting through
the teachings of Gurdjieff, who had major
connections with them. My initial impression was
that the Sufis had a high level mystical tradition,
equal to those of the Hindus and Buddhists, and
more sophisticated than the Christian mystics.
The Sufis spoke of self-knowledge and self-

realization and the unity of all religions. However,
I soon noticed an intolerance and regimentation
among the Sufis that became progressively
disturbing to me.
Claims that the Sufis created Advaita Vedanta in

India or were responsible for Zen in Japan seemed
quite exaggerated.
The Sufis emphasized a kind of conformity or

group work that did not appeal to my
individualistic nature. They also used Biblical
terms that reminded me of Christianity and its
dogma. Their God seemed too personal and too
emotional. I preferred the more detached and
74
impersonal pure consciousness of dharmic

traditions.
I had occasional contacts with various Sufis

through the years. I visited several of their centers
and spoke with them on many topics. Many
American born Sufis viewed Sufism in a yogic
way. Their connection is more to Rumi than to
Mohammed. But the Sufis that I met who had
strong overseas connections were different.
They saw Islam as better than the dharmic

traditions of the East and insisted that one become
an orthodox Muslim before becoming a Sufi. This
caused me to lose interest in the Sufi path.
Discovery of the Vedas/ Sri Aurobindo
Among the spiritual teachers whose writings I

studied, most notable in terms of my own thought
and expression, was Sri Aurobindo. Aurobindo
possessed an intellectual breadth that was
unparalleled by any author I had ever read. One
could swim in the field of his mind like a whale in
the open sea and never encounter any limits.
He dwarfed the Western intellectuals that I studied

and even the Western mystics. Relative to Indian
75
teachers, his teaching was clear, modern, liberal

and poetic, not tainted by caste, authority or
dogma. Aurobindo’s vision encompassed the past,
revealing the mysteries of the ancient world that I
had long sought. But it showed the way to the
future as well, with a balanced and universal
vision of humanity for all time.
Aurobindo synthesized the great traditions of

India and transformed them into something of
global relevance, pioneering a New Age of
consciousness. He clearly understood western
culture, both its intellectual heights and its
spiritual limitations.
He could reflect what was valuable in western

literature and philosophy, while also being a
devastating critic of the western mind and its
attachment to outer forms and material realities. I
studied a number of Aurobindo’s works, notably
the Life Divine, which unraveled all the secrets of
the philosophies of India from Vedanta to
Samkhya, Yoga and Tantra.
In it I noted the various verses from the Rig Veda

that he used to open the chapters. I found these to
be quite profound and mysterious and wanted to
76
learn more of the Vedas. In looking through the

titles of Sri Aurobindo a book called Hymns to the
Mystic Fire, which was hymns to Agni from the
Rig Veda, struck a cord with my poetic vision.
It led me to another book Secret of the Veda, which

more specifically explained the Vedic teaching and
opened up the Vedic vision for me. Secret of the
Veda became a key work in my life, which I read
many times. I remember one particular instance in
which I was taking a bus from Colorado to Canada
where I was visiting friends, reading the book late
at night. It must have been spring of 1971. A Vedic
epiphany dawned on me.
I could sense the march of Vedic dawns unfolding

a continual evolution of consciousness in the
universe. I could feel the Vedic wisdom
permeating all of nature, unfolding the secrets of
birth and death, the days and nights of the soul.
The Veda was present at the core of our being like
an inextinguishable flame and carried the spiritual
aspiration of our species.
It was sad to contemplate how far we had fallen –

that culturally we had closed the doors on these
ancient dawns and become mired in a dark night
77
of greed and arrogance.At that time I became a

Vedic person, not simply a Vedantin. While
becoming a Vedantin was the first level of my
inner change, becoming Vedic was the second
stage.
These two transitions overlapped to a great degree.

I followed the Vedas in the context of Vedanta. But
later a more specific Vedic vision emerged and
came to dominate over the Vedantic view. It
brought a wider and more integral Vedanta and
one that connected with poetry and mantra.
After a more thorough study of Vedanta I soon

learned that few Vedantins study the Vedas or see
in them the depth of wisdom that Aurobindo did
and which seemed so natural to me. Becoming a
Vedic person took me to another place than most
Vedantins, who mainly reject the Vedas as only of
ritualistic value. I saw the Vedas as adding a
symbolic or mantric level of knowledge to
Vedanta.
Eventually this dimension of Vedic mantras

became more interesting than Vedantic logic or
inquiry. It was like entering into another time,
another state of mind, a different language and a
78
different humanity. The philosophical side of my

mind gradually receded in favor of a Vedic mantric
approach.
I had to break through my attachment to the

sophisticated philosophical dialectic of Vedanta
and Buddhism in order to appreciate the primeval
images of the older Vedas. This was perhaps as
difficult and radical a change as moving from a
western intellectual view to that of yogic
spirituality. It was also one in which I found myself
even more alone.
From 1976 through 1980 I corresponded with the

great woman saint of India, Sri Anandamayi Ma. I
had decided to write her as a friend of mine had
recently done so and received a reply. To my
surprise a letter came back from her within a few
months.
Swamis Atmananda and Nirvananda helped with
my communications. I planned to visit Ma in India
but somehow could not get the resources together
to bring it about. I also wrote a few articles for their
magazine Ananda Varta. Contact with Ma inspired
me more into a Vedantic and Hindu mold. Her
energy would come in waves, almost like an
electrical force, encouraging me to deeper
79
practices.
Ma’s energy opened up devotional potentials for

me, not merely for the Goddess but also for Shiva
and Rama. I began to look into Bhakti Yoga,
chanting and devotional meditation. Images of
Hindu deities appeared in my mind.
Anandamayi Ma
From 1976 through 1980 I corresponded with the

great woman saint of India, Sri Anandamayi Ma. I
had decided to write her as a friend of mine had
recently done so and received a reply. To my
surprise a letter came back from her within a few
months.
Swamis Atmananda and Nirvananda helped with

my communications. I planned to visit Ma in India
but somehow could not get the resources together
to bring it about. I also wrote a few articles for their
magazine Ananda Varta. Contact with Ma inspired
me more into a Vedantic and Hindu mold.
Her energy would come in waves, almost like an

electrical force, encouraging me to deeper
practices. Ma’s energy opened up devotional
potentials for me, not merely for the Goddess but
80
also for Shiva and Rama. I began to look into

Bhakti Yoga, chanting and devotional meditation.
Images of Hindu deities appeared in my mind.
Under Ma’s inspiration I began a more serious

study of Vedic teachings. About this time I also
received a copy of the Yajur Veda from India,
which I found, to my surprise since even
Aurobindo hadn’t talked of it, to be as inspiring as
the Rig Veda. The power of the mantras continued
to unfold and new Vedic vistas arose.
About the same time I discovered the teachings of

Swami Rama Tirtha, who lived at the turn of the
century and was another great Vedantin. I felt a
special inner kinship to Swami Rama, who was a
poetic, inspirational and independent figure.
I felt that Ma’s grace led me to him, as the Ram
mantra often came to me while I was in contact
with her. Swami Rama was another major guide
and teacher in my life. Most importantly he
connected me with the world of nature through his
towering Himalayan spirit and his indomitable
will.
Writing on the Vedas
81
Then in summer of 1978 my Vedic work, which

would dominate the rest of my life, first emerged. I
was inspired by some inner energy to write a set of
poems about the ancient dawns and the ancient
suns that directed me back to the Vedas. I decided
to study the Vedas in depth in the original
Sanskrit. wanted to directly confirm if Sri
Aurobindo’s view was correct that the Vedas did
have a deeper spiritual and Vedantic meaning.
I had studied a Sanskrit through the years and

already had Sanskrit texts of the Vedas and
Upanishads to start with. I remember my early
encounters with Vedic texts. Sometimes they
seemed primitive or even violent in their language.
I thought that either the Vedic rishis were not true
sages or that something was fundamentally in
wrong in how we have interpreted their teachings.
Rather than simply dismissing the Vedas as
primitive I decided to question the perspective.
I found that most people were looking at the Vedas

through the eyes of Western intellectual thought
or, at best, with a Vedantic or Buddhist logic. I
realized that the Vedas were not written according
to either of these views and required a very
different approach. It is not enough merely to
82
translate the Vedas; one has to recreate the

background the Vedas came from, in which context
they were fresh and alive. The Vedas presumed a
certain state of mind on the part of those who
studied them.
Like a treatise on high energy physics that requires

a knowledge of elementary physics to approach,
the Vedas were designed for people who already
had a sense of the Vedic language and its
implications. Without recreating that Vedic
background merely to translate the Vedas only
invites misinterpretation.
I decided to try to recreate that background. The

result was that I discovered deeper meaning to
teachings that appeared as little more than
primitive rituals to others. Because of my
background in poetic symbolism the Vedas made
perfect sense to me. The Sun, day, dawn, fire, and
ocean were archetypes of inner processes. So were
such animal images as the bull, cow, horse or
falcon. I didn’t view Vedic images according to the
standard of Vedantic or Buddhist logic, looking for
some subtle abstract dialectic, from which angle
they would appear crude.
83
I saw them as analogical keys to the workings of

the universe. I began creating a system to unlock
the greater meaning of the Vedic language. I
developed a strategy. I decided that the best way to
proceed was to trace the Vedic vision back from
the Upanishads, which were still relatively
transparent in meaning, to the Vedas – to use the
Upanishads as a door back in time.
Most people started the Hindu tradition with the

Upanishads and took them as its foundation. They
saw the emergence of the exalted philosophy of
Vedanta in the Upanishads and took that as the
essence of the tradition. Following Aurobindo I
realized that the Upanishads were a transitional
literature. While they created the basis for what
came later, they also reflected the essence of what
was done earlier.
While they opened the door forward on the

classical Hindu-Buddhist world, they closed the
door backward on the more mysterious Vedic age.
I began intensely working on the early
Upanishads, in what eventually became my first
published book in India, the Creative Vision of the
Early Upanishads. I correlated various
Upanishadic passages that either quoted from the
84
earlier Vedas or paraphrased them.
I found that many Upanishadic verses came

directly from the earlier Vedas, which most
translators and commentators didn’t seem to
know. The same verse occurring in the Upanishads
would be given a spiritual meaning, while in the
Vedas it was taken as merely ritualistic, if not
primitive! I used this Upanishadic usage of Vedic
verses to give an Upanishadic meaning to the
Vedic hymns.
I felt that if the Upanishads could use Vedic type

verses for expressing Self-realization, all the verses
of the Vedas should have a similar potential. I took
the very portions of the early Upanishads usually
rejected as ritualistic and reinterpreted them from a
spiritual angle, in light of the rules of symbolic
language. I was particularly affected by the
Chandogya Upanishad, which comes from the
Sama Veda or the Veda of song.
The book itself would seem to sing or to chant to

me. I would merely look at the book and start to
hear the Vedic students of old raising their voices
to the Divine. Something of the Vedic shakti came
through it along with a connection to the ancient
85
seers, their families and their practices. I learned to

look back from Advaita Vedanta through the
Upanishadsinto the mantras of the Rig Veda,
seeing how the path of Self-realization was there in
the earliest hymns.
Like Aurobindo I could appreciate the Vedic

mantras as a pure spiritual experience that later
became reduced to mere ritual when the inner
meaning of the symbols forgotten. The Vedic
mantras also served to open the entire ancient
spiritual world for me, affording a sense of the
deeper meaning of Egyptian or Mayan symbols as
well.
The Vedic language came alive and showed its

meaning to me. I found a Vedantic or adhyatmic
vision in nearly all the Vedic mantras, but most
Vedantins do not see this. Shankaracharya, the
great Vedantic commentator, did not make
Vedantic comments on the Vedic mantras but only
on the Upanishads, and only on small portions of
the early Upanishads. He divided the Vedas into
the Karma Kanda or section of works and the
Jnana Kanda or section of knowledge. He placed
the Vedic mantras and Brahmanas in the former
section and only the Upanishads in the latter.
86
This to me was like consigning all the Vedas except

the Upanishads to the domain of mere ritual,
which was effectively to dismiss the bulk of Vedic
literature, not to connect with their great power
and legacy. This Vedantic dismissing of the Vedas
gave the impression that the Vedic rishis did not
have the knowledge or the realization of the
Upanishadic sages. This was odd because the
Upanishadic sages quoted the Vedic rishis to
support their knowledge. I looked at the matter
differently. Like Aurobindo I felt that there was a
way of Self-realization in the Rig Veda. Shankara’s
division of the Vedas into Jnana Kanda and Karma
Kanda was a matter of convenience and not the last
word.
He spoke to an audience that was unable to see the

deeper meaning of the Vedic mantras but could
understand the logic of Vedanta. The more
accurate view is that the Vedas contain both
knowledge and ritual and the Vedic mantras can
be interpreted in either sense. The Brahmanas are
mainly ritualistic, while the Upanishads emphasize
knowledge, but the Samhita or mantra portion of
the Vedas can be looked at in either sense.
M.P. Pandit
87
After finishing this Vedic study I had no idea what

to do with it. Fortunately, through a personal
friend I came into contact with M.P. Pandit, the
secretary of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. I had long
admired Pandit’s many books on the Vedas,
Tantra, Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. Pandit was
perhaps the foremost scholar of Indian spirituality,
not from an academic view but from a real
understanding and inner experience that spanned
the entire tradition.
If anyone could appreciate what I was doing, it

was he. I first visited Pandit in San Francisco in the
summer of 1979. I brought my writings on the
Vedas and Upanishads and explained my
approach to him. What I received from him in
return went far beyond my expectations. Pandit
was a calm and concentrated person, with a
penetrating vision.
He listened carefully before making any

comments. Instead of trying to influence me he
was quite receptive and open to what I was
attempting. I told him that I was not an academic
but doing the work from an inner motivation and
an intuitive view.
88
He said that it was better that I was not an

academic because I would not repeat their same
old mistakes and could gain a fresh view of the
subject. Pandit strongly encouraged me to continue
my work, offering his full support. He called my
Vedic work my "Divine mission," that I should
follow out. He said both to my surprise and my
honor that he would get my writings published in
India.
This greatly increased my enthusiasm in what I

was doing, which up to that point appeared to be
some obscure personal study, perhaps relevant to
no one. He asked me to mail him some of my
writings in India as he would be returning to India
in a few months.
Over the next few months I wrote a new book on

the Rig Veda called Self-realization and the Super
mind in the Rig Veda and sent it to him. The
manuscript was over five hundred pages long and
consisted of translations and interpretations of
many different Suktas, particularly those to Indra. I
had worked on it day and night during that period.
He serialized the book first in World Union and

later in the Advent, major Sri Aurobindo Ashram
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journals from 1980-1984. Later I sent Pandit various

chapters of the Shukla Yajur Veda, which I
similarly translated and interpreted in a spiritual
(adhyatmic) light. This he had serialized in Sri
Aurobindo’s Action. Pandit also got my book
Creative Vision of the Early Upanishads published
in India.
His help was crucial in establishing my work as a

writer in the Vedic field, without which it would
have been probably consigned to my desk Along
with Pandit came the additional gift of the grace of
the Mother of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. After
contacting Pandit I could also feel the Mother’s
energy and presence around me.
She was close by and would quickly appear to my
inner vision, guiding me in various ways. Even
today I can feel her nearby my consciousness
whenever I think of her. This was not something I
cultivated but came of its own accord.
J. Krishnamurti and the Question of Tradition
Another important, but rather opposite spiritual

influence, at the time was J. Krishnamurti. In
California I happened to end up for a few years at
Ojai, the town where Krishnamurti gave his yearly
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talks, which I attended regularly. I became familiar

with the Krishnamurti community and made
friends with several older members of the group,
most who were ex-Theosophists.
Krishnamurti’s thoughts had a logic that appealed

to my revolutionary and anti-authority mentality.
He was a kind of spiritual anarchist. Though he
was in favor of meditation and the spiritual life, he
was against gurus and structured practices. Yet
given my connections with the Vedas and Vedanta
I couldn’t accept his wholesale rejection of
tradition and technique, or his criticism of mantra.
Krishnamurti was, on one hand, a typically self-

alienated Indian intellectual criticizing his own
culture. But, on the other hand, he possessed a
genuine meditative mind in harmony with the
same tradition, a strange contradiction but one that
was appealing to people who could not relate to
traditions.
He had important teachings on perception and on

the workings of the mind and emotions that added
much depth to my meditation. Krishnamurti
wanted to create a teaching that was universal, that
was not culturally limited or conditioned, and did
91
not require any identity in order to follow. While

this was a noble endeavor it failed to note the
organic nature of life.
In refusing to align with any tradition his teaching

became limited to perhaps the most limited factor.
It became a one man teaching or one-man tradition
– a Krishnamurti teaching. All tradition is not bad.
Otherwise we should leave our infants in the
woods and let them raise themselves without
authority, tradition or interference. We all follow
various traditions in life. We are part of a society
and a collective evolution.
We as individuals don’t invent our own language,

much less our own spiritual teachings. We have to
take the good that the collective culture gives us
and carry it further along.An authoritarian
tradition that does not allow open questioning but
projects a dogma as truth is certainly harmful.
But a cultural tradition that promotes spirituality

and creativity is very helpful. For example, a
musical tradition provides the instruments and
tools for musicians to grow. Spiritual traditions can
be helpful springboards for self-realization. The
problem arises when their tools are applied
92
mechanically, which is unfortunately too often the

case.
Real knowledge has a tradition and an authority,

just as there is in science, but it is a matter of direct
experience, not of mere belief. This is the basis of
the real Vedic tradition. One important thing I did
learn from Krishnamurti was not to blindly follow
anyone who called himself a guru.
Later I learned that it is particularly dangerous to

follow a guru who does not represent or have the
sanction of any real tradition. The Vedic view
allows thinking and debate and can even accept a
Krishnamurti who rejects the tradition for his
insights on meditation.
Into the Vedic Work – Ayurveda and Vedic

Astrology
Ayurveda became my main vehicle for expressing

Vedic knowledge to a modern and Western
audience. This also occurred according to a certain
chance or synchronicity. I moved to Santa Fe, New
Mexico in early 1983, where I focused on the study
of herbs and natural medicine that I had already
been engaged in for some time as part of my
93
seeking for a dharmic livelihood.
The alternative medicine movement was beginning

in a big way. But I didn’t know that an Indian
Ayurvedic doctor was then teaching the first
Ayurvedic programs in the United States in Santa
Fe. I was introduced to him by chance. His school
was interested in having someone teach Sanskrit, a
role that I found out about and took up. In turn I
began an intense study of Ayurveda. This led to
my teaching and writing in the field and helping
create study programs and classes.
Along a parallel line I had taken up the study of

Vedic astrology. I first studied astrology in Ojai in
the early seventies, which with a Theosophical
center had good resources on the subject.
I also discovered a few good books on Vedic

astrology. I practiced Western astrology for several
years, using Vedic astrology as a sidelight, but
gradually shifted over to the Vedic system. Along
with my Ayurvedic work in the mid-eighties I
focused on Vedic astrology, introducing classes
and courses in it as well, starting with Ayurveda
students.
94
In such diverse endeavors I wasn’t following a

particular plan but simply pursuing my interests
that often seemed scattered or disconnected.
Several times I tried to reduce one or more areas of
involvement so as to concentrate my energies, but
circumstances kept me active in all these different
fields. Later I would discover that the Vedic vision
could integrate such disparate subjects and was
behind my involvement with all of them.
With Ayurveda and Vedic astrology I discovered a

practical usage of Vedic knowledge that was
relevant to everyone. The gap between my Vedic
work and my actual career began to disappear. My
Vedic work and my livelihood became interrelated.
I focused on Ayurveda and Vedic astrology for a
few years and put my Vedic pursuits temporarily
in the background.
95
INDIA AND HINDUISM,

THE SPIRITUAL TRADITION
India and Hinduism
I had studied Hindu teachings and corresponded

with ashrams and teachers in India for many years.
I had written articles for journals in India since
1978 and books from 1982. Bu I hadn’t actually
been to India, though I almost made it twice. One
of my Hindu teachers in America remarked,
"David didn’t go to India, India came to him."
In 1987 I traveled to China and Tibet as part of my

study of Chinese medicine. A few months later, I
took a second trip to Asia and finally made it to
India. Though, perhaps belatedly, visiting India
was an important and transformative experience,
marking another era in my life. After that first visit
I continued to go back to India on a yearly basis.
My first trip to India occurred as part of my

pursuit of Ayurveda. It involved visiting
Ayurvedic schools and companies in Bombay and
Nagpur, and sightseeing to other parts of the
country. I also had two important visits of a
spiritual nature, first to Pondicherry and the Sri
Aurobindo Ashram, and second to the
96
Ramanashram in nearby Tiruvannamalai, a pattern

that was repeated in future visits to the country.
Sri Aurobindo and Pondicherry
My visit to Pondicherry and the Sri Aurobindo

Ashram reconnected me with Sri Aurobindo and
the Mother. There is definitely a strong shakti
present in the town, the Mother’s force that is
almost palpable. It came over me like a wave and
took me out of my ordinary consciousness,
sometimes for hours on end. It literally flattened
me, putting me in a state in which I didn’t want to
move. Sri Aurobindo’s force was also there,
particularly at his samadhi shrine, in which I could
feel and experience his life and teachings. But the
Mother’s shakti permeated the entire city and
never left one.
Pondicherry provided the opportunity to visit with

M.P. Pandit, who I had not seen since he stopped
coming to the West a few years earlier. I had kept
in touch with him by correspondence and he had
reviewed my various books that had come out in
the meantime.
One day I was attending one of Pandit’s weekly

meditations that followed his weekly talks.
97
Suddenly I started to breathe deeply and felt my

consciousness open up to a higher plane. The
vision of the Mother of the ashram unfolded a the
White Goddess Tara, a figure of great beauty, light
and compassion. Tibetan monks were doing chants
to her and seeking to project her energy in order to
help save the human race from the ignorance and
illusion in which it was mired. They were
meditating upon suffering humanity and using the
Mother’s force to uplift people.
The history of humanity unfolded before my inner

eye, how as children of Manu or the mind, we have
an inherent ignorance that keeps us trapped in
duality and sorrow. This ignorance at the core of
our minds has become the matrix of our culture
which, therefore, is caught in dichotomy,
contradiction and disintegration. Until we move
beyond this limited mental consciousness we must
repeat the same old errors and live in the same
uncertainty.
Yet beyond all this suffering the Mother revealed a

new and higher plan of creation, a model for a new
human being beyond the old mortal conditioning
of lust, fear and hatred. This being lived in
harmony with nature in an almost paradise
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situation but as a future potential, not as a fact of

the Earth life, which would require much time and
effort to manifest it. The Mother kept echoing the
need for a new creation for which she was
projecting the seeds and scattering the flowers all
over the world.
I gradually returned to the ordinary state of

consciousness as the meditation came to an end. As
I left the house Pandit offered me a flower, a white
jasmine dear to the Mother, as said "for a new
creation." While I have done much work with the
ancient Vedas it is not only for the past, but also for
the future – going back to the human origins in
order to create a new humanity in harmony with
the Divine dawns and embodying the Divine light.
The Ramanashram: Encounter with Lord Skanda
Ramana Maharshi is probably the most famous

enlightened sage of modern India, the very
personification of the Atman, a pure unbounded
Self-realization, even though he did nothing to
gain recognition for himself. He has great appeal to
a rational and modern mind willing to transcend
name, form and culture. Yet what I discovered at
his ashram and in the psychic environment of the
99
town and hill was something different and

unexpected.
I came to the Ramanashram to contact Ramana and

his path of Self-inquiry, which is a method to
experience the non-dual state of pure awareness.
What I actually discovered was the God Skanda,
the child of fire, who demanded purification, death
and spiritual rebirth. I encountered one of the
Gods, not as a devotional or cultural image but as a
primordial and awesome power. Ramana came to
me through Lord Skanda, the son of Shiva, with
whom Ganapati Muni identified him. I came to
understand Ramana as Lord Skanda, the
embodiment of the flame of knowledge.
Coming into Tiruvannamalai I felt the presence of

a tremendous spiritual fire, which also had, in its
more benefic moments, the face of a young boy.
The image of a small boy carrying a spear, rising
out of a fire, kept arising in my mind. This brought
about an intense practice of Self-inquiry that was
literally like death, though it was the ego’s death,
not that of the body.
Going through that fire was perhaps the most

intense spiritual experience of my life, to the point
100
that I had at time to pray that it would not become

too strong! Yet afterwards I felt refreshed and
cleansed, with a purity of perception that was
extraordinary.
Up to that point I had a limited understanding of

the role of deities in spiritual practice. I had almost
no knowledge of Lord Skanda, though he is a
popular deity in South India and one sees his
picture everywhere. I had not yet grasped the
depth of his connection with Ramana. So I was
shocked to come into a direct contact with such an
entity, not as a mere fantasy but as a concrete and
vivid inner experience penetrating to the core of
my being. That the process of Self-inquiry, which
starts out as a philosophical practice, could be
aligned to a deity in which my personality was
swallowed up, was not something that I had noted
in any teachings.
In time I learned much about both Skanda and

Ramana. Skanda is the incarnation of the power of
direct insight. He is the Self that is born of Self-
inquiry which is like a fire, the inner child born of
the death of the ego on the cremation pyre of
meditation. This child represents the innocent
mind, free of ulterior motives, which alone can
101
destroy all the demons, our negative conditionings,

with his spear of discrimination beyond the
fluctuations of the mind. Coming to
Tiruvannamalai was an experience of that inner
fire (tejas) which is Skanda and Ramana.
I felt Lord Skanda most keenly at the great temple
of Arunachaleshwara in the nearby town. Initially
the experience of the temple was more important
for me than the experience of the ashram.
Arunachaleshwara temple still holds the vibration
of Ramana, who was its child, where he stayed and
practiced tapas when young and unknown. The
temple has its own Divine presence that has
nourished many great sages and yogis.
The Devi (Goddess) at the temple functions as the

mother of Ramana and Skanda and the mother of
all true seekers. The great Shiva linga, similarly, is
like Ramana’s father. The deities in the temple
came alive as the parents of Lord Skanda, who was
not only Ramana, but also my own inner child of
immortality. I felt the strongest energy and
unfoldment in the Mother temple. The story of the
birth of the Goddess Uma, her tapas in the
Himalayas, her marriage with Lord Shiva, and the
birth of Lord Skanda began to unfold in my
meditations as a symbol of the process of Self-
102
realization. The myth became real, while our

human lives became mere shadows. The realms of
these deities (Devalokas) emerged as states of
meditation or planes of awareness.
One day at the temple I decided to purchase a

statue to take back home for my altar. I found a
small statue of Lord Skanda that I bought and put
into my nap sack. One of the Brahmin priests in the
temple noted my acquisition and asked for the
statue, which I gave to him. He took my hand and
led me through the temple, doing the puja to the
main deities. He started with the Devi temple and
then to the Shiva linga and finally to the Skanda
temple. My statue was placed on all these murtis
and was consecrated as part of the pujas. It was as
if I myself was reborn as Skanda during these rites.
The Goddess
The figure of the Goddess appeared strong in my

poetry since a child, but it was in India that I came
to really experience her, first at the Tiruvannamalai
temple and at the Ramanashram, but later at many
places in the country. I have always felt myself to
be a child of the Goddess.
Once while I was meditating at the ashram the

103
Devi appeared to me in a form of Durga called

Mahishasuramardini holding various ornaments
and weapons. She offered these to me and placed
them in my mind. I was puzzled at first and
wondered what I was supposed to do with them. I
later came to know that they were some of the
different teachings and practices that she bestowed
on her devotees. I remember feeling them in my
mind when I was on the plane to the USA as if all
the Gods and Goddesses were riding back with
me.
One needs many tools in order to be successful in
one’s spiritual work. Many obstacles lie along the
way, which require different methods to overcome.
These divine weapons help us break through them.
The divine ornaments give beauty to charm
difficulties away. Such tools proved helpful, if not
crucial through time. Rather than struggling with
problems, I call upon the weapons of the Goddess
to deal with them.
I later realized that Durga was the form of the

Goddess connected with Bharat Mata or Mother
India, who took the form of Durga riding her lion.
Later I came to understand that her blessing was a
presage of my later journalistic work in the
country, which I had no idea about at the time. The
104
weapons and ornaments were mantric tools to do

this work.
It was if I had become one of the Divine Mother’s

warriors. These I first experienced in the form of
the Vedic Maruts or Wind Gods, the sons of Rudra-
Shiva and the companions of Indra. Later I would
realize their connection with the deity Hanuman
who is also the son of the Wind God and the head
of the divine army. I joined the Mother Durga’s
army, though not knowingly at first.
Sadhu on the Hill
One day during one of my several trips to the

ashram I decided to climb the great hill of
Arunachala. It is a moderate hike of about two
hours. That particular day was a little cloudy so the
heat was not unbearable. After I reached the top of
the hill I stopped to meditate for a few minutes.
There one finds the remains of the fires, the bricks
and pottery, which are burned yearly on the full
moon of the month of Karttika, which is sacred to
Lord Skanda.
While sitting by these I suddenly saw an old figure

dressed in orange taking very wide strides and
coming up the hill. He stopped in a few places and
105
picked a few berries from the sparse vegetation.

Then he came to within about fifty feet and looked
at me, giving the siddha gesture with his hand. At
that instant the whole of space opened up behind
me. I could feel the infinite void extending in all
directions and my entire life felt like a bubble
within it. It was like a moment out of time. Then he
continued with his wide strides and went to the
other side of the hill and disappeared.
I am not certain who the sadhu was. He did not

look like Ramana but more like a old wandering
Swami. Ramana said that Siddhas dwelled on the
hill. I could say from my experience that this was
the case. India still has such mysterious figures that
one can contact, sense or intuit at times. That is
part of the blessing of visiting the land.
Ganapati Muni and Sri Natesan
My mind had been in a curious dilemma for

several years. On one hand, I had a strong
connection with Ramana Maharshi. On the other
hand, I had an equally strong connection with Sri
Aurobindo whose teaching was very different.
Though I held Ramana as the ideal, my own work
and writings made more sense in terms of Sri
Aurobindo's teaching.
106
This dilemma began to resolve itself in an

unexpected way. I studied the works of Kapali
Shastri, the guru of M.P. Pandit, who wrote
extensively on the Vedas from Sri Aurobindo’s
point of view. Many of my comments on the
Upanishads that I had written were echoed in
Kapali’s work. I eventually discovered that Kapali,
prior to connecting with Aurobindo had been a
disciple of Ramana Maharshi. He was responsible
for many of the Sanskrit works on Ramana under
the pseudonym K.
Kapali was the chief disciple of Ganapati Muni,

who was perhaps the chief disciple of Ramana.
Ganapati had first discovered Ramana as a young
boy then called Brahma Swami, because he was a
Brahmin boy. He renamed him Ramana and
Bhagavan. Ganapati wrote several important
Sanskrit works on the Maharshi and also put
Ramana’s teachings into Sanskrit, which Kapali as
his disciple commented on.
I decided to search out the works of Ganapati

Muni, particularly on the Vedas, as he was reputed
to be a Vedic scholar as well. I asked M.P. Pandit
about Ganapati and whether his Vedic work was
important. He said that there was little about the
107
Vedas in the scattered works of Ganapati, though

Ganapati did accept an exalted status for the Vedic
mantras. I asked at the Ramanashram about
Ganapati and his Vedic works but at first nothing
came of it.
In 1992, I came in contact with K. Natesan, who in

his eighties, was one of the oldest living disciples
of Ganapati and Ramana. When Natesan
discovered my interest in Ganapati he revealed his
great secret. He had collected Ganapati’s work for
decades. Besides copies of Ganapati's printed
works, most of which were out of print; he had
painstakingly transcribed Ganapati’s handwritten
manuscripts and gathered nearly all of them. He
had much material that even M.P. Pandit never
knew about, including extensive works on the
Vedas by Ganapati. He happily made copies of all
these works for me and I took them back home to
America to study. Natesan guided me to Ganapati
and became a source of his grace and his influence.
In Ganapati’s works I found an approach to the

Vedas in harmony with my deepest thoughts. The
emphasis on Indra that I had already developed in
my writings was also there in his Thousand Names
of Indra. He understood Agni as Skanda and as
108
Ramana, which made perfect sense to me. I also

began to come into contact with Ganapati on a
subtle level, feeling an inner rapport and
transmission of knowledge. It was as if he was
speaking to me in my own mind.
Ganapati was a Vedic scholar, a Tantric yogi, an

Ayurvedic doctor and a Vedic astrologer, as well as
an active social thinker and reformer – covering the
same basic range of fields that I had and at a much
deeper level. He even researched the history of the
Vedas and the Mahabharata. He was probably the
greatest Sanskrit poet and writer of this century.
His greatest work, Uma Sahasram, has a thousand
verses and forty chapters each down flawlessly in a
different Sanskrit meter. I recognized him as a
model for what I was attempting in all aspects of
my work. He also presented an approach that
balanced my connection with both Aurobindo and
Ramana. Through Ganapati I was able to bridge
the gap between the two. No doubt a secret affinity
with him was behind the position that I had taken.
Natesan has remained as an important friend and

mentor, helping me on several levels inwardly and
outwardly. He has continued to pass on special
teachings over the years, not only from Ganapati
109
but also from Ramana and from Sri Aurobindo, as

he remains in contact with both ashrams. Ganapati
came to me through Natesan and became a
personal example for me to follow. He shared my
same varied interests and integrated them as part
of his greater spiritual path.
The Goddesses and Bhakti Yoga
Ganapati’s work contained an extensive teaching

on the Dasha Mahavidya or ten great knowledge
forms of the Goddesses. I wrote about this subject
in my book Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom
Goddesses, using Ganapati's teachings. Ganapati
was also closely connected to Uma, Renuka,
Chinnamasta and many other forms of the
Goddess. His teachings took me deeper into Devi
worship. Using various Goddess mantras has been
central to my yogic practice. Most of these mantras
have come from Ganapati and Natesan. Mantra
after all is the form of the Goddess.
Bhakti Yoga became progressively more important

for me. Its value can be described with a simple
metaphor: knowledge (jnana) is the flame and the
mind is the wick, but bhakti is the oil. Without
bhakti spiritual knowledge burns out the mind,
110
like a flame does a wick without oil.
I discovered that the Vedas are primarily books on

Bhakti Yoga, quite contrary to a modern scholarly
belief that Bhakti Yoga originated from a later
Islamic or Christian influence in medieval India.
The Vedas worship the Divine in all the forms of
nature including human (Gods like Indra), animal
(vehicles of the gods like the bull and the horse),
plant (the sacred ashwattha tree and Soma plant),
elemental (like fire and water), and cosmic (like the
sun).
The Vedas worship the Divine in all the forms of

nature including human (Gods like Indra), animal
(vehicles of the gods like the bull and the horse),
plant (the sacred ashwattha tree and Soma plant),
elemental (like fire and water), and cosmic (like the
sun). They explain all attitudes of devotion
honoring the Divine as the father, mother, brother,
sister, friend, son, daughter, child and master. The
whole Vedic concept of namas or surrender to the
Gods is itself the essence of Bhakti. The Rig Veda
also frequently mentions the sacred or secret
Divine Names, showing that chanting the names of
God and meditation upon them was always central
to the Vedic path.
111
This stream of Bhakti has kept Hinduism alive and

flowering throughout the ages from the Rig Veda
to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, from the
Alvars and Nayanars in the south to Tulsidas and
Mirabai in the north of the country. Bhakti is the
real heart of Hinduism. It is a Divine love founded
not on dogma or sin but on the very exuberance of
life itself, which is ever seeking transcendence and
greater awareness. From baby Krishna, to Rama
with his bow, to Durga on her lion it has touched
all the themes of life with great feeling, personal
intimacy and poignancy.
I learned to chant various stotras to the Gods and

Goddesses, particularly those of Shankaracharya,
who produced many wonderful ones, which
became a regular practice for me. J. Jayaraman, the
librarian at the Ramanashram and both a great
sadhu and musician aided me in this pursuit.
Without dipping into the waters of devotion, I find
that my intellectual work is not fulfilling. Often I
spend my evenings in devotional practices after
days of more mental work. This devotion is mainly
to the Goddess but includes the whole range of
Vedic and Hindu deities, including Indra, Agni,
Shiva, Rama, Hanuman and Ganesha.
112
Brahmarshi Daivarata
A few years later while giving a talk at the

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan in Mumbai I was given a
curious present, a book called Chandodarshana by
Daivarata, another important disciple of Ganapati
Muni and Ramana Maharshi. The Bhavan
members didn’t know of my connection with
Ganapati, so it was a coincidence. I later received
Vak Sudha, another work of Daivarata as well.
Daivarata followed Ganapati’s vision but unlike
Kapali remained close to Ramana and did not join
Aurobindo. He developed a Vedic view based
upon Ganapati’s ideas, including his own direct
vision of new Vedic mantras much like the Rishis
of old. He also worshipped the Goddess,
particularly as Sarasvati and Tara.
I learned later that Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

brought Daivarata to the West in the early
seventies as a living example of a modern Vedic
Rishi with the full knowledge of the Vedas and the
power of its mantras. I found great inspiration in
his work. Daivarata like Ganapati entered into my
psyche as a key part of the new Vedic renaissance.
The Himalayas
113
Hinduism is the spirit of the Himalayas. It is a

vision fostered by these lofty subtropical
mountains and their abundant rivers that combine
both height and depth, both austerity and
abundance.
Haridwar at the doorway to the Himalayas is the

conduit, from which the spiritual force of the
mountain yogis spreads its influence into the
plains, eventually reaching all the way down to
Kanya Kumari at the tip of South India. The Ganga
brings blessings not only to the areas along her
banks but to the entire subcontinent. Feeling this
spiritual current from the Himalayan heights
added another dimension to my appreciation of
the Vedic teachings.
During my first visit to Rishikesh we stayed at a

place called Vedbhavan or the house of the Vedas.
It was one of the oldest centers for Vedic rituals in
the area, but had closed down its Vedic program in
1966 when the rich industrialists of the country
ceased to lend their support for it. By chance I
found myself at an old pillar of Vedic ritual.
The Himalayas
Hinduism is the spirit of the Himalayas. It is a

114
vision fostered by these lofty subtropical

mountains and their abundant rivers that combine
both height and depth, both austerity and
abundance.
Haridwar at the doorway to the Himalayas is the

conduit, from which the spiritual force of the
mountain yogis spreads its influence into the
plains, eventually reaching all the way down to
Kanya Kumari at the tip of South India. The Ganga
brings blessings not only to the areas along her
banks but to the entire subcontinent. Feeling this
spiritual current from the Himalayan heights
added another dimension to my appreciation of
the Vedic teachings.
During my first visit to Rishikesh we stayed at a
place called Vedbhavan or the house of the Vedas.
It was one of the oldest centers for Vedic rituals in
the area, but had closed down its Vedic program in
1966 when the rich industrialists of the country
ceased to lend their support for it. By chance I
found myself at an old pillar of Vedic ritual.
Suvir Sharma, who now owned the place, was the

last of that Vedic line raised to do Vedic chants and
rituals. We listened as he chanted different Vedic
styles from the Rig Veda to the Sama Veda. But
115
unfortunately this tradition, like so many in India,

appears nearing extinction. The demands of this
commercial age have no real place for communing
with the cosmic powers or for a life of ritual and
chanting.
Uttar Kashi higher up from Rishikesh is the place

where Shiva and Shakti unite. It has a special bliss
and energy. There one can feel the power of the
yogis and the presence of a culture of
consciousness beyond the mundane world. In the
Himalayas further up from there still reside many
great and enigmatic yogis who will have nothing
to do with the world. They preserve the spiritual
heart of Hinduism, which so far remains in tact
though perhaps in retreat. One can still meet with
them and gain their grace if one makes the effort.
Shankaracharyas
In the early nineties I came into contact with

Tattvaloka, the journal of Sringeri Shankaracharya
Math, through its editor T.R. Ramachandran, who
took me on a special visit to Sringeri.
Sringeri is a hill station in Karnataka. It took

several hours by car from the airport at Mangalore
where we flew in. I was surprised to find the main
116
center that the great Shankaracharya founded

located in such a remote region. Clearly Shankara
was more concerned with tapas than with gaining
public acclaim. He was not creating a new religion
that needed to convert the masses but a way of
meditation in which we must work on ourselves.
This is the Vedantic spirit, which one can still feel
strongly at Sringeri. Self-development is the key to
the Vedic spiritual path, not proselytizing.
I also came into contact with another

Shankaracharya Math in Kanchipuram, a couple
hours southwest of Chennai. Kanchipuram was
one of the seven sacred cities of classical India and
has many great temples.
Chandrashekhar Saraswati, the Shankaracharya at

that time, was nearly a hundred years old and the
grand old teacher of Hinduism. Fortunately I
received his darshan twice before his death. He
blessed the rudraraksha mala that is the main one
that I use today. His work provides an excellent
introduction to Hinduism, particularly in a
Vedantic context.
A few years later through the intercession of the

next Shankaracharya in the line, Jayendra
117
Saraswati, I was able to visit the Kanchi Kamakshi

temple and have a darshan of the Devi there, for
which westerners were usually not allowed. Such
teachers continue to uphold Hindu dharma and
maintain millennial traditions for the benefit of
future generations.
Alandi – Swami Ram Das
Alandi near Pune in Maharashtra had a similar

high spiritual vibration like the temple cities of
South India and the Tirthas of the North. There
Jnanadeva who wrote the famous Jnanesvar
commentary on the Bhagavad Gita was enshrined.
He voluntarily went underground at the age of
twenty one and never reappeared. The temple
marks the tree beneath which he is said to be
buried and will some day return from. Meditating
there was a powerful experience and connected
one with the great saints of Maharashtra, who did
much to maintain Hinduism through the difficult
period of Islamic rule.
Later I came into contact with the Samartha Ram

Das order, from the great teacher who had been the
guru of the Shivaji, the Maratha king who aroused
the Hindus to revolt against the oppressive Mogul
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rule of the country. The Maratha power reclaimed

most of India before the British conquered the
country.
In time I had many such pilgrimages and

experiences throughout India. These are just a few
typical examples.
119
DISCOVERY OF SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL HINDUISM
Encounter with Dr. B.L. Vashta
On my first trip to India I met an individual who

would have a decisive influence on my life and
thought. He would serve as my mentor for
introducing me into Hindu thinking and to Hindu
issues in India today. Dr. B.L. Vashta was an
Ayurvedic doctor working on product
development for an Ayurvedic company in
Bombay. It was in that context in which I met him.
He was then about seventy years of age or about
the age of my father.
After chatting informally, we immediately felt a
certain kinship. He inquired about my activities
and interests and was curious about my work with
the Vedas and ancient India. I would gradually
develop a broad association with Vashta that
would connect me to a whole network of Hindu
organizations. We had long conversations over a
wide variety of topics, mainly relative to India,
Hinduism and the Vedas. We gradually developed
a strategy to promote Vedic causes in both India
and the West. Vashta helped with my Ayurvedic
work and introduced me to various Ayurvedic
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teachers and schools, particularly in nearby Pune.

We attended several Ayurvedic conferences in
places as far away as Bangalore and Madras.
But Vashta was no mere Ayurvedic doctor. He was

also an intellectual and a journalist and had been
the editor of the famous Kesri newspaper of Pune
for ten years. He wrote on religious and social
issues as well and had authored many books and
articles. He was one of the main Hindu writers in
Maharashtra. Behind his humble demeanor he had
a profound insight and an ability to help people
connect to their deeper purpose in life.
Vashta first introduced me to local Hindu groups

in Mumbai. These included regional branches of
RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangha), VHP
(Vishwa Hindu Parishad), BJP (Bharatiya Janata
Party) and their different affiliates, which up to
that point I knew nothing about. I gradually
learned about the Sangha Pariwar or RSS family
and its many affiliated organizations. Most of my
work was with VHP, as it dealt more with religious
issues, as the largest Hindu religious organization
in the world.
I got to know many people in these organizations
121
personally, including their leaders. I found them to

be dedicated supporters of Hindu dharma and
protectors of Hindu society, as well as nationalistic
Indians. Most were gentle and mild people like
Vashta and were quite open-minded about religion
and spirituality. Some like him had deep spiritual
concerns and did intense sadhana.
Vashta himself had been an RSS worker since the

age of 18 or for nearly fifty years at the time. He
introduced me to the work of various Hindu social
and political writers like Tilak, Savarkar, and
Guruji Golwalkar of RSS.
Lokamanya Tilak was the head of the Indian

independence movement before Mahatma Gandhi.
Tilak had a special interest in the Vedas and in the
ancient history of India and wrote two important
books on the subjects, the Orion, and the Arctic
Home in the Vedas. I found Tilak’s work on
astronomical references in the Vedas via his Orion
to be very crucial information for accurately dating
the Vedas. However, I found his Arctic home
theory to be farfetched, a product of the incomplete
scientific information of his era.
I discovered that Tilak was closely connected with
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Aurobindo, who was his follower, and wanted

Aurobindo to take over the independence
movement after him. But Aurobindo had already
retired from the world to do his yoga practice and
decided against it. Both Tilak and Aurobindo
found Mahatma Gandhi’s insistence on non-
violence to be excessive and wanted a more active
campaign to oust the British.
Veer Savarkar was another Indian leader senior to

Gandhi who was a firebrand revolutionary like
those of Europe with whom he associated. He had
a strong vision of Indian nationalism and was also
not adverse tot using force to remove the British.
He was a deep thinker and a yogi in his later years.
Unfortunately his work was denigrated and
distorted by leftist opponents.
There was a concerted effort to malign him a Nazi

because of his anti-leftist views, even though he
was an opponent of Hitler and wanted India to join
the war on the British side! Through Savarkar I
gained a different idea of India's independence
movement, which clearly was much more than the
Gandhian images which is all that people in the
West really know.
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Guruji Golwalkar was the second head of the RSS

after Hedgewar, who founded the organization in
1925. He was a mild mannered schoolteacher with
a philosophical bent of mind. His main work is a
Bunch of Thoughts, which is a collection put
together from his many talks and articles. In it I
found a clear analysis of the social problems of
Hinduism and of modern India with both practical
and spiritual solutions to the problems. Golwalkar
gave a clear critique of culture showing the
dangers of materialism, communism and
missionary religions and suggested a dharmic
alternative based upon Hindu and yogic teachings.
The book was like an application of the thought of

Vivekananda and Aurobindo to the social sphere. I
was also surprised to know that such a deep and
flexible approach was branded as fundamentalist
by leftists in India.
Vashta also acquainted me with the work of Swami

Dayananda Saraswati of the Arya Samaj, which
added another dimension to my perspective on the
Vedas. Swami Dayananda was the first modern
teacher to go back to the Vedas and to unfold a
purely spiritual interpretation of the older Vedic
mantras. I realized that there was an entire Hindu
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social movement based upon return to the Vedas, a

motto that I could follow as well.
Vashta admired Sri Aurobindo and looked to
Ramana Maharshi as one of his gurus. He had a
special connection with the Kanchi Shankaracharya
Math and Swami Chandrashekhar Saraswati. But
he had a broad approach not limited to a particular
teacher or based on any personality cult. While
Vashta knew the spiritual aspects of Hinduism, he
was also aware of its social and political problems.
He had his own spiritual insight and ability to
judge and understand people that could be quite
astounding.
Vashta himself was an intelligent, friendly and

communicative person with a notable humility. In
my years of association with him, I never saw him
praise himself, promote himself or seek any
personal advantage. On the contrary, he tried to
protect me from Indians who might be seeking
advantage from my work or from a connection
with America. Nor did he ever seek to influence
my opinions about Sangha groups, appealing to
my emotions or trying to indoctrinate me. He
simply introduced me to people or gave me
information and encouraged me to make my own
judgments. He was soft spoken and not inclined to
125
exaggerate about anything. He was quite willing to

admit the flaws or limitations in the organizations
with which he worked.
Many young people would visit Vashta, who lived

in a small flat in Santa Cruz, not far from the
Mumbai airport. He would inspire and guide them
in their lives and careers, with a notable
practicality. He took a down to earth approach to
the spiritual life, not trying to force anything but
helping each person understand and follow his or
her deeper nature. I felt that he gave me confidence
in myself and in my deeper quest. He also
provided a sense of community and common cause
with many groups and took me out of the hermit-
like isolation that had marked my previous years
of private Vedic studies.
Under that pretext I stayed with him longer than

usual and he passed on various books and papers
to me. He was discarding what was inessential or
complete and retiring to a more spiritual life.
After that a few months elapsed and I didn’t

receive any letters from him, which was unusual.
Then I was awoke one night late after midnight.
The thought came to me that Dr. Vashta might
126
have passed away. He had a heart attack some

years ago and his heart condition kept him from
being very active. Sometimes I received phone calls
from India late at night and wondered if I might
soon receive one announcing his demise. That very
moment the phone rang. A call came from friends
in India giving the sad news that Vashta recently
had died of a heart attack. It was in late July.
To deal with the emotion I took a drive up in to the

mountains, which are about half an hour by car
from here. Next to the side of the road I suddenly
saw a magnificent elk with large horns, something
I have never seen in the mountains in many years. I
felt that it indicated Vashta’s soul, character and
destiny.
Anti-Hindu Media
When I was in India I read the English language

newspapers, which were commonly available,
particularly at the hotels where I sometimes
stayed, and noted many of the magazines as well. I
discovered that the press often spoke of the danger
of "Hindu fundamentalism" referring mainly to
RSS groups. The idea they projected was that such
Hindu groups would oppress religious minorities
127
and put an end to democracy and secularism in the

country. They were dangerous, violent and
bigoted.
According to the Times of India in Bombay, for

example, RSS and its Sangha family were militant,
fascist, and chauvinistic. I was both disturbed and
perplexed by these remarks. Either my interaction
with these Hindu groups was misleading or these
negative opinions were totally wrong. Was I, a
person of liberal and leftist views going back to my
youth – a pacifist, vegetarian, and ecologist –
becoming a stooge for right wing Hindus plotting
pogroms against minorities in India, who if they
came to power would create an oppressive and
dictatorial state?
At the same time I noticed that the Indian

newspapers would praise Islam and defend the
cause of the Palestinians. One paper had an
editorial on how an Islamic Republic was good for
members of all religions, would protect minorities
and was really the ideal system of government
deriving from God. Of course, I was well aware of
how intolerant such Islamic states as Saudi Arabia,
Iran or Pakistan really were. That Hindus could
praise the idea of an Islamic state and condemn
128
Hindu political groups that were nowhere near as

intolerant was amazing to me. There is no idea of a
Hindu state, a Hindu law code, or a Hindu
theocracy, nor any history of such comparable to
the medieval ideal of a Christian state or the
current idea, which is still medieval in nature, of an
Islamic state.
The same newspapers praised Marx and

Communism. They kowtowed to China and to the
Soviet Union as the most progressive countries in
the world. As communism declined in Eastern
Europe in the late eighties, they lamented the fact,
and nostalgically hoped for a restoration of
communist rule.
When there was an attempted coup in Russia in

1991 to overthrow Yeltsin and restore communism,
the then Congress led government of P.V.N. Rao
quickly recognized the coup leaders as the new
Russian government, only to quickly withdraw its
remarks in embarrassment when the coup failed. It
seemed that Indian intellectuals transferred their
loyalty from London to Moscow or Beijing but
never placed it in Delhi or anywhere else in India
or its traditions!
129
I had already learned how much the Vedas and the

history of India had been distorted by western
scholars. Their missionary and colonial biases, as
well as their lack of insight into spiritual traditions
and symbols made their work more a mockery of
the teachings than any real understanding. Sri
Aurobindo once remarked that their work was
comparable to kids playing with marbles outside
the gates of a temple, totally unaware of the inner
sanctuary. That this modern mindset might
denigrate Hindu social or political movements was
something to be expected.
So when I saw the English language media of India

criticizing Hindu social groups I took it all with a
grain of salt, like their uncritical embracing of the
Aryan invasion theory.
Perhaps if I did not have such a background in the

Vedas or a personal contact with Hindu groups, I
might have taken the propaganda against them
seriously, which many people, even those who
have a regard for Indian traditions, seem to
uncritically do.
I gradually began to see another side of the Indian

mind, a modern intellectual side influence by the
130
West, anti-spiritual, materialistic and hostile to its

own traditions. Westerners, with their image of
India as the land of yoga and meditation, are
seldom aware of this westernized Indian mind or
how inimical it is to the very traditions that they
are interested in. These same Indian leftists regard
all westerners interested in spiritual India as
deluded, as representing a backward trend in
western culture!
With Vashta’s help I visited with some leftist

journalists and got to know their thinking first
hand. He didn’t provide any background on their
views but allowed me to discover directly what
motivated them. I gradually discovered the leftist
influences behind such anti-Hindu propaganda as
targeted the RSS.
Indian leftists were naively idealistic about

communism, which they uncritically lauded with
an almost Hindu devotion, turning Marx, Lenin,
Stalin and Mao into gods and their writings into
scriptures. Little did they know if there had been a
real communist revolution in India as there was in
Russia, such intellectuals would have been among
the first to be eliminated or at least condemned to
manual labor as during the Cultural Revolution in
131
China.
I remember visiting with a famous Indian Marxist
poet in Mumbai. I questioned him why Indians,
with such a great spiritual heritage and thinkers
with cosmic vision from the Vedic Rishis onward,
could be so enamoured of a simple materialist like
Marx, who was a second hand thinker imitating
Hegelian thought, which itself was spiritually
naive? He replied, on the contrary, that he thought
Hindu philosophy was a kind of double speak and
mumbo jumbo which destroyed rational thinking
and bound people to superstition and
backwardness like the caste system.
Yet his comments revealed a glaring contradiction

in his personal life. He lamented that for all his
leftist writings and scholarship, his own wife was
still a devotee of Krishna and the Bhagavad Gita
was her favorite book.
To him the Gita was all Maya with its everything is

Brahman. But for all his sharp intellect he couldn’t
even change his own wife’s thoughts. He
compared Hindu groups like RSS to Islamic Iran
and the Ayatollah. That the Ayatollah more
resembled a Josef Stalin didn't seem to dawn on
him.
132
Over time I looked into these Hindu organizations

to find these so-called intolerant and militant
elements. I have never found them even until
today. The most I found was an occasional perhaps
overly sharp rhetoric, particularly against Islam,
but even that was generally not inaccurate but at
most unkind. The media exaggerated or even
invented the charge of militance against Hindu
groups, which were largely pacifistic and service
oriented. The only exception was not the RSS but
Shiva Sena who could be quite militant. But even
they were largely defending their own culture and
traditions.
I felt if this is all the India media has to worry

about in terms of Hindu bigots, they have gotten
off easily. All the Sangha groups and their leaders,
their prejudices and fanatics included, are much
more tolerant in religious views than your
ordinary Christian and Muslim with their one
prophet-savior, one holy book, salvation for the
faithful and damnation for those of other beliefs.
The average missionary is much more hardhearted
and closed minded about other religions than the
most dedicated RSS workers.
The VHP, particularly in America, created forums

133
for religious understanding, regularly bringing

Christian, Islamic and Jewish speakers to their
conferences, emphasizing the commonality of all
mystical traditions, something that Christian or
Islamic groups would never do anywhere. That
such broadminded people were branded narrow
fundamentalists demonstrates the extent of anti-
Hindu prejudice in the world. A Hindu accepting
many paths and religions is branded an extremist if
he wants to preserve his traditions and questions
attempts to convert him. But a Christian or a
Muslim actively trying to convert Hindus,
negatively stereotyping the religion as pagan or
polytheist, is considered progressive. It seemed to
me at the time in India that just to call oneself a
Hindu was enough to get branded a Hindu
fundamentalist!
I propose a simple litmus test on fundamentalism.

Ask a person whether they think that there are
many paths to God and that no single religion,
teacher or book has the last word on the matter.
Ask them if there should be a free diversity of
spiritual teachings in the world and that no single
faith should try to convert the world to its belief. If
the person insists upon one religion alone as true,
then he is a fundamentalist. If he accepts many
134
paths, then he is not. By this test few Hindus, even

VHP or RSS members, would be fundamentalists,
while few Christians and Muslims, particularly
their main leaders, would not be.
RSS and the Propaganda Against It
RSS is a service organization, promoting education,

charity and Hindu cultural development. Its daily
Shakha meetings have a certain discipline, with a
saluting of the flag and a promotion of nationalism,
but no real militance. Its brand of Indian
nationalism, recognizing cultural and religious
pluralism, is more tolerant than most American
nationalism. The organization is free of caste and
members are not judged by their material status.
While members honor their RSS leaders there is no
personality cult of a charismatic leader dominant
but rather a general sense of organizational
strength, an almost anonymity about ones personal
efforts and achievements.
Over time I visited met various RSS related or

founded organizations from intellectual groups to
schools and hospitals to yoga institutions. All had
dedicated workers and a very broad and diverse
range of activities. All showed quite a diversity of
135
opinions among their members. There was nothing

like a party line in any of them. Each group though
part of the RSS family had a certain independence
and was free to pursue its own goals without
interference from the rest of the organization.
There was little regimentation in thinking, action

or even appearance, no central authority, church or
dogma of any type. RSS groups included everyone
and everything as long as there was a purpose to
uplift the nation or to help people. It honored the
great sages and rishis of India from Vedic times to
the modern age, including Buddhist, Jain, Sikh and
even some liberal Muslims.
Sangha members had a wide range of religious
views from almost atheists to swamis. I met
Sangha members who were strongly anti-Gandhi
to those who greatly honored him. I met those who
were staunch capitalists and others that were
almost socialists. The Sangha discipline allowed for
freethinking, including internal criticism.
Such experiences made me think that Indian

journalists were living a totally unreal world. If
there were real Hindu militants like Islamic
militants such as Hamas, these journalists would
not be able to make their criticisms at all. They
136
would really be targeted and threatened! I realized

that Indian journalists would denigrate Hindu
activists in the media, knowing quite well that they
would not be attacked in return. To date there has
been no shutting down of newspapers by any RSS
related group.
One of their main distortions that the media

continually promoted in the media was that RSS
killed Mahatma Gandhi. This was because Godse,
Gandhi’s murderer, had been a member of RSS and
of the Hindu Mahasabha that was related to it.
That the RSS was officially cleared of all such
charges in court, which the great Indian leader
Sardar Patel acknowledged, was ignored. That
Godse had also been a Congress member was
never mentioned. That he had left RSS because he
felt that the group was too mild in its views was
similarly not noted. I saw how such deceptions
were perpetrated on uninformed readers and
realized that such statements were often deliberate
lies. The level of political corruption, political
propaganda and media manipulation in India on
such issues far exceeds that in America.
A similar piece of propaganda was that RSS

members were Nazi sympathizers. The brother of
137
the revolutionary Savarkar and an associate of

Golwalkar of RSS made some statements in the late
thirties before World War II praising Germany,
which are still promoted today as representing RSS
views. That such views were common at the time,
when even the Soviet Union signed a non-
aggression pact with Hitler is ignored.
That Savarkar encouraged India to join the British

in the war against Germany and beseeched Hindus
to join the British army, while Mahatma Gandhi
started his Quit India movement and opposed the
war effort, is also forgotten. Unfortunately, most
people, particularly in the West, know so little
about India that they can be easily deceived by
such emotional appeals. After all, who likes Nazis?
Christian, Islamic and Marxist groups pick these
ideas up for their propaganda value.
That Hindus use the swastika, which is a

traditional emblem of good fortune, and call
themselves Aryans, something that Buddhists and
Jains also do, calls up the European experience of
the Nazis who distorted these terms.
Unfortunately, the Nazi stereotype has become
ingrained in the mind of Western people that they
are suspicious of any Hindu politics, even though
138
the Nazis were predominantly Christians and had

no Hindus among them!
They see the Hindu swastika and associate it with

fascism! Indian leftists use this Nazi bogey to
denigrate any Hindu resurgence that would
threaten them. It is odd that pacifistic and tolerant
Hindus are branded as militant Nazis because the
Nazis distorted a few of their terms! Meanwhile
Indian Marxists still honor Stalin and Mao, who
can only compare with Hitler in regard to the
genocide that they perpetrated and they are
regarded in India as liberal and secular people.
Dealing With Caste
One of the most difficult issues for modern

Hinduism is the problem of caste. Hinduism has
been stereotyped as a caste religion in which
family of birth is more important than any
individual merit. This anti-caste sentiment has
been the main vehicle of anti-Hindu propaganda.
Whether it is leftists, Christians or Muslims when
you mention Hinduism, it is not Yoga and Vedanta
with their universal spiritual vision that they
emphasize but caste, as if there was nothing more
to Hinduism.
139
Caste or varna originally refers to the four

divisions of traditional Hindu society as the
Brahmin or priestly class, the Kshatriya or noble
class, the Vaishya or merchant class and the
Shudras or servant class. Originally it was a
threefold division of the priests, nobility and
common people. The word Vaishya for the
merchant class derives from Vish, which means
people in general. The Vaishyas were also divided
into the merchants proper and the farmers. Apart
from these four castes was a fifth or mixed caste.
Similar social orders dominated the ancient and
medieval worlds, like the European division of the
priests, nobility, merchants and common people or
peasants. Though in the modern world caste
appears backwards it was probably inevitable
given the social and material circumstances of
these previous eras.
These castes in India were not rigid and allowed

for an upward movement. Women could marry up
in caste and their children’s caste would become
that of their father. Castes could fall in status, as
when a Brahmin family had to take on non-
Brahmanical occupations like becoming merchants.
In Vedic times individuals who demonstrated the
ability could rise in caste as well. Moreover, to
140
become a monk in Hinduism one always has had

to renounce all caste identity.
The Hindu caste or varna system, moreover, is
very different than the European class system. The
Brahmins or priestly class were wedded to a life of
austerity and learning and not allowed to
accumulate wealth or power. The exceptions were
the royal Brahmins who were in the service of the
kings. They sometimes acted as political and legal
advisors. They were often given large land grants
to found schools and temples. Unfortunately, some
of them fell from the required austerity of their
class and began to function more like landowners.
A few Brahmins also took on Kshatriya roles and
became kings. This was allowed as an exception if
the Kshatriya class failed at its duties.
However, the average village Brahmin or temple

priest has remained to the present day, a poor
scholar, teacher or ritualist, working in the service
of the community for a menial subsistence. The
temple priests of South India today are among the
poorest of the poor.
The Marxist propaganda of the Brahmins as the

wicked landowners oppressing the poor
untouchables, is an exaggeration that is seldom
141
true. Most of the landowners in India are not

Brahmins, which was never their traditional
occupation. In classical India few groups aspired to
become Brahmins any more than the average
medieval European peasant wanted to become a
priest. The powerful Kshatriya or the wealthy
Vaishya was the social ideal.
I remember when a western friend first came to

India. He saw porters carrying luggage for
wealthier Indians and remarked how the Brahmins
were still using the poorer people as servants.
Though he was not a leftist, he was so influenced
by the anti-Brahmin propaganda that he assumed
that the rich people were Brahmins and their
wealth was based on caste, which was not the case
at all. When I informed him of his error he was
surprised.
Untouchability is also misunderstood. It was

originally a matter of social purity, reflecting the
principle of non-violence. Brahmins could not eat
out of utensils in which meat or other impure food
articles had been cooked. This led to a ban on
eating with non-Brahmins; particularly those who
had impure forms of livelihood like butchers. This
led eventually to a ban on association with such
142
people.
Untouchability arose from an excessive pursuit of

purity, like the purity of a monk who could not
associate with those who worked in bars or
taverns. Unfortunately this untouchability became
extreme and has become a bane on Hindu society.
But it is hardly the same situation as the rich
European aristocracy who would not mingle with
peasants.
Caste as this traditional varna system hardly exists
in India today anyway. Most Brahmins today do
not follow Brahmanical occupations like temple
priests, though most do promote good education in
their families. The same is true of the other castes.
Most Kshatriyas are not in military, police or
government service. A number of Shudra groups
are quite wealthy, particularly in South India. But
the poor and untouchables still remain, kept up not
only by social prejudices but also by a high birth
rate. While the educated in India as throughout the
world have fewer children, the uneducated still
have many. So the caste problem is also a problem
of poor education and overpopulation. The best
way to address it is not by promoting caste
divisions but by directly tackling these overriding
problems.
143
Modern India is divided not so much by caste as

by family or tribe (jati). Different families,
communities and regional groups promote their
own particular interests over that of the nation.
This phenomenon starts with the Nehru family
itself, which has tried to dominate the country like
a monarchy with an hereditary right to rule, in the
meantime amassing wealth and power for itself.
Such family divisions are responsible for the many
regional political parties that exist in India today as
well as the demands for special rights and
reservations for various communities. This divisive
thinking is the real problem, not the Vedic varnas.
It destroys any feeling of national unity and causes
people to seek to take advantage of the
government for their personal ends.
Royal Asiatic Society
I particularly remember speaking before the Royal

Asiatic Society in Bombay, which was organized
by friends at Vivek Weekly, a Hindu journal. I
spoke on India and its Vedic heritage and the need
for its revival in the modern world. The discussion
helped me understand how much the Marxists
dominated the society. One of the women on the
dais who was eminent in the society brought up
144
the issue of the law of karma during the question

and answer period. She asked, "Wasn’t the law of
karma invented by the Brahmins for purposes of
caste exploitation?"
I was surprised by her statement. It amazed me to

think that any educated person in India could ask
such a question. I learned that most of the
intellectuals of India were so westernized and
alienated from their own traditions that they only
looked at them with suspicion and disdain, looking
for such worldly motives in Hindu spirituality.
The other leader of the society himself tried to

portray me as a holdover from the sixties in
America. He appeared disturbed by my statements
praising the Vedas or the favorable crowd reaction
to my speech. He talked of Indian gurus coming to
the West as merely looking for money and people
like myself as perhaps well-meaning but
intellectually naive.
I had remarked that such thinkers as Marx were

rather minor figures compared to such Indians as
Sri Aurobindo or Vivekananda who could place all
these Western intellectuals in one corner of their
minds. This is certainly true. Why an Indian would
145
not feel proud of such a truth but feel sympathy

towards Marx and his followers is the real mystery,
but it is quite common in the country. Later
someone told me that Indians have a soft spot for
Karl Marx. Be careful criticizing him in public talks
I was told. I gave many such talks and had similar
experiences.
Reimportation
I usually received a warm welcome, a favorable

response and good audiences during my many
India talks. At first I groped for the words and
ideas to communicate to a Hindu audience. I
wondered if they could understand my English or
follow my American accent. But I discovered that
most of them understood what I said. Soon I had
no trouble talking before Indian audiences. I
eventually found it easier than talking to American
audiences, whose interest in Vedic matters was
very limited.
One person in the audience during a talk in

Bombay made the important statement that "We in
India appreciate something only when its been
reimported." It is odd that what a westerner says
about Hinduism is taken more seriously in India
146
than what a better qualified traditional Hindu

would say. Something said by a westerner is taken
as unbiased, while a traditional Hindu is not
credited with any objectivity and his opinion is
given no worth.
Actually the opposite case is usually true. The

westerner is usually following a religious,
commercial or political bias that he may not even
be aware of. Many Hindus are quite objective even
about their own tradition, while at the same time
understanding the limitations of western culture.
This is particularly true of Swamis of the Advaita
Vedanta order from the South India from whom I
have heard profound analyses of the world
situation today. Still the example of someone from
the West promoting Vedic knowledge may have a
salutary affect on modern Hindus, who are used to
looking to the West for cultural innovations. More
westerners should do this if they want to see
eastern traditions survive the onslaught of western
culture.
Several westerners living in India are already quite

active in such work, particularly disciples of Sri
Aurobindo from France. Some like Francois
Gautier and Michel Danino have written books
147
and articles that eloquently deal with the need for a

resurgent Hinduism. While western Yoga students
sometimes find my comments about the political
situation in India to be too pro-Hindu, this is
seldom the case with westerners actually living in
India, particularly those working in the religious
field. They have to deal first hand with the leftist
propaganda and missionary aggression, and have
understood the media distortions. They see with
their own eyes the modern cultural war in which
Hindu society is under siege by vested interests of
less tolerant and more materialistic forces.
The example of western Swamis can be very

helpful, showing to Hindus how western people
can dedicate their lives to Hindu spirituality. One
western Swami in India that has strongly
encouraged my defense of Hinduism is Swami
Satyananda. Originally from Spain he became a
Swami under Muktananda. Later he lived at the
Ramanashram for many years, performing the full
range of tapas. He also did pilgrimages throughout
India and to Mount Kailas in Tibet. Now he looks
like a great Rishi and shows how even westerners
can advance on the yogic path if they faithfully
follow its disciplines.
148
Still the example of someone from the West

promoting Vedic knowledge may have a salutary
affect on modern Hindus, who are used to looking
to the West for cultural innovations. More
westerners should do this if they want to see
eastern traditions survive the onslaught of western
culture. Several westerners living in India are
already quite active in such work, particularly
disciples of Sri Aurobindo from France.
Some like Francois Gautier and Michel Danino

have written books and articles that eloquently
deal with the need for a resurgent Hinduism.
While western Yoga students sometimes find my
comments about the political situation in India to
be too pro-Hindu, this is seldom the case with
westerners actually living in India, particularly
those working in the religious field. They have to
deal first hand with the leftist propaganda and
missionary aggression, and have understood the
media distortions. They see with their own eyes the
modern cultural war in which Hindu society is
under siege by vested interests of less tolerant and
more materialistic forces.
The example of western Swamis can be very

helpful, showing to Hindus how western people
149
can dedicate their lives to Hindu spirituality. One

western Swami in India that has strongly
encouraged my defense of Hinduism is Swami
Satyananda. Originally from Spain he became a
Swami under Muktananda. Later he lived at the
Ramanashram for many years, performing the full
range of tapas. He also did pilgrimages throughout
India and to Mount Kailas in Tibet. Now he looks
like a great Rishi and shows how even westerners
can advance on the yogic path if they faithfully
follow its disciplines.
Swami Satyananda has continued to encourage my
work upholding Hindu dharma. Whenever I feel
isolated or extreme in my views I remember such
examples. I have also at times considered
becoming a Swami myself but at least for now have
decided against it in order to have more freedom of
action and expression in political and intellectual
fields, which is usually outside the field of concern
for renunciates.
Not so Good Hindus
My admiration for Hindu dharma was never a

mindless and uncritical admiration of all Hindus or
of all Indian society. Even among otherwise good
or insightful Hindus I sometimes found negative
150
character and personality traits. It seems that

Hindus were often their own worst enemies.
Westerners provided an easy way to make money
for some of them and they exploited this as best
they could, including using a spiritual appearance
in order to do so.
Some Hindus who uncritically fancied themselves

spiritual or enlightened dispensed with human
decency along the way. They indulged in negative
gossip and sought to defame their competition,
even their students who might stand on their own.
It is easy to turn oneself into a guru and then place
one’s behavior beyond scrutiny, focusing on the
faults of others rather than on improving oneself.
But the true Hindu way is one of self-introspection
in which we examine our own faults before casting
a critical eye on others. And it is not the personality
of the other that we should find fault with but
wrong doctrines that distort the soul, which is
good, divine and wonderful in all creatures.
My appreciation of Hinduism was never blind or

the result of any personality worship. Hinduism as
an open tradition has room for everything, even a
fair amount of wishful thinking. Its highest truth is
the Self, the real individual, which should never be
151
made subordinate to any external authority, idea,

emotion or imagination.
Becoming Vamadeva Shastri
In 1991 Dr. Vashta raised the idea that I formally

become a Hindu. I thought, Why not? I have been
following this tradition for twenty years and
working with it had become my main spiritual
path and career dedication. I thought about the
many Hindus that have become Christians
following the allure of the affluent West. The
example of a Christian becoming a Hindu would
be good for many Hindus and would encourage
confidence in their own traditions.
Why shouldn’t I express my appreciation and
make a more formal connection with Hindu
Dharma? Personally, I am not much for formality
and generally avoid ceremony or any kind of outer
displays. But it didn’t take much forethought to go
ahead with this important project. It was also a
way to create a new identity for myself that
reflected the changes that I had gone through
internally.
Dr. Vashta told me that I was already a Hindu

inwardly and so an outward ceremony wasn’t
152
necessary, but that the gesture would be

appreciated by the community. I understood. The
ceremony was called Shuddhi, which means
purification. It was short and simple, a ritual puja,
a kumbha abhishekam.
It was held at a local Mumbai ashram, Masur

ashram that had once been connected to the Aryan
Samaj but in time became more traditionally
Hindu. No preaching. No condemnation. No
threats or promises. No swearing to go to a
particular church or follow a prescribed path of
action. Just a promise to follow dharma.
While Vashta organized the event, Avadhuta

Shastri, the head of Masur Ashram, performed the
puja. His brother Brahmachari Vishwanath was
one of the founders of the VHP. I took the name
Vamadeva from the Vedic rishi Vamadeva
Gautama. Shastri came from Avadhuta Shastri.
I first noted the name Vamadeva while studying

the Upanishads. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
quotes Rishi Vamadeva for the great saying
(mahavakya) Aham Brahmasmi (I am Brahman or I
am God). This it relates to Vamadeva’s saying in
the Rig Veda, "I was Manu and I became the Sun
153
(IV.26.1).
The Aitareya Upanishad mentions Vamadeva, who

was said to have learned the Vedas while still
within his mother’s womb. It quotes another
statement of Vamadeva from the Rig Veda
(IV.27.1), "When I was in my mother’s womb I
learned the birth of all the Gods."
Among the first hymns of the Rig Veda whose

inner meaning became clear to me were those of
Brihadukta, the son of Vamadeva (RV X. 54 – 56).
Others were hymns of Vamadeva himself, which
comprise most of the fourth book of the Rig Veda,
particularly his hymns to Agni and Indra, such as
Sri Aurobindo also specially admired.
Vamadeva was an unusual and mysterious Rishi,

ascribed with an almost miraculous birth.
Vamadeva and his gotra (family), the Gotamas
were associated with the land of Videha in Bihar
and Nepal from which Sita came and which was
the home of the great royal-sages, the Janakas, on
which many Upanishads like the Brihadaranyaka,
and Advaitic works, like the Ashtavakra Gita, were
based. The first mentioning of Sita as an earth
Goddess occurs in the hymns of Vamadeva in the
154
Rig Veda (IV.57). Many teachings are ascribed to

dialogues between Vasishta, purohit of Kosala, and
Vamadeva, purohit of nearby Videha, including
teachings on astrology and on Ayurveda.
Vamadeva was a name of Indra, the supreme

Vedic God, particularly as a falcon (shyena). It was
also a name of Savitar, the Sun God, who
dispensed his grace or beauty (vama). Vamadeva
later became a name of Lord Shiva in his northern
face. So it was an important and powerful name
and one that few people carried.
By this ceremony I was accepted into Hindu

society as a Brahmin by my occupation. I realized
that I was a kind of Kshatriya as well, a warrior at
least on the intellectual plane, addressing not only
religious but also social and political issues.
Vedantic, Vedic, Hindu
Becoming a Hindu was the third stage in my inner

transformations after becoming a Vedantin and
then a Vedic person. It was another difficult and
slow change with no real example to follow. While
there were many more Hindus than Vedic or
Vedantic votaries, few Westerners had taken this
approach. I found myself breaking new ground
155
with no one really to show the way. But perhaps

because of the uniqueness of what I was trying to
do, there was much interest in it in India and much
support came from different areas.
I gradually came to understand the same sense of

truth and universality that I saw in Veda and
Vedanta extending to all aspects of Hindu culture.
The term Hindu ceased to be a narrow or
derogatory designation and became a term of
respect and universality, the modern name of
Sanatana Dharma, the eternal tradition of truth. I
saw a resurrection of Hindu Dharma as central to
world spirituality for the new global age.
156
JOURNALISTIC WORK
I have always written about whatever subjects I

studied from poetry and philosophy to medicine
and astrology. Not surprisingly Dr. Vashta
encouraged me to write a series of articles on
issues facing Hinduism today. I had an inside
position on these topics that few Westerners had
access to. Answering his request I wrote a series of
articles in 1989. Of these most notable was a short
piece called "Arise Arjuna", which appeared in late
1989 in the twenty-fifth anniversary issue of Hindu
Vishwa, the journal of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad.
The same trend developed back in America. In

1991 I wrote several pieces for India Times, a small
Indo-American newspaper, starting with a short
article on the Myth of the Aryan Invasion. My
articles eventually appeared in a number of Indo-
American newspapers including News India Times
and India Post. Other Indo-American publications
like India West gave favorable reviews of my
books.
Shortly thereafter I began to submit articles to the

Organizer, the main English language publication
for the RSS in India, and became a regular
157
contributor. In time I wrote for many other

publications in India as well. This began my career
as a Hindu journalist, which I never planned or got
paid for.
Voice of India: Ram Swarup and Sitaram Goel
Ram Swarup is probably the most important and

cogent writer on Hinduism in the last half of the
twentieth century. He is the inspirational force
behind Voice of India, a small publishing company
that has produced many well-documented works
on Hinduism and its relationship with other
religions.
Voice of India has published perhaps the best

series of books in defense of Hindu Dharma ever
produced. Even larger Hindu organizations like
RSS or Arya Samaj have not been able to create
works of such detail or insight. Voice of India does
not take an apologetic tone or aim at any
superficial religious synthesis, unlike most
presentations of Hinduism. It reflects a critical
Hindu point of view on the world with a rare
examination of anti-Hindu forces, their history,
plans and motivations. It has a fearlessness,
honesty and truthfulness that rarely exists in
158
modern Hindu writers who prefer to please

everyone or harmonize all points of view rather
than take a tough stand for what is right.
The main limitation that I found in Sangha groups,

which Sangha people like Dr. Vashta concurred
with, was that they lacked sophistication in their
intellectual presentation, particularly in a modern
English idiom. They emphasized grass root action
instead and did not always think it important. This
made them an easy target of the highly
westernized and well-educated leftist media in
India. It also limited their appeal to the
intellectuals of the country who were looking for
sharp thinking and new ideas. With Voice of India
I found a committed Hindu intelligentsia that took
up all the difficult issues and clearly articulated
them.
While Voice of India had a controversial

reputation, I found nothing irrational, much less
extreme about their ideas or publications. They
were simply doing for the Hindu religion what
intellectuals in other religious traditions had done
for theirs. Their criticisms of Islam were on par
with the criticisms of the Catholic Church and of
Christianity done by such Western thinkers as
159
Voltaire or Thomas Jefferson. In fact they went far

beyond such mere rational or historical criticisms
of other religions and brought in a profound
spiritual and yogic view as well. They were only
controversial because, since such a Hindu point of
view had not been previously articulated, its
sudden occurrence was threatening to non-Hindu
groups.
I had already seen several Voice of India books

when I first came into contact with Ram Swarup
through correspondence. I first visited him during
a trip to Delhi in 1992. My meeting with Ram
Swarup was another significant event, similar to
my meeting with Dr. Vashta. His book on the
Names of God was most interesting to me because
it reflected a similar research into the Vedas that I
had engaged in. It set the stage for our encounter.
Ram Swarup was a gentle and humble man, with a

notable sweetness of character. In some ways he
was like a great sage. In other ways he was almost
childlike He had no consciousness of money, fame
or power. He was like a sannyasin but apart from
any monastic order and not trying to build up any
ashram or mission.
160
He was like a sannyasin but apart from any

monastic order and not trying to build up any
ashram or mission. Yet he was also a sharp and
focused intellectual who penetrated to the core of
an issue and established the key insights about it.
He was inspired by Aurobindo both for his social
and his spiritual views, though he had his own
mind and was never an imitator of anyone.
Originally Swarup was one of the main writers in

India to oppose communism. This was in the fifties
and sixties when communism was fashionable in
the country and favored by the then Prime
Minister Nehru. Few dared to challenge this
totalitarian ideology in India and none so incisively
as Swarup.
Ram Swarup later produced a remarkable and

honest analysis of Christianity and Islam from a
spiritual and psychological point of view. This he
gave in his classic book Hindu View of Christianity
and Islam, which not only Hindus but members of
all religions should read. The book has helped
many people look clearer at these religions, their
history and their motivation, which is often quite
different from the meditative religions of the East.
161
Swarup discerned a lower psychic formation

behind these credal religions that turned them into
mass movements and caused them to seek world
domination. He showed how these religions lack
an interior dimension.
They emphasize not in sadhana or self-

development but the need to impose their views on
others. Such creeds do not have a clear
understanding of karma or self-realization but hold
that a mere change of belief can really transform
people. The result is that they hypnotize their
followers with a belief, who then lose the power to
critically examine what they are doing or how they
might be harming others. Just think of all the
professional people in the world today who
uncritically accept such religious dogmas as the
Biblical view of creation as literally true!
Religion creates a strong psychic force, energizing

the subtle bodies of its believers with powerful
samskaras born of prayer, ritual and group action.
This force, if compassionate in nature, can lead to a
higher consciousness, but if it reflects any
exclusivism or prejudice it can bring out some of
the worst traits in human nature, including
violence and genocide.
162
Religion magnifies our samskaras for good or ill.

Otherwise quite balanced and sensitive people can
lose all sense of objectivity when religion comes
into the matter. Religious self-righteousness is
perhaps the most destructive force that the human
race has ever invented and continues to prey upon
helpless victims all over the world.
The nature of a particular religion’s psychic force

depends upon the gunas or qualities that it is based
on.
Sattvic teachings promote love, compassion, non-

violence, tolerance and a respect for different
beliefs. Rajasic religions reflect a mentality of
aggression and pride seeking to conquer the world
for the true faith. Tamasic religions are mired in
superstition, prejudice, hatred and fanaticism. If a
religion has strong rajasic or tamasic elements than
these will eventually come out in the psyche of its
believers and lead them to destructive behavior. It
can result in mob action in which people lose their
reason, feeling and compassion.
Spiritual development is not a major concern in the

West, where the main attention is given to the
outer life. The result is that western religions are
163
encased in darkness (tamas), persisting more as a

remnant of a former age than anything creative
and alive. In fact we let survive in the form of
religion prejudices and superstitions what we have
otherwise banished long ago (like a naïve belief in
miracles or fantasies of an eternal heaven and hell).
The missionary is usually a person motivated not

by love of God or love of humanity, but by an
intolerant belief that won’t let him rest in peace
until the entire world takes to his brand of religion.
Mental states born of religious exclusivity are
agitated and turn into disturbed states of mind.
Dogmatic religious beliefs encourage behavior on a
mass level that would be neurotic or psychotic on
an individual level.
The Muslims have been in India for over a

thousand years and still lack the most elementary
understanding of the Hindu yogic path. They reject
karma and rebirth as superstitions, and look at the
Hindus many wonderful Gods and Goddesses that
connect us to the cosmic mind as little better than
demons. Their mullahs encourage such attitudes in
order to keep them separate from Hindus and
unable to interact with them on religious issues.
164
The British, with all their intellectual acumen, were

in India for over two hundred years and left with
no real understanding the spiritual depths of the
country. Their concern was money and hegemony,
not enlightenment and higher consciousness. Such
people have their minds closed in a narrow belief.
Like a blind person they miss the obvious even
when it right in their face. Many modern Indian
intellectuals are of the same ilk, conditioned by
Marx, Mueller and Macaulay they cannot
appreciate an Aurobindo or a Ramana Maharshi.
Ram Swarup, however, neverturned his critical
statements into any blanket condemnations. He
judged individuals in their own right. He
dialogued with people of all religious persuasions
and would give any person a fair hearing. There
was no partiality in him but a respect for truth
above all other concerns.
I followed Ram Swarup’s insights in my own

writings, noting not only a spiritual (devic) but
also an egoistic or asuric factor in mysticism that I
highlighted in my book Awaken Bharata. Religion
can project cosmic forces not only of light and
knowledge but also of darkness and ignorance.
Religious states of mind can augment pride or
confuse the ego with God.
165
Spirituality is a domain that has great dangers as

well as great opportunities for the soul. Unless we
approach it with critical insight and self-
introspection we may get caught in various
illusions or prejudices that will cause more harm
than good.
Ram Swarup was not alone in his work but had an
able colleague and friend who complemented his
work on many levels. Sitaram Goel was actually
the main writer in Voice of India. He was a more
researched scholar than Ram Swarup and
produced many more books. Sitaram followed a
strong rationalistic point of view that did not
compromise the truth even for politeness sake. His
intellectual rigor is quite unparalleled in Hindu
circles where soft, syncretic and apologetic tones
prevail. He took Swarup’s key insights and
developed them into a profound and incisive
historical and political analysis.
I admired Sitaram’s honesty, directness of

expression and fearlessness. He complemented the
mystical vision of Ram Swarup with a practical
side. He would not compromise truth for anything.
He wouldn’t bow down before any personalities,
however great, or indulge in hyperbole and fantasy
like many Hindus. Nor would he seek to escape
166
from existent problems into some idealistic future.

He remained focused on actual issues and dealt
with them with detail and depth.
At first I was shocked to read his work Hindu

Temples, What Happened to Them? I didn’t’
realize how much religious aggression had been
perpetrated against the spiritual land of India
where all religion is honored. I had felt that Islam,
though perhaps young and immature as a religion,
was really benign.
But the evidence was overwhelming as Sitaram

used Islamic sources that had no reason to hide
anything. There was a concerted campaign to
destroy Hindu temples in India that most Islamic
rulers in the country diligently followed.
Nor is the battle over. The fundamentalist Islamic

movement that has spawned the Taliban and
Osama Bin Laden still targets Hindu India and
regards it as a land of kafirs (heathens). It wants to
finish the work of conquering the country and
eliminating its infidel ways. Unless Hindus are
more wary, they can be again deceived and
defeated, and their heritage will be lost for all time.
Voice of India also published the works of
167
Koenraad Elst, a young Belgian writer whom I met

on several occasions. Elst intrigued me because he
was a Westerner yet had a grasp of India better
than any Indian did. In this regard I saw a parallel
phenomenon to myself. But Elst had much better
command of political and social issues in India
than I ever gained, unmatched by any western
writer and researched in great detail. Elst is a
thorough scholar and supremely rational in all that
he does. His work on the Ayodhya movement was
definitive.
Writing for Voice of India I soon realized that there

was a dearth of writers from a Hindu point of view
in readable modern English. I decided to publish
several books with Voice of India, starting with a
shortened version of my historical study of ancient
India. I called it the Myth of the Aryan Invasion
and it was first published in late 1994. I thought
such a short work would have an easier access in
India because it would be very inexpensive.
I also became inspired to write longer works on

Hinduism. I took a collection of my articles and put
them together as Arise Arjuna: Hinduism and the
Modern World (1995). This was my first social-
political-journalistic book. Its theme came from the
168
short article Arise Arjuna. It included a number of

articles that I had done on various topics.
I wrote a book specifically on Hinduism called

Hinduism, the Eternal Tradition (1995), which
followed the line of thinking of Ram Swarup and
was done according to his suggestion. This
included questions and answers on relevant topics,
including a Hindu response to common criticisms
leveled against it.
These books brought a greater sense of

responsibility upon me because they influenced
people on a more vital and emotional level than
simple books on health or spirituality that I had
already written. At the same time they were more
engaging and helped catalyze more significant
changes in my own psyche.
A few years later I added Awaken Bharata that

continued the themes of Arise Arjuna. I took a tone
not simply to inform but also to motivate and to
inspire. Hindus not only lack the information but
also lack the will to stand up and present their
views, however salutary, in the modern world.
They have been too beaten down by centuries of
foreign ruler and also confused by their own
169
efforts to equate all religions regardless of their

actual practices and beliefs.
I hoped to energize a samkalpa shakti or will

power among Hindus and a sangha shakti or
power of association to bring it about. Fortunately I
was able to get Ram Swarup to write the forward
to this book as he passed away within the year. He
left a profound gap in Hindu thought that will
only with difficulty find another spokesperson of
such a caliber.
My journalistic work became read by a number of

important Hindu leaders, as well as Hindu
thinkers from different backgrounds. This led to
various contacts, conversations and new
information from many sources. Eventually I met
with various important journalists in India like
Arun Shourie, S. Gurumurthy, Varsha Bhosle and
others active in the field. Though a minority
among journalists in India today they have
produced important works on a wide variety of
topics.
In the space of the last few years I have seen

several new writers taking up similar themes,
making this Hindu journalism into a real voice in
170
the Indian media. But it has yet to overcome the

more prevalent anti-Hindu tone even in India. I
expect that this victory will be achieved within the
next decade as we can now discern the light at the
end of the tunnel.
Ashok Chowgule – Hindu Vivek Kendra
I first met Ashok Chowgule in Mumbai in 1992, at

the time that the Babri Masjid was demolished by
Hindu groups. He came from a wealthy
industrialist family but chose to devote his time to
the VHP, eventually becoming the head of the
organization for Maharashtra. Dr. Vashta first
introduced me to him and encouraged our
association.
Ashok quickly took to the cause of promoting

Hindu points of view through the media and
through the internet, through the website of Hindu
Vivek Kendra. He put some of my books and
articles on line as well. Such media work is crucial
for bringing Hinduism into the computer age
where its point of view needs to be expressed.
Otherwise anti-Hindu distortions will uncritically
be perpetuated.
Hinduism Today
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Hinduism Today is a magazine reporting Hindu

Dharma in the broadest sense from social to
spiritual issues. Surprisingly, it is run by western
swamis. Hinduism Today had a similar approach
as the groups I was working with in India. I began
a dialogue with them, mainly on historical issues
but also on Ayurveda and Vedic astrology and
eventually on conversion issues.
Hinduism Today was influenced by Ram Swarup

and Sitaram Goel. They called Ram Swarup,
"Perhaps Hinduism’s most cogent analyst."
Subrahmanya Swami, the head and sadguru of the
ashram, though born in the West, has come to
embody the wisdom, virtues and ideals of
Hinduism. He is an articulate writer and speaker
on Hindu causes as his many books like Dancing
with Shiva, Merging with Shiva, and Loving
Ganesha so beautifully reveal. His western swami
disciples are of a similar caliber, combining
discipline, insight and dedication. They are
particularly alert on the issues of the missionaries
and the mischief they are causing within Hindu
society.
A few years later I visited their ashram in Hawaii,
which is like a paradise, the astral plane on earth or
swarga loka. It is a Shangri-La like setting on
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Kauai, the oldest and most verdant of the lush

Hawaiian Islands, with wonderful gardens,
waterfalls and pools.
There one experiences a futuristic Hinduism as

well as one of the ancient past when the Earth was
pure and the creation fresh. Hinduism Today is
doing a remarkable work providing a forum for
Hindus to communicate with each other and
faithfully recording the renaissance of Hindu
Dharma in the modern age. It is strange that
western Hindus are the first to overcome
Hinduism’s remarkable sectarianism and create
such unity!
Unlike apologetic Hindus who shy away from the

name Hindu, Hinduism Today proudly uses it,
pointing out that its negative connotations are the
product of missionary and colonial propaganda,
much of it from the Christian schools in India that
so many Hindus uncritically send their children to.
A religion that is calmly sending its children to
schools of a religion seeking to convert them surely
needs some self- examination! Hinduism Today
provides that.
I once had a powerful vision of Lord Hanuman in
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Kauai, who clearly was angry. As the defender of

nature and of the Earth (Sita), he is insisting that
we change our ways and return to the kingdom of
Rama (God) or much suffering is in store for us.
Let us heed this warning of Hanuman! As the son
of the Wind, the leader of the heavenly army, and
the protector of the animals we can’t afford to
ignore his wishes.
Prajna Bharati
Once in Bombay we received a fax from a

Hyderabad organization requesting my
appearance as a speaker. This is how I came to
know of Prajna Bharati. I first spoke in Hyderabad
in 1996, giving programs on the Vedas at Prajna
Bharati and on Ayurveda at Vijnana Bharati. The
audience was quite large and the questions very
profound. In 1997 I returned to help launch the
first issue of Prajna, a magazine for Prajna Bharati
in Hyderabad and contributed regularly to that
publication as well. Later in 1999 I did several
programs for them, including a debate with the
Archbishop of Hyderabad that appears later in this
book.
Prajna Bharati is perhaps the best organized Hindu
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think tank and intellectual center in India. It brings

together important thinkers on various topics,
representing all sides, and creates a forum for
dialogue, debate and discussion. Hopefully such
centers will open throughout the country.
Bharatiya Janata Party
Nor surprisingly, in the course of such interactions

I came in contact with the BJP (Bharatiya Janata
Party), another offshoot of RSS, and eventually met
with several of its main leaders. I utterly failed to
see how this political party was fundamentalist,
much less dangerous. They were quite liberal in
their views, but from a Hindu and dharmic
perspective, rather than the standpoint of western
humanism. Though called right wing in the India
media, most of their views like their support of
vegetarianism, ecology, yoga and Vedanta, and
their resistance to western consumerism would be
regarded as left wing in America. I eventually
wrote articles for BJP Today on social and political
topics on issues from the elections to nuclear
testing to missionary activity.
After their election victory in 1998, I met with such

BJP leaders as L.K. Advani, the Home Minister,
who had been introduced to my work by Girilal
175
Jain. Advani remarked that the journalists and

media people in India were still unwilling to accept
that a BJP government had come to power and
were doing all they could to malign and destabilize
it. I noted how much both the western and Indian
media tried to denigrate this government, simply
because it had honor and respect for the Hindu
tradition.
An Intellectual Kshatriya
When I was speaking in England on a tour for the

VHP, needing to produce new talks on an almost
daily basis, the idea of an intellectual kshatriya
came to me. The Kshatriyas were the traditional
warrior class whose role was to defend Hindu
society. In the modern age of the computer
revolution and the information war I suggested
that an intellectual Kshatriya was the need of the
times. Hinduism has always been a religion of
ideas and in this new age of information it can use
the strength of its insights to overcome the inimical
forces that have challenged it on a more outward
level.
Sitaram Goel got wind of the idea and asked me to

develop it further. It eventually became the core of
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my book Awaken Bharata. This idea of an

intellectual kshatriya has become a theme for my
writings on Hinduism. Such a new class is essential
to protect Hindu society and its heritage and also
to make it accessible for the rest of the world.
Without these kshatriyas Hinduism will remain
under siege and even its great spiritual heritage
will become eroded and lost. This idea of an
intellectual kshatriya has remained a theme of my
work. The Vedas say that speech (vak) is the
weapon of the Brahmin. Such intellectual
Kshatriyas are also Brahmana- Kshatriyas.
Karma Yoga/ Hindu Activism My work with

Hindu took me in the direction of Karma Yoga,
which I had previously not well understood or
appreciated. Karma Yoga is the first and most
foundational of all the yogas. Life, after all, is
action. Work is unavoidable. We should always be
doing something, trying to progress spiritually or
to help others. Otherwise we easily get caught in
inertia and allow negative forces to advance. For
any action, even meditation, to affect us at a deeper
level it must follow a certain rhythm, regimen or
repetition. It must be a karma and a samskara
(sacrament).
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Karma yoga is of two types: ritual worship of the

cosmic powers (Devatas) and service to the world.
True ritual worship is not merely mechanically
performing pujas or mantras. It means right action
following a right intention to bring a higher power
of consciousness into life. All true spiritual
practices rest upon a sense of service, not upon a
seeking of one’s personal gain as the main goal. My
spiritual path moved from Jnana Yoga (Yoga
ofKnowledge) to Bhakti Yoga (Yoga of Devotion)
and to Karma Yoga (Yoga of Action), not by
rejecting the previous yogas but by integrating
them into a more realistic approach. Only on a firm
foundation of Karma Yoga or right action are real
Bhakti and Jnana possible as a way of
transformation.
Karma Yoga as service to the world can be defined

as "Hindu activism." This properly speaking is not
serving any mere political, social or religious cause
but upholding dharma in the world and promoting
a spiritual culture. Without such Hindu activism
Hindu Dharma remains lethargic and backward
looking
– contracted and unable to communicate its
wisdom and energy in the modern context. This
lack of Karma Yoga as an activist force has kept
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Hinduism in retreat and removed the insight of the

Hindu mind from the world forum in which it is so
desperately needed.
Karma Yoga or Hindu activism to some extent

entered the Indian political arena during the
independence movement. It now needs to emerge
as a global force and power of conscience in
dealing with the challenges of the post-industrial
and post-colonial era in which a new planetary
culture is required. May such a new Hindu
activism arise, particularly among the youth!
Becoming a Pandit
In 1996 I received the Brahmachari Vishwanathji

Award in Mumbai, which recognized me as a
Pandit and Dharmacharya. The award came from
Masur Ashram, which had five years earlier given
my Hindu name.
This award formally took me from being a Hindu

to being a Hindu teacher. It also came from
Vashta’s to help promote my work further. Such
ceremonies empower a person, affording the
support of a broader community so that one is not
simply proceeding on one’s own.
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ANCIENT INDIA: MYTH

OF THE ARYAN INVASION
The ancient world contained many spiritual

wonders, magnificent temples, great pyramids,
secret knowledge and enlightened sages. It was not
the primitive era that our history books proclaim
but reflected a profound culture connected to a
higher consciousness. Though the ancients may not
have achieved as much as modern culture in terms
of technology, they possessed a greater awareness
of the sacred nature of existence. Their cultures
were imbued with religion as a quest for meaning
and integration with all life.
My study of the Vedas in the original Sanskrit

revealed that Vedic culture was advanced and
sophisticated, as much as ancient Egypt or
Sumeria. It was a maritime culture that traveled,
traded and colonized by sea. It was an urban
culture with numerous towns and small kingdoms
like classical India. It had a sophistication of arts
and crafts, agriculture, science and language. It had
a great mythos, a profound ritual and time-
honored customs.
The Rig Veda was a synthetic text produced by a
180
number of different groups over a long period of

time and covering a large region of geography. It
was the record of a great civilization that found a
spiritual unity among the diverse cultures, ethnic
and linguistic groups of a vast subcontinent. This is
revealed by the many Vedic Gods and Goddesses
that each can represent the All as the Supreme
Deity as well as having its own unique
characteristics. I found the existent history book
account of the Aryan Invasion, which portrayed
the Vedic people as primitive nomads, to be quite
erroneous, if not absurd. It had little to do with the
Vedic texts and required ignoring or distorting
them to fit in with its preconceptions.
The term Aryan in the Vedas has nothing to do

with race, language or one group of human beings
attacking another. It is a term for good, noble or
refined as opposed to those who are evil, ignoble
or vulgar. The use of Aryan in a racial sense was an
invention of European thinkers steeped in the
colonial era and its racist policies.
Civilization all over the world is the product of a

commingling of different streams, which is the
main Vedic image of life. It comes about through
the free interchange of ideas, customs and
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commodities. It is not the result of some imagine

racial or linguistic purity but occurs when people
of various backgrounds come together and share
their diversity. To try to explain civilization as the
product of one race or another is itself racism. To
try to explain the development of culture through
racial invasions and migrations ignores the creative
work of people in the place where they live.
The idea of an Aryan race invading and colonizing

India was the shadow of the European colonial
model on history that reflected nineteenth century
Eurocentric views. It is quite contrary to the Vedic
view of many Gods and Goddesses in a wonderful,
friendship, harmony and inner unity.
Scholars turned mythic wars between the powers

of light and darkness into racial wars in India,
though the same symbolism occurs throughout
ancient civilizations from Egypt to America
without such a corresponding human battle.
Such superficial views of ancient teachings,

looking at them according to an outer vision of
politics and economics has prevented modern
scholars from discovering the wealth of spiritual
knowledge hidden in such texts. Not only the
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Vedas but also the Egyptian Book of the Dead and

Mayan teachings among others have been misread
in the same manner. As a sidelight to my spiritual
study of the Vedas, I began putting together an
historical view that reflected the spiritual depth
that the Vedas had revealed for me. This started as
a simple matter of compiling references to the
ocean in the Rig Veda to show that it could not be
the product of nomads from Central Asia who
never knew of the sea.
I was gradually compelled to write a book on

Vedic history to counter the existent distortions. I
did a first draft in 1980 and gradually developed it
further over time. I expanded and finished the
work in 1990 and it was published the following
year in the United States under the title of Gods,
Sages and Kings: Vedic Secrets of Ancient
Civilization. The book was one of the first titles to
raise such issues as the Sarasvati River, Vedic
astronomical references and the need for a more
consistent rendition of Vedic literature. Little did I
know that a great archeological revolution was
beginning in India that would verify these views
within the next decade.
Subhash Kak
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One of the most notable American Hindus and

Vedic scholars that I have known is Subhash Kak.
We first began to correspond in 1990 relative to our
common interest in ancient India. We met shortly
thereafter. Soon we created a close friendship and
alliance that has continued throughout the years.
Kak made several brilliant contributions to science

in the Vedas, showing the sophistication of
mathematics and astronomy that existed at an
early era, particularly in the Satapatha Brahmana.
Perhaps most notable is his work unlocking the
numerical code behind the organization of the Rig
Veda. He has also made important breakthroughs
in deciphering the Indus script. In addition he
connected Vedic and Vedantic ideas with the latest
insights of modern physics and neuroscience.
Along with the noted yoga scholar, Georg
Feuerstein, we did a book on ancient India called
In Search of the Cradle of Civilization that
highlighted the new findings on ancient India.
Subhash always emphasized the pursuit of truth,

not simply defending a particular religion or
culture, however noble it may be. If we are to find
value in the Vedas, it is their truth that matters. But
the Vedic idea of truth is not just of an objective
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material order but of cosmic law (ritam) that

imparts harmony to all existence. We must develop
that dharmic way of truth and insight, not merely
repeat old phrases or uncritically preserve old
traditions. The Vedas must be a way to truth or
they have no meaning.
N.S. Rajaram
N.S. Rajaram first wrote me in 1993 in the context

of ancient India, an issue that he was beginning to
take up. He shortly returned to India from
Houston, where he had worked at NASA (National
Aeronautics Space Industry). We exchanged many
letters and came to common views and a common
plan of action.
Rajaram and I collaborated on several projects,

particularly the book Vedic Aryans and the Origins
of Civilization, which first came out in the
Canadian edition in late 1994, with a later India
edition through Voice of India. He highlighted my
correlation of Vedic literature and Harappan
civilization, which is otherwise a literature without
a civilization and a civilization without a literature!
Later he helped promote the decipherment of the
Indus script by Natwar Jha that may unravel the
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remaining riddles of the ancient

Harappan/Saraswati culture. Rajaram is a very
cogent thinker on modern issues as well as on
ancient India. Like myself he was drawn into
journalistic role by circumstances, finding how
little articulation of a Hindu point of view existed
even in India. Having lived in American for twenty
years he was not intimidated by the West but had
mastered its thinking and its objectivity as well as
maintaining his connection to the spiritual culture
of India.
Rajaram brought out the information on the Dead
Sea Scrolls and modern Biblical scholarship that
questioned the historicity and accuracy of the New
Testament. While such books are commonly
available in the West, they are almost unknown in
India, where the average Hindu believes that the
Bible is an accurate historical document that has
never been tampered with! He also brought to
attention in India important critiques about the
Vatican well known in the West that reveal the
underlying political nature and global aggression
of that institution.
The Birla Science Conference
An important conference on ancient India occurred

186
at the Birla Science Center in Hyderabad in 1994. It

featured many leading archaeologists from India
including S.R. Rao, S.P. Gupta, Bhagwan Singh,
and B.G. Siddharth. All of them emphasized the
same theme – that the old Aryan Invasion theory
was wrong and went against all existing evidence.
A new historical model for ancient India was
necessary that showed a greater antiquity and
centrality for Vedic culture.
It was encouraging to attend a conference with

such eminent archaeologists and scholars and to
learn that my work was not just a personal
idiosyncrasy but part of a new movement that
already had many adherents. The forum was quite
heartwarming after the many years of isolated
work that I had done. It was clear from the
conference that the theory of Aryan invasion of
India was being rejected on all fronts. I was not the
only one, nor was my angle of criticism unique. I
had merely articulated what many Indians were
thinking now and what a number had thought in
the past.
World Association for Vedic Scholars (WAVES)
An alliance of scholars arose in America seeking to
187
promote the new view of ancient India. It gave rise

to the World Association of Vedic Studies
(WAVES), which held its first conference in Atlanta
in Oct. 1996.
James Schaffer of Case Western University, one of

the first major Western archaeologists to reject the
Aryan Invasion theory, came and spoke. B.B. Lal,
one of India’s leading archaeologists was there as
well, along with many of the important speakers
and authorities in the field.
A second conference was held in 1998 summer in

Los Angeles that continued these activities, which
B.B. Lal also attended. There I had an opportunity
to get to know Lal better. The leftists had recently
targeted Lal as a scholar with a Hindu bias, whose
work should therefore be rejected on principle. Lal,
however, was a true scholar and archaeologist,
relying on objective evidence and years of
experience. He was a warm and friendly person
with genuine spiritual interests as well as academic
objectivity. He was another case of people
maligned simply because they were in the way of
leftist political interests. However, the leftists were
not able to really challenge him on an historical
and archaeological basis because his work was
188
solid and rational in its approach.
JNU
The Aryan invasion issue was a topic that I would

lecture on many times in various forums both in
India and the United States. It culminated in a
lecture that I gave at JNU (Jawaharlal Nehru
University) in Delhi in February 1999. JNU has
long been the main center of Marxist thinking in
India with many of its prominent professors, like
the historian Romila Thapar, being staunch
communists and outspoken defenders of leftist
causes. The hall for my lecture was filled with
several hundred students, some sitting in the
aisles. We had raised the Vedic banner at this
prime bastion of Marxism in India for all to see.
Along with me were S.P. Gupta, Bhagwan Singh
and Devendra Swarup, all notable authorities on
ancient India.
The leftist teachers did not challenge our

presentation. But a student who was obviously
leftist in his views raised a curious question. First
he said to my surprise that he accepted our
presentation that historical evidence disproved the
Aryan Invasion theory. But, he emphasized,
189
because the demise of the theory would benefit

Hindu fundamentalists and their oppressive
political agendas, we should continue to uphold
this wrong theory anyway in order to prevent a
political abuse of history. This reveals the nature of
communist thinking. If the evidence agrees with
them they flaunt it. If the evidence goes against
them they throw it out. Only politics matters for
them in the end.
Gaining the Ire of Academia
Several academicians, particularly in the West,

have criticized my Vedic work, not so much
because of the points that I raise but because of my
lack of academic qualifications. Since I don’t have a
degree in Indology from a western university they
hold that anything I say cannot have value and can
be rejected without examination. That I have spent
many years studying the Vedas and discussing
them with traditional teachers doesn’t count for
them. Few of these scholars have studied the Vedas
in the original Sanskrit. Relying on secondhand
and outdated sources they often make the most
elementary errors in interpretation. The same
people reject the views of great yogis like Sri
Aurobindo on the Vedas. But they will give
190
credibility to a communist scholar on the Vedas if

he has the appropriate university credentials!
Most academicians refuse to address the issues like

the Sarasvati River and the many sites discovered
along it. They use the charge of Hindu politics to
dismiss any criticism of the Aryan Invasion theory,
though colonial, missionary and Marxist groups
have long used the theory for their own political
gain.
Fortunately, a few archaeologists are now rejecting

the Invasion theory and other academicians can’t
so easily ignore them. James Schaffer recently
notes:
"As data accumulate to support cultural continuity

in south Asian prehistoric and historic periods, a
considerable restructuring of existing interpretive
paradigms must take place. We reject most
strongly the simplistic historical interpretations,
which date back to the eighteenth century, that
continue to be imposed on South Asian culture
history. Surely, as South Asian studies approaches
the twenty-first century, it is time to describe
emerging data objectively rather than perpetuate
interpretations without regard to the data
191
archaeologists have worked so hard to reveal."
Migration, Philology and South Asian Archaeology

in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia I learned
that the academic realm is not so much a place of
objective study as a forum for various vested
interests. Academic generally have little respect for
spiritual traditions. They assume authority for
spiritual subjects beyond their intellectual capacity.
They use their positions to further their own
political and cultural agendas, often unaware of
what they themselves are doing! In American
schools, religions like Hinduism, if they are
examined at all, are dissected from a social,
political or economic angle as mere cultural
phenomena. There is little direct study, much less
experience of the yogic and Vedantic teachings
behind the tradition. Such is our modern
preoccupation with the outer aspect of life that it
reduces spirituality to a purely external affair. No
wonder we don't give much credit to a spiritual
culture like India.
The Vedic Yoga
I could easily discern the Vedic roots of the Yoga

tradition, its way of mantra and meditation and its
192
understanding of the subtle body and the energies

of consciousness. Aurobindo’s insights in this
direction were a great help. I was only following a
path that he had already opened out. However, I
was astounded that few scholars had noticed it,
even from India. For example, Radhakrishnan
missed the boat on the Vedas, even though he
knew Aurobindo directly. He preferred the views
of Max Muller!
That the Rig Vedic deities are symbols of internal

processes was self-evident to me. The Vedic fire on
an inner level is the fire of consciousness,
Chidagni. The Vedic Soma is the Ananda or Bliss.
Indra is the Supreme Purusha or pure being and
truth, sat or satya. Vedic mantras reflect the
unfoldment of these principles on different planes
and levels of the universe, outwardly and
inwardly.
For example, Agni or fire on a physical level is the

digestive fire. On the vital level it is the fire of
prana or breath. On the mental level it is the fire of
perception. In the buddhi or higher mind it is the
flame of discrimination (viveka). On the spiritual
plane it is the flame of awareness.
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The Vedas don’t project these teachings in an

evident but in a cryptic language. They repeatedly
say "paroksha priya hi devah, pratyaksha dvisah,
meaning "the gods or sages prefer what is indirect
and dislike the obvious." The Rishis speak in
paradoxes no in evident logic. Such has been the
way of many mystics throughout history to take us
beyond the outer mind and its limitations.
The Rig Veda sets forth a path of mantra yoga,

using sound and the Divine word to awaken our
soul. The Yajur Veda sets forth a path of prana
yoga, using breath and intention to motivate us
inwardly. The Sama Veda sets forth a path of
meditation (dhyana yoga), using a heightened state
of feeling and awareness to liberate the mind and
heart. These three Vedas relate to the three parts of
our nature as speech (vak), prana and mind
(manas) and the three states of consciousness as
waking, dream and deep sleep. Outwardly they
are the three worlds of earth, atmosphere and
heaven.
This Vedic path involves both bhakti or devotion

to the deities as well as jnana or knowledge,
understanding the nature of the deities which are
all powers of the Self. It set forth the prototype for
194
the entire Hindu tradition and its many sides and

approaches. My earlier Vedic work, particularly
my translations from the Rig Veda as in Wisdom of
the Ancient Seers, approaches the Vedas but in a
deeper philosophical and poetic manner. Today I
would explicate these Vedic mantras in a more
precise and almost scientific manner, as blueprints
of cosmic and psychic forces. This I intend to do in
the coming years.
The Vedic Samaj Subhash Kak and I developed the

idea for a new Vedic association called the Vedic
Samaj in 1998. We felt that what is necessary today
is not a new religion or even a new guru but a new
way of spiritual knowledge and, most importantly,
a new type of community to embody it. The Vedic
Samaj (Sanatana Vedic Sangha) proposes such a
community to celebrate and advance Vedic
Dharma in all of its aspects. Such Vedic schools
and associations are crucial for a new age of
consciousness.
Purpose of the Vedic Samaj
1. To promote the different systems of Vedic

knowledge.
2. To seek the integration of the systems of Vedic
195
knowledge with all valid systems of knowledge,

both scientific and spiritual.
3. To provide a way of self-actualization,
compassion, and self-fulfillment.
4. To promote harmonious relationships among
people and with nature.
5. To develop insight and wisdom for guidance in
the unfolding age of information and knowledge.
Principles of the Vedic Samaj
1. There exists an all-pervasive Supreme Being

(Brahman) who is both immanent and
transcendent.
2. Only through knowing Brahman can we reach
the goal of life
3. Spiritually awakened knowledge is essential to
know Brahman.
4. Knowledge is possible because of the
equivalences (bandhu) between the outer and the
inner. These bandhus are described in the Vedas
and the Agamas.
5. Yoga, meditation, service, ritual and science are
ways to discover knowledge.
6. A Samaj or association is necessary to promote
this knowledge and its discovery among people.
7. The Samaj has as its primary principle the
196
seeking of this supreme knowledge, along with the

practices and disciplines necessary to bring it
about.
8. Membership in the Samaj is based upon personal
dedication to the knowledge, its realization and its
propagation.
9. The members of the Samaj should meet regularly
for worship, meditation and discussion.
HINDU GROUPS IN THE WEST
Parallel to my work in India I began working with

Hindu groups in the United States. Though very
few Hindus were living in America when I first
began to study Yoga in the late sixties, by the early
nineties during which my Vedic work blossomed,
they had already become a significant community,
highly educated and affluent. In time I visited
major Hindu temples and associations throughout
the country, particularly in Boston, Houston, and
Atlanta. Most important in this regard was the
VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) of America, but I
worked with many other groups as well.
Like their Indian counterpart, the American VHP

created a forum for teaching Hinduism,
information for defending Hinduism, and
197
communication between various Hindu groups

and teachers. I got to know the VHP leaders as
well, who have a similar dynamism, intelligence
and dedication. Such is the power of propaganda
deriving from the need to convert or conquer the
world.
I saw many westernized or American Hindus

struggling to rediscover their heritage and make it
meaningful for their children.
Most were doctors, scientists or in the computer

field. Few felt any contradiction between Hindu
Dharma and modern science or between being a
good Hindu and a good American citizen. In fact I
found that Non-resident Indians (NRIs) were more
supportive of their Hindu tradition than Hindus in
India, particularly those living in big cities or
working in the media.
The experience of western culture had not caused

them to abandon their spiritual culture but in the
long run brought them back to it. While they
appreciate the freedom and affluence of the West
they see its spiritual poverty. They also see that
Hinduism, particularly through Vedanta, is a much
more logical, scientific and futuristic system than
198
western religions, which even in America have

many groups that still espouse the Biblical view of
creation with the world starting only 6000 years
ago!
The main problem for American Hindus is getting

their children, who were born and raised in the
West, to understand and respect their tradition.
Western pop culture is insidious for getting into
the minds of children and turning them toward a
lifetime of consumerism, blotting out their finer
sensitivities. Still I think if there is any religion that
is diverse and rich enough in culture to overcome
modern American consumerism, it is the Hindu
religion!
Hindu Students Council Perhaps the most dynamic

group that I met with HSC or Hindu Students
Council. HSC is an organization composed of
students and ex-students that promotes Hindu
culture, values and ideas on college campuses. It is
the largest such organization in the United States,
with many branches and hundreds of members. I
attended a number of their functions, including
those at universities and their summer camps, and
got to know many of their leaders.
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HSC members have set up the Hindu Universe

(www.hindunet.org) which is the largest Hindu
internet site. It is an important treasure house of
information on all aspects of Hindu religion,
thought, culture, history, temples, deities, bhajans
et all. They put some of my books and articles on
line, as well as those of various Hindu thinkers.
HSC members combine Hindu values, both

spiritual and political, with success in the Western
business and the academic worlds. They realize
that their Hindu background of strong family
values, spiritual principles, and dedicated study,
affords them an advantage in America. Hinduism
is not a liability but an asset to success in the
modern world, particularly for the planetary age in
which we must go beyond cultural and religious
exclusivity. HSC has many brilliant and dynamic
young men and women. They will make great
contributions to Hinduism in the future and make
it more acceptable in the modern world. HSC has a
loose association with VHP of America.
Global Vision 2000
Global Vision 2000 was one of the most important

Hindu events ever to occur in the United States. It
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occurred in 1993 as part of the Vivekananda

Centenary celebrations. Many Hindu groups came
under the auspices of the VHP. Probably over ten
thousand people attended a conference that
covered all aspects of Hinduism, India and
interreligious dialogue, with programs for the
youth as well as adults. I spoke in several sessions
and was able to meet many important people. At
this gathering one had the sense of a real Hindu
community and Hindu voice emerging in the West.
Not surprisingly the media, both Western and

Indian, greeted the conference with contempt.
They highlight a handful of protestors on the
outside and didn’t examine the wealth of
presentations on the inside, which included Sufi
and Native American activities. I have often
wondered why other groups are so afraid of
Hindus, who are generally tolerant and pacifistic,
organizing themselves. I think it is because
Hinduism has such a strong culture and teaching
that on a level playing field they couldn’t compete
against it!
The Swami Narayan Order The Swami Narayan

order is probably the best organized Hindu sect, as
well as the most modern in its technology and
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media resources. At the same time it is probably

the best disciplined and the most ascetic of modern
Hindu monastic orders.
I was first invited by the Swami Narayan order to

their Cultural Festival of India in New Jersey in
1991, to speak before the youth, a role that I would
come to take in many different forums. One of the
young monks had read my Arise Arjuna article
and on the pretext invited me. There I had the
darshan of Pramukh Swami, their current head
and a great Sadhu. Later I visited their temple in
India at Akshar Dham in Gujarat where I spoke at
a conference on the Role of the Guru. I also visited
their beautiful marble temple in London (Neasdon)
during a trip to UK.
Most important was my visit to their Cultural

Festival of India in 1997 in Mumbai, which marked
Pramukh Swami’s seventy-fifth birthday, on which
occasion I gave a short talk. The Swami Narayan
Order had taken a piece of land in the slums of
Mumbai and turned it into a modern temple and
garden complex showing a futuristic Hinduism
with the power to solve all the world’s problems.
Such is the power of real devotion.
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Tour of UK
In late1996 I did a three week tour of England,

speaking at various temples and universities from
Newcastle in the North to London in the south and
Cardiff in the west. The tour was arranged by the
VHP of UK and by the NHSF (National Student’s
Hindu Forum). They had asked me to release their
new book Explaining Hindu Dharma, a Guide to
Teachers, which had been accepted as a textbook in
the British schools.
Like members of HSC, the Hindu students in

England were quite enthusiastic and asked many
questions on a variety of topics. Hindus in England
were a larger portion of the populace and not so
spread out as in America. Like their counterparts
in America they were affluent and well-educated.
However, they were more under siege from
Islamic extremism, which served to give them a
greater cohesion.
Most UK Hindus wanted to be called Hindus,

unlike most American Hindus who would rather
be called Indians or South Asians. As many UK
Hindus first came refugees from British Africa, so
that they couldn’t be called Indians anyway. The
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problem was that the appellation South Asian

lumped Hindus and Muslims of the subcontinent
together, when their culture, educational
achievements and role in the UK community are
very different. Hindus were high achievers in
education, while the Muslims were more inclined
to get involved in youth gangs. Hindus did not
want to be lumped as South Asians, which would
give their merit to the Muslims and ascribe Islamic
violence to them.
It was interesting to see India having a reciprocal

influence on Great Britain, its former colonial
rulers. The British have turned to Indian food. The
Hindu religion may gradually come into their lives
as well. Certainly the British are much more aware
of it than are Americans who often don’t know the
difference between Hindu and Buddhist, or even
Hindu and Muslim.
Trinidad
One small country in the Americas that does have

a large Hindu population is Trinidad. I visited the
Island in 1996 and saw its Hindu culture, including
its several wonderful temples. It is much like being
in India. Even Hindu Gods like Shiva and
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Hanuman have taken their abode there.
Later I came in contact with the Trinidad

Mahasabha that has produced several good writers
on Hinduism that write regular articles on topical
matters. They asked me never to forget the
overseas Hindus in the Caribbean, so I must
mention them here as well. There is another large
Hindu pocket in Guyana. The Caribbean Hindus
show how Hinduism can be adopted to another
continent and its landscape. Certainly Hindus have
not been properly considerate of their overseas
members, which makes them prey to conversion
efforts.
The Diaspora of Hindus globally is now quite

large, extending to over ten million, and growing
rapidly. Often in a foreign context one appreciates
one’s background better. Hindus are generally
more aware of their Hinduness outside of India.
That they are targeted by missionaries makes them
more conscious of it.
I noted that Hindus do better outside of India,

excelling in education and in business. Their very
Hindu values of family and learning help them. So
it is not Hinduism that makes India poor and
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inefficient, but the bureaucracy, whose origin is in

the British system and in Nehru’s adoption of a
Soviet style economy. As India comes more under
Hindu political and economic values its economic
and education levels will rise dramatically.
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ADDITIONAL STUDIES
OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
There should be no effort to force any religion

upon anyone. The first commandment of God
should be, respect the Divine Self in all. Secondly
there should be no preaching. We should teach
what we know and let others discover for
themselves whether or not it is true. We should let
them be influenced by our behavior and our
personality and not resort to propaganda, threats
or promises.
We should not speak in God’s name in order to

entice or to condemn others. No religion should
make it a right or a duty to convert the world. We
should welcome a diversity of spiritual approaches
and not take any as the last word.
Hindus are not exclusive in their religious,

spiritual or cultural views. They believe in the
existence of many paths both inside their tradition
and outside of it. They are ready at any time to
embrace their Christian and Islamic brothers,
without insisting that everyone becomes a Hindu.
But one cannot embrace someone who says, "We
do not accept your religion, we condemn your
gods and sages, we reject your holy books and
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practices, salvation is ours and not yours, and we

will not cease striving to convert you to our way!"
This has been the main message of Christians and

Muslims to Hindus for centuries, etched in blood,
and it remains so today, with a few notable
exceptions and modified according to the political
exigencies of a secular world order.
My main criticism of Christianity and Islam is not

about their beliefs, though I may not agree with
these. Let people be free to follow whatever
appeals to them in their hearts. My criticism is
against the intolerance and missionary efforts of
these two kindred faiths that overshadows the
good that they may be otherwise attempting to do.
More liberal Christians may themselves reject such

missionary efforts as not representing real
Christianity.
However, they do little to stop them or even to

criticize them. Nor are they aware of how much
this missionary aggression still continues. Unless
this missionary assault is challenged it is bound to
wreak much more havoc in the world, particularly
as large Asian countries like China and India
become more accessible targets.
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Similarly, many Hindus discriminate between

churchianity that they reject and Christ whom they
honor as a holy man or even avatar. Unfortunately,
churchianity still dominates mainstream
Christianity and most of Christianity in India as
well.The openhearted Hindu acceptance of Christ
has even been used by missionaries to soften up
Hindus for their conversion efforts, not by
reciprocating with any comparable honoring of
Krishna or Buddha.
If Christians and Muslims want to show their

tolerance let them first throw off their exclusivism
and accept other paths, including the pagan and
Hindu as valid. Let them close down their
conversion activities and openly dialogue with
other religions to jointly discover what is true. Let
them apologize for their history of denigrating
other faiths and seeking to convert them with force
and propaganda. Otherwise those of other beliefs
cannot trust their claims of tolerance Many good
people and even great mystics have lived among
Christians and Muslims throughout history. I
would certainly not deny this.
All human beings have access to the Divine and

Christians and Muslims are not barred from it. The
209
problem is that their exclusive beliefs and their

missionary efforts removes them from the Divine
in others and causes them to lose the Divine within
themselves as well. It makes them try to denigrate
and destroy other traditions that are quite valid in
their own right.
All human beings possess a natural faith and

intuition in a higher truth and consciousness. The
problem is that religions, instead facilitating this,
try to manipulate it into a faith in their own
dogmas and institutions instead – and an
intolerance of other forms that this inner yearning
may take among different people and cultures. In
this way true religious seeking, which is valid
whatever form it takes, becomes distorted and
even harmful. It misses its real goal of uniting
humanity and becomes a factor of social division
and distrust. It suppresses the pursuit of spiritual
and even scientific knowledge that it cannot
control.
Islam and the Sufis
As I traveled in India I noticed the Islamic

community and how it operates. Islamic women
still wear the veil and dark clothing. Muslims stay
apart from Hindus in their own communities,
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which are often ghettos. Clearly there was a major

cultural difference between Hindus and Muslims.
I wondered why the Sufis, who follow a mysticism

like Ibn El Arabi that has much in common with
Vedantic monism, did not project a more positive
model of Hinduism for orthodox Muslims to
emulate. I researched the Sufis further. I
discovered that the Sufis were a diverse group
representing various intellectual and mystical
trends in the Islamic world, both orthodox and
unorthodox. Some Sufis were indeed free spirited
individualists with a direct communion with the
Divine at a high level. The medieval Persian poet
Rumi is perhaps the best example of this type of
Sufi. Such Sufis were often oppressed, if not killed
by the Muslim orthodoxy, like Al Hallaj in the
ninth century, who was dismembered for making
the rather Vedantic proclamation of "I am God."
Other Sufis were simply the Islamic equivalent of

the Jesuits and could be militant, if not fanatic.
Such Sufis encouraged and guided Muslim attacks
against Hindu India. This was particularly true of
organized Sufi orders like the Naqshbandis, which
have long aimed at the conversion of India to
Islam. These Sufi orders are spiritual soldiers for
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Islam and, like Christian missionaries, have little

respect for other traditions, particularly those of
India, which they still denigrate as pagan, heathen
and kafir. Most Sufi activity in the world today is
under their control.
The other question was whether Mohammed, the

founder of Islam, who had many mystical
experiences, was a tolerant figure whose teachings
were distorted by militant Islam, or an intolerant
figure that militant Islam followed faithfully.
Other Sufis were simply the Islamic equivalent of

the Jesuits and could be militant, if not fanatic.
Such Sufis encouraged and guided Muslim attacks
against Hindu India. This was particularly true of
organized Sufi orders like the Naqshbandis, which
have long aimed at the conversion of India to
Islam. These Sufi orders are spiritual soldiers for
Islam and, like Christian missionaries, have little
respect for other traditions, particularly those of
India, which they still denigrate as pagan, heathen
and kafir. Most Sufi activity in the world today is
under their control.
The other question was whether Mohammed, the

founder of Islam, who had many mystical
experiences, was a tolerant figure whose teachings
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were distorted by militant Islam, or an intolerant

figure that militant Islam followed faithfully. In the
beginning assumed that Mohammed was probably
a great yogi whose teaching was misinterpreted,
following a common Hindu idea that all major
religions must reflect the highest truth at their
origin. However, over time after studying the
Koran and the life of Mohammed, I was forced to
conclude that Islamic intolerance began with
Mohammed himself. I came to agree with Swami
Vivekananda that Mohammed was an eccentric
mystic who mixed various superstitions with an
experience of super consciousness that was
incomplete. The result was a dangerous
combination of religious insight and religious
fanaticism.
I discovered that the majority of Sufis have long
been actively engaged in promoting Islamic
expansionism and aggression, and this remains
part of their agenda today. Prominent Sufis were
involved with major Islamic rulers in India,
including tyrants like Aurangzeb, Mahmud
Ghauri, Mahmud Ghaznavi and Alauddin Khilji,
who killed thousands of Hindus and destroyed
hundreds of temples. Mahmud of Ghaznavi, for
example, was a great hero in the Sufi poetry of
Attar and Sanai, for his ruthless destruction of the
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Somnath Shiva temple, which they saw as a den of

infidels.
Perhaps because Islam is generally intolerant, the

Sufis gain much by way of contrast. While one can
sympathize with the Sufis and more easily
dialogue with them than with the orthodox, to
think that Sufis don’t represent the vested interests
of Islam is quite naïve. I remember a meeting with
an American Sufi who followed a traditional
Middle Eastern Sufi order. He admitted that non-
Muslims could gain access to Allah but insisted
that it required a special effort on their part. I
mentioned the example of Ramana Maharshi. He
noted that the Maharshi’s achievement was great
for a Hindu but ordinary Muslims could reach the
same level without effort by faith alone. He said
that through Islam one connects to a lineage that
goes all the way back to Adam or the original man
and connects one directly with God, while all other
religions deviate from that and cannot be trusted!
In my dialogues with various Sufis I found that

they didn’t accept karma and rebirth. In spite of
their portrayal in India as monists, they were
generally dualists, seeing some ultimate difference
between God and the soul. Though they firmly
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believe that God is One they feel that the human

soul can never completely merge into Allah but can
only go to one of the nine heavens or paradises.
While many accept a unity of religions, if you
question them they usually place that unity only in
Islam, not in any real religious pluralism.
Anwar Shaikh
During my UK trip I met with Anwar Shaikh, an

important scholarly critic of Islam. Originally a
Pakistani, an Islamic Mullah and a Sufi Sheikh, he
returned to the Vedic fold by his own thought and
experience. Shaikh was a warm and friendly
character with a great sense of humor and
hospitality. He was not physically well at the time
but was still working hard on various books and
articles.
Shaikh has an evolutionary concept of the

Godhead, that the Divine was a collective
formation of cosmic evolution, not an aloof God
outside of the cosmos. This corresponds to the
Hiranyagarbha or collective subtle body of
Vedantic thought. We are all creating God as God
is living through us. Buddhist and Jain ideas of
liberation as something that we develop on an
individual level rather than as something that
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comes from a deity beyond reflect a similar trend

in Indian thought.
Shaikh regards Islam as a political movement

under a religious guise, a ploy for Arab
nationalism. For him Mohammed was a masterful
general, politician and diplomat who skillfully
used religion to further his worldly aims. Allah is
an alter ego for Mohammed and the Koran is more
the thought and life of Mohammed than a real
communion with God.
Shaikh has a mastery of Arabic, the Koran and its

traditional commentaries and uses them to prove
his point of view. Another important work in this
regard is Why I Am Not A Muslim by Ibn Warraq,
who also opens the veil of scrutiny on Islam that
has been so carefully kept in tact by Islamic rulers
today.
Islamic mullahs like the Ayatollah Khomeni

remind one of fundamentalist Christian preachers
in America who repeatedly assert that "God said"
or "Jesus said" when they really are just voicing
their own opinions and assertions. They use the
name of God to promote their social agendas of
controlling or expanding their flocks. God certainly
has his own voice that can be heard in the heart
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and has nothing to do with any preaching. We all

belong to the community of God. The real sin is to
divide humanity into the true believers and the
heretics, which leads to hatred and war. And if
God demands such exclusive loyalty, such a God is
a creation of human need and arrogance, not the
universal truth or love. He should not be
worshipped but cast aside.
The whole idea of a messenger between God and

Man – that the individual cannot directly
understand God but requires a prophet or savior
like Mohammed or Jesus – is foreign to Hindu
thought that emphasizes the Atman or higher Self.
One could argue that the setting up of such a
messenger is the real idolatry or worship of a false
god.
It places an intermediary between the soul and

God, which is then used by various vested interests
to direct our faith not to God, but to their own
dogmas and need to control the world. Similarly
the Hindu view, while honoring the books of the
sages, never puts any holy book as the last word
that we must uncritically accept. Our own direct
perception of truth is made the highest authority.
Clearly the world needs a more critical

217
examination of Islam, both historically and

ideologically. The Islamic world stands where
Christianity was in the Middle Ages, preventing
anyone from questioning its beliefs in a manner on
par with the Inquisition, yet with the economic
power of billions of petrodollars. Religion should
be objectively examined not only from the light of
reason, but also according to a dharmic or yogic
view.
Such intellectual critiques were made of

Christianity several centuries ago. But Islamic
society is not yet open to such self-examination.
Though a fatwa and death threat has been issued
against him for his views, Anwar Shaikh has
invited Muslim scholars to debate freely with him
whenever they like. So far no one has taken up his
challenge. Even if one does not agree with such
critics as Shaikh, there is no reason that their lives
should be threatened because they question Islam.
Visit to Israel
I visited Israel in February of 1995 as part of an

international Yoga conference where I was
teaching. The trip helped me better understand
Western religions. I found Israel to be a fascinating
country with a deep and ancient spirit that
218
reflected the formlessness and austerity of the

surrounding desert. In some ways it reminded me
of South India. Strangely perhaps, given my
Catholic background, the religion that most
interested me while in Israel was Judaism, which I
felt most acutely while visiting the Wailing Wall. I
had long admired the Jewish people for their
intellectual achievements and viewed their religion
in a different light than Christianity or Islam.
Unlike its offshoots, the Jewish religion never set
itself up as the one true faith that needed to
conquer the world. It accepted that different
peoples had other religious traditions, which might
not be the same as theirs. It also had great
traditions of learning, mysticism and the use of a
spiritual language that were almost Brahmanical in
nature. Some Jewish groups also accept rebirth or
reincarnation.
The Bible is mainly the cultural record of the

Jewish people, coming from various Jewish leaders
over many centuries compiled to deal with the
issues of their community, not only spiritual but
also mundane.
That the Bible is the word of God is cultural

hyperbole; it represents the Jewish people’s main
219
experience and interpretation of the Divine, not

God’s last word for all humanity or for all time.
I could see how the Jews would think that

Christians and Muslims had expropriated and
distorted their teaching. The Christians
transformed the Bible into a teaching that was even
used to attack the Jews. The Koran is the Bible
rewritten according to the religious urges of the
Arabic community, and reflects their social and
political expansion as well. The whole idea of a
book as the Word of God moved from cultural
pride to global aggression. At first I couldn’t
understand why the Jews were opposed to image
worship, which most divides their tradition from
the Hindu. Images are part of our artistic
expression and are helpful tools for devotion.
Image worship may not appeal to everyone, but
there is no need to exclude it. And it is quite
unenlightened to reject all images as unholy or
those who worship them as unspiritual.
However, I discovered an historical reason for the

Jewish rejection of image worship. The Jews were a
small people that occupied an important trade and
military route between two continents, which was
a natural battleground for nearby empires. With
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the larger, more elaborate and imagistic Egyptian

and Mesopotamian cultures on either side, the
Jews could have been easily assimilated. Their
aniconic religion aided in their survival by making
them a distinct people and helping them stand
apart from their often more materialistic neighbors.
Unfortunately this social need got translated into a
religious rule that became the basis of religious
intolerance, particularly under Christian and
Islamic dogma.
Their aniconic religion aided in their survival by

making them a distinct people and helping them
stand apart from their often more materialistic
neighbors. Unfortunately this social need got
translated into a religious rule that became the
basis of religious intolerance, particularly under
Christian and Islamic dogma.
I also admired the Greek Orthodox churches in

Jerusalem, which were quite beautiful and ornate,
much like Hindu temples with their images,
incense and candles. I learned that the Greek
Orthodox tradition is the older form of
Christianity. All the old churches in Jerusalem are
Greek Orthodox, which was the religion of the
Eastern Roman and Byzantine Empire. The Roman
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Catholics didn’t get to Jerusalem until the time of

the Crusades and don’t represent either original
Christianity or its forms near its homeland in
Israel, which were more mystical in nature.
However, Christianity in all its forms appeared to

be permeated with a sense of sorrow, the crucified
savior, and a burden of original sin. I think there is
a deeper meaning for this. Christianity reflects a
mystical vision that was crushed before it could
really develop. From a Jewish religious sect
opposing the Romans it eventually assumed the
power of the Roman State and came to embody the
very tyranny that it first opposed. A study of the
Dead Sea Scrolls reveals that the early Christians
were one of many related Jewish movements of the
times opposed to the Romans. Most of the
teachings attributed to Jesus were part of older
Jewish teachings, including many of his parables.
These portray a similar symbolism of a Messiah

and looking to the end of the world, which really
meant the end of Roman rule and the
reestablishment of a Jewish state. The Messiah was
a purely Jewish concept, not the harbinger of a new
faith.
Jesus, if anything, was a good Jew and should be

222
interpreted in light of Jewish traditions. Though he

may have opposed certain Jewish sects, which
were many, he was clearly in the line of the Old
Testament. Christianity was a misinterpretation of
Judaism that occurred after the Romans destroyed
the Jewish State and killed its leaders, including
the early Christians and their leaders like James,
called the brother of Jesus. It took several centuries
for Jewish Christianity to evolve into Roman
Christianity and we can document this historically
with the aid of various historical records. Paul was
pivotal in turning this Jewish sect into a Roman
religion. He was the real founder of the Christian
religion not Jesus or his disciples who remained
faithful Jews.
Roman Christianity was the invention of a later age

when the Jewish Christians, defeated and scattered
by the Romans, reorganized and intermingled with
the general Roman public. In order to gain support
in Roman society they downplayed and then
denied their Jewish background.
This Roman Christianity that became the official

Roman religion in the fourth century was the
Greek Orthodox tradition and brought in some of
the mysticism and image worship of the Greeks
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and related Gnostic traditions.
The Roman Catholic religion only became

prominent through Charlemagne and the Holy
Roman Empire in the ninth century. Roman
Catholic Christianity with its popes was a sidelight
to Greek Orthodox Christianity that only came to
dominate over the Greek tradition after the
Crusades that sacked the Greek capital of
Byzantium in the thirteenth century. In Jerusalem I
could see a decline in spirituality from the Greek
Orthodox to the Roman Catholic Churches and
Protestant Churches. The Greek Orthodox
churches had much mysticism in them. The Roman
Catholic had some mysticism but a sense of
regimentation. The recently built Protestant
Churches had no spirituality at all and were little
better than tombs for the soul!
Scholars are now discovering a similar historical

development in the Koran. Versions of the Koran
from Yemen have been found dating from the
eighth century that differ from the Koran as we
know it today. Scholars are now proposing that the
Koran was a document that developed over time to
fulfill not only religious needs but also the social
needs of a new and rapidly growing empire. The
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new Arab rulers needed a religious teaching to

sanctify their position and maintain their hold over
the older and more complex cultures that they had
just come to rule. Their religion was rigid and
intolerant in order to sustain their supremacy over
older civilizations that could easily assimilate their
much simpler culture.
No doubt many mystical traditions existed in the

ancient Near East before the two orthodox
religions of the book eliminated them. This
included Greek, Celtic, Egyptian, Persian and
Babylonian traditions with probable links to India
and to Vedanta. Probably there were many great
mystics in these traditions that we have forgotten
who were as great as any produced by Christianity
and Islam.
Vedic Pluralism and Biblical Monotheism
Biblical traditions reflect a one God who is an

authoritarian figure, having his chosen people,
demanding allegiance, exhibiting jealousy, and
lording over his creation like a king, if not a tyrant.
While some may argue that this is a
misinterpretation or a simplification of a deeper
view, and it may be, it has been the dominant
impulse behind missionary efforts all over the
225
world. In the Christian view God has his heaven

and hell to reward his followers and punish his
enemies. Islam follows the same model. Such a
God is looked upon with fear and trembling. His
believers follow him as a role model and easily
become intolerant and authoritarian themselves,
asserting dogma rather than seeking truth, trying
to make everyone follow the dictates of their
imperious deity.
The Vedic view, on the contrary, is of many Gods

and Goddesses, each with its appropriate and
unique place in the cosmic order. Behind them is
not some domineering personal Creator but a
Great Spirit or Parabrahma, which is our higher
Self beyond all outer limitations. The Vedic Gods
form a vast and friendly brotherhood and work
together to manifest the Great Spirit. While some
like Rudra are figures of some fear or dread,
representing difficult aspects of life such as death
and suffering, even these can be propitiated and
turned into benefic forces of light and love.
Perhaps the Old Testament God was originally
such a Rudra-Shiva like figure that got scaled
down into a more limited or exclusive model over
time. Rudra is also called Yahva in the Rig Veda,
perhaps cognate with the Biblical Yahweh.
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In the Biblical tradition human beings are fallen

creatures, existing in sin and exiled from God, who
stands with a threatening gaze in his heaven
beyond. In the Vedas, human beings form a
brotherhood with the Gods and have a common
origin, nature and kinship with them. Human
beings can become Gods and gain immorality
along with them. There is no overriding or ultimate
sin but simply ignorance and impurity that must
be removed to allow our true nature, which is pure
awareness, to manifest without obstruction.
Biblical monotheism tends towards exclusivism – if
you are not with us, you are against us. The Vedic
view reflects unity-in-multiplicity – those who
sincerely think differently than us are also with us,
because there is no one way for all. The Vedic view
is of a pluralistic world order that accommodates
many variant views in a vast harmony. It is aware
of the Absolute Unity of Truth but also recognizes
its many creative forms in manifestation.
The main Biblical view is that "I, the Lord thy God,
am a jealous God and thou shall not worship other
Gods." The Vedic view is "That which is the One
Truth the Seers declare in manifold ways (Rig
Veda I.164.46)", and "May noble aspirations come
to us from every side (Rig Veda I.89.1)." The Rig
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Vedic original man or Manu states, "None of you

Gods are small or inferior. All of you are great. All
the Gods that dwell here, who are universal to all
beings, may you give your protection to us and to
our horses and cattle (Rig Veda VIII.30.1,4)."
The Biblical view is of a One God who is at war

with other gods. The Vedic view is of One Truth
that has many forms, expressions and paths of
approach. Whether it is Indra, Agni, Soma and
Surya of the Vedas or Shiva, Vishnu, Devi or
Ganesha of later Hinduism, each is the Supreme
Self in form, aspect or approach and includes the
other Gods in a greater harmony.
Vedic pluralism gives rise to a free and open

spiritual path, the many ways of yoga. It is not
limited to monotheism, though it includes theism
as an important approach at a devotional level.
Vedic pluralism does not give rise to any need to
convert the world but rather to the nurturing of
ever new insights and local applications of truth.
Nor is it a form of polytheism, reflecting a belief in
many separate gods. It is a free approach to
monism on an individual level, recognizing both
the universal and the unique in human beings.
Such a view is necessary today to link all the varied
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religious aspirations of humanity and the many

sages, teachings and forms of worship that are our
heritage as a species.
The Hindu way is a universal pluralism that

combines the one and the many, the unique and
the all. It is not a pluralism of anything goes, a
mere promiscuity, but a truth that is vast, many
sided and adaptable, like the great forces of nature.
It is the pluralism that arises from the One, but the
One that is infinite and unlimited. Such an
inclusive view is necessary to integrate human
culture throughout the world today, which is and
should remain diverse. The exclusivist model
belongs to the Middle Ages and reflects the urge of
one group to triumph over the rest, which leads to
conflict and destruction.
Hinduism does not claim to hold the big or the
final truth, or to dispense it to a doubting
humanity from on high. It holds that a Supreme
Truth, a unity of consciousness, does exist but that
it is beyond human manipulation and outside of
human history. This spiritual truth has nothing to
do with proselytizing and is not bound by any
belief, identity or leader. Discovering it is
ultimately a matter of individual search and
aspiration. Hinduism provides tools for this self-
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discovery, but leaves the individual free to find out

directly what it is. As a religion it makes itself
dispensable and does not make itself into the last
word. Once we know ourselves we go beyond all
the limitations of humanity. But at the same time
we become connected to all the great seers and
yogis of all time.
Religion and Superstition
Religion is inherently an attempt to connect with

the transcendent. Such a connection not only
enlarges human consciousness but, if done without
the right purity of body and mind, can expand the
human ego instead. It can not only connect us with
the Absolute but can lend the illusion of absolute
truth to our own prejudices.
The Hindu tradition emphasizes yogic sadhana to

purify the body and mind so that we have the
proper vessel to experience superconsciousness.
But religious teachings that emphasize faith and
belief do not require such sadhana. Faith-based
religions encourage belief in the irrational like the
virgin birth or redemption on the cross as
necessary for salvation, not changing one's own
consciousness. This placing of faith beyond
scrutiny tends to imbalance the minds of people
230
and makes them prone to wishful thinking and

emotional excesses.
Mysticism can exist within the confines of religious

dogma but inevitably gets distorted by it. Even
when people have genuine experiences of higher
states of consciousness in belief-based traditions,
like many Christian mystics, the dogmas and
superstitions of their religions cast a shadow over
these. Some such mystics may get caught in
delusions, thinking that they are another Jesus or
that they are at war with the devil and have to save
the world. The mystification of salvation through
belief in a savior or prophet leads to much
confusion and is incapable of really changing
human nature. This is because the impure mind
mixes its own desires with any experience of the
Divine that it may be able to achieve.
The Vedic tradition, on the other hand, emphasizes

the impersonal and the eternal. It is not rooted in
an historical revelation but in an ever-evolving
quest for truth. It recognizes both many ancient
and many modern sages and the individual’s need
for direct perception.
Religions rooted in the personal and historical tend
to confuse the merely human with the Divine.
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They invest an infallibility to certain prophets,

books or institutions, which existing in time must
be fallible. They remain trapped in the needs of a
particular community and frozen at one stage of
history. Books like the Bible and the Koran are
human inventions and contain much that untrue or
out of date. They may represent how certain
people tried to connect with the divine, but they do
not represent the Divine itself. They are not ofs
universal or eternal relevance but have a niche in
time and space that can be quite limiting. Even the
Vedas are not literally the word of God, which is
beyond all form, but the spiritual records of the
Rishis and the various ways that they sought the
Divine. We should never worship a mere book. A
book can only be an aid for our own inner inquiry,
just as a guidebook can never substitute for our
own travel to a new country. That is why we are
told that the Vedas are endless. Truth is beyond
limitation. The unspoken word or unstruck sound
is greater than what anyone may ever say.
Religion in the world today still promotes many

superstitions, not merely about the world, but also
about the nature of consciousness. I am not
speaking only of tribal beliefs but also of
mainstream faiths. If we look at all the claims of
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salvation in religion, they remain naïve, if not

absurd. The necessity for Jesus as our personal
savior, or Mohammed as the last prophet, are
contrary to both reason and to spiritual wisdom.
Knowledge alone brings liberation and it comes
not through belief but through meditation.
We need not accept all these religious superstitions

in order to be liberal in our religious views but
should cut through them with the light of
discrimination. Truth arises through self-discovery,
which requires going beyond all prophets and
intermediaries. In this regard truth is more
important than God. Our real search should be for
truth. That will lead us to the real divinity. But if
we seek God according to the idea of a certain
faith, we are likely to lose the truth along the way.
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RETURN OF THE PAGANS
Once human beings communed freely with the

forces of nature. They felt a spirit in every hill or
vale. They saw a Divine face in the Sun and the
Moon. They felt a consciousness in the mountains,
trees and clouds. They recited poetry, performed
rituals, and had profound meditations on the
sacred world order, which they discovered allied
with their own inner Self. Those who possessed
such insight were the sages, seers, druids or rishis
that guided the culture.
The advent of the One God and his one book

banished the nature spirits from the Earth,
disconnected us from our ancestors, and removed
us from the grace of the great Gods and Goddesses.
Our human god like a superego came to rule over
our psyche and alienate us from life. Pagan
learning that included natural healing, astrology,
the occult and yoga was dismissed as dangerous, if
not demonic.
This One God was not a universal formation

(though one may argue that he originally might
have been). He represented not a unity of truth, but
a single God opposed to all others. He demands,
234
like a jealous husband, an exclusive loyalty. He

brought his people not to the Oneness but to a
duality of the true believer and the infidel that
ushered in a reign of mistrust, hatred and
eventually terror upon the world in the name of
religion.
But the One God could only rule over a dark age of
the oppression. He had to banish the light of
reason and freedom of inquiry, maintaining his
rule with force and propaganda. His rule, though
lasting for some centuries, had to be transient.
With the return of reason, observation and open
communication in the modern world, his
domination must come to an end. The great Gods
and Goddesses are again returning as our natural
interest in higher consciousness reawakens. May
their beautiful and friendly grace come forth once
more!
Hinduism and Native Traditions
Hinduism reflects the religion of nature and the

earth. It is present externally in the clouds and the
stars, the hills and the rivers. We can see Hinduism
in all native traditions and in all ancient religions,
particularly where the Sun, the symbol of the
Atman or higher Self, is worshipped. Hindu
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Dharma is the very religion of life and of the

individual expressing himself or herself in many
different forms.
Encountering Hinduism is particularly difficult

because it means facing our pagan roots. Were the
pagans really that bad? Were they merely
bloodthirsty savages as we generally portray them
to be? Did only Christianity bring civilization and
compassion to the world? Were the pagans, even if
great, doomed to hell or at least to inadequacy
because of not accepting Jesus, though most of
them never heard of him?
I cannot believe that our ancient ancestors were so

inferior or that we are so much more advanced. I
don’t think that merely embracing a religious belief
really changes people or makes them better. Our
pagan ancestors were human beings with a
profound sense of the sacred. Could they not also
feel the full range of emotions up to communion
with God? Our words God and Divine, after all,
are pagan in origin. Certainly the pagans knew of a
higher power and had methods to connect with it.
They had deep spiritual traditions abounding with
holy places, myths, philosophy, magic and insight.
Christianity reduced these practices, not by

236
understanding them but by summarily rejecting

them, because they were too diverse for its
monotonous creed.
Have those of you who came from Christian or

Islamic religious backgrounds ever asked what the
religion of your ancestors was before they
converted? Was their religion mere idolatry,
superstition, and eroticism as paganism is
portrayed to be? Or did it have its own nobility
and spirituality, its own sense of the Divine and a
great history and ancestry? We can better
understand these older beliefs because their
counterpart exists in native traditions throughout
the world, above all in India.
Native religions are not credal beliefs based upon a

church, scripture or prophet. They are rooted in the
land and in the sky, not in a book or in an
institution. They are part of a people, culture and
way of life. While some of their beliefs may appear
primitive or crude to our casual glance, we can find
great meaning in them if we would but look upon
them with sensitivity and openness.
They herded the natives like cattle, split up their

families, tore them off the land that was their soul,
and placed them in reservations that were little
237
better than prisons. And, most strangely, they

thought in this cruel process that they were
actually civilizing the natives and giving them the
chance to become good Christians!
The pre-Christian Greeks gave us Plato and

Aristotle or Western philosophy, on which
mooring later Christian theology, without much
appreciation, built its foundations. They gave us a
great mythology full of deep and complex
meanings with their great Gods and Goddesses
from Zeus to Apollo, from Aphrodite to Hera.
Great ancient European mystics like Plotinus or
Apollonius of Tyana were not Christians and
didn’t require a church or a book to mediate
between themselves and the Infinite. And they
looked to India for inspiration not to the Bible.
The Celts had their bards and seers; the famous

Druids that even the inimical Romans looked to as
wise and noble. The Druids had an oral tradition of
poetry, along with rituals or yajnas much like the
Vedas. They knew the land and its spirits, the mists
and the hills. They had their medicine, astrology
and philosophy. The Egyptians gave us great
pyramids and a monumental artwork that reflects
cosmic consciousness and a profound knowledge
238
of the occult. Even today we are in awe of their

accomplishments and cannot reduplicate them.
It is the very nature of credal religions to denigrate,

if not demonize different beliefs. For example, the
Muslims of the Middle Ages prided themselves in
destroying the idols of the evil pagans. Their word
for idol was Bud for Buddha. The people they
vilified as the terrible and hedonistic pagans were
often merely pacifistic Buddhist monks!
Christian Oppression of Pagans
In my studies of history I learned that the pagan

oppression of the Christians was minor compared
to the Christian oppression of pagans. Pagan Rome
was generally tolerant about religion and accepted
the existence of many cults and sects. Its clash with
Christianity was because the Christians refused to
afford homage to the Roman State. No doubt the
Romans, who were harsh rulers of a vast empire,
did oppress the early Christians. But the many
religions in the Roman Empire had great depths
and cannot be rejected for this political action.
In the early centuries of Christian rule numerous

pagan temples were destroyed or replaced by
churches. Their beautiful statues were broken and
239
trampled upon as unholy idols. Their wonderful

rituals and philosophies were rejected as
superstition. The great university and library of
Alexandria was only one of the many centers of
learning in the ancient world that was destroyed.
Eventually the Platonic Academy in Athens was
closed down as well. Early Christianity was against
learning and burned books and schools, a model
that early Islam also followed.
Some pagan beliefs were taken over by the church

like Christmas, which was originally a Mithraic
winter solstice festival, or the Christmas tree,
which was a pagan German custom. The Madonna
was adopted from the old pagan Goddesses. Some
of the most charming and mystical aspects of
Christianity were originally pagan!
Note how negative in connotation the term pagan

is today, even though so much was taken from
them. This reflects deep-seated religious
prejudices. The name negative meanings are given
to the term Hinduism as well, which connotes the
worst of paganism to the modern mind.
This authoritarianism of credal beliefs caused them

to suppress their own mystics as well. The church
oppressed Christian mystics and orthodox Mullahs
240
oppressed Islamic Sufis. A Christian mystic like St.

Francis of Assisi is at least half a pagan. His
Brother Sun and Sister Moon is but an echo of the
pagan Father Sun and Mother Moon or Divine
Father and Divine Mother! His song needs to be
finished.
Clearly native beliefs are not unspiritual. There is

more of real mysticism in them than in the credal
beliefs that have so long been seeking to displace
them. Mainstream Christianity and Islam are afraid
of mysticism and against the occult. They don’t like
gurus and are wary of anyone who thinks that he
can have a direct experience of God apart from
their one savior or final prophet.
What the Christians did in the Americas continued

a policy of oppression that began centuries before
in Europe. It was not being Western or European
that created this religious intolerance but the kind
of exclusive belief system that mainstream
Christianity and Islam followed. Pre-Christian
Europeans like the Celts had more in common with
the Native Americans than with the Europeans
colonists who conquered them. The Celts
themselves were earlier victims of the same
aggression that the Native Americans had to face.
241
Hindu Dharma never sought to displace native

traditions but has honored them and tried to
harmonise with them. It is a natural friend of
pagan and native traditions everywhere. One does
not have to give up one’s ancestry or deny one’s
native culture in order to embrace Hindu dharma.
One simply has to be willing to honor all spiritual
approaches, along with freedom and diversity in
the spiritual realm.
The Hindu tradition honors the Goddess, who is

important in all pagan traditions and was generally
rejected by the Biblical traditions. It has preserved
all the forms of the Great Goddess from the Earth
Mother to the Sky Goddess, from the Great Mother
to the woman warrior. All those seeking to restore
the Goddess religion will find much of value in
Hinduism, which has preserved the full range of
human spiritual aspiration.
Becoming a Pagan
This pursuit of finding one’s own dharma drew me

to examine the pre-Christian traditions of Europe,
notably the Celtic traditions from which my Irish
ancestors derived. I don’t see any contradiction
between their traditions and Hinduism.
Fortunately, the core of their traditions has
242
survived the many centuries of oppression and is

flowering anew. With time and help from other
native traditions, they may yet reclaim their full
glory and splendor.
Starting in 1996 I came into a contact with Celtic

groups and began to discuss issues of history and
religion with them. Most of them honor Hinduism
and feel a kinship with it. They are looking to
Hindu India as a new model of resurgent
paganism in the world. They are discovering in the
Hindu tradition for what has been lost in their own
traditions.
In contact with my Celtic friends and by their

advice this year (1999) I reclaimed my Irish family
line for the Celtic religion and its Vedic
connections. While I am not specifically doing
Celtic practices, I have added a Celtic slant on my
Hindu practices. One can see Lord Shiva in the
Celtic God Cernunos, who is also the Lord of the
Animals. The Celtic Green Man shows the Purusha
or Divine Spirit in nature, which in plants is the
Vedic God Soma. In time I hope to incorporate a
greater understanding the Celtic ways into my
work and into my communion with nature.
This revival of native religions is gaining ground

243
worldwide and is bound to become much more

significant in the future. Major conferences of
pagan, native or ethnic religions are occurring to
coordinate this interest. The Catholic Church in
Europe now sees neo-paganism as a real threat to
its survival. It has tried for two thousand years to
eliminate paganism and has not succeeded. This is
because the pagan traditions reflect integral aspects
of our eternal spirituality that can never be
eliminated, any more than we can live without
breathing.
Such neo-pagan movements exist throughout

Europe and America. They are complemented by a
revived interest in Native American, Native
African, Hawaiian, and Australian traditions. All
these groups are discovering an affinity with
Hinduism. Hinduism as the best surviving of the
pagan or native traditions gives a sense of their
great depth and power. Hindu Dharma can be an
excellent friend and ally in reclaiming and
reuniting all native traditions, which still suffer
much oppression and are remain under siege by
missionary influences.
May the pagans return, along with their many

Gods and Goddesses, free to reintegrate the Earth
244
once more with the Divine, without any church or

dogma to prevent them!
245
DEBATE WITH THE ARCHBISHOP OF

HYDERABAD
On the Conversions Issue
In late 1998 a Hindu backlash occurred against the

Christian conversion effort in India. This happened
mainly in tribal communities that had long been
targeted by the missionaries. Note that Christian
missionaries don’t come to dialogue with Hindu
religious leaders, whom they cannot possibly
convert, but to target the poor and uneducated.
What does this say about their motives?
Rather than looking to the real cause of the

problem, which was missionary interference in
tribal life, the western influenced media tried to
blame Hindu fundamentalism as the danger. They
portrayed Hindus as intolerant and exaggerated
the violence against Christians while ignoring
Christian violence against Hindus. They failed to
remember the bloody history and intolerant
attitudes of the missionaries.
Though only one missionary was killed during the

entire period, they tried to portray it as a bloodbath
or massacre of Christians in India. In response the
Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee,
246
asked for a national debate on the conversion issue.
Prajna Bharati of Hyderabad, an important Hindu

organization, asked me to participate in this
national issue by debating with Archbishop
Arulappa of Hyderabad, who at the age of seventy-
six was the senior most Catholic monk in India.
This was quite a challenge! I had to be a
spokesperson for Hindu Dharma in a major public
forum, with one of India’s foremost Christian
leaders, educated at Oxford, who had much
international experience as a teacher and speaker.
The Archbishop read off a prepared statement,

highlighting the need for religious tolerance and
peace in the world, such as no one could object to,
while emphasizing India’s history of pluralism and
tolerance in religious matters. However, he failed
to address the conversion issue directly or the
dangers caused by proselytizing both historically
and today. I also had prepared a speech to read but
set it aside and spoke extemporaneously.
In the question and answer period the Archbishop

surprisingly made a strong statement about the
dangers of proselytizing, which was shocking to
other Christians in India.
247
Unfortunately, no other Christian leaders in India,

much in the rest of the world echoed such
statements, which are not part of church policy.
Some of his relevant statements in this regard are
quoted below:
"Conversion has no meaning! Proselytisation has

no meaning if you do not convert yourself to God
and see what God has to tell you. Follow his will,
his plan and that is real religion. So therefore, I
personally do not believe at all in proselytisation.
The last point I would like to say is that,

Christianity has made terrible blunders in the past!
Terrible, not horrible! One of them was to mix faith
with culture. If you go to India, you take Indian
culture, if you go to Africa, take African culture, if
you go to Japan, take Japan culture.
We have made a lot of mistakes, a lot of blunders.

That there is no salvation outside of Christ is not
fully true. It is one way of looking at it if we have
faith. But what I said was, salvation is from God,
not from religion. If you understand that fully, the
full answer is there."
I have included the relevant portions of my speech.

For those wanting the full text and the
248
Archbishop’s statements, please contact Prajna

Bharati.
Speech at Prajna Bharati
Delivered at a public discussion organised by

Prajna Bharati A.P., on "The Ethics of Religious
Conversions" on February 9, 1999 at Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Hyderabad.
I was raised as a Catholic and went to Catholic

school. My uncle was, and still is, a missionary. We
were told that he was going to South America to
save the souls of the Native Americans, people we
were told were non-Christian and without
conversion would suffer eternal damnation. This is
the background that I came from.
Today, throughout the world, and in the United

States, with very little exception, there is no
"Sarvadharma Samabhava" taught in religion. It is
something I never encountered in my Christian
education in the West.
We were taught that Hinduism was a religion of
idolatry; it was a religion of polytheism and
superstition and that there was no place for
Hindus in heaven. Even a great Hindu like
Mahatma Gandhi might be revered on a certain
249
level, but he was not given the type of religious

credit that he would have been given had he been a
Christian.
These attitudes still exist throughout the world and

India does not exist in isolation. And Hindus in
India are, and India as a whole is, still being
targeted for conversion. Why is this so? If all the
religions teach the same thing, why is it that certain
religions are seeking to convert the members of
other religions to their beliefs?
These attitudes still exist throughout the world and

India does not exist in isolation. And Hindus in
India are, and India as a whole is, still being
targeted for conversion. Why is this so? If all the
religions teach the same thing, why is it that certain
religions are seeking to convert the members of
other religions to their beliefs?
Hinduism is a pluralistic tradition. It teaches that

there are many paths, many scriptures, many
sages, many ways to come to the Divine to gain
self-realization and it should be free for the
individual to find and follow whatever way he or
she thinks or feels works best.
But not all religions are pluralistic. In fact, most

250
religions are exclusive in their mentality and in

their beliefs. The two largest religions in the world,
with a few notable exceptions, teach that theirs is
the only true faith. The average Christian
throughout the world has been taught to believe
that only Christians gain salvation. The idea has
been projected as an eternal heaven for the
Christians and an eternal hell for the non-
Christians, particularly for idol-worshipping
Hindus. And so far, we do not have major
Christian leaders in the world contradicting that
statement.
To date, there is no major Christian leader, or

Moslem leader, in the world, who is saying that
Hinduism is as good as Christianity or Islam. I do
not know of any Christian leaders in the West who
would say that a Rama or a Krishna is equal to a
Jesus. I do not know of any of them who would
honor a Ramana Maharshi, a Sri Aurobindo or a
Mahatma Gandhi as a God-realized or self-realized
sage. I realize there may be some exceptions to this,
in the Indian context. But this is not the case with,
and it is also not the official policy of the Vatican. It
is not the policy of the Pope at all!
I want to read a statement, from "The Coming of
251
the Third Millennium", which was issued very

recently by the Pope, in relation to the situation in
Asia:
"The Asia Synod will deal with the challenge for
evangelization posed by the encounter with
ancient religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism.
While expressing esteem for the elements of truth
in these religions, the Church must make it clear
that Christ is the one mediator between God and
man and the sole Redeemer of humanity."
This is a direct quote. Now, what is it saying about

religious tolerance? Christ is the only way. The
pope is saying that we accept what is true in these
religions, but we do not accept them if they do not
follow Jesus as the only way. We still have to
convert them. That is the message. This is not a
message of tolerance and live and let live. It is not a
message of let Hindus have their way and we have
our and both are good. It is not a statement that
Buddha or Krishna is equal to Jesus.
It is a statement of exclusivism and my contention

is that such exclusivism must breed intolerance. If I
think that mine is the only way, how can I be really
tolerant and accepting of you, if you follow another
way? And such intolerance is going to end up
252
causing conflict, division, disharmony and poor

communication.
It is going to divide communities and cause

problems. So, please bear in mind that, in the
Indian context, as Hindus, you have to deal with
these religions as the majority of the people in the
world are practicing and believing in them, and
this conversion process is continuing.
I also think that we should have a free, open,

friendly dialogue and discussion on all religious
matters, both in terms of social interaction and
relative to doctrinal matters. There should be
complete freedom of discussion, freedom of
criticism and freedom of debate just as we have in
science.
What generally happens in the field of conversion

is that certain groups are targeted for conversion
activity. I would like to discriminate between two
different things. One is the change of religion,
which people may opt for, based upon open and
friendly discussion, debate, dialogue and studies.
Nothing is wrong with that. But I would
discriminate that from what I would call the
"global missionary business".
253
The global missionary business is one of the

largest, perhaps even the largest business in the
world. Not only the Catholic Church, but also
various Protestant organizations have set aside
billions of dollars to convert non-Christians to
Christianity. They have trained thousands of
workers, have formed various plans of
evangelization and conversion and have targeted
certain communities for that particular purpose.
This multi-national conversion business is like any
multi-national economic business. It is not
something that is simply fair and open. It is not
simply a dialogue or a discussion.
So what we see with this missionary business is a

definite strategy for one religion to convert the
members of other religions. This conversion
business is not about religious freedom. It is about
one religion triumphing over all the other
religions. It is about making all the members of
humanity follow one religion, giving up and,
generally, denigrating the religion they had
previously been following.
Why is this conversion business so big in India?

Because India is the largest non-Christian country
in the world where missionaries have the freedom
254
to act and to propagate. Islamic countries -

Pakistan, Bangladesh - do not allow this
missionary activity at all. In Saudi Arabia, you
cannot even bring a Bible or a picture of Jesus into
the country. China, also, does not allow such wide-
scale missionary conversion activities.
So India, because of its very openness to and

tolerance of these missionaries, has become the
target. You know from recent newspapers that one
missionary was killed in India, which is
unfortunate. But in that same week, fifty Christians
were massacred in Indonesia by the Moslems
there. The religious violence is going on all over
the world and Christians are not always the
victims.
In India, for centuries, Hindus have been routinely

killed for their religion. Even recently in Kashmir, a
number of Hindus were massacred, but you will
notice that, in the Western media, the death of
Hindus for their religion will never count and will
never constitute a story. However, if one
missionary -one white man - is killed in India, then
these Western countries will retaliate with
sanctions, criticize, and take some moral high
ground.
255
Missionary activity has a bloody history of

genocide on every continent of the world. I am not
going to go into all the details here. The Inquisition
was in operation in Goa in India. The British used
their influence, though less overtly, to force
conversions, and certainly the missionaries had an
advantage under colonial rule all over the world.
In a number of countries, colonial interests used
force and persuasion to bring about conversion.
We are told today that we should forget all about

that, even though it has only been a generation or
two since the colonial era. I say that we cannot
forget so easily because the very religious groups
that performed these atrocious acts have not yet
apologized. If they recognize that this missionary
aggression and violence that was done before 1947;
that was done in the 19th century; that was done in
Goa; that was done in the Americas was wrong,
then why don't we get an apology for it?
You will notice that the Christians in America have

made some apologies for what they did to the
Native Americans. We have yet to see any apology
relative to Hindus. If the missionaries want us to
believe that they have changed their ways and are
now purely non-violent and charitable, then why
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do they not at least apologize for what they did in

the past?
And why should there be conversions at all? What

is the motivation behind most seeking of
conversions that is coming out of the Christian
background? It is their belief that Christianity is the
only true religion, Christ is the only saviour of
humanity, Christians gain salvation or heaven and
non-Christians gain damnation or hell. That is not
a policy of harmony and tolerance but a blueprint
for disharmony and conflict.
What ultimately happens when someone who has

that attitude comes into a community and converts
people? People are taught to reject their ancestors
and their traditions. Families are broken up.
Division and conflict almost inevitably occur
wherever this missionary business goes on. There
are actually many forms of Christianity and several
different kinds of Christian missionary activity
going on.
And there are Christian groups that are not

missionary at all, for example, the old Greek
Orthodox and the Syrian Christians, but which
represent old and tolerant traditions. Then there is
the Catholic tradition which is promoting its
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missionary activity all over the world but which is

doing it in a more subtle way today. They are no
longer using the force that they once used in the
colonial era, but they are still aiming at global
conversion. There are also the old Protestants, the
Anglicans and the Lutherans, who are still
promoting various types of missionary activity.
That has gotten reduced to some degree as well.
However, there is a new evangelical force in the

world today, particularly that coming out of the
United States. What are the fundamentalist
Christian groups of America? The World Vision,
the Christian coalition, groups like Jehovah's
Witnesses, Mormons, Baptists and so on.
They are very actively asking for donations in

America in order to convert Hindus in India. We
see this routinely in the various television channels
that they have. Pat Robertson, one of their main
leaders, has said that Hinduism is a demonic
religion.
They show Hindu gods with animal heads and say,
"Oh! Look at how primitive these people are." They
look at the political and social problems of India
and say; "These are all owing to Hinduism. Please
donate money to our cause so we can go to India
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and convert these people from this horrible

religion that they have."
These same evangelical missionaries are going all

over the world and also targeting Catholics.
Recently, in Brazil, the Pope called these
evangelical missionaries "wolves" because of what
they were doing to, what he termed, "his flock of
Christians", which was converting them to their
form of Christianity.
So this missionary threat continues and some

missionaries are going back to the old hell-fire,
damnation, condemnation of Hinduism such as the
Catholics used to do in the Middle Ages and in the
colonial era. So do not believe that there is religious
harmony all over the world and that the other
religions respect Hinduism and are willing to live
together quietly with Hindus.
In fact, in textbooks in America, it is taught that

Hinduism is not a religion because Hinduism does
not have only one God, one book and is not a
missionary religion seeking to convert or conquer
the world. So it is this missionary business which
needs to be questioned and not simply conversion.
And do not be naive about it!
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There is a consistent use of social upliftment and

charity to promote conversion. While social
upliftment and charity are very good things, they
should be separated from religious conversion. If
you want to raise up a country and help them
economically, please do so, but do not bring
religion into it. When you put the picture of Jesus
everywhere obviously religion and conversion are
part of your motivation.
You will note that no country in the world has

been raised up economically by religious
conversion. What has made Japan a great country
economically and what made the United States a
great country economically are economic means,
not a change of religion. Christian countries
include some of the poorest countries in the world.
The Philippines is the most Catholic and the oldest
Christian country in Asia. It remains one of the
poorest countries in Asia and has one of the
greatest gaps between the rich and the poor.
The most devout Catholics in the world are in

Central and South America. They are certainly not
found in North America and in Europe, where
Christians are more nominal than strong believers.
Central and South America also have tremendous
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social inequality and a tremendous gap between

the rich and the poor. But the Catholics there are
not telling the poor people that they should
convert to another religion in order to raise
themselves economically.
So this whole attack on Hindu society by stating

that we will raise the poor on religious grounds is
based upon the motivation of conversion. Then
there is the whole issue of hospitals, orphanages
and schools. It is all very wonderful to selflessly
help other people. But why do you have to put a
religious form there? As long as the picture of Jesus
is there, particularly when you have a two
thousand year history of aggressive conversion
activities, how can you expect people to believe
that there is no seeking of conversion? That it is
purely selfless service and love of God?
If we love God, if we love our fellow human

beings, we will love them regardless of what their
religious belief is. We will love their religion as
well. We will honor and respect their religion
whether they are aboriginal people, Hindus,
Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Moslems or Christians.
We will not see any need to convert them. In fact,
we should not even be conscious of their religion at
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all. True love of God does not seek converts. It is

not based upon names, forms or identity. It is
based upon recognizing the Divine presence in all.
One of the great swamis of India, Swami Rama

Tirtha, when he came to America, was asked about
religion. He said, "You do not belong to any
religion. All religions belong to you." The human
being is not a property of any Church. You are not
some thing which is owned by anyone or anything.
The soul does not need to be saved. It is the eternal
and immortal part of our nature. We need only
understand the Divine within us.
You cannot change the nature of any human being.

Hinduism is based upon respecting each
individual and the Swadharma of each individual.
We should have many paths and many religions.
The idea of only one religious faith for all
humanity is like having only one set of clothing for
all humanity. It is like people having to eat only
one type of food, or people having only one type of
job. There should be diversity, abundance and
freedom in the religious realm as well.
Unfortunately, all religions do not have the same

goal. Religions have various goals. Religions are
various paths. We should note that all religions are
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not theistic. There are non-theistic religions like

Buddhism and Jainism where there is no creator
God. There are religions with a multiplicity of
deities. Monotheism is not the only form of religion
in the world and it is not the best form either.
All forms of religious worship have their validity
and Hinduism recognizes them whether they are,
polytheism, monotheism or monism. Even atheists
have their place in Hinduism. People should have
complete freedom to reject religion if that is what
they want to do. Hindu tradition is a sadhana
tradition that aims at spiritual practice for self-
realization. Most Christian traditions, for example
the Protestant tradition, claim that faith alone is
enough to save you.
This means that a person may be a mass murderer,

but if on his deathbed he converts to Christianity,
he will go to heaven. Another person may live the
life of a saint, but if he does not convert to
Christianity, there will be no heaven for him.
Recently, in the United States, a woman who had
been convicted of murder was converted to
Christianity on death-row and the Christian
leaders - particularly the fundamentalist Christians
- asked for the death sentence to be removed
because since that woman had converted to
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Christianity therefore the sin no longer counted.
The same people would not have made the

statement had the woman converted to Hinduism
or any other non-Christian faith. We do need
religious harmony and dialogue throughout the
world. One of the most unfortunate things is that
there is so much misinformation and even
disinformation about Hinduism in the world. For
example, in the New York Times, only last year,
there was a story about the Amarnath pilgrimage
in India. And what did the New York Times call it?
"Hindus going to worship the sex organs of Shiva,

the God of Destruction." What kind of tolerance is
that? What kind of point of view is being projected
by it? But I have to tell you that the fault for this is
not really all with these western people. The fault
lies with Hindus themselves. They have been very
poor at expressing what their religion is and in
countering disinformation and propaganda against
them. They do not study their religion properly
and so, they cannot explain what it is. They are
also misinformed about other religions and think
that other religions are just Hinduism in another
form.
But you will not find these rich traditions of yoga,

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meditation, Vedas and Vedanta, in other traditions.

Particularly in the Protestant tradition in the West
they are rejected almost altogether and, to these
Evangelical Christians, they are considered to be
the work of the devil. Some people say that all
religions teach the same thing. Well, Hinduism
teaches the Law of Karma and Rebirth.
Christianity and Islam do not accept that. Some

people say all religions teach the same things and
they only differ in inessentials. Is the Law of
Karma and the process of Rebirth something
inessential?
Now, certainly there should be a respect for
universal, ethical values such as truthfulness, non-
violence, peace and harmony. These should be
accepted for all human beings regardless of their
religion. In fact, they should be projected for all of
nature. One of the problems that I see in
Christianity, as most Christians believe it, is that
animals are considered to be devoid of a soul and
only human beings can gain salvation.
One of the reasons that we are exploiting and

destroying this planet is because we do not see the
presence of a soul and consciousness in nature, the
animals and the rest of the Universe. We must
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move beyond all our narrow, human-centric

creeds. True religion is not a matter of name, form
or identity. It is a matter of that which is eternal,
that which is universal, that which no one owns
and is a matter of consciousness, awareness and
Truth.
The highest goal of the Hindu religion is self-

realisation, not simply knowing God, but
understanding who we are and the Divine
presence within us. One of the main problems of
humanity is that we do not understand ourselves
and our motivations. Instead, based upon some
dogma or belief, we are trying to get others to
think and act like we do before we understand
ourselves and understand them.
So let there be a dialogue. Let there be open,

friendly and also critical communication in religion
just as in science. But please let us expose and put
an end to this missionary business and let us not
think that the missionary business is tolerant. The
missionary business is not about freedom of
religion. It is about the triumph of one religion. It is
not about secularism. The missionary business
accepts that only one religion is true. It is a
religious war aimed at religious control.
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The way to challenge this is not through violence

or through intolerance, but through being properly
informed. It is through being open, friendly,
dialoguing and talking to people, so they
understand what the Hindu point of view is, so
that any distortions about Hinduism are removed.
We are all the same Divine being. We all share the
same human nature and we must recognise that in
all human beings for harmony to exist.
At the same time, we should not be naive about the

forces of the world and the forces that are trying to
disintegrate this society and this culture. I think it
would be a tremendous loss if India gave up
Hinduism and became another Christian or Islamic
country. We have enough of these already. India
has a wealth of its own spiritual traditions that the
rest of the world needs. Why do Westerners come
here? They come here for this wealth of spiritual
knowledge. In fact, you should be exporting your
religion. That is one thing you have enough of.
There are other more important things that you
need to import.
267
THE DEBATE GOES ON
As a follow-up to my debate with Archbishop

Arulappa, Pope John Paul II visited India in
November 1999, about the time that I was finishing
this book. Ashok Singhal, head of VHP, and other
Hindu leaders asked the pope to declare that "all
religions were equal and that Christianity was not
the only path to salvation." The VHP also asked
him to apologize for Christian conversion efforts
done by force or intimidation.
The pope’s spokesman in India, Archbishop Alan

de Lastic, president of the United Christian Forum
for Human Rights, refused on both counts, citing
that it was a matter of freedom of religion that
allowed for conversion. He made no statement that
other religions like Hinduism were valid, nor did
he question the conversion process as did
Archbishop Arulappa. There was no recognition of
past wrongs nor any courtesy at all for genuine
Hindu concerns given Christianity’s past and its
ongoing doctrines of exclusivity. Clearly this
Christian Forum for Human Rights is really a
forum to promote Christianity.
Typical of the pro-Christian media bias Singhal
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was called a "Hindu hardliner" for questioning the

pope, though Singhal made a statement affirming
religious pluralism, which involved accepting
religions other than Hinduism as valid. The pope,
meanwhile, was not criticized, though his refusal
to accept other religions as equal to Christianity is
clearly intolerant.About the same time the United
States government released a paper on religious
freedom in the world, prepared by Robert A.
Seiple is not a seasoned diplomat, sensitive to other

cultures and religions as would be expected for the
post. He was for eleven years the head of World
Vision, the largest privately funded relief and
development organization in the world, which is a
Christian charity and connected to various
missionary activities.
Seiple was a former President of Eastern Baptist

Theological Seminary. He is a Christian
missionary, which on the Protestant side is
dominated by the Baptists. A person with such a
background is obviously inappropriate for the role
that he was given, which would be like giving it to
a Catholic priest. Itreflects an American religious
bias not a diplomatic sensitivity and objectivity.
Not surprisingly, his report on religious freedom
269
highlights oppression of Christians but ignores

oppression perpetrated by Christians, as if
Christian groups were entirely innocent of wrong
doing anywhere!
Such major Christian organizations are only

interested in a religious freedom that allows them
to denigrate other beliefs and convertpeople. They
are unwilling to recognize, much less apologize for
the bloody history of missionary activity. And if
you question them, they will try to turn you into
the one who is intolerant about religion, even if
you accept the validity of many paths!
Meanwhile the Southern Baptists in America

declared that Hinduism is a religion of darkness
ruled by the devil and sent out thousands of prayer
books to this affect. The Southern Baptists are no
mere radical fringe group but the largest Protestant
sect in America with over fifteen million members.
They include both President Clinton and Vice-
President Gore among their members and
Ambassador Seiple as well, none of whom has
specifically criticized them for their views. They
asked all Christians to pray to remove the darkness
of Hinduism and its many idols and replace it with
the light of Christ.
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Such groups make the same charges against New

Age Americans who explore occult and spiritual
traditions outside of orthodox Christianity. They
are also still trying to stop the theory of evolution
from being taught in American schools and have
made headway in several midwestern states! So
much for the idea that American Christians are
modern and secular. America includes some of the
most backward religious groups in the world.
While in the modern world it is no longer

acceptable to use racial slurs because these
promote conflict and hatred, religious
slurs,particularly against Hindus, are still in vogue,
though they are roducts of the same intolerance
and bring about the same misunderstandings.
While it is considered to be wrong to call a black
person in America a nigger, one can still call
Hindus idolaters and devil-worshippers. Which, I
ask you, is worse and causes more intolerance, to
ridicule a person’s race or to demonize his culture
and religion? This denigration of non-White
religious traditions also reflects racist attitudes.
Rediff Interview
1. Could you explain your stance on Pope John

Paul II's visit? Since there is a convergence many a
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times on his role as the religious head of the

Catholic Church and the symbolic leader of the
Vatican, in your view, in what capacity does he
really come to India?
China, Taiwan and Sri Lanka refused the pope's
request to visit and launch his new activities that
aim at the evangelization of Asia. Hindu majority
India, though not a Christian country, has allowed
him to do so. Therefore the pope should feel
grateful to the tolerant people of India. Clearly no
Western country would give a state welcome to a
Hindu religious leader seeking to promote Hindu
conversion activities in the West.
India is one of the few countries that recognize the

pope as a head of state. The United States and most
Western countries recognize the pope only as a
religious leader. Clearly the Pope is not coming to
India as the political leader of a secular state but as
a religious leader. He is conducting a religious
mass in Delhi, not organizing a trade mission. The
Catholic Church has a long and self-proclaimed
policy of evangelization or conversion and a
special Asia synod to convert Asia. The pope is
coming to India to promote the cause of
Catholicism, which means the conversion of
Hindus.
272
Naturally he will be friendly in this capacity, but

his purpose has an obvious ulterior motive. He is
not coming here because he wants to make a
pilgrimage to honor the great yogis and swamis of
India or to visit her great temples and tirthas.
Today the Catholic Church is losing power in the

West. Most Catholics are only nominal in their
beliefs. For example, most American Catholics
practice birth control that the church does not
approve of and don't attend church on a regular
basis. The church can still get a fair amount of
money from rich Western economies but is clearly
an institution in decline. Without replenishing its
population base it is facing a severe crisis. India
offers perhaps the best possibility for doing this
with a large population with a history of religious
devotion and monastic activity that could readily
become priests and nuns.
2. Why do you believe it is important for him to

apologise to the Hindus for the forced conversions
in India?
The bloody history of the Church in America,

Africa and Asia is an open book and well known.
The Native Americans where I live in the United
States still tell stories about how the feet of their
273
people were cut off for refusing to walk to church

or their tongues cut off for refusing to recite
prayers. The church has claimed that its intolerance
is a thing of the past. That the church was
prominent in Nazi Germany and the Fascist Italy,
and never really opposed Hitler or Mussolini,
should not be forgotten.
The point is that if you don't apologize how can

other groups believe that you have really given up
the attitudes that caused such behavior? Such
conversion efforts are hurtful to the communities
they target, even if no overt violence is involved.
The church has harmed many Hindu families and
communities and is still willing to do so, by
turning people against their native beliefs and
customs.
Christians have made some apologies to the Native

Americans and the black Africans for their
oppression of them. Why don't Hindus count in
this? Aren't they also human beings?
3. There have been many deeds in history and at

present that have gone by without apologies and
accountability. Is it worthwhile to resurrect such
issues in the present context? What purpose does
this serve?
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The problem is that the same attitudes and

behavior that resulted in such violence in the past
still go on today. The official policy of the Catholic
Church today is still that Hinduism, Buddhism,
Jainism, Sikhism and other Indian religions are not
valid or true. This promotes division,
misunderstanding and can still lead to violence.
Today we have given up the doctrine of racial

superiority that the White Europeans used to
justify their colonial rule. But the attitude of
religious superiority - that only Christianity is true
and the other religions are false -still goes on. Such
religious exclusivism like racism is backward and
prejudicial.
4. What are the atrocities perpetrated against

Hindus by the Christians that you would like to
see the Pope apologise about? Can you name some
of these crimes?
The Goa Inquisition was probably the worst
and involved torture and murder of thousands of
Hindus and the destruction of many Hindu
temples over a period of several decades. It was
done by the same groups that promoted the
genocide of Native Americans. But Church policy
all along has been that Hinduism is bad and unless
275
Hindus convert they cannot be saved. This easily

gives rise to excesses. After all if I believe that if
you don't join my religion you will suffer in eternal
hell, for your benefit I must do everything possible,
which easily leads to excesses.
5. What are the reasons for the sudden anger

against the Christians?
The anger is not so much sudden as that today we

have a more aware Hindu populace and a larger
media forum for airing such grievances. Oppressed
religious and social groups of all types are now
making such protests. Christians will more quickly
protest against Hindus if they feel that Hindus are
not treating them fairly.Hindus have actually
protested a lot less than other groups, though they
have more commonly been the targets of
denigration. Such a Hindu awakening was
inevitable. The real question is why it took so long.
Another issue is that the Hindu reconversion
movement has started, which Christians find
threatening and highlights this issue.
The greater issue is caused by the increasing

Christian evangelization activities in India. Look
throughout the country, particularly in the South
276
and you will find them expanding almost

everywhere.
6. Why have they replaced Muslims as the hate

objects for Hindus? Is it true that the VHP's
campaign is driven because Sonia Gandhi is a
Christian?
I don't think that Hindus hate Christians. They are

not targeting Christians for conversion or calling
them devil worshippers as the Southern Baptists,
the largest Protestant sect in America to which
both Bill Clinton and Al Gore belong, are calling
Hindus. Rather Hindus are challenging Christian
prejudices against Hindus that cause mistrust and
hatred of Hindus by Christians. You will find a
picture of Christ in many Hindu homes, but you
won't find any picture of Krishna in any Christian
homes.
Nor do Hindus hate Muslims. It is the general

Muslim view that Hindus are idolaters, polytheists
and kafirs and doomed in the eyes of Allah.
Hindus have no such doctrines about Islam. Hindu
dislike of Christianity and Islam is largely a
backlash against the centuries long efforts to
convert them which are still going on.
277
I don't think the VHP campaign would stop if

Sonia Gandhi left politics either. That Sonia Gandhi
is a Christian may be a matter of concern for
Hindus because of the Christian seeking to convert
Hindus. Clearly most Christians in America would
not be happy if a Hindu became the head of a
major American political party, particularly if
Hindus were active trying to convert Christians in
America.
Why should there be an evangelization of Asia at

all? Don't we live in a global society in which we
must recognize pluralism in religion just as we do
in culture or language? Are not the great religions
of Asia good enough and a great legacy for the
entire world? Why do Westerners come to India? It
is mainly to find spiritual teachings that they didn't
find in their own Western Christian backgrounds.
Others argue that since only about three percent of

India has become Christian why should one care?
But the areas that have become Christian, like the
northeast, are getting progressively alienated from
the rest of India and seeking to secede from the
country. And the possibility of dramatically more
conversions in the future cannot be ruled out. That
someone has fired a gun against you and missed is
278
no reason not to take it seriously, particularly if he

is loading a better gun for further shots. The point
is that it is unkind to begin with.
7. As a former Catholic why are you suspicious of

the Pope's campaign? What is it about Pope John
Paul II that makes you suspicious of him?
As a former Catholic, I am well aware that most

Catholics have no real respect for Hinduism. My
uncle became a missionary to convert Native
Americans and save them from hell, and Hindus
are placed in the same category. The current pope
is a well-known conservative promoting
evangelical activity throughout the world, but he
covers his actions with a veneer of social
liberalism.
Today no major Catholic leaders in the West are

saying that Hinduism is a great and spiritual
religion that is worthy of respect like Christianity.
Should they succeed in converting Hindu India to
Catholicism they would happily put an end to the
great yogic and Vedantic traditions that are
perhaps the soul of this country, which would be a
great loss to humanity. We have enough Christian
countries in the world today, but there is only one
India and it is not Christianity which has made the
279
civilization of India unique and great.
Catholicism has a long history of coopting other

beliefs. It is willing to give an apparent honor and
regard to something, as long as it is placed under
the supremacy of Christianity. For example, the
church subordinated the old pagan Greek
philosophies of Aristotle and Plato, which it made
the basis of Christian theology. It hopes to do the
same thing with Hindu and Buddhist philosophies,
which it hopes to fashion as a prelude to the
message of Christ.
In South India Catholic priests dress up like Hindu

Swamis and call their organizations ashrams but
are still actively engaged in conversion. Their
Hindu dress is not done to honor Hindu traditions
but to make Christianity more acceptable to the
local population, like McDonalds offering
vegetarian burgers in India for Hindus who won't
eat the usual hamburger.
Similarly the pope will probably speak of the

greatness of India and the need for brotherhood
and human rights but he will certainly not say that
Hindus don't need to convert to Christianity. He
will portray Christianity as a religion of
compassion, equality and democracy to appeal to
280
the poor in India, though historically Christianity

has commonly been aligned with monarchies,
colonial armies, fascist states and ruling juntas.
Hindus may confuse such statements of general
human regard with real religious tolerance or even
with an acceptance of Hinduism. They may
confuse a coopting of their religion with a real
regard for it. The new Catholic strategy is that
Hinduism is all right as far as it goes but will only
reach its real fulfillment when it accepts Christ.
This is the same only conversion ploy, only done in
a more covert way. The American Protestants, who
still portray Hinduism as a religion of the devil, are
at least more honest about their views and their
intentions.
8. The Pope is a state guest, invited by the

Government of India, doesn't the stance of the
VHP undermine India's secular tradition and
embarrass A B Vajpayee – even his alliance
partners do not agree with such protests.
Not at all. In America visits of foreign heads of

states are often marked by protests.
When the Chinese president was here recently

many Americans, mainly of Chinese ancestry,
protested the visit, including some that were
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democrats. Such protests are part of democracy.

Islamic groups in America have protested the visit
of Israeli leaders as well. The pope cannot be made
immune to such protests. They are part of secular
traditions that don’t require the people in any
country to bow down to a foreign leader, whether
he is a religious figure or not.
9. If in spite of the pressure applied for the

apology, if the Pope does not apologise won't it be
a loss of face for the VHP and other organisations
demanding for the same?
I don't think anyone expects the current pope to

make such an apology, though a future pope might
do so. But the case has to be brought out anyway
for the sake of truth and for posterity. The fact that
it is coming out is beneficial for Hindus. Hindus
have long been too quiet about the attacks against
them. Hindus tend to bow down to any religious
leader as a holy man, even one who does not
respect their traditions or honor their gods and
sages. It is actually more important that Hindus
change than that the pope changes.
The pope doesn't want to apologize to Hindus

because he doesn't want to recognize Hinduism as
a valid religion. He won't even mention the word
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Hinduism. He will call Diwali an Indian cultural

festival, not a Hindu religious event.
10. What impact do you think the Pope's visit is

going to have on socio-religious culture of India?
Hopefully it will make Hindus more savvy about
what is going on in the world. Current missionary
plans to convert India, both by Catholics and
Protestants, are the greatest in history in terms of
financial backing, media manipulation and
manpower support. An entire new attack is being
launched. China is also emerging as a new target.
Religious tolerance is not a one way street. We
cannot ask Hindus to honor Christianity when
Christians, starting with the pope, don't honor
Hinduism, however much they may talk of God,
humanity or peace.
Why can't the pope say that Christianity is not the

only way and that Hinduism by itself can be
enough? That would be an expression of tolerance
and open-mindedness. Why are Hindus who
accept the validity of many paths called
"hardliners" while a pope who refuses to do so is
honored as a holy man? Is not pluralism a sign of
tolerance and exclusivism the hallmark of
intolerance?
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Catholicism today is not a pluralistic tradition

honoring different religious and spiritual paths as
valid. It is an exclusivist tradition dominated by a
leader who will not accept a Buddha, Krishna,
Rama or Guru Nanak as a Son of God but only
Jesus. Hopefully the pope's visit will get people to
really think about these matters.
A Hindu Response to the Pope's Call for

Evangelization
These events also inspired me to make a statement

on the Pope's call for the evangelization
(conversion) of Asia, which I have included below.
The Age of Evangelization is over! It is now the age

of science and spirituality and exclusivist religions
of all types, which reflect a medieval mentality,
should be discarded as out of date. Evangelization
is an effort to impose one religion upon humanity
and to eliminate other beliefs as invalid or
inadequate.
The idea that only one religion is true is on par

with narrow views that only one race or one
culture is true. Religious exclusivism belongs to the
era of racism and colonialism and reflects a similar
bigotry and prejudice.
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Asian peoples, oppressed by years of racism,

colonialism and missionary activity are now
awakening to the value of their own cultures and
religions. They now know that there is much more
genuine spirituality in their own traditions than in
those of the West, which is why many westerners
come to India for spiritual guidance.
The coming planetary age does not belong to the
conversion-seeking religions of the West, which
divide humanity into the believers and the non-
believers, but to the spirituality of consciousness
such as revealed in Hindu and Buddhist
philosophies which unite humanity into one great
family.
It is time for Christians to come to India to learn

about God, such as the yogis and Swamis of the
land have realized, and to stop preaching about a
God they do not really know or represent.
We Hindus welcome a new era of Self-realization

and God-realization for all people beyond the
boundaries of church and dogma, honoring all
individuals, all cultures and all spiritual aspiration.
God is not the property of a church or of a belief

but is the true Self of all beings. Let us honor that
Self in all beings regardless of their religious
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affiliation.
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SYSTEMS OF VEDIC KNOWLEDGE
The Vedas contain keys both to cosmogenesis and

to individual transformation. They provide
complete systems of both cosmic and self-
knowledge which are interrelated. Our true Self is
the universal Self and the world of nature is its
manifestation. My encounter with the Vedas
extended to different branches of Vedic science,
particularly Ayurveda and Vedic astrology. This is
not something unique to me but inherent in Vedic
knowledge that helps us understand all life both
externally and internally.
I started the Vedic Research Center in 1980 to

promote a deeper study of the Vedic mantras. This
became the American Institute of Vedic Studies in
1988 with additional programs in Ayurvedic
medicine and in Vedic astrology. But the Vedic
mantras remained thefoundation, support and goal
of all these other disciplines.
Ayurveda
In India I visited Ayurvedic schools, Ayurvedic

companies and Ayurvedic teachers throughout the
country. This occurred mainly through the help of
Dr. Vashta, who had many connections in this
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regard. I saw modern trained Ayurvedic doctors

who understood allopathic medicine as thoroughly
as any Western doctor. But there were also
traditionally trained doctors carrying on old family
secrets passed on by personal instruction only who
shunned modern medicine altogether. Some
Ayurvedic doctors used alchemy, healing sounds,
and meditation, adding a great spiritual depth to
their approach. Others had a profound knowledge
of how the body works on an energetic level and
how to change it with the right food, diet, exercise
and impressions. In addition India, with its
biodiversity and wonderful climate, contains a
wealth of botanical resources that can be of great
help for healing and should not be lost.
I came to understand how this ancient system of

healing survived the onslaughts of time and is
reviving itself in the modern world. Clearly
Ayurveda has a wealth of wisdom to offer all
people. It helps us understand our individual
constitution and the unique environmental
circumstances in which we live.
Unfortunately, Ayurveda in India does not have

the respect or support due it or necessary to sustain
its proper facilities and practices. Like other Vedic
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teachings it is looked upon as out of date rather

than as a form of eternal knowledge.
I began to write a series of books on Ayurveda and

also introduced courses in it. With several
colleagues we helped found Ayurvedic schools in
the West and developed educational material for
them. I watched Ayurveda grow rapidly from an
obscure foreign healing system to a common part
of alternative medicine in the West. I was also
surprised to see how readily Ayurveda led people
to other aspects of Hindu and Vedic dharma,
perhaps even more so than the study of Yoga did.
Many Western Ayurvedic students are connecting

with Hindu deities like Ganesha and Hanuman or
Shiva and Durga. They are usingmantras and pujas
as part of their practices and for the preparation of
medicines. Through Ayurveda a Vedic and yogic
life-style is gradually being introduced to theWest.
Vedic concepts like Agni and Vayu are gaining
recognition for insight into health both physical
and mental as well as for understanding yogic
practices. Such a practical Vedic basis
willeventually draw people to all aspects of Vedic
science.
Vedic Astrology
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I continued to study Vedic astrology and over time

began consultations and teaching of the subject.
Just as with Ayurveda I introduced books and
courses on it. In 1992 along with several colleagues,
we organized the first major Vedic astrology
symposium in America, which was a great success.
Dr. B.V. Raman, India’s foremost astrologer of the
century, was our keynote speaker.
In 1993 we started the American Council of Vedic

astrology (ACVA) which has since become a large
organization and has started tutorial and training
programs in the subject. Most notably ACVA has
succeeded in creating a genuine Vedic astrology
community in the West.
Along with Vedic astrology I became aware of

Vastu, the Vedic science of sacred geometry,
architecture and directional influences. While
astrology shows us how to orient ourselves in time,
Vastu shows how to orient ourselves in space.
These two aspects of Vedic science are bound to

become much more important for the future.
Jyotish (astrology) provides for graha shanti or

harmonizing with celestial forces, the powers of
time. Vastu provides griha shanti or peace in the
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house or dwelling, the forces of space. These two

give us the right orientation in time andspace.
Ayurveda provides deha shuddhi or purification
of the body. Yoga provides chitta-shuddhi or
purification of the mind. These two give us
harmony in our personal life of body and mind.
Vedanta provides Self-realization that is the
ultimate goal of all these.
Just as with Ayurveda, Western Vedic astrology

students are also interested in mantras, deities and
pujas that are an important part of the system,
particularly for remedial measures (for balancing
planetary influences). Ganesha has become the
visible deity of Vedic astrology in the West.
Students are also interested in the planetary deities
and the mythology of Vedic astrology. They see the
great wisdom in this subtle science and recognize
its Hindu foundations.
Dr. B. V. Raman
Dr. B.V. Raman was another important figure

guiding me on the Vedic path. He is best known as
modern India’s greatest astrologer. For sixty years
up to his death in 1998 he was the leader of the
Vedic astrology movement in India, through his
popular Astrological Magazine and his many in-
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depth books on the subject. Most notably, Dr.

Raman presented Vedic astrology in an English
idiom that made it accessible both to the English
educated elite of India and to foreign audiences. I
came across his books in the early seventies but
would only come to meet him in India many years
later. I eventually took a special initiation with him
for the purposes of learning astrology.
Dr. Raman has given a well-documented set of
political predictions over the years, like the rise
and fall of Hitler, or the resignation of Richard
Nixson, forecasting these events well in advance of
their actual occurrence. No other astrologer of the
century, East or West, has equaled his record. Yet
Dr. Raman was far more than an astrologer. He
was a statesman and a thinker, a modern sage with
a cosmic vision based upon a deep Vedic
perspective. He was a great defender of Vedic
values and causes, challenging modern distortions,
Eurocentric biases and scientific dogma with
clarity, consistency and determination.
Dr. Raman encouraged me not only to develop

Vedic astrology in the West but also to develop the
other aspects of my Vedic work. Above all, we
shared the same desire to rewrite the history of
India in harmony with the vision of the sages. I
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spoke several times at events in Bangalore that he

organized and visited with him on a number of
occasions. Dr. Raman looked at my astrological
chart according to his special system and provided
various insights to help with my life and work that
have proved to be invaluable. Vedic astrology is a
science of karma and can enable us to understand
the purpose of our incarnation.
I met with many other astrologers in India,

particularly in Delhi, which has a number of good
astrologers like Dr. K.S. Charak or Dr. Dinesh
Sharma. Most of them are dedicated spiritual
Hindus as well and use Hindu mantras and rituals
to balance planetary influences. Clearly Vedic
astrology is well and alive. Recently many
excellent new books on Vedic astrology have come
out, showing how to use the system in the modern
world with breathtaking accuracy and depth!
Vedic Physics
Vedic science is the science of consciousness. It can

integrate spiritual sciences like yoga with material
sciences like physics. I also had occasion to meet
with important scientists introducing a Vedic
perspective into the scientific community.
Unfortunately, since I am not trained in physics I
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haven’t always been able to understand what they

say.
But clearly all the things that we hear of in modern

science like space travel, time travel, entering other
dimensions or communicating with beings from
other worlds, are already at least imagined in
various Hindu texts from the Puranas to the Yoga
Vasishta. Indeed there is nothing in science or
science fiction that the Hindu mind has not already
thought about. The main difference is that Hindu
yogis controlled the forces of nature through the
power of their own minds and not through
technology, which is a much more dangerous way
to harness these forces.
It is time for the spiritual science of the Rishis and

Yogis to be united with the material science of
scientists today. We will undoubtedly see many
more greatHindu scientists in the future. And
scientists of all backgrounds will be drawn to a
Vedantic view of the Universe as Brahman and
Atman.
Sanskrit, the Language of the Gods
The Sanskrit language is a living being. It is

Saraswati or Vak, the embodied Goddess of
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wisdom. The very language itself teaches you,

particularly the Vedic language in which sound
and meaning closely correspond and the words
reflect the cosmic creative force. This is why
Nirukta or etymology is a limb of the Vedas. It was
not just a grammatical study but a means of
understanding how the universe is created.
Sanskrit is a language of such beauty and brilliance
that it captivates the mind and, like a muse,
inspires us to deeper insight.
Sanskrit is the vehicle for what Hinduism really is.

To discover the essence of Hinduism on should
learn Sanskrit and contact its power, beauty and
depth. Most of the prejudices against Hinduism
disappear when one learns the language behind it
and the actual meaning of its terms and principles
which are so easily distorted in their English
renderings. Language is the basis of culture. The
language of a country carries its entire cultural
legacy. Through Sanskrit one ca n come into
contact with the wisdom of India and its many
sages who transcended our ordinary human
awareness and contacted realms far beyond both
body and mind.
Yet Sanskrit is more than just a language of India,
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it is the very language of the Gods and the spiritual

language of humanity. Until we as a species
discover Sanskrit, the native language of the soul,
our culture is bound to be confused and will lack
connection with our higher spiritual purpose.
Sanskrit also helps us understand science, as it is a
language that reflects cosmic intelligence and its
unfoldment.
I have done much mantra sadhana with special bija

mantras that I have received. This has probably
been my most important spiritual practice. Such
mantras change the energetics of the mind and
make it receptive to higher forces. They connect us
with the deities or powers of consciousness that
govern the universe. The original Vedic Yoga is
based on mantra, not asana or yoga postures.
Mantras are like asanas for the mind and make it
flexible to become a vehicle for the higher Self
(Paramatma).
In 1996 I visited Askharam, the headquarters of

Samskrita Bharati and was interviewed for their
magazine Sambhashana Sandesha. Samskrita
Bharati is the main Sanskrit organization in India.
It has done crucial work teaching conversational
Sanskrit to millions of people and reviving Sanskrit
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as a living language throughout the country.
Krishna Shastri, head of the Samskrita Bharati

movement later visited with me in the United
States. He was a young man and a dynamic
speaker and charismatic personality. He could get
anyone to start speaking Sanskrit, even those who
knew nothing of the script or the grammar. The
living power of Sanskrit comes through him. This
new Sanskrit movement is essential for the revival
of Hinduism.
Hinduism has its own language, which is perhaps

the greatest of all human languages and the very
language of creation. Sanskrit provides a firm
foundation on which all of Vedic and yogic science,
on which all of human knowledge, can be built and
integrated according to a higher purpose.
Yajnas, Pujas and Temples
Vedic Yajnas or sacrifices were not mere primitive

rituals but sophisticated and scientific ways of
harnessing the secret powers of nature to affect
changes in our karma, both individually and
collectively. These yajnas center on fire rituals and
fire offerings. Fire is the elemental force through
which we can connect with all the powers of
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nature. As the central of the five elements it

mediates between the formless spiritual realms
above (air and ether) and the formed material
realms below (earth and water).
Hindu devotional rituals or pujas are precise

practices to connect us with the higher worlds of
intelligence, joy and creativity that oversee this
lower, limited physical realm. Pujas generate
subtle influences (tanmatras) that link us with the
deities or cosmic powers.
Our real role as human beings includes performing

such rituals to link this physical world with the
subtle realms beyond, without which we remain
isolated in the darkness of the senses.
Hindu temples are scientifically designed

instruments to gather and magnify our higher
aspirations on a collective level. They serve to link
the human world with the Divine world. The
temple icons channel higher energies and deeper
knowledge to us. They allow astral forces to
become embodied in the physical world. They
allow the Gods to descend and work among us.
The great temples of South India are probably the
best example of this. I keep many murtis (Hindu
icons) in my home, which is a kind of temple. I
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have Shiva, Devi in many forms, Ganesh,

Hanuman, Vishnu, Shiva, Rama, and more. They
serve as a constant reminder that we are not alone
but live in a universe permeated with Divine
forces. I see no contradiction between such images
and the formless Absolute (Brahman). They
represent the many sides of Brahman which is
infinite.
Vedic Ecology
The Vedic worldview is firmly rooted in honoring

our Mother Earth, for which various forms of Earth
worship or Bhumi Puja are prescribed. For proper
meditation we must first do prayers to sanctify the
ground on which we sit. Vedic ecology reflects this
Vedic methodology for connecting with the Earth
and helping unfold her many secret powers. Vedic
rituals and Hindu Pujas are part of this process.
The Earth is not inanimate but a force of hidden

consciousness unfolding a secret Divine Will for
the higher evolution of all creatures. The Earth is
the Divine Mother incarnate. In the wilderness she
is Parvati, the wife of Shiva, who leads us to
wisdom and transcendence. In the fertile plains she
is Lakshmi, the wife of Vishnu, who bestows love
and nurturance.
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Unfortunately, most Hindus have forgotten this

Vedic view of the Earth and don’t protect their
natural environment. They have not added a
Hindu point of view to the ecology movement,
which is perhaps the main idealistic movement in
the world today. Hinduism can help spiritualize
the ecology movement and reconnect it with our
ancient sense of the sacred Earth Mother and give
us the tools to communicate with her. But this
requires awakened Hindus who understand this
tradition and its importance.
Part of the challenge of modern Hinduism is to

reclaim its connection to the Earth. Bharat Mata or
Mother India is also Bhumi Mata or Mother Earth.
India embodies the Earth and its perennial wisdom
by its connection with the Sun. Healing the Earth
should be integral to all Hindu causes and to all
spirituality everywhere.
Yoga
Yoga in the broader sense refers to the different

spiritual paths of jnana (knowledge), bhakti
(devotion), karma (service) and raja yoga (internal
practices). Yoga is the essence of the Vedic
approach that involves uniting us with the greater
universe of consciousness. It is the technology that
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applies Vedic wisdom in an experiential manner.

Yoga is the main practice of Hinduism, which from
its music and dance to its philosophy and medicine
employs yogic methods and insights. Once one
understands the Hindu roots of Yoga and the yogic
orientation of Hinduism, one’s practice of yoga is
enriched and one’s understanding of Hinduism
becomes authentic.
I visited various Yoga centers and ashrams such as

exist throughout in India. Among the most
interesting was Vivekananda Yoga Kendra in
Bangalore. This broad-based organization teaches
Yoga in a comprehensive manner, including
spirituality and psychology, and also takes a
rigorous scientific perspective. It conducts large
conferences bringing important people from all
over the world. It shows the integrality of Yoga,
Vedanta and Hinduism, which function best when
used together. Such schools show how Yoga is
developing in India and reaching out to the world.
Many more such institutions are necessary for the
future. They are more important than churches or
temples.
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TOWARDS A NEW WESTERN HINDUISM
Western Yoga Teachers and Yoga Groups
In the period from the mid-eighties I worked with

various western yoga groups. While this occurred
mainly through Ayurvedic medicine I brought in
the Vedas, Vedic astrology, Vedanta and
Hinduism. I tried to present an integral Ayurveda
that did not stop with the body but considered
prana, mind and consciousness – a full life science.
In the process I came to know many leaders in the

Yoga field, both western asana experts and
prominent gurus from India. I was able to
experience their teachings first hand and learned
how they functioned behind the scenes. In the
process I discovered that few American yoga
students considered themselves to be Hindus. Few
knew what Hinduism was. Many blindly accepted
common media and missionary stereotypes as true.
Most didn’t know Vedanta or what the Vedas dealt
with. Many didn’t regard these as important.
Western Yoga Teachers and Yoga Groups
In the period from the mid-eighties I worked with

various western yoga groups. While this occurred
302
mainly through Ayurvedic medicine I brought in

the Vedas, Vedic astrology, Vedanta and
Hinduism. I tried to present an integral Ayurveda
that did not stop with the body but considered
prana, mind and consciousness – a full life science.
In the process I came to know many leaders in the

Yoga field, both western asana experts and
prominent gurus from India. I was able to
experience their teachings first hand and learned
how they functioned behind the scenes. In the
process I discovered that few American yoga
students considered themselves to be Hindus. Few
knew what Hinduism was. Many blindly accepted
common media and missionary stereotypes as true.
Most didn’t know Vedanta or what the Vedas dealt
with. Many didn’t regard these as important.
Many were connected to a particular guru from

India but had little sense of the tradition behind the
teacher. Their tendency was to look to their specific
teacher as the source of the teaching, the avatar of a
new universal religion, and not a traditional
Hindu.
Others were so busy popularizing yoga that they

didn’t take the time to really understand its
background. The result was that the American
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Yoga movement lacked connection with the greater

Yoga tradition and its Hindu foundation. It often
slipped into commercialism, if not vulgarity.
In America the outward and physical aspects of

yoga predominate with a cultural fixation on the
body. The sensational aspects of spirituality are
also popular, with a seeking of quick spiritual
experiences and the tendency to create personality
cults. In America everything becomes a business.
The result is that the teacher with the best
advertising and self-promotion becomes the most
famous and is looked upon as the authority,
though their real knowledge may be limited.
Yet more and more Yoga students do want to

know the tradition behind Yoga and are not
content merely to be good at yoga postures. Over
time I have seen an increase in Hindu elements in
the western Yoga community. Hindu deities like
Shiva, Devi, Krishna and Ganesha are becoming
accepted. Hindu chants, songs and rituals are
getting popular. There is a growing interest in
Sanskrit. A new interest is arising in Vedanta
through teachers like Ramana Maharshi and in
Yoga philosophy through the Yoga Sutras.
Other aspects of Hindu dharma are coming into

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the Yoga community including Ayurveda, Vedic

astrology, and Vastu. People are drawing
connections between these disciplines and noting
their common basis. Once a person has been
exposed to this broader culture of Hinduism, they
usually go deeper into the system. Hinduism is
percolating into the West through various avenues
and incarnations. Because of misconceptions about
Hinduism, American yoga students may say they
are not Hindus. Yet if you explain Sanatana
Dharma to them, including karma, rebirth,
sadhana and Self-realization they quickly accept
such a teaching as the approach that they follow.
The New Age Movement
Christian fundamentalists in America see

Hinduism as their main threat through the New
Age movement, a fact that they have highlighted in
various books and programs. They refer to the
New Age movement in America as an American
Hinduism taking shape. They identify both the
New Age and Hinduism as the same old
paganism, idolatry and pursuit of the occult that
the Bible criticizes. Their recent aggressive
missionary effort in India is a counter attack
against the Hindu guru influence in America that
they have long felt threatened by.
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However, the New Age movement in America is a

diverse phenomenon. It includes votaries of every
sort of mystical tradition East and West, much
interest in Native American and shamanic
traditions, and a strong fascination with the occult,
astral travel, channeling, Atlantis, UFOs and ETs
(Extra Terrestrials). It is allied with every form of
alternative medicine, bodywork, new psychology
and self-actualization movement. It has a strong
vegetarian, pacifistic and pro-ecology tendency.
There is a new paganism in it, with a growing
interest in ancient Celtic, Greek, Egyptian,
Babylonian and Minoan lore. There are Native
African elements as well with a similar movement
starting among Black Americans.
Yet most New Age people do share a belief in

karma and reincarnation. They accept the existence
of a Creator but also look to a higher Self. In this
regard their underlying philosophy is like Vedanta.
Many New Agers look up to India and its gurus,
even if they are not disciples.
Though the New Age movement has much

fantasy, if not self-indulgence within it, as it
matures it will probably come to resemble
Hinduism that broadly accepts all means of
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accessing higher awareness. A new futuristic form

of Hinduism or Sanatana Dharma is likely to arise
combining a resurgence of the Vedic tradition from
India, related mystical, native and pagan traditions
throughout the world, as well as futuristic ideas for
the coming planetary age. An awakened and
expanded Hinduism may indeed become the
planetary religion in form as it has always been in
spirit. For this Hindus need to reach out to such
groups and forge a common alliance with them.
American Hinduism
Hinduism never seemed to be something foreign

or alien to me or inappropriate to my
circumstances living in the West. It is the very
religion of nature and consciousness in the
broadest sense, which makes it relevant to
everyone.
For me true religion and spirituality comes from
nature. It arises from the ground. The soul in
nature lives beneath the earth, in the soil, dwelling
in the roots of plants and sustaining the vegetable
kingdom. The fire at the center of the Earth that
upholds geological processes on the planet is a
form of the Divine fire that dwells within our
hearts.
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The most important insights that have come to me

usually occur while walking in nature, particularly
hiking in the high mountains. In the wilderness
nature can enter into our consciousness and
cleanse our minds of human-centered
compulsions. I think that liberation is like
wandering off into nature, climbing up a high
mountain, and not coming back to the lowlands of
human society.
Hinduism is a religion of the Earth. It honors the

Earth as the Divine Mother and encourages us to
honor her and help her develop her creative
potentials. The deities of Hinduism permeate the
world of nature. For example, Shiva is the God of
the mountains, while Parvati is the mountain
Goddess. Shiva dwells in high and steep rocky
crags and cliff faces. Parvati rules over mountain
streams, waterfalls, and mountain meadows with
their many flowers.
Hiking in the mountain country one can find

natural Shiva lingas. Beneath high rocky peaks that
take the form of a linga, a basin naturally forms as
a mountain lake that becomes the yoni. In this way
Shiva and Parvati manifest everywhere in nature.
They don’t belong to a single country or book only.
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It is not necessary to live in India to be a Hindu. In

fact one must live in harmony with the land where
one is located to be a true Hindu.
I see Hinduism as a religion eminently suited for

all lands and for all people because it requires that
we connect with the land and its creatures – that
we align our individual self with the soul of all
beings around us. Hinduism finds holy places
everywhere, wherever there is a river, a mountain,
a large rock, or big tree, wherever some unusual
natural phenomenon be it a spring, a cave, or a
geyser.
In this way I can speak of an American Hinduism

and call myself an American and a Hindu – an
American connected with the land and a Hindu
connected with the spirit and soul of that land.
Hinduism has helped me discover the forces of
nature in which I live, their past and their future,
their unique formations and their connections with
the greater universe and the cosmic mind.
A real American Hinduism would not be a

Hinduism scaled down to the needs of American
commercialism, turned into a new fad or hype of
Hollywood or Wall Street. It isn’t merely yoga
postures for football players or for movie stars. It is
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an experience of one’s Self and true nature not only

in the context of the American landscape but also
as connected with the Earth, universe and the
supreme consciousness.
Hinduism honors the Divine Self in all beings and

helps us develop our individual potentials
organically and in harmony with all of life. That is
why it can never accept any final dogma or
prescribe any stereotyped creed or practice for
everyone. Its goal is to help us realize ourselves
through learning about the universe we live in that
is a reflection of our deeper soul.
As time continues this Hindu sense of the cosmic

Self and world Soul will dawn on more and more
people, regardless of their location or culture. It is
simply the unfoldment of life itself and its deeper
spirit. This will gradually transform humanity and
bring us back into the fold of the universal religion
beyond names and institutions. We will once more
become caring citizens of the conscious universe
instead of human-centered exploiters of the natural
world as we are today.
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CONCLUSION
Hindu Dharma came to me over a long period of

time, in many forms, through many people, as well
as through a deeper consciousness. From leaving
the Catholic Church to officially becoming a Hindu
took a number years. It was never a question of
leaving one religion and looking for another one
better, but of a quest for truth at a spiritual level.
This at first made all outer religious formalities
irrelevant but later showed me the importance of
culture and community in sustaining one’s
spiritual path.
Disturbed by media or textbook images of

Hinduism or bewildered by its multifaceted
nature, people ask me: "Can one access the deeper
teachings of Hinduism, like Yoga and Vedanta,
without having to go through the outer aspects of
the religion as caste, ritual or temple worship?
Does one need to formally become a Hindu to
benefit from its spiritual teachings?"
One must cast off prevalent misconceptions about

Hindu Dharma before being able to answer these
questions. Hindu Dharma does not dwell in a mere
formal social identity, but in following one’s own
dharma. Its rituals reflect nature and are not
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artificial. Its deities symbolize different aspects of

our higher Self and the cosmic mind. While one
doesn’t have to officially become a Hindu before
being able to use its teachings, one cannot access
the deeper aspects of Hinduism without becoming
something like a Hindu in one’s life and mentality.
One might also ask, What would an American or a

Westerner have to lose by becoming a Hindu? You
would have to give up exclusive beliefs that say
that there is only one true God, prophet, savior or
scripture. You would have to become reconciled to
your pagan ancestors and respect their way of life.
You would have to accept pluralism in religion.
You would have to bring spirituality into your
daily life through some form of prayer, chanting,
study, contemplation or meditation. But you
wouldn’t have to stop thinking, or cease to be open
to the truth. You wouldn’t need to restrict yourself
to any creed or dogma. Above all, you wouldn’t
have to give yourself away in the process. You
would need only to strive to understand yourself
at a deeper and universal level.
The Importance of Culture
Being a Hindu means recognizing the spiritual

teachings that have most helped me in life. The
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name is not of great importance. The tradition

behind it is what matters. Hinduism, Hindu
Dharma, Sanatana Dharma, Yoga, Vedanta, yogic
spirituality, Vedic science and other such terms
reflect different aspects of this same vast teaching.
Yet we must settle on one name for convenience of
communication in the modern world and that
appears to be Hinduism because this term has
already gained recognition. There is no reason why
the other positive appellations of this tradition
cannot be felt with the term Hindu Dharma, except
for the rigidity of unquestioned anti-Hindu
stereotypes in our culture.
Personally I believe that Hinduism, particularly as

defined as Sanatana Dharma, is the best religion in
the world.
Hinduism has the most holy books, the most Gods

and Goddesses, the most sages and yogis, the most
temples and tirthas, and the most intricate
knowledge of the occult and spiritual planes. It is
the oldest of religions and the most diverse and the
most adaptable, which are all points of great merit.
Yet it doesn’t bother me if someone else prefers

another religion anymore than if someone else
would prefer a different food. Let there be
313
abundance in the spiritual life, as in all life. Let

people follow whatever religion elevates their
hearts and minds. Let each person have his or her
own religion, as each one of us is a Divine Soul
with a unique perspective on life. Let each one of
us become a God or Goddess in our deeper
consciousness, free of all dependency upon
external forms and limitations. Away with sin and
guilt. Let the Divine arise within everyone!
The ultimate goal of human life is to transcend

culture and personality to the unconditioned pure
being. But the means to do this is through our
culture and way of life. Perhaps this sounds
contradictory.
goal is to reach the infinite and eternal. But we

must do this from our particular standpoint in time
and space, body and mind. Our individuality is
embedded in a certain cultural matrix and its
forms, just as the language that we learn to speak
shapes our thoughts. To reach the universal we
must have the right organic foundation at local
level. We need to create a culture that can lead us
to it, by helping us discovering our cosmic
potentials at an individual level. This is what
Hindu Dharma provides in many different ways.
314
The spiritual life is an eonic journey, taking many

lifetimes and leading us through many different
worlds. Very few souls, only handful in each
generation, will complete their journey in a
particularly incarnation. Spiritual growth requires
the proper culture and tradition to sustain our
collective aspiration from life to life. Otherwise a
few rare individuals may be able to progress
spiritually but the great majority cannot go far, just
as only a few of the many seeds cast on
uncultivated ground can flourish.
315
THE MEANING OF THE TERM HINDU
In the Vedic age the land of India was called Sapta

Sindhu, the land of the seven rivers. The same
name appears in the Zend Avesta, the holy book of
the ancient Persians, as Hapta Hindu, with the
Sanskrit ‘s’ replaced with an ‘h’, a sound shift that
occurs in various Indian dialects as well. The
Greeks called the land India or Indika, which also
derives from the term Sindhu, removing the initial
sound altogether. So clearly Sindhu or Hindu was
a name for India going back to very ancient times.
India was Sindhu Sthana, the land of the rivers or
Sapta Sindhu Sthana, the land of the seven rivers.
Sindhu has three meanings in Sanskrit. It means a

particular river now called the Indus, a river in
general, or the ocean. Clearly Sindhu in the land of
Sapta Sindhu refers to river in general and not
simply to the Indus as a particular stream only.
It meant India as a great land of many rivers. The
main river in Vedic India was the Saraswati and in
later times became the Ganges. So Sindhu Sthana is
also Saraswati Sthana and later Ganga Sthana, not
simply the region of the Indus.
Dharma, Sindhu Dharma or Hinduism is the name

of the culture and religions of this great and
316
diverse subcontinent. Hinduism as Sindhu Dharma

has three meanings following the meanings of
Sindhu.
1) It is the river religion (Sindhu Dharma). It flows

and develops like a river. Not limited by an
historical revelation, Hinduism continues to grow
and develop through time without losing track of
its origins in the eternal.
2) It is a religion of many rivers, a pluralistic

tradition that accepts the existence of many paths,
many sages and many holy books and is always
open to more.
3) Sindhu means the ocean. Hinduism is a religion

like the ocean that can accept all streams without
overflowing. This is also the meaning of Hinduism
as Sanatana Dharma or the universal tradition.
Sindhu became Hindu not only among the

Persians but also in some dialects in India,
particularly in the West of the country. By the
twelfth century in the Prithviraj Raso by the poet
Chand Baradai, probably the oldest work in the
Hindi language, we already find the term Hindu
proudly used in India for the religion and people
of the region.
317
Since Hinduism as Sindhu Dharma refers to all the

religions and philosophies of India, it naturally
includes Buddhist, Jain and other Indic traditions.
In this regard Hinduism is not limited to the Vedic
tradition and accepts both Vedic and non-Vedic
streams.
On the other hand, the Vedic tradition itself is

pluralistic and is not limited to existing Vedic
paths. It is based on the great Vedic statement,
"That which is the One Truth, the sages speak in
many ways (ekam sad vipra bahudha vadanti)."
The Vedic tradition, therefore, has the basis to
integrate all the dharmas of India including those
that regard themselves as non-vedic.
Yet beyond India, Hinduism can accept all cultures

that seek to live in harmony with the universe and
respect all creatures. Such a definition would make
Hinduism a religion not merely of India but a way
of organically adapting the universal truth to the
needs of time, place and person everywhere.
Hindu Dharma is a human or Manava Dharma,
encompassing all aspects of human life. It shows
what all human beings require for health,
happiness, creativity and liberation. May its
blessings come to all!
318

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What is the main topic of the book?

What is the main topic of the book?

How does the author describe Hinduism?

How does the author describe Hinduism?

HOW I BECAME A HINDU

My Discovery of Vedic Dharma

We live in the age of science. The frontiers of our

Why should we then be interested in the subject of

David Frawley's remarkable spiritual

Not that there are not social problems in Hindu

society, but these problems are a result of historical

Just as there can be only one outer science, so there

Also, since the physical universe itself is a

We comprehend the universe by our minds, but

the computer develop self-awareness as happens in

On the other hand, Vedic science focuses on

Here Hindus are in the company of those scientists

There can be no regimentation in this practice.

Yoga is the practical vehicle of Hinduism and

Hindu ideas were central to the development of

awareness of the source – through the works of

Consider the modern fascination with spirituality,

He has shown how this key can reveal the meaning

He has done this through his writings and lectures

only for the Westerner who wishes to understand

The Gita says, "Both renunciation of works and

Frawley's work has also shown the relevance of the

As the sole surviving member of the Old Religion,

His life story provides inspiration to all who wish

The following book unfolds an intellectual and

As an inner journey it is more pilgrimage to the

Hopefully, the book can help reawaken this

I moved from a western intellectual rationality to a

similar path. I moved through western culture to

I sought the source of that tradition in the ancient

But the journey was arduous and quite

The result is that I now look at the Vedic tradition

For this book I would like to thank my many

Let us counter this negative trend in civilization by

May we honor them once again!

Dr. David Frawley Santa Fe,

ENCOUNTERING HINDU DHARMA

Most of us are familiar with accounts of how a

However, going from Christianity to Hinduism is a

To enter into Hindu dharma involves much more

give up an open pursuit of truth.

This makes the change into Hinduism less

In my case it was not a question of a quick

It was a personal decision that occurred as the

It is not about conversion but about self-knowledge

is linked to the entire universe. Hinduism is not

Discovering Hinduism is something primeval, a

THE HINDU TRADITION

Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world with a

we know of as history over five thousand years

As such it holds the keys to the pre-Christian

Its emphasis is not on mere belief as constituting

Most importantly, Hinduism is a great spiritual

ritual and prayer is only secondary. Its wealth of