SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE,

GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY

OF THE

TOEUBA LANauAaE
WITH AN

INTRODUCTORY DESCRIPTION
or

THE COUNTRY AND PEOPLE OF YORUBA.

BY THE

HEV.

T.

^ntt'onars of

J.

tl;c

BOAVEN

oull;crn l}aptiet Coitbcnliuii.

ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION,

BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

May, 1858.

CUAIGHKAD,
AND ELECTROTTrER,
Cation 33uili)ins,
E.

PRINTER, STEREOTYPER,

81, 88,

and

85 Cen'trt Strttt,

A'.

Y.

ADVERTISEMENT.

This work

is tlie

result of the labors of

Baptist Missionary Society,

who

one of the members of the Southern

resided several years in the

Yoruba

country, and

enjoyed a very favorable opportunity of becoming intimately ace[uainted with the

manners, the customs, the mental character, and the language of the people.

The manuscript was

before

it

Turner of

offered to the Smithsonian Institution for publication

was accepted,

it

was referred by the Secretary to Professor

this city for critical examination,

hands for general revision and

scientific

the American Oriental Society for an opinion as to

its

It

but

W. W.

and was subsequently placed

arrangement.

in.

his

was next submitted to

character,

and was

finally

adopted for publication as one of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge on

the receipt of the following report

Boston and

New

Haven, May, 1858.

The undersigned, having been appointed, by the American Oriental Society, at
meeting held in Boston, May 19th, 1858, a Committee to examine and report
upon the Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Language presented to the

its

Smithsonian Institution for publication, have made examination of these works,

and declare that they are, in their opinion, true contributions to knowledge,
interesting and valuable from the subject and the manner in which it is treated,
and that they will be welcomed both by philologists and by those who have at
heart the success of philanthropic and Christian effort in Africa.

JOSIAH "W. GlBBS, ^

D. Whitney, > Committee.

W.

K. Andeeson,

The

Institution

is

much indebted

to Professor

bestowed upon the revision of the work,

Turner

as well as for the

for the labor

he has

time he has given to

in its passage through the press.

JOSEPH HENRY,
Washing tov, June, 1858.

Sechj S. I.

it

PREFACE.

The

task of reducing the Yoruba language to writing was "begun about twentyyears ago in Sierra Leone, by -a youthful Yoruba named Adi&ye, since widely known
and much beloved under the title of the Rev. Samuel Crowther. His first Grammar

and Vocabulary exhibited a rude attempt

to write the

Yoruba language

in English

without diacritical points or tone-marks.

After the Church Missionary
had
on
a
more
the Yoruba, Mr. Crowther
for
Society
agreed
appropriate alphabet
prepared a revised edition of his work, which was published in London in 1852.
This Vocabulary, which contains " nearly three thousand vocables," is the basis of
letters

the present enlarged Dictionary.

The grammatical principles here presented have been deduced from a multitude
of sentences taken chiefly from the lips of the natives. With the assistance of
Professor W. "W. Turner, of Washington, to whom the work was referred by the
Smithsonian Institution, the whole has been carefully revised the orthography of
;

the language has been somewhat modified for the purpose of reducing it to a more
harmonious system ; and the entire Grammar has been re-arranged and re-written
so as to present the phenomena of the language, in accordance with the require-

ments of modern philology,

as nearly as practicable

simply justice to say that whatever merits

details, are due to that accomplished scholar.
It

is

it

from a native point of view.

may possess, as to plan and
T. J. B.

Greenesboro\ Ga^ June, 1858.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.
Pago

The Yoruba Country

Geographical and Historical Description

Natural Productions and Climate

The Yoruba People

Physical Characteristics and Origin

VIU

CONTENTS.

Participles

Substantive Verbs

mbfe
Mtra

ya.

si

ri

*.

ni or

li

'.

gbe
dl

se

dze

....
....

Pleonastic Uses of Verbs

Nouns

Gender

Number
Case

Apposition
Adjectives

INTRODUCTION.

THE YORrBA COUNTRY.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION.
The Yoruba
language.

It is

country includes all the territory which is inhabited by people who speak the Yoruba
bounded on the East by Ibinig or Benin and the Niger, on the West by Dahonii and

Mahi, on the North by Barba (Borghoo) and Nufe, and on the South by the Bight of Benin. At the
present time it is divided into eight independent kingdoms, as follows
1. Iketu, situated immediately east of Dahomi, of which the extent is two thousand square miles,
:

with a population of about one hundred thousand ;* capital, Iketu. The surface of the country is level ;
timber and water are scarce, and the soil rather poor. Still this little kingdom has sufficient resources to
repel the power of Dahomi, which it has done on two occasions.
or Lagos, situated immediately on the sea coast, has an area of about four hundred square
and a population of thirty thousand.
The greater part are in Lagos, the capital, which is
situated on a small island in the lagoon or bay, called Osa
by the natives, and Cradoo by the English.
2.

ko,

miles,

Lagos claims

all

the coast to a point some miles west of Badagry.

If this claim be allowed, the area and
kingdom are two or three times greater than above stated.

population of the

For many years Lagos was a stronghold of the slave trade. It was then nominally
dependent on
Benin but the turbulent chiefs and people seem to have paid little regard either to Benin or to their
own kings, who were frequently deposed and banished. Lagos is now under the protection of the English,
but they claim no jurisdiction over the soil or people. It is the residence of several
European merchants
and missionaries, and bids fair to become' one of the most
towns in western Africa. The
;

flourishing

people speak the Yoruba language, which they frequently call the
call it, after the name of their own tribes, the Iketu, the
Egba, &c.
the Aku language.

Eko

By

just as the Iketus, Egbas, &c.,

it is
generally called

Europeans

3. Egba is a small
kingdom on the south of Yoruba and east of Iketu, lying on both sides
Ogui) river, but principally on the east. The whole area, including the fallen kingdom of Ota, is
three thousand square miles, with a population of one hundred thousand ; the
capital, Abeokuta,
population of eighty thousand souls.' The surface of the country is generally hilly, especially east

of the

about
has a
of the

unusually fertile, and the whole region well supplied with streams of clear water.
In ancient times, as the Egba people relate, their
country was a province of the Yoruba kingdom.
After obtaining their independence, they were governed by a
king of their own but finally growing
weary of monarchy, they determined that every town should be ruled by its own chiefs. This led
to mutual jealousies and dissensions.
About fifty years ago, these dissensions, stimulated by the slave
trade and by the machinations of the Idzebus and Yorubas, resulted in civil war.
The
river

the

soil is

Egba country
then contained more than a hundred towns, some affirm
nearly three hundred, several of which
were very populous. In the course of twenty-five years, every one of these towns was
swept out of
about ten miles south-west of Abeokuta,
existence, with the single exception of Oba, wliich is yet
standing,

probable that five hundred thousand people perished by sword and famine.
sold to the slave ships, and the remnant of the tribe was scattered abroad.
It is

The city of Abeokuta

immense masses of granite,

Many

thousands were

on the east bank of the Ogui) river, among twenty or

thirty
which rise to a height of two or three hundred feet.
Forty years
ago, a grotto or cave under one of these rocks, which surmounts an abrupt hill, was inhabited by a band

It is

is

situated

several of

scarcely necessary to

remark that these numbers are

conjectural.

INTKODUCTION.

After the Egba country was destroyed, the robbers withdrew, and their place was supplied
by a few refugees from some of the desolated towns. Their number was increased from time to time by
the arrival of other refugees, and this continued till the new settlement contained about fifty thousand
In reference to the dwelling of the
inhabitants, the remnants of about one hundred and thirty towns.
first inhabitants under the great rock, the town was called Abe-okuta,
The rock
literally. Under-stone.
itself is called Olumo, The Builder, and some of the Egbas honor it with a sort of
woi'ship.
The people of Il9rii), of Ibadai), of Idiebu, and of Ota made repeated attempts to destroy the new town
of robbers.

and sell the inhabitants for slaves. But the Egbas, now united under a skilful leader named Sodeke,
were too strong for their assailants. After repelling several invasions, Sodeke began to take
vengeance on
his enemies, and conquered the kingdom of Ota.
By this means he opened a road by which his people
could trade to the sea-coast.

In the meantime several recaptured Egbas returned home from Sierra Leone, where they had learned
Sodeke and the Egbas generally were so much pleased with
something of civilization and Christianity.
the accounts of the English furnished by the new comers, that he and the whole tribe invited missionaries
to come and settle in Abeoknta.
The consequence was that the English commenced a mission there in
1846. It is probable that there are now two thousand converts in that city.

On the 3d of March, 1851, the king of Dahomi attacked Abeokuta with a strong force, said to consist
often thousand men and six thousand women for about one third of his army is composed of Amazons.*

The king expected

a rich booty of slaves and plunder ;

regard to the real strength of the town. The Egbas

but he seems to have been greatly mistaken in

met him with a

force at least equal to his own.

were armed with guns. The battle raged for about four hours, and occasionally with such
In
fury that the combatants were scarcely visible through the smoke at a distance of one hundred yards.
some cases they broke their empty guns over each other's heads. The king, though long accustomed to
On the following day it was ascertained that he left twelve hundred and
victory, was obliged to retreat.
nine of his warriors dead on the battle-field.
Although hotly pursued with continual volleys of musketry,

Both

parties

the Dahomies retired in good order, and carried away all their wounded.
Since this battle the Egbas have generally enjoyed peace, and have made considerable advances towards

They are now governed by a king, who is one of the ancient royal family of the nation.
Idzebu, on the south-east of Egba, and extending to the sea-coast, may have an area of five thousand
The surface is undulating, and, like all
square miles, with a population of two hundred thousand souls.
the adjacent territories, is covered with a mixture of forests and grass-fields or prairies. The Idiebus are
civilization.
4.

though perhaps unjustly, regarded as the most barbarous of all the Yoruba tribes.
Idzesa, on the east of Yoruba, probably has an area of two thousand square miles, with a population
of at least, two hundred thousand.
The capital is Ilesa, and we hear of other considerable towns in the
same vicinity.
6. Efog extends from the north-oastof Yoruba eastward to the
Oya or Niger. Very little is known of this
country, but it is understood to contain six thousand square miles, and a population of three hundred
thousand souls. It is said to comprise several extensive towns, one of which, Ibodo or Kakanda, on the
The Efoij people are skilful in working brass and copper, and it is affirmed that
Niger, is the capital.
in
have
mines
they
copper
operation, six days' journey, or one hundred and twenty miles, east of Ilorii).
generally,
5.

7.

Ilorir), so called

from

its

Yorubas, Fellatahs, and Hausas.

capital

city,

is

a small

Mohammedan kingdom, composed

chiefly

of

about one thousand square miles, and its inhabitants number

at least two hundred thousand, nearly one half of whom are in the
This district revolted from
capital.
Yoruba and became independent about thirty years ago. For several years they waged continual war
Its area is

against the heathen population of Yoruba, and they succeeded in destroying the capital, old Oyo (Katanga
or Eyeo), a great city, twenty miles in circuit.
But finally they were defeated by the people of Ibadaq, since
which time they have acted chiefly on the defensive. The king and most of the principal people of
Ilorir)

are Pulohs or Fellatahs

inferior officers of their

own

but the Yorubas and Hausas, both of

whom

are numerous, have

some

tribes.

one of the great marts of Central Africa, and is much frequented by people from various
beyond the Niger, and even by Moors and Arabs. The principal exports are fine cotton cloths
of Nufe manufacture, and slaves or
The
prisoners captured in petty wars with the neighboring tribes.
consist
of
Arabian
and
common
crude
of
soda
from
the
trona
or
carbonate
Great
imports
horses, salt,
lloriq

is

countries

* On the
day after the battle, the writer saw several hundreds of these women lying dead on the fiehJ. So far as
he has learned, Dahomi is the only country in Africa which employs female soldiers. They fought with great fury.

INTKODUCTION.

XI

Much of this traffic is carried on across

Desert, kola or goorah nuts, guns, swords, and European goods.
the Desert,
although Ilorii) is not two hundred and fifty miles by the road from the Bight of Benin.
8. Yoruba,
properly so called, lies immediately to the north of Iketu, Egba, and Idzebu, and approaches
within sixty miles of the sea-coast. This division is by far the
largest of the eight kingdoms which compose
the Yoruba country. Its area may be estimated at thirty thousand
square miles, and the population at
about eight hundred thousaud souls. This estimate may seem
but it must be observed that the

large
There
principal towns in this part of Africa are from ten to twelve miles in circuit, and densely peopled.
are thousands of houses in such towns, and each house
usually contains from twenty-five to sixty-five
The large towns of the Yoruba kingdom are, -Ibadar), Ide, If 6, Iwo, Idiaye, Oyo or Ago-Odza
persons.
;

the capital, Ogbomoso, Ofa, Ikisi, Isaki, Isehirj, Igana, and Isabe and besides these crowded cities there
are a multitude of smaller towns containing each fi'om two to fifteen thousand
The kingdom of
people.
Yoruba embraces the two former kingdoms of If and Isehii), which are now integral parts of the nation.
;

Another ancient

line of hereditary kings resides at Itabo, a small

village near Bi-ol9rui3-kpelu,

among the

mountains.

The entire Yoruba country, comprising the eight kingdoms above mentioned, has an area of about fifty
thousand square miles, with a population of nearly two millions. The extent of sea-coast claimed by the
two kingdoms of Lagos and Idiebu is about two hundred miles.
The Slave Coast, of which Lagos is nearly the
immense drift, which left the coarser materials

central point, has been formed partly

by the sands of an
and partly by the gradual
upheaval of the land an action which is still going on, not only here, but at El Mina and Cape Coast
Castle.
For these reasons the sea grows deeper quite slowly from the sandy beach, which is always
lashed by a violent and dangerous surf.
The various little rivers which descend with a rapid current
from Yoruba are compelled to creep along the coast within a mile or two of the surf, till they meet with

in the interior of the country,

the Ogui) at Lagos, where they spread out into a broad lagoon called Osa, and force a tumultuous
passage
into the sea.
Hence the landing at Lagos is always dangerous, although there are about two fathoms
water on the bar.

Between Abeokuta and the sea the country is nearly level, quite free from stones, and mostly covered
with dense entangled forests.
Beyond Abeokuta the surface is undulating or hilly, and is generally well
This part of the countty is mostly open or
supplied with gneiss, granite, claystone, and quartz rocks.
free

from

forests, therein

resembling some of the partially wooded prairies of North America.

It is

worthy

of remark that this whole region is entirely free from swamps.

The streams arc clear, rapid, and rocky,
and the soil is everywhere dry and firm.
From the sea to the interior the surface of the country rises
gradually and almost imperceptibly, and yet so rapidly, that the tides do not extend ten miles above the

mouth

of the Ogui),

and the plain

at the

Ogbomoso

the level of Lake Osa at Lagos.

The chain of mountains formerly marked on the

is

maps

one thousand three hundred and

of

Yoruba has no

in the country consist of isolated peaks, or little clusters of

surrounding plains, sometimes to a height of a thousand feet.

rugged

existence.

hills,

which

five feet

above

The only mountains

rise

abruptly from the

NATURAL PRODUCTIONS AND CLIMATE.

The only metal known to exist in the Yoruba country is iron, which in some places is quite abundant.
The copper mines of Efoq are hypothetical but lead mines are known to exist beyond the Niger.
The plants of Yoruba are similar to those of Western Africa generally.
I observed, however, an
unusual number of North American genera, together with many others not mentioned in Hooker's
Niger
Flora.
Comparatively few of the somewhat numerous plants which are common to the interior of Africa
;

and the East Indies are noticed in that work. Pine-apples arc never found here in the forests, as
they
are in Liberia;* and there is but one species of Datura,
whereas on the Gold Coast there are two, one
of which has a double and sometimes a triple corolla. The Cactus, which
at
grows so

vigorously

Coast Castle,

is

never seen in Yoruba

but Euphorbias of various species are abundant.

Cape

Grape-vines of

In the Yoruba
language the pine-apple is called okpaimbo (okpe ambo), the white maii'g palm. The orange also
appears to have been received from the whites, as it is called orombo (oro ambo), the white man's manyo.

INTBODUCTION.

Xll

common on

the interior plains. Some of them

species
produce large fruit,
but too dry and insipid to be valuable.
African travellers have erroneously reported that various
plants, as the castor-oil bean, sesame, red
The mistake has arisen from seeing such plants on deserted
pepper, cotton, &c., are indigenous in Africa.
farms, overgrown with bushes, and perhaps far away from 'any
which is now inhabited. The
three or four distinct

are

place

existence of indigenous coffee is doubtful.

the leaves were certainly narrower and

But a

Indies.

tree in the forest

have seen the so-called native coffee-trees in gardens, and

yellower than those of the plants introduced from the West
which was triumphantly pointed out as coffee happened to be in flower,
I

and inspection proved

at once that it
belonged to a totally different family. The probability is that the
slavers of former days planted coffee-trees, which are now found
occasionally growing in the woods.
Among cultivated plants we may mention Indian corn of the variety grown in our Southern States,
and yams similar to those of the West Indies, as staple articles of food. The
yam is indigenous, and all

the cultivated varieties have been reclaimed from the forests where
they still grow. It is a traditional
saying that yams were the primitive food of man. The first man made an attempt to eat a raw yam, but
pronounced it unfit for human food. Afterwards one, accidentally lying near his fire, became roasted ;
and this was the first discovery in the important art of cooking. Indian corn is said to have been
brought
from beyond the Niger by a. yellow monkey. It may not be irrelevant to remark that the natives

sometimes

call foreigners

monkeys by way of

Abeokuta, the children usually cry

called in the

out,

Oibo

Yoruba language, agbado (agba

When

derision.

akiti

odo),

a white

man

appears in the streets of

agba The white man is an old baboon

what is beaten or cleansed in a mortar.
!

The other articles

maiwa sugar cane

Maize

is

of food are, Guinea corn or

sorghum, of four varieties, called baba, homo, gero, and
several kinds of beans ; pea-nuts, both
and
oily and mealy ; sweet potatoes ; onions
various herbs of little value.
The fruits are, oranges, limes, pawpaws, plantains, bananas, and a few
;

pine-apples.

The

oro, or

mango, and a

fruit called osuij, are

almost the only wild

fruits that

can be eaten.

home consumption, and some attempt to raise tobacco but

neither of these plants succeeds well.
The cotton fails, to use a planter's phrase, by " running to
weed," i. e. the joints of the branches where the pods appear are much too far apart, and the blooms are
often fruitless.
The defect of the tobacco is a want of strength and flavor. The weeds attendant on
cultivation are similai' to those of our Southern States
so much so, indeed, that a careless observer would
Most farmers plant a

little

cotton for

scarcely perceive a difference between a corn-field in Yoruba and one in Georgia or Alabama.
As the inhabitants of Yoruba are all crowded together in towns, and derive their support from circum-

broad belt of country,

jacent farms, at least two thirds of their fine region is given up to wild beasts.
once populous but now totally desolated by war, extends from near the sea to the Niger, running to the
eastward of Abeokuta, and to the westward of Idiaye, Oyo, and Ogbomoso. Between the towns there
are other desert regions, some of which are twenty miles in breadth.
As these partially wooded prairies
are covered with grass from eight to twelve feet in height, and the people are not addicted to hunting, the
numerous population of the country has not greatly diminished the abundance of animal life. Hyenas

prowl around the walls of large towns, and people are sometimes attacked and killed by leopards in the
Even the chase-loving Anglo-Saxon would find it impossible to extirpate the wild
adjacent farms.
animals on the plains of Yoruba, so long as they remain covered with grass, which impedes the progress
of the horseman.

The following brief sketch may give some idea of the animals known to exist in this part of Africa.
The monkey tribe affords several interesting species, some of which I have not seen in the Zoological
Gardens of London, or in any other collection. The most remarkable of these creatures is the well known
Chimpanzee, which is found in several of the larger forests of Yoruba. The full-grown male is nearly
four feet in height.
His weapons of defence are his tusks, which are truly formidable and his strength
is so
that
the
great,
negroes consider him as more than a match for a man. He never defends himself with
sticks or stones, never walks
upright, and never builds a shelter or so much as a nest to defend himself or
;

young against the weather. He is generally seen on the trees, making prodigious leaps from branch to
The face of the young Chimpanzee is
branch, and exhibiting all the habits of other monkeys.
human-like
but
becomes disgustingly prognathous.
after
the
of
the
it
remarkably
tusks,
appearance
Hyenas are rather common, but I was not able to determine by examination whether or not they differ
his

from those of northern Africa.

is a noiseless creature which prowls in solitude.

confirmed
According
by Lander, lions are common in Barba
and northern Yoruba; but I have never hoard of one's being seen east of the Oguq river. Leopards are
common everywhere. Though not so fierce here as in the forests of Liberia, they sometimes, as
remarked above, seize men even on the farms. In 1855, an instance of this kind occurred within three

The adiako,

to the statement of the natives,

or wild dog,

which

is

XIU

INTRODUCTION".

There are several smaller

miles of Ogbomoso, which is surrounded for miles by a well cultivated country.
animals of the cat-tribe, some of which are spotted like Leopards.
more numerous in the forests of Barba.
Elephants are common on the prairies of Yoruba, and still
intrude into the farms, and are not regarded as mischievous animals but the people have
The hippopotamus is confined to the deep waters
considerable aversion to meeting them on the plains.
of the Osa and the Niger.
I believe the rhinoceros is never seen in this region ; but the people have
heard of it as existing somewhere in the interior. There are two species of wild boar, the larger of which

They seldom

said to be very fierce

the smaller kind is frequently killed
and
into
market, A species of Hyrax, different
occupation,
brought
similar shrill cry, is common among the mountains.
is

by men who make hunting their

from that of the Cape, but uttering a

This country nourishes several species of Antelope, some of which are very small, while otliere are
twice the size of the common American deer.
species of Buffalo, called in Sierra Leone the "jack-ass

cow," is frequently seen in Yoruba, sometimes singly, but commonly in small droves of ten or twelve.
Birds are very numerous. Among them may be mentioned, a large and a small eagle, both rare ;
two species of vulture,
several kinds of hawks and falcons, some of which are migratory ; a booted owl
one quite large ; orioles red and parti-colored sparrows ; a blackish mocking-bird with an orange breast,
;

;
swallows; several species of the whip-poor-will family, including the curious longshafted "goat-sucker" of Sierra Leone; larks; various creepers ; crows; sunbirds ; kingfishers, one small
species of which feeds on buttei'flies ; horn-bills ; parrots ; two species of Guinea hen ; a large and a

a beautiful songster

small partridge ; quails ; several species of doves

storks and adjutants.
I have seen but one species of Tortoise, a small kind, eight or ten inches in
length, which lives in the
to
the
there
are
two
of
The
several
crocodiles.
natives,
prairies.
According
species
specimens which I
have seen appeared to be intermediate between the true crocodile and the alligator. One of them, seen
;

in the Ogui) river, was probably twelve feet or more in

Lizards are very numerous some of
length.
I have Caught several Chameleons.
them, analogous to the iguana, are two feet long.
They creep along
;

very slowly, as

if

wounded and

their eyes are less prominent.

Snakes are not numerous.

but their form

is

not quite so ungainly as those of Arabia, and

length

The

There are no water-snakes.

natives speak of another species nearly as large.
green snake and a black viper are the only ones said to be poisonous.
I have seen two kinds of Snails, one of which, the Achatina, is found seven or eight inches in length.

than about

in pain

None of the lizards are thought to be poisonous by the natives.

The largest is the python, which, I believe, never attains a greater

fifteen feet.

Good Oysters are found on the sea-coast in some localities they

The principal
mangrove trees, presenting a curious spectacle.
;

attach themselves to the roots of the

fresh

water

shell-fish

resembling that of the United States, and another, found in the rapids of the Oguig
in appearance to the oyster.
The taste is very unsavory.

are a Muscle,

river, precisely similar

But
Insects, and especially flies, fleas, and mosquitoes, are not so numerous as might perhaps be expected.
ants of several species are in abundance.
One species, which the natives call ota, the stmger, is frequently
useful as an enemy of the termes, which devours every dry vegetable substance within its reach.
Another
species very like the ota

Yoruba, because
utmost

it

is

moves

"the driver" in Liberia, and idzalo, the fighter which

countless multitudes, and attacks every living thing in

called

makes one

in

its

go, in

way with

the

fury.

two species of Scorpion, the black, about seven inches in length, and the yellow or brown,
After being stung three times by yellow
smaller, but is said to be more dangerous.
and
scorpions,
knowing others to be stung by both species, I regard them as far less poisonous than some
have reported. Centipedes are seen in Yoruba, but I have never known a pereon to be stung by them.
Tliere are

which

is

much

The natives affirm that the Spiders of that country are entirely harmless, and I have never seen one of
that hideous kind, resembling a tarantula, which is so much dreaded in the Mendi country, west
of Gallinas.

As the Landers passed through the Iketu country, they saw innumerable swarms of Butterflies. I have
once seen the same myself in the same region, and nowhere else. On one occasion, when
descending the
Ogui) river, we met millions of Dragonflies, about one-fourth of an inch in length, making their way up
the country by following the couree of the stream.
In order to observe all the phases of animal life
which this region exhibits, a man must reside there for several years, and visit the forests, mountains,
and plains at different seasons. The same remark applies equally to the vegetation of the country.
When we arrive at the highest lands between .the sea and the Niger, we enter a new climate, and a new,
or at least a modified, zoological and botanical region.
The climate of the different sections of Yoruba extending from Lagos to Nufe, though similar in

its

INTRODUCTION.

XIV

The lower countries, from Lagos to Idiaye at Oyer,

features, is quite difFereirt in some particulars.
are remarkable for a rather strong breeze which blows incessantly from the sea, generally from the southThe course of this wind must be attributed cliiefly
west, but varying occasionally to the west or south.
main

If it were occasioned by the heat of the Great Desert, I

to the shape of this part of the continent.
suppose it would continue to blow in, the same direction for several hundred miles into the interior of the

country.

In

point

of fact,

however, the winds at Ogbomoso, especially in the dry season, are

very variable.
In consequence of the south-western breeze, the climate of the low country is quite damp, the dews
very heavy, and the niglit air so chilly that we found it dangerous to go out after twilight. But during my
stay at Il9rir), in April, 1855, the nights were so much warmer than any I had before experienced in
Africa that, instead of being obliged to retire to my room immediately after sunset, I found it pleasant to
in the yard of the house at
or 10 o'clock in the evening, and sometimes without a coat.

walk

As

there are no

swamps in this country, it is probable that all the interior regions of Yoruba,
of
the northern watershed sloping towards the Niger, are as healthy as any other
those
particularly
country within the tropics. I believe that the natives at least enjoy as good health as those of any part
of the temperate zone.
Yoruba has the advantage of two rainy seasons. The "former rains" commence about the first of
March, and increase till the sun has reached the Tropic of Cancer. After the middle of July there is
till about the first of October
then the "latter rains" commence, and continue for about two
During December, January, and February, there is no rain except an occasional shower
produced by a chilly wind from the north-east, which is called Oye by the natives, and Ilarmattan by the
whites. But the moisture produced by these showers is speedily evaporated by the excessive dryness of
the Harmattan, which generally continues to blow for two or three days. The eff'ects of the dry season
are very decided ; the grass on the prairies is withered and dried up, many kinds of trees cast their
leaves, and most of the smaller streams cease to flow.
During my stay in the country, the thennometer ranged from 60 (when the Harmattan was blowing)
to 9l'S on one occasion at Ogbomoso.
The highest reading at Idzaye was 93, and the lowest 68.
The average for the dry season, both at Idiaye and Ogbomoso, wiis about the same, viz. within a
The differences indicated by the wet and dry bulbs of the hygrometer during the dry
fraction of 82,
season varied from 0'2, one morning after rain had fallen, to 25 under the influence of the Harmattan ;
and the averages for December, January, and February, were 5 at Idzaye, and 9 at Ogbomosg, fifty
miles further in the interior. At the latter place, during the two rainy seasons, including the interval of
delightful weather between them, the thermometer varied from V0 to 85, and the hygrometer from 0'6

little

rain

months.

to 9.

THE YORUBA PEOPLE.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ORIGIN.
The Yorubas

arc black and have woolly hair, but we occasionally meet with individuals who are fully
American Indians. Tliis color is hereditary in certain families ; and it is a curious fact
may seem to be lost, it sometimes reappeai-s in subsequent generations. Individuals of this

as light-colored as
that, although

it

color are found not only

even

among

among the Yorubas and other tribes of the interior, but among the Iboes, and
They are called "red men" in Africa, though their color is not exactly that of

the Kroomen.

Indians, nor yet of mulattoes, and

red men are found in the interior.

is

something wholly

The people

distinct

from albinism.

Several entire tribes of

spoke of a tribe of pastoral people called Alabawo,

Hide-wearers, who are said to be decidedly light-colored. They build no towns, but live in leather tents,
which they pitch in the form of a circular village, and remove from place to place for the sake of
Their language is said to be the Fulfude or Fellatah ; but they have no political connexion
pasturage.
of

Ilorir)

with the other Pulohs of Central Africa.

They are Mohammedans, acquainted with books, excellent

horsemen, brave, and rapacious. Caille mentions a tribe of Fulahs who were heathens and quite distinct
from other Fulahs in language and habits. In fact they were not Fulahs, although resembling them in
color.
The Mandingoes, also, and others in that region, are not true negroes, either in color or features.
It seems reasonable to
suppose that the red men among the Yorubas had the same origin as the red
Pulohs and other red

tribes of the interior.

On

the other hand,

it is

unnecessary to refer the light color

of these people to climate or to other

that an extensive
conjectural causes, when we have good evidence
of
the
black
most
of the mulattoes
and
countries
where
white
races
in
the
has
taken
amalgamation
place

XV

INTRODUCTION.
are

now

found.

We

may

admit in advance

tliat

some of the evidence of

this

amalgamation

may be

For instance, king Belo of Sokoto may be mistaken, wlien he asserts in his History
spurious or doubtful.
of Takroor* that Bornu was peopled by an Egyptian colony.
Still it is undeniable that a strong Caucasian
intermixture extends from the

Red Sea through Nubia and Darfur

to the Shoas, south-west of lake

just here, at the last named point, that we first meet with the red Pulohs,
Ilausa, Bambara, &c., to the Senegal and the Atlantic Ocean.

and

it is

Again, the brown

men

of the Desert belong to the white race.

As

who

Tsad

extend through

a natural consequence of continual

Intercourse in peace and war, they often intermix with the blacks of Negro-land, and their half-caste
The color, however, is different, being, as before
offspring are as light-colored as mulattoes in America.

observed, a more healthy and pleasing red, something between that of the mulatto and the North
American Indian. When these African mulattoes intermarry with negroes, their children are more or

but their features and the texture of their skin afford unmistakable evidence that they are not
pure negroes. They assume, in fact, the very appearance of the Mandingoes, whose peculiarities have
been attributed to climate. Now, if there had been no amalgamation of races to the eastward of Lake
Tsad, the intermixture constantly going on along the southern borders of the Desert is sufficient to account
less

black

for all the types of mankind found in Sudan.

The red Pulohs, who are a numerous class, correspond
exactly to the half-breed offspring of negroes and the people of the Desert, while the darker Pulohs and
the Mandingoes correspond to the descendants of such mulattoes and negroes.
It is a curious fact,

however, that some of the Pulohs at Iloriij are lighter colored and more of the white man in every respect
than any half-blood mulatto I have ever seen either in America or Africa. But even in these cases the

and tie it under the chin.

sufficiently long for the women to plait it
overran Sndan in the tenth century, left many descendants and these, of
In short, there is no want of evidence that the light color of many
course, were not pure negroes.
families and tribes in Sudan may have resulted from amalgamation.
When we see that the children of a
hair

is

woolly, although
Finally, the Saracens,

it

grows

who

brown Moor and a black woman of Yoruba or Nufc are red, we very naturally conclude that all the red
people in the country are of mixed blood. On the whole, then, the origin of the red or mulatto-colored
men whom we find in Africa is more easily accounted for than the origin of the blacks.
But we return to the Yorubas, who are certainly negroes, if we except a few red men or mulattoes.
They are not generally, however, such negroes as are frequently met with in the forests of Guinea and
Many of the Yoruba people, like those
again, it seems, on the Benue river, in the heart of the continent.f
of Nufe and other countries, have kandsome liands and feet, pleasing features, and well developed foreheads, and are altogether noble-looking men.
The traditions of the Yoruba people as to the origin of their tribe are obscure and contradictory.
They generally affirm that mankind were created at IfS, a considerable town in the eastern part of the
Yoruba country. Sometimes they speak of If5 as being four months' journey distant, as though the
present town of that name were confounded with some other place of which the people retain an obscure
The word If6 appears to be derived from fS, to enlarge ; in which case it signifies
traditional recollection.
enlargement.

Notwithstanding the prevailing belief that men were created at If |, I have been informed by some
They were driven from
intelligent natives, that the Yoruba people once lived in Nufe beyond the Niger.
After retreating
this position by war, at a time when the river was much swollen and difficult to cross.

some time, they founded the present city of If |, whence colonies were afterwards sent, first to Igboh6,
and then to Oyo,J; Lander's Bohoo and Katanga or Eyeo. Igboho finally became the capital of Yoruba
as a kingdom independent of Ife.
In subsequent times the seat of government was transferred to Oyo^
where it remained till the city was destroyed by the Pulohs, about the year 1835. The king then
removed his residence to Ago-Odia, the Tent-Market, which at present is commonly called Oyo.
It would seem that Yoruba proper was once divided into three provinces, Ibakpa in the west, Ibolo in
the east, and Oyo (Eyeo or Ilio) in the north.
At least the three principal dialects of the language are
for

still

by these names. The Dictionary contained in the present

considered the standard by a majority of the natives.

called

which

is

work

is

chiefly in the

Oyo

* See the extracts from Belo's

Ilistory in tlie Appendix to Denham and Clapperton's Travels in Africa, vol. ii.
f See Crowther's Journal of the Chadda Expedition in 1854.
X Igho, forest ; \\\o, sho'Uing, clamor ; Ighoho, the clamorou/! or noisy forest, i.e. "the howling wilderness."
probably escape, from yo, to escape. This might indicate that Oj-o was their first settlement west of the Niger.

dialect,

Oyo,

INTRODUCTION.

XVi

EELIGIOUS BELIEF.
Yoniba is a curious mixture of pure theism and idolatry. All the people believe in one
creator and preserver of all things, whom they generally call Ol9rui) (6 li orui)), the
the
universal God,
Owner or Lord of Heaven, and sometimes by other names, as Olodumare, the Ever-Righteotis, Oga-Ogo,
Glorious High One, Oluwa, Lord, &c. They hold the doctrines of the immortality of tlie soul and of

The

religion of

but on these points their notions are obscure. All the dead are in
Upper Hades, is the abode of the righteous, and Oruq-akpadi, the Crucible-

future rewards and punishments

orui),

Hades.

Oke-orui), the

Hades, is the place of punishment.

Their idols are never confounded with God, either in name or character.
They are called ori^a,
a name which appears to be derived fi'om asa, customs, or religious ceremonies. Among the numerous
Obatal4 is thought to be the
orisas worshipped there arc three great ones, called Obatala, Sapgo, and Ifa.

made and greatest of all created things. Others, however, affirm that he was nothing more than an
His name Obatala appears to be
ancient king of Yoruba, and they profess to tell the name of his father.
a contraction of oba ti nlA, the king who is great, or of oba ti ala, the king of whiteness, i.e. purity.

first

white cloth (ala) is worn by his worshippers. Some of his other names are, Orisa nla, the great orisa
Alamorere, he of the good clay, because he made the human body of clay and Orisa kpokpo, the orisa of
the gate, because he is the guardian of the gates of cities.
He is frequently represented as a warrior on
His
a
the
wife,
horseback, holding
spear.
lyaijgba,
receiving mother, is represented as nursing a child.
;

But Iyar)gba herself is Obatal4. The two are one, or in other words, Obatala is an androgyne, repreof nature as
Obataja forms
distinguished from the creative power of God.
senting the productive energy
but God himself imparts life and spirit, and God alone is styled Eledai
of
men
bodies
the
or produces
;

The second great orisa is Saijgo, the thunder god, who is also called Dzakuta, the Stone-caster.
In
stones or thunderbolts which Sar)g6 casts down from heaven are preserved as sacred relics.
identical
in
the
fields
of
America
but
are
with
so-called
the
stone-hatchets
;
up
picked
appearance they
Creator.

The

whether they were made originally

for battle-axes, or leather dressing implements, or emblematic thundernot easily determined.

According to one account, Saijgo was born at If 5, and reigned at Ikoso, a town recently destroyed, which
stood thirty or forty miles south of Isaki. He was much addicted to predatory wars, in commemoration
bolts, is

When a house is struck by lightning,

of which his worshippers still carry a bag, as the emblem of booty.
they have a right to pillage it, and also to steal as many goats and chickens as they can find at large in
any part of the town. They affirm that their master was translated alive to heaven, where he reigns in
a palace with gates of brass, and ten thousand horses, and amusing himself with
great state, having
and
war.
hunting, fishing,

But the abstract Saqg6 is quite a diS'erent being. He is the son of Oruijgai), midday, and the grandson
His mother is liemodia, the mother of fishes, a small river in Yoruba. His elder
of Agaijdzu, the desert.
brother is Dada, nature, one of the Yoruba idols his younger brother is the river Oguq, which bears the
;

name

Orisako, the

The

He

rivers Oya, Osur), and Oba

his associate is
darkness; and his priest is Magba, the receiver.
the revealcr of future event, and the patron of marriage and childbirth.

His wives are the

of the god of war and smith's work.

god of farms

third great idol

is

his slave
Ifa,

is Biri,

Banga, the god of palm-nuts, because sixteen palm-nuts are employed in obtaining responses.
The head-quarters of Ifa are at Ado, a village on the top of an immense rock near Awaye.
There are several other idols of note, as Odudua, the universe, Xocai^d. at Ife; J) a.<ik, nature ; and
These bars are obtained at a great cost
Orisako, the god of farms, whose symbol is a large iron bar.
is

called

from the high priest of the idol, who dwells at Irawo. Many of the inferior idols are men and women
who were distinguished in their day by some remarkable relation to the tribe.
The doctrine of idolatry prevalent in Yoruba appears to be derived by analogy from the form and
customs of the

civil

There

government.

is

but one king in the nation, and one God over the universe.

Petitioners to the king approach him through the intervention of his servants, courtiers, and nobles
and the petitioner conciliates the courtier whom he employs by good words and presents. In like manner
;

no man can
orisas,

who

directly

approach God

but the Almighty himself, they say, has appointed various kinds of

No

are mediators and intercessors between himself and mankind.

sacrifices are

made

to

God,

because he needs nothing ; but the orisas, being much like men, are pleased with offerings of sheep,
They conciliate the orisa, or mediator, that he may bless them, not in his
pigeons, and other things.
own power, but in the power of God.

As

the people

make a

clear distinction

between God and

idols, so

an

idol,

which

is

a real spiritual being.

XVU

INTRODUCTION.
is
is

A charm or amulet
its symbol,* which may be an image, a tree, or a stone.
much power, but it is not an orisa. It has no life and no intelligence as the ori^as
White men are generally much mistaken in regard to the religion and superstition of the negroes.

not to be confounded with

thought to have

have.

that the idols are looked upon as gods that the symbol is the idol ; and that a greegree, or
all of which is incorrect.
charm,
" devils."
The natives themselves speak of
It is usual among Europeans to call the idols of the natives

They suppose
is

an object of worship

in the existence of various other evil spirits.

In the Yoruba language
only one devil, though they believe
the devil is called E^u, the Ejected, from su, to cast out ; and Elegbara, the Mighty, on account of his great
The name Ebilisi has been borrowed from the Pulohs, and by them from the
influence over mankind.

The

Arabs.

devil

is

not reckoned as one of the mediatorial orisas

sacrifices, to conciliate his favor

Eguqgui), bones, and

but the Yorubas worship him with

and prevent his doing them

injury.
Oro, torment, are the executive or vindictive

power of civil government deified

most usual among the Egbas, who term the punishment of criminals " giving them to Oro.'
On Oro day all women arc obliged to remain closely shut up in their houses. Egupguq, or the " Aku
Devil," makes his appearance in the person of a tall fellow, fantastically clad and masked, and is declared
and if
to be a tenant of the grave. No one, not even the king, may dare to lay his hand on Egnqgug
he
is a man, she would be
to
death.
should
Even
Mohammedans
and
Christians
are
woman
say
put
any
of
the
under
of
to
conceal
their
imposture
penalty
martyrdom.
knowledge
obliged

The

latter is

INDUSTRIAL PURSUITS.
of the people of interior Africa are more advanced in civilization than those on the coast.
The
barbarism
of the coast people is attributable to the dense forests in which they live, to the sparsedeeper
ness of the population, and to the vicious and idle habits which have naturally resulted from the slave

Most

The degree of civilization which exists in the interior is probably very ancient. King Belo,
already quoted, may not be correct when he afiirms that the ancient Copts colonized Bornu ; but we have
independent evidence of an early, if not extensive, intercourse between Central Africa and Egypt. The
Popo beads which are dug from the earth in the south-eastern part of Yoruba, and in countries east of

trade.

the Niger, are identical in appearance with the beads found on the Egyptian mummies. Several of the
arts and customs of Yoruba and other interior countries are Egyptian in their character ; and the use of
cowries for money must have been introduced from the east, since none of these shells are found in the
Atlantic.

The most important industrial pursuits of the Yorubas are agriculture, blacksraithing, and the
manufacture of clothing.
Unoccupied land is common property, and free for any one to cultivate. But each man has an exclusive
When a farm is sold, the fruit-trees
to his own farm, whether in actual cultivation or in fallow.
right

remain the property of the former owner, unless they are specially mentioned in the contract. Except a
few hedges of Jatropha, Curcans, and Euphorbia, in the immediate vicinity of towns, there are no fences in
the country; because there are not many cattle, and these are always under the care of keepers. Disputes
concerning the boundaries of farms or fallow lands are generally settled at once by the neighbors.

Although the Yorubas are an agricultural people, their implements

The usual tools of the farmer are, an axe, three inches in
or
hook,
heavy pruning-knife, for cutting bushes; and an oval hoe, with a
Ploughs and carts are entirely imknown. Their oxen, though large and
description.

are few and of a very simple

width, for felling trees ; a bill-

handle about two

feet in length.

strong, are never

employed for
which are usually small, though well formed, are used exclusively for the saddle.
Yams are planted in large hills in January and February, and are matured in August and September.
The first crop of maize is planted between the middle of February and the first of April, and ripens in July
labor

and the

horses,

Some of these
symbols, occasionally engraved on the temple doors of Obatala, deserve a more special notice. On
Another has a female figure with one hand and
several distinct panels are seen a fish, a land tortoise, and a serpent.
one foot, probably a half Obatala, or the female principle of Nature. This figure is remarkable for having a queue of

very long hair (which no negro can have) with a ball or globe at the end. Opposite to this are the male and female
They are represented in the natural forms, and are never disguised by being formed into a
handled cross, for instance, as they were in Egypt. Phallic worship is practised, but, I believe, without impurity.

paries genitales in coitu.

XVm

INTRODUCTION.

and August tbe second crop is planted chiefly in August or the latter part of July. As the heavy rains
May and June are not favorable to the growth of cotton, it is planted in July in December the crop
is cut short
by the dry season. Maize and yams are generally housed in the farms where they grow, and
into
town in small quantities to supply the daily market. In case the town is large, some of the
brought
farms may be ten or even twenty miles distant but all the produce is brought in on the heads of the
owners. Pack-horses and asses, though employed east of the Niger, are never seen in Yoruba.
I have
travelled with a caravan of two or three thousand persons, all of whom carried their goods in packages on
;

of

their heads.

Some parts of the country are rich in ore, from which the people obtain a very good quality of iron.
As the smelters are not communicative, I can only state what I have seen as to tlieir manner of working.
The furnace is a pit in a house, and may be entered either by the door or by an underground passage
which emerges twenty' or thirty feet from the building. The broken ore is placed in the furnace with
a number of well dried clay tubes, about an inch in diameter and fifteen inches in
layers of charcoal
;

length, are inserted into the mass of ore and coal, I think at the bottom.
Although no bellows are
the
heat
is
so
intense
that
the
ends
of
these
tubes
are
The iron is sold to
vitrified.
employed,
partially

who manufacture

blacksmiths,

it

into various articles,

among which may be enumerated

axes, adzes, hoes,

chains and staples, all of rude workmanship.

The smiths' bellows are identical in principle with those of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The large
anvil is a stone, the smaller one a block of iron.
Copper, brass, and silver are wrought by the same smith
sickles, bill-hooks, swords, knives, razors, scissors, needles,

with the same implements.

The Yoruba carpenter employs himself chiefly in the manufacture of bowls, mortars, and door shutters.
His principal tools are wedges for splitting trees, an axe, and an adze. The carver who makes images of
wood, or carves figures on doors and calabashes, works chiefly with knives. The ornamental engraving
of calabashes appears to be a thrifty business.
Considerable numbers of people are engaged in the production of clothing.
Cotton is freed from the seeds by rolling it under a small iron cylinder on a smooth
It is then whipped with a bow to
piece of wood.
prepare it for spinning, which is done with a distaff.
The yarn is sold to the weavers every evening in market, and the cloth given to the tailors, who cut and
make garments. Thread is warped on pins driven into the ground, and then fonned into a large ball
instead of being wound upon a beam.
With the exception of the thread beam, the parts of an African
loom are the same as those of hand-looms in our own country but the implement is so small, that the
;

cloth

scarcely six inches in width.

Among the other employments of the people we may mention the manufacture of earthen pots and
vessels for cooking and eating; the dyeing of cloth with indigo, which grows abundantly on the farms;
the dressing of black, red, yellow, and white morocco, and the making of it into shoes and saddles ; the
is

manufacture of various

oils,

sesame and of watermelons

from the palm-nut, the fruit of the shea-butter tree, and the seeds of
the manufacture of beads from broken palm-nuts and from jasper, both beau-

chiefly

the making of soap ; and the grinding of snuff, which is practised in every town.
poor, it is always ground with carbonate of soda from the desert, to give it pungency.
far as I could ascertain, the art of making
glass is confined to three towns in Nnfe, one of

tiful articles

tobacco

So

As

the

is

west of the Niger.

This

which

is

kept a profound secret.

There is no legal or customary restraint as to the choice of occupations, except that it is not reputable
for women to labor on the farms.
In their favorite capacity of traders, however, they are constantly
engaged in bringing the produce which they have purchased from the farms to the market. Many poor
art is

women also obtain a living by supplying the market with firewood, which they sometimes bring from a
distance of six or eight miles.
Others gather large leaves, which they sell by the basketful to the market
women to be employed as wrapping paper. The other employments of females are housework, spinning,
washmg, soap-makmg, and the manufacture of earthenware. The cultivation of the soil, blacksmithing,
wood work, weaving, tailoring, and the barber's trade, are performed by men.
All the Africans, and none more so than the people of Yoruba, are addicted to traffic.
Their trade
with the people nearer the coast consists in palm oil, ivory, cotton cloths, indigo, iron, horses, cattle,
sheep, (fee; for which they receive cheap guns and powder, calicoes, velvet, salt, and other articles from
Europe and America. Their inland trade embraces the foregoing and many other commodities, including
large quantities of soda, and some fine horses, worth several hundred doUare each, from Hausa and Bornu.
Uides, coffee, and a superior kind of indigo will be among the future exports.
In the present condition of the
countr}', without roads or vehicles, the traffic gives employment to
Sometimes a single caravan consists of hundreds and even thousands of persons of

thousands of people.

XIX

INTRODUCTION.

both sexes. Their only travelling equipment is a mat to sleep on, a coarse cotton sheet for a cover, a
small bag containing provisions, and a little earthen pot to warm the sauce, which, with yams and preA carrier's burden varies in weight from forty to eighty pounds.
parations of corn, is the universal diet.
As there are neither weights nor standard measures in the country, such articles as salt, soda, and oil are
sold from town to town by the load till they reach a consumer.
of life, are held daily in all the towns
Markets, for the sale of provisions and other common necessaries
On these
but the large market for the sale of general merchandise is usually held every fifth day.
At Ilorii), the greatest market
occasions we frequently see thousands of people busily engaged in traffic.
;

which is held daily owing to the abundance of business, there are men from every part of
Central Africa, and frequently from Tripoli and other countries of the North. The merchandise includes
a great variety of articles, African, European, and Asiatic, from a slave to a ready-made pen and a bottle

in the country,

of ink.

Owing to the frequent wars which afflict the country, and partly perhaps to the gregarious disposition
Even the farmers, who are obliged to pass many of their
of the people, they invariably reside in towns.
All the towns in the
erect a better dwelling than a hut in the country.
never
in
distant
the
fields,
nights
interior are surrounded by rather strong mud walls five or six feet in height, with a deep ditch on the

The gates are closed at night with heavy shutters and guarded by keepers.
All the streets, except the few which lead from
African towns are never laid out in a regular manner.
The broader
the gates to the market, are very narrow, and intersect each other at every possible angle.
are beautifully shaded with wide-spreading trees.
Architecture
streets, the markets, and other open spaces
unknown. The houses, from the palace to the dwellings of the poorest people, are built of mud
is
outside.

wholly

same form, that of a large square inclosed by a

which is open to the sky, is entered
of the rooms are scarcely six feet between the dirt floor
Most
board
shutter.
with
a
a
heavy
by large gate
and the fire-proof ceiling of sticks and mortar overhead, and the usual dimensions are six or seven feet in
width by twelve or fifteen feet in length. As there is only one low door and no windows, these rooms
are always dark.
During the day, the people sit in the piazza which extends in front of the rooms
when they retire to rest at night, or enter a room by day, they use an earthen lamp supplied with oil.
The Africans have no chairs, tables, or bedsteads their furniture consists of mats, earthen pots, bags,
and gourds.
Their food is taken with the fingers from a deep earthen dish. A sort of sauce comof
meats
and vegetables, or of vegetables and oil only, and highly seasoned with red pepper, is
posed
a universal article of diet. They never roast or boil joints of meat in Yoruba. Yams are prepared to be
eaten with sauce, either by simply boiling, or by boiling and pounding with the addition of water to the
Indian corn is first soaked till it becomes a little sour, then pounded or
consistence of wheaten dough.
stone cylinder or rubber, and the starch, after being washed out in
a
small
on
a
stone
with
flat
ground
and covered with a thatch of

grass.

series of single rooms, after the

are

They

manner of a

all

fort.

of the

The

interior court,

pure water, is boiled down to the consistence of thick paste. This food is much used, both diluted as a
warm drink in the morning, and cold in the form of round dumplings, which are wrapped in leaves for
When they make bread, it is fried, never baked. Very little milk is used except at Il9rii).
sale.

Most of the laboring people take their breakfast at an early hour in the streets, around the pots of women
At noon they eat in the farms or wherever they may happen to be, and their
prepare food for sale.
supper is taken just before they retire to sleep. The flesh of sheep, goats, and cows is sold daily in the
market but the people use it sparingly. Fish is not plentiful in Yoruba except on the larger streams.

who

The

dress of the

men

consists of trowsers or short breeches, a tunic or a kind of shirt without sleeves,

The head, which in general is smoothly shaven, is
else a large flowing gown.

and a sheet or wrapper, or

covered with a tight cloth cap, to which

is

sometimes added a hat or turban.

woman's

dress

is

com-

posed of three wrappers, two around the waist and one over the shoulders, but the last is often laid aside.
Women do not shave their heads except as a mark of mourning. Their usual headdress is a fillet of cloth.
Horsemen wear a sort of shoes and sometimes boots. Travellers who go on foot frequently wear sandals ;
but most of the people of both sexes generally go barefoot. Boys are usually provided with breeches, or
at least an apron, at the age of five or six ; but girls of ten or twelve years often appear in the streets, from
Most of the Yorubas are cleanly in their habits,
choice, wearing nothing but their beads and bracelets.

and rather fond of being

finely dressed.

The

Tlie older men meet

principal amusement of the young people is dancing to the sound of drums.
together under the shady trees to talk, and sometimes to play a sort of draughts and other games of a similar
nature.

Several times in a year the whole population enjoy tlie recreation of religious festivals, the
On these occasions they
9d(ii), or new year, occurs about the first of October.

greatest of which, called

INTRODUCTION.

XVIU

and August the second crop is planted chiefly in August or the latter part of July. As the heavy rains
May and June are not favorable to the growth of cotton, it is planted in July in December the crop
is cut short
by the dry season. Maize and yams are generally housed in the farms where they grow, and
town is large, some of the
brought into town in small quantities to supply the daily market. In case the
farms may be ten or even twenty miles distant but all the produce is brought in on the heads of the
owners. Pack-horses and asses, though employed east of the Niger, are never seen in Yoruba. I have
travelled with a caravan of two or three thousand persons, all of whom carried their goods in packages on
;

of

their heads.

Some parts of the country are rich in ore, from which the people obtain a very good quality of iron.
As the smelters are not communicative, I can only state what I have seen as to their manner of working.
The furnace is a pit in a house, and may be entered either by the door or by an underground passage
which emerges twent}' or thirty feet from the building. The broken ore is placed in the furnace with
a number of well dried clay tubes, about an inch in diameter and fifteen inches in
layers of charcoal
;

Although no bellows are

length, are inserted into the mass of ore and coal, I think at the bottom.
employed, the heat is so intense that the ends of these tubes are partially vitrified. The iron is sold to

who manufacture

into various articles,

among which may be enumerated

axes, adzes, hoes,

chains and staples, all of rude workmanship.
The smiths' bellows are identical in principle with those of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The large
anvil is a stone, the smaller one a block of iron.
Copper, brass, and silver are wrought by the same smith

blacksmiths,

it

sickles, bill-hooks, swords, knives, razors, scissors, needles,

with the same implements.

The Yoruba carpenter employs himself chiefly in the manufacture of bowls, mortars, and door shutters.
His principal tools are wedges for splitting trees, an axe, and an adze. The carver who makes images of
wood, or carves figures on doors and calabashes, works chiefly with knives. The ornamental engraving
of calabashes appears to be a tlirifty business.
Considerable numbers of people are engaged in the production of clothing.
Cotton is freed from the seeds by rolling it under a small iron cylinder on a smooth
It is then whipped with a bow to prepare it for spinning, which is done with a distaflf.
piece of wood.
The yarn is sold to the weavers every evening in market, and the cloth given to the tailors, who cut and

make garments.

Thread is warped on pins driven into the grovind, and then formed into a large ball
instead of being wound upon a beam.
With the exception of the thread beam, the parts of an African
loom are the same as those of hand-looms in our own country ; but the implement is so small, that the
scarcely six inches in width.
the other emplojTnents of the people we may mention the manufacture of earthen pots and
vessels for cooking and eating; the dyeing of cloth with indigo, which grows abundantly on the farms;
the dressing of black, red, yellow, and white morocco, and the making of it into shoes and saddles ; the

cloth

is

Among

manufacture of various

oils,

sesame and of watermelons

from the palm-nut, the fruit of the shea-butter tree, and the seeds of
the manufacture of beads from broken palm-nuts and from jasper, both beau-

chiefly

As the
snuff, which is practised in every town.
to
it
with
carbonate
of
from
the
soda
desert,
give
poor,
always ground
pungency.
So far as I could ascertain, the art of making glass is confined to three towns in Nufe, one of which is
west of the Niger. This art is kept a profound secret.

tiful articles

tobacco

There
for

is

is

women

engaged

the

making of soap

and the grinding of

it is

no legal oi' customary restraint as to the choice of occupations, except that it is not reputable
to labor on the farms.
In their favorite capacity of tradere, however, they are constantly

in bringing the

produce which they have purchased from the farms to the market.

Many poor

women

also obtain a living by supplying the market with firewood, which they sometimes bring from a
distance of six or eight miles.
Others gather large leaves, which they sell by the basketful to the market

women

to be employed as wrapping paper.

The other employments of females are housework, spinning,
washing, soap-makmg, and the manufacture of earthenware. The cultivation of the soil, blacksmithing,
wood work, weaving, tailoring, and the barber's trade, are performed by men.
All the Africans, and none more so than the
people of Yoruba, are addicted to traffic. Their trade

with the people nearer the coast consists in palm

oil, ivory, cotton cloths, indigo, iron, horses, cattle,

sheep, &c.; for which they receive cheap guns and powder, calicoes, velvet, salt, and other articles from
Europe and America. Their inland trade embraces the foregoing and many other commodities, including

large quantities of soda, and some fine horses, worth several hundred dollars each, from Hausa and Bornu.
Uides, coff'ee, and a superior kind of indigo will be among the future exports.
In the present condition of the
country, without roads or vehicles, the traffic gives employment to

thousands of people.

Sometimes a

single caravan consists of hundreds

and even thousands of persons of

XIX

IXTKODUCTION.

both sexes. Their only travelling equipment is a mat to sleep on, a coarse cotton sheet for a cover, a
small bag containing provisions, and a little earthen pot to warm the sauce, which, with yams and precarrier's burden varies in weight from forty to eighty pounds.
parations of corn, is the universal diet

As

there are neither weights nor standard measures in the country, such articles as
sold from town to town by the load till they reach a consumer.

salt,

soda,

and

oil

are

Markets, for the sale of provisions and other common necessaries of life, are held daily in all the towns ;
On these
but the large market for the sale of general merchandise is usually held every fifth day.
At Iloriq, the greatest market
occasions we frequently see thousands of people busily engaged in traffic.

which is held daily owing to the abundance of business, there are men from every part of
Central Africa, and frequently from Tripoli and other countries of the North. The merchandise includes
a great variety of articles, African, European, and Asiatic, irom a slave to a ready-made pen and a bottle
of ink.
in the country,

Owing to the frequent wars which afflict the country, and partly perhaps to the gregarious disposition
Even the farmers, who are obliged to pass many of their
of the people, they invariably reside in towns.
a better dwelling than a hut in the country. All the towns in the
nights in the distant fields, never erect
interior are surrounded by rather strong mud walls five or six feet in height, with a deep ditch on the
The gates are closed at night with heavy shutters and guarded by keepers.
All the streets, except the few which lead from
African towns are never laid out in a regular manner.

outside.

the gates to the market, are very narrow, and intersect each other at every possible angle.
streets, the markets, and other open spaces are beautifully shaded with wide-spreading trees.

The broader
Architecture

wholly unknown. The houses, from the palace to the dwellings of the poorest people, are built of mud
and covered with a thatch of grass. They are all of the same form, that of a large square inclosed by a
The interior court, which is open to the sky, is entered
series of single rooms, after the manner of a fort.
is

by a large gate with a heavy board shutter. Most of the rooms are scarcely six feet between the dirt floor
and the fire-proof ceiling of sticks and mortar overhead, and the usual dimensions are six or seven feet in
width by twelve or fifteen feet in length. As there is only one low door and no windows, these rooms
are always dark.
During the day, the people sit in the piazza which extends in front of the rooms
;

when they retire to rest

The Africans have no

at night, or enter a

room by

chairs, tables, or bedsteads

day, they use an earthen lamp supplied with oil.

their furniture consists of mats, earthen pots, bags,

and gourds.
Their food is taken with the fingers from a deep earthen dish. A sort of sauce composed of meats and vegetables, or of vegetables and oil only, and highly seasoned with red pepper, is
a universal article of diet. ITiey never roast or boil joints of meat in Yoruba. Yams are prepared to be
eaten with sauce, either by simply boiling, or by boiling and pounding with the addition of water to the
Indian corn is first soaked till it become? a little sour, then pounded or
consistence of wheaten dough.
stone cylinder or rubber, and the starch, after being washed out in
on
a
stone
with
a
small
flat
ground
pure water, is boiled down to the consistence of thick paste. This food is much used, both diluted as a

warm
sale.

drink in the morning, and cold in the form of round dumplings, which are wrapped in leaves for
When they make bread, it is fried, never baked. Very little milk is used except at Il9rii).

Most of the laboring people take their breakfast at an early hour in the streets, around the pots of women
prepare food for sale. At noon they eat in the farms or wherever they may happen to be, and their

who

taken just before they retire to sleep. The flesh of sheep, goats, and cows is sold daily in the
Fish is not plentiful in Yoruba except on the larger streams.
but
the people use it sparingly.
;
The dress of the men consists of trowsers or short breeches, a tunic or a kind of shirt without sleeves,

supper

is

market

else a large flowing gown.

The head, which in general is smoothly shaven, is
covered with a tight cloth cap, to which is sometimes added a hat or turban.
woman's dress is composed of three wrappers, two around the waist and one over the shoulders, but the last is often laid aside.

and a sheet or wrapper, or

Women

do not shave their heads except as a mark of mourning. Their usual headdress is a fillet of cloth.
Travellers who go on foot frequently wear sandals
sort of shoes and sometimes boots.
but most of the people of both sexes generally go barefoot. Boys are usually provided with breeches, or
but girls of ten or twelve years often appear in the streets, from
at least an apron, at the age of five or six
Most of the Yorubas are cleanly in their habits,
choice, wearing nothing but their beads and bracelets.
and rather fond of being finely dressed.

Horsemen wear a

The principal amusement of the young people is dancing to the sound of drums. The older men meet
together under the shady trees to talk, and sometimes to play a sort of draughts and other games of a similar
nature.
Several times in a year the whole population enjoy the recreation of
religious festivals, the
of
On these occasions
which, called pddi), or new year, occurs about the first of October.
greatest
they

INTKODUCTION.

XX

and make charms to promote the prosperity of the town, and have various noisy processions
and sacred groves. Once a year, at the close of the dry season, they spend several days in
in hunting.
On the chief's hunting day, hundreds of people of both sexes
off
the
prairies and
burning
The game is taken with dogs and clubs, as the use of guns would be dangerous.
attend him.
The government of the country is a monarchy engrafted on the ancient patriarchal rule. Every house

offer sacrifices

to the temples

contains several families under the government of a bal6 or lord of the house, every towmhas its bal& or
The adult males are also apportioned under rulers
lord of the land, and the whole nation is under a king.
who stand intermediate between them and the balS, or governor. The king, the governor, and the head
Even the
of the family has each his associate or lieutenant, and the elders under him are his counsellors.

The laws
is bound by the laws of the land, of which the elders are the conservators and exponents.
are
are generally good, except in so far as they are connected with idolatry and polygamy.
They
rigidly
executed, and sometimes with displeasing promptness ; but causes are always decided by the ruler and his

king

council according to testimony.

INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS.

In regard to intellect the Yorubas occupy a low position. All their arts are rude, and the people are
wholly destitute both of literature and science. But they are by no means deficient either in natural
shrewdness, or in that sort of common sense which is adapted to their condition. Their language also,
which is surprisingly rich in abstract terms, is a proof that they are accustomed to think. Since their
acquaintance with white

improve

is

men

they evidently begin to

At Abeokuta

leading to good results.

feel

several

the aspirations of intellect, and their desire to

hundred persons have learned to read their own

language.
Like other rude people, the Yorubas are much addicted to the marvellous. In the opinion of many, the
power of a white man is almost infinite. He can look around on all the passing events of the earth, he

can stop the clouds in their course,* and even create cowries whenever he may need them. They seize
with avidity on every extravagant story they may hear. Marvellous things have been told me of the asori
or igi nla, a tree somewhere in the interior, to which they attribute all the properties of the deadly upas ;

The common people, old men, and grave chiefs have repeatedly
fly near it fall dead.
affirmed the existence of a unicorn, which they describe as a large antelope with a straight black horn in
the middle of its forehead. When I visited Ibriq in 1855, this story was repeated ; and my host, Nasamu,
an intelligent Bornese, added others still more wonderful. He assured me that somewhere eastward of

even birds that

Nufe and Yakobu there was a tribe of men, called Alabiru, who had inflexible tails about six inches in
The Alabiru were a very ingenious people, especially in working iron and all the fine swords in
length.
Sudan were made of iron from their furnaces. Beyond this tribe was another called Alabiwo, distinguished
by a small goat-like horn projecting from the top of the head just above the margin of the hair. Somewhere
;

same region was a tribe called Alakere, the tallest of whom were scarcely three feet in height.
Being a weak people, the Alakere surrounded their towns with walls of iron. Nasamu had never seen any
person of these tribes; but he asserted that there was one of the horned women then in slavery at Ofa,
about thirty miles east of Il9riij. She always wore a handkerchief around her head, because she was
ashamed of her horn. In reply to my question, whether any of the tailed men were in slavery in or near
"
Who would have a slave with a tail ?" A few days after this I received a visit from an
Ilorii), he replied,
Arab trader, who confirmed all the statements of Nasamu, and added others of his own. Among the rest
he told of a tribe of people south of Mandara who have four eyes. A Negro from beyond the Niger
proceeded to inform me how these eyes are situated in the head, but the Arab corrected him and showed
me exactly where each of them is placed. In short, it is manifest that all the floating stories of upas
trees, unicorns, &c., have originated with the wandering Arab traders, who are equally distinguished by a
In the simple Negroes they find ready listeners to all
vivid imagination and a small regard for truth.
their wonderful stories, and they were not at all pleased with the incredulity of an-Nasran, the Christian.
The moral character of the Yorubas exhibits strong contrasts. On the one hand we are shocked at their
occasional human sacrifices, their unlimited polygamy, and their custom of allowing the heir to inherit all
in the

his father's wives except his

conscience, and their want of

At the

said to

me

close of the

own mother.
manly

dry season

imploringly, Dzo, dze 6

rt)

Their universal covetousness, their deficiency in regard to

On the other hand we see much to admire

self-respect disgust us.

was observing the movements of a black thunder

fu ni

Pleat*

let it

rain for vt

cloud,

when an

old farmer

XXI

INTKODUCTION.

and to mitigate our judgment even in regard to the bad features of their character. Tliey are naturally
kind and simple-hearted, remarkably courteous in their mutual intercourse, and strongly attached to their
All the moral virtues, and especially gratitude and honesty, are inculcated
country, friends, and kindred.
It is a remarkable fact, that although the missionaries have had hundreds of parcels of
cowries and supplies brought by native carriers from the coast to their interior stations, there has scarcely
been an instance of theft. Adultery and other crimes are much rarer than we could suppose. During my

in their proverbs.

six years' residence in

the country I never

knew a

case of an illegitimate child, although the

women do not

marry before they are eighteen or twenty years of age.

When the first missionary entered the Iketu country in 1850, some regarded him as a spy, and others
had superstitious fears that the presence of a white man would bring misfortune on the country. For these
reasons they, in many instances, refused to admit him into their towns, but they never treated him with
violence.

The same thing occurred subsequently when he entered the kingdom

of Yoruba.

They obliged

On one occasion he
to sleep without the walls, but they supplied him with food without charge.
encamped under a tree near the gate of Awaye. Hundreds of friendly people came to look at him, and
"
next day the women were singing a newly made song commencing with, Oibo gui) sidi akpe, The white

him

Now that the people understand the real object of the missionaft the foot of the akpe tree."
anxious
to
but
receive them.
not
are
only willing
they
The gospel was first preached to the Yorubas in Sierra Leone, where there are thousands of them who

man encamped
aries,

have been rescued from the slave ships. Most of them have embraced Christianity, and many have learned
Some have accumulated considerable wealth, and others have made no mean attainments in
to read.
information if not in learning. The character of the Rev. Samuel Crowther, whose Yoruba name is
Adiaye, struggling for life, is known to the public, and much admired both in Europe and America;
is
only one among other Yoruba men, his equals in mind, moral character, and
The people are found to be equally susceptible of improvement in their native
respectable attainments.
country. Although the missions have been so recently established, all the eight kingdoms of the Yoruba

and yet Mr. Crowther

country have

felt

more or

produce their natural

nations.

less

results, it

and if the social laws now at work among the people

many generations before Yoruba will be reckoned among civilized

the stimulus of truth

cannot be

LIST OF

years the Church Missionary Society of London has published the following Yoruba
tracts, nearly all of them the work of the Kev. Samuel Crowther.

Within the
books and

last ten

The Yoruba Primer.

YORUBA PUBLICATIONS.

Iwe Ekinni on

ni tu

awon ara Egba

ati

awon

ara Yoruba.

London, 1849.

Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language, compiled by the Rev. S. Crowther, Native Missionary of the
C. M. Society, together with Introductory Remarks by Rev. O. E. Vidal, M. A., Bp. Designate of Sierra
Leone.

London, 1852.

A Grammar of

the Yoruba Language, by the Rev. S. Crowther, Native Missionary of the C. M. Society.

London, 1852.

The

First

Book

of Moses,

commonly

called Genesis.

Translated into Yoruba, for the use of the Native

Christians of that Nation, by the Rev. S. Crowther, Native Missionary.

London, 1853.
The Gospel according to St. Matthew. Translated into Yoruba for the use of the Native Christians of

by the Rev.

S. Crowther, Native Missionary.

London, 1853.
of Moses, commonly called Exodus.
Translated into Yoruba for the use of the Native
Christians of that Nation, by the Rev. S. Crowther, Native Missionary.
London, 1854.
The Psalms of David. Translated into Yoruba for the use of the Native Christians of that Nation, by
the Rev. S. Crowther, Native Missionary. London, 1854.

that Nation,

The Second Book

Iwe

Owe

ti ilu

ati

nan.

Iwe Oniwasa. Li Ede Yoruba tu awon Kristian

London, 1856.
(Proverbs and Ecclesiastes.)

ti

ilu

nan nipa Rev.

S.

Crowther, Alafa

to St. Luke, The Acts of the Apostles, with the Epistles of St. James and St.
Translated into Yoruba, for the use of the Native Christians of that Nation, by the Rev. S. CrowLondon, 1856.
ther, Native Missionary.
Katekismu Itan, ti Dr. Watts, Testamenti Lailar on Testamenti Titun. Watts's Catechism of the Old

The Gospel according

Peter.

and

New

Testament.

Translated into Yoruba, by the Rev. Samuel King, Native Missionary.

1857.

Katekismu Ekeii,

ti

Watti.

Watts's Second

Catechism.

Native Missionary. London, 1857.

Iwe Orin Mimo. (Yoruba Hymns.) London, 1857.

London,

Translated into Yoruba, by the Rev. T. King,

GRAMMAR
OF THE

YORUBA LANGUAGE

GRAMMAR.

K U B A

PART FIRST.
OETHOEPY AND OETHOGRAPHY.
1. The system of orthography adopted in this work is essentially the same
that has been widely employed for African languages. In it an endeavor has been
made to give a true expression of all the well distinguished sounds of the language.

To each

simple fundamental sound there

assigned a single character; and each

the charactera which stand for the elements
is

compounded sound is represented by

of such compound sound.
2. The reader should be reminded that the sound of each
other languages,

is

letter, in this as in

subject to slight modifications from accent and connexion.

CHAPTER

I.

THE ALPHABET.

.^.

The

characters that represent the simple sounds of the

a, a, b, d, e, e, f, g, h,

I,

k,

1,

m,

n^

t),

p,

o, o,

r, s, s, t,

u,

w,

Yoruba language

are,

y, i.

VOWELS.
Simple Vowels.

4.

The simple vowels

is

sounded

long,

Examples:

are as follows

as in the English

ha, to meet;

lati,

word fatlwr

and

short, as in fat.

from.

a has the obscure sound of u in but, o in

Ex. bani, in
motlier, &c.
e is sounded like a
or
ey in grey. Ex. de, to come.
mfate,
e is sounded like e in met.
Ex. fe, to love.

tlie

hand.

sounded long, like ee in fee, or i in ravine; and short, like i mfg.

di, to bind ; igo, a bottle.
sounded as in go, tone. Ex. f6, to fiy.
sounded long, like a in ^oater, all; and short, like o in not. Ex.:
wash ; oni, a crocodile.
sounded long, like oo In fool, or u in rvle ; and short, like %i mftdl.
lu, to -strilce ; bule, to lis dmcn.

Ex.:

is

is

is

is

fo, to

Ex.

ORTHOEPY AND OKTHOGKAPHT,

The vowels

5.

character q

are either pure or nasal.

as, dai), to polish, ; siiq, to

We may here

6.

observe

Nasalization

is

indicated

by

the

deq>.

'

That the sound of e after kp is more open and liquid than usual.
2. That 'a,' 'i,' and *o,' are short before a consonant; as in ate, a hat; ile, a
house ; ofa, an arrow ; pronounced as if written atte, ille, offa. But to this rule
'

'

'

1.

there
as,

is

4bo,

one exception,

when the tone

viz.

shelter ; imo,

hnowledge ; 5ro,

is

grave, these vowels are always long

a word.

In the Egba and some other dialects, 'o' long, when followed by 'q,' and
occasionally when preceded by 'm' or 'n,' takes the sound of 'u' long; as, toq,
ogam; mo, to drinh ; in6, within ; pronounced, and sometimes written, tui), mu, imi.

Y.

Diphthongs.

8.

The following

compound vowels, or diphthongs

in phie, or y in fly^ only it is longer and more open.

are the

pronounced like i
Ex. bai, thus ; aim5, vmJcnown.
Ex.: daudu, a prince,
au, pronounced like ou in house., or ow in 7iow.
is very short.
Ex. ei-di, a
ei, ei, oi, oi, in all of which the second vowel,
i,'
wart ; ei-ye, a bird ; oi-b6, a white man; koi-koi, timidly.
ua, ue, ue, ui, uo, uo, are formed only by the union of two words, the former of
which ends in ku
as in akuale, good evening., from aku, a word of
In all these cases the lettei*s ku have the
salutation, and ale, evening.
ai,

'

'

'

'

force of

'

in English.

qu

Quantity of Yowels.

9. The vowels are either long or short, as exemplified in the following sentence ^lafi^ ki o wa fu gb6gb6 enia rere, peaxie he unto all good men.
:

it is not
possible to lay down rules by which to determine the
in
of
vowels
all
cases, yet there are several facts and general principles
quantity
a knowledge of which will be useful.

10.

Although

1.

In regard to long vowels:

a.

The diphthongs

'

ai

'

'

and au are always long

'

as,

aimS,

unhnown / daudu, a

prince.

Vowels having the grave tone (except i, 6, and 5, negative) are generally long
as, ^bo, a shelter ; hve, gain ; ibi, evil ; odo, vmter ; 6ro, a wm'd.
c. The vowels
o and a,' when employed as auxiliary particles in conjugating
the verb, are long as, emi 6 ri, I shall see^ emi li a ri, I am seen. These, for the
sake of distinction, are marked with a circumflex accent.
d. The final vowel of a noun is
long when followed by a personal pronoun in the
h.

'

'

'

possessive case
e.

When

as,

iwe mi,

hook ; aso

my

a letter or syllable

is

r^,

his cloth.

suppressed or elided, the vowel which immefrom oba ile, the

as, bal^, a governor, contracted

diately preceded it becomes long

lord of the land ; suru, ^Mtie nee, from se (often pronounced se), to do, and iru, the
act of hearing a hurden (see 16, 3)
aba for abara, a slap with tlie hand.
;

2.

In regard to short vowels

THE ALPHABET.
a.
i

m6
b.

tli(m
c.

negatives i, 6, and 5, not^ are short ; as, emi o mo, / do not hioto / ete
ete ni ik6 oraq ba ereke, lip not heqnng to lip brings trouble to tliejaws.
The initial 'i' of the infinitive mood is very short and slight; as, iwo 1^ i^e,

The

canst do.

The

objective pronouns

(See 88,

a, G,

&c., are so short as to

be scarcely perceptible.

2, i.)

Tone of Vowels.
11. There are three primary tones, the Middle, the Acute, and the Grave; as,
The middle is the ordinary tone of
ba, to meet; bd, with', and b^, to bend.

the voice without inflexion the acute and grave tones are simply the rising and
In the Yoruba language, however, they are
falling inflexions of elocutionists.
to
words
which
are spelled alike, but have different meanings.
employed
distinguish
Thus the two words obe, sauce^ and obe, a hnife^ are quite different to the ear,
;

when

uttered with the proper tones. The tones, though simple in theory, are
us to seize, and require close attention.

difficult for

The acute and grave tones will be denoted throughout this work by the acute
and grave accentual marks placed over the vowel, as in the examples just given.
Assimilation of Vowels.

12.

The

consists in

principle of t^ocalic assimilation exhibited in the Yoruba language

changing a weak or unaccented 'o' into some other vowel, so as to

to the adjacent strongly accented vowel of a verb or preposition.

In perfect assimilation, the
13. Assimilation is either Perfect or Imperfect.
unaccented o becomes identical with the accented vowel of the word to which it
assimilate

it

'

is

'

appended.

1. a. The vowel 'o,' the shortened or simplified form of the

objective pronoun
of the third person, is regularly exchanged for a vowel which is identical with that
of the governing verb, so that this pronoun assumes all the following foi-ms
:

emi wo (3, / looked at him.

emi m5 8, / Tenew him.
emi lu ii, I struck him.
emi ba S, / met him.

The

emi kpe e, / called him.

emi fe , / loved him.
emi ri i, I saw him.*

when

the governing word is a preposition ; as,

bd S, with him; si i, to him ; fii ii,./w him.
In all these cases the unchanged full form or) may be used as, emi fe oi), Iloved
him; fa or^, for him ; but the assimilation, if employed at all, must be perfect.
o of nouns is perfectly assimilated, if at all, to the vowel
2. The preformative
b.

principle applies equally

'

'

'

oko, a

'

(from ko, to gather); 6ro, a word (from r^, to uttet%

relate., exptlmn); ata, pepper (from ta, to burn) ; ere, goodness (from re, to be good) ; ^6e,
sin (from ^e, to sin). Frequently, however, no assimilation takes place. (See 40.)
14. To understand the rule of imperfect assimilation, it is necessary in the fii-st
place to observe that the vowels are divided into three classes, which, in reference
of the root

No

vowel.

as,

example of 'a'

is

farm

given, ns no verb, nor indeed any otljev

word

in

Yoruha, ends

in

that

ORTHOEPY AND OETIIOGRAPIIT.

to the general character of their sounds, may be called the close vowels, viz. e, i,
and the neuter vowels, a and a.
In
the open or hroad vowels, e, o
o, u
is that the vowel 'o' when
rule
the
assimilation
before
a
close
occurring
imperfect
;

vowel, that
vowel,

it is

is,

a vowel of

changed into

own

remains unchanged but before an open

corresponding open fonn o.' Before the neuter vowels,

its

its

'

'

'

class,

'

take either form, o or o.'

This rule applies to the nominative pronouns, mo, // o, thm ; 6q or 6,
auxiliary particle 6, slwU or will ; and k6 or 6, not ; in all of which the 'o
it

may

'
an open vowel becomes o

Tie
'

the

before

'

mo

fe,

as,

yi 6

Ilove.

fe,

he will

love.

nwoq ko fe, they do not

d 6 fe, we do not love.

o fe, thou lovest.

6 or 6i) fe, lie loves.

love.

The same change

takes place before the other open vowel, 'o.'

The reader,
however, most be informed that the rule is one which is often disregarded in

speaking.
Elision of Vowels.

15. All Yoruba verbs end in a vowel either pure or nasal as, ko, to build
And most of the nouns begin with a vowel as, ile, a house; owu,
raq, to spin.
To avoid an inconvenient hiatus, it is customary in speaking to drop either
cotton.
the final vowel of the verb, or the initial one of the noun which follows it as,

a crop ; raq 'wu, for rag owu, to spin cotton.

In this work, the vowels which are usually elided in speaking are designated by
the inverted crescent ('^) as, k8 ere, raq 8wu (pronounced ke-re, raq-wu).

k' ere for

ko

ere, to gather

16.
1.

When

fiso, to

2.

The

buy

The

principal rules of elision are as follows

two vowels of the same name concur, one of them

is

dropped

as,

n\

cloth ; f e^e, to love sin.

stronger of any two concurring vowels

is

retained in preference to the

weaker.

The

circumstances which

may be shown

as follows

make

a vowel strong in the sense here contemplated

Strong Vowels.

Weak

Vmcels.

Short.

Long.
Grave.
Accented.

Acute.

Open.

Close.

Unaccented.

But these elements of strength and weakness may be variously distributed. One
of the vowels may be grave, and the other accented, long, or open. To give aU
the combinations which may arise from the various quantities, tones, and accents of
two concurring vowels, would be more tedious than profitable. It may sufiice then
to specify a few cases, with
examples, to verify the general rule that the weaker of
the two concurring vowels is elided.
a. When the fii-st vowel is
grave, and the second vowel is weak, the latter is
elided as, 6 r^ ewe, she bought leaves ;* dk se, to breah the foot ; bo fira, to cover
the body ; k^ Groq, to behoarse.
But if the second vowel should be long, the grave
;

* Leaves are

soM

to

market-women

to be used for wrappiiiE: ai'ticlos in.

THE ALPHABEl".
vowel
hriotc

elided

is

as,

omori gbS, oru,

(m^) mercy.
fii-st vowel

If the

b.

the second
to

blow the

elided

is

lid receives (gl>ji) the

steam

mo

anu, to

open, and neither of the vowels

is

as,

tlie

ko

is long,
grave, or accented,
fo 5ru, to h^eak a jug ; fe ina,

make a ymirhill ;

ebe, to

Sometimes, however, the choice of the vowel to be retained is

reversed, to prevent ambiguity and frequently both vowels are sounded, for the
fire.

same reason.
3. In a few cases neither vowel is
dropped, but the two are exchanged for u
as, wure (for wi ire), to bless; suru (for se ivn), patience ; sufe (for so
to
'

'

ife)

whistle; sure (for sa ire), to

run; duro

(for

da

iro), to stamd,

<fec.

CONSONANTS.
Simple Consonants.
17.

The simple consonants,

b, d,

f,

k,

1,

m,

n,

r, s, t,

w, and

y, are

sounded as in

English, and are never quiescent.

is

always hard, as in

in

some

Ex. igi,
go^ get.
dialects is silent when it occurs
:

wood;

is

a liandherchief.

between two vowels

lohuq, yonder; pronounced be-e, lo-uq.

same power as in the English word hat.
r)

gele,

In

all

as, behe, so ;
other cases, 'h' has the
;

the sign of nasalization.

At the end of a word or syllable it is equivalent
to the French n in ban. Ex.: daq, to
polish; suq, to sleep. Before a
that
at
the
consonant,
is,
beginning of a word or syllable, it has a stronger

sound, nearly equivalent to the English ng in song. Ex. qso, to proceed.

The nasal pronoun q, 7, is pronounced as a part of the preceding word,
when it follows a vowel as, ki g 16h? shall I got pron. kiq ]6h. But
:

'

'

not preceded by a vowel, it is attached in pronunciation to the

following word; as, q kd mo, / do not hnow ; q 6 ri, I shall see; proif

is

nounced

p occurs only
8

r)k5 mc>, qo ri.

in the compound

'kp.'

(See 18.)

sounded like English sh in shm. Ex. se, to do.

has the sound of English z in azwe. It occurs
only in the compound
is

'

d^.'

(See 18.)

Compound

Coiisoncmts.

18. Three compounds, of two consonants each, are of such

as to

common

occurrence

have been frequently regarded as simple letters, viz. dz, gb, and kp.
dz is sounded like English
as in jiig, or ; in gem.
Ex.: di;o, to dance.
sound
was
(This
formerly represented by^'.)
gb represents the sounds of g hard and b ; as, gb^, to receive ; ^gba, an
_;',

old man.

kp

is

equivalent to h and p^

represented by p.')
The sound of g and k in
'

words.

'

'

'

as,

these

kpa,

to beat ;

compounds

is

akpa,

an arm. (Formerly

very slight at the beginning of

AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

OBTHOEPi'

Compounds of a nasal and another consonant occui' incidentally

The nasal q,' as an auxiliary particle, may be prefixed to all the consonants

19,

'

1.

emi qb5,

as,

I am

emi qdd,

coming ;

I am making^

&c.

Before the labial consonants, 'm' is frequently employed as an auxiliary

of 'q'; as, emi mb5, X am, coming ; emi mfe, I ami loving.
prefix, instead
consonants in other cases; as in
and
3. 'M,' 'n,'
'q,' are occasionally prefixed to
2.

the words, mbfe,

mbi, or/ a-la-mgba, a

to ^e ;

nde^ to arise ; vAk^tohelarge

Z^2W*(^;

qso, to proceed.

INTERCHANGE OF LETTERS.
of words, as also in tracing
20. In consulting the Dictionary for the meaning
out their roots, it is necessary to remember that letters ai-e frequently interchanged
;

as in the following examples

Not a few words begin indififerently with 'a'

nid^e, an injurer.
2. Some words begin indifferently with a or i

or 'o';

1.

'

'

'

as,

'
;

as, afidzi,

abanidze, or obd-

or

ifidi;i,

remission

(of sins).

'

3.

'

and o are interchangeable

'

'

7.
'

8.

with

and

'

'

for

'

'

as,

oni for eni, one^ any.

is substituted for 'o';

as,

as, diii)

are frequently interchanged with each other, and in some dialects

'
Thus, for ^e, to dx)^ the Ibakpa dialect has tse,' and the Ibolo has se

'

S and

'

'

'

'

'

ts.'

'

coo\
'

is

pronounced

se.'

'

frequently used for

and aw6q, the tongue, instead of ah6q.

In the

loni,

ge for ke, to cut.

eho for efo, a valley.

in other places s^, to

9.

h6

onia for enia, a person ; leni for

cases, previously stated ( 7), 'u'

for d6q, to 5e sweet.

'
'
'
for k ; as,
6.
'

as,

'

and o are interchangeable,

In certain

5.

eri for ori, the Tiead^ &c.

to-datj ;
4.

'

'

'

Egba

dialect,

'

is

CHAPTER

'
;

as,

w6,

to boil,

instead of

II.

SYLLABLES.
21.
1.
2.
b.

A syllable

consists:

Of a single vowel, pure or nasal as, o, tliou ; 6q, he.

a. Of a consonant and a vowel; is, da, to create ; daq, to polish.
Of a consonant and a vowel, with the nasal q prefixed as, qdd,
;

is

creating ;

qdaq, is polishing.
a.

3.

Of two

to call ;

22.

'

'
;

as,

No

consonants and a vowel

as,

die, to eat ; ghh, to receive ; kpfe,

&c.
gboq,
a
nasal
with
consonants and a vowel,
prefixed. (See 19.)
word or syllable ends in a consonant, except occasionally in the nasal

mb|,

Of two

b.

initial

to

be; nde,

to arise ;

initial

bam-bam, a beetle.

to be wise,

SYLLABLES.

23. As consonants do not occur at the end of syllables, they are not reduplicated in spelling. Thus we write ile, a hcnise^ and ofa, an arrow, instead of ille

and

offa.

(See

6, 2.)

ACCENT.
here meant that emphatic pronunciation of a
This, when
syllable which distinguishes it from other syllables of the same word.
marked, is denoted in the present work by the sign ( ), commonly termed the
24.

By

the term accent

is

'

acute accent, placed after the accented syllable as, i-da', a swcyrd, e'-ni-a, a person.
25. In words of two or more syllables, the accent falls regularly on the
e-le'-da, a creator.
penult as, a'-ga, a chair
;

26. But since the accent of derivative words follows that of their primitives,
this rule has several exceptions.
1. Nouns of two syllables dei-ived from verbs
having the acute tone (11) are
accented on the ultimate as, e-dd', a creature, from dd, to create.
;

When

a verb or preposition having the acute tone enters into the composition of a noun of three or more syllables, it usually takes the accent ; as, a-bd'-ni2.

d^e,

injurer.

When

an accented vowel is elided or changed, as in the union of two words

form one, the accent retains its place as, be'-ru (for ba' eru), to he afraid

3.

to

an

ni'-no (for ni' in()), witliin / su'-re (for sa' ire), to run.
2Y. Primitive nouns, or those which cannot be r^erred to

Yoruba language, are generally irregular

o'-ri-sa, an idol; a-lu-fa', a learned man.

in

regard to accent

as,

any root in the

a'-da-ba, a dove /

28. In polysyllables, a lighter secondary accent usually falls on the second

syllable before or after the primary; as, d'-la-tai)'-kpo-k6', a grasshopper;

a dealer in
component words
as,

But many compounds retain the accents of their

a-lai'-lo'-gboq, a foolish man ; o-ni'-ba'-ta, a slwemaTcer.
29. 1. It is proper to observe here, that all the Yoruba vowels (unless very
short as to quantity) are sounded much more fally and distinctly than English
vowels.
Thus, a-la'-ra-da', a healthy man, which has two full accents, is prod'-la-^a'-ra,

snuff.

nounced with a strong emphasis on both the accented syllables, and with a considerable although slighter stress on the unaccented ones.
2. The distinctness with which Yoruba vowels are uttered is
particularly
observable in the monosyllabic verbs, prepositions, and adverbs, which are
generally spoken as if accented as, d le' 6e' e, we can do it ; 161i' so' o nd', go^
;

throw

it

atvay.

PART SECOND.
ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

CHAPTEK

I.

FORMATION OF WORDS.
30. In

tlie

former part of this

Grammar we

described the characters employed

of these sounds, and

Yoruba hmguage, the nature

to represent the sounds of the

We

the changes which they undergo.

now proceed to the consideration of sounds
as the representatives of ideas in doing which we will have to treat first of the
foj-mation of words, and then of their inflexions and the mode of combining them
;

into sentences.

The

primitive words of the Yoruba language, amounting in

five hundred, consist of the following classes

31.

all

to about

1.

Personal and other pronouns.

2.

About one hundred and sixty verbs, several of which are obsolete.
About two hundred and fifty nouns, including several which are

3.

clearly

exotics.

few particles, as adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.

The remainder of tlie language, amounting to at least fifteen thousand vocables,
has been built up on this foundation, chiefly by prefixing personal pronouns to
verbs to form nouns, and by the union of nouns with vei'bs and prepositions.
32. 1. The primitive verbs are all monosyllables, and most of them are of the
simplest possible form, consisting of a single consonant simple or compound and a
vowel either pure or nasal; as, dd, to create; daq, to j)olisli ; d^e, to eat ; kpoq, to
4.

he red.
2.

A few monosyllabic verbs begin with two consonants

&c.

as,

mbe, to^6/

nld, fo^e

These, however, are secondary forms

large.,
mb^ is simply b^, to he., with the
auxiliary prefix 'm,' which is the sign of continuance or permanence; nhi is a
:

contraction of nild, to he great (lit. ni, to have., ila, greatness).

3. The verbs of two
syllables are all either derivatives or exotics.

Thus, sufe, to
wlhistle., is composed of so, to eject wind., and ife, a blowing (from the root fe, to
Fe is now pronounced fe but its original form is detected not only in sufe,
hlow).
bnt also in fere, astlima., ifere, a
Tuba, to rqyent., is a recent
flute and ifefe, a reed.
;

importation from the Arabic.

33.
1.

The

primitive nouns may be

few
are monosyllables as,
Very
;

classified as follows

he, mali-gnant envy.

11

FOKMATION OF WORDS.

which the following are examples aba, a

hindred
hy marriage ; anu, ^j>i7y ; ara, the lady ;
crib, or barn ; al5, evening ; ana,
wood ; odo, and
babd, fatJier ; bote or ibote, silliness ; iha, fever ; irii), iron; igi,

Most of thetn'are

2.

dissyllables, of

om\^ water; ovun, the sun ; qrxLT), Jieaven ; gmo, a child.

3. Some are of three syllables
as, ^bata, a marsh; adaba,
man.
a
violent
lawless
ahana,
;

a dove; akara, bread;

the primitive particles we have ni, in, on ; si, to, against ; ti,
from; 6ugb6r), but ; and a number of adverbs,
come to the Yoruba people through
35. Very few of the exotic words have
the Arabic ; and it is remarkable that some words of undoubted Eastern origin
34.

Among

unknown among the tribes further in the interior.

Having thus stated the general principles on which the words of this language,
both primitive and derivative, are formed, we will now proceed to the special rules

are

for the formation of the several parts of speech.

DERIVATION OF VEEBS.
36. Verbs of more than one syllable are frequently compounded of a monoand evu,fear^
syllabic verb and a noun; as, beru, to be afraid (from ba, to meet,
sauu, to pity (from se, t0 7nake, and anu, jjVy)
bil^, to onahe room in a, crowd (from
;

bi, to

push, and

an

opening^.
37. There are three classes of transitive verbs, distinguished by the peculiarity
that the objective case is placed between the component parts or members of the
verb.
Their foiination is as follows
il^,

1. a. Two verbs are used for one.*

Tims, from fi, to make, and hflq, to appear, is
formed fi... haq, to show ; as, 6 fi woq hai) mi (Jie made them appear to-me\ he
showed them to me. From ba, to meet, and diie, to eat, is formed ba
d^e, to spoil ;
From te, to spread,
as, mo ba iwe di;e {I met booh consimne), I spoiled the booh.
and bere, to be flat, comes te
te
bSre
to
level
oke
b^re,
(spread hill flat), to
; as,
level a hill.
h. Verbs of this class are often used
intransitively, so as to be equivalent to a
iwe
or
the
booh
is
passive; as,
badze,
spoils
spoiled ; oke teberc, the hill levels or is
.

levelled.
2. a.

The second member

of a

of a preposition and a noun.

form the compound verb, be
as-to-tlis-hea<T),

lie

beheaded a

perty, goods, form ko

is

sometimes composed

in regard to, and ori, the head,

li,
beliead ; as, 6 be ole lori (7^6 cut Orthief

lori, to

in regard to, and eru, proli,

ko
nu
leru
{they gathered-iip me a^s-; as, nwoq
the noun in the second meml)ur of the verb has n

Ko,

thief.

When
to-goods\ they robbed me.
in it, 'ni' is used instead of li';
ui,

transitive verb

be, to cut,

Thus,
.

loru, to
'

compound

to gather,

rob

'

as, bi

nino, to vex (from

l>i,

to affect

'

or afflict;

in regard to
b.

An

; in6, the mind).

intransitive verb, composed of a verl)

into a transitive verb

'

by

inserting

'

li

or

'

ni

'

and a noun ( 3G) may be converted

between the verb and noun. Thus,

* These so-called
coinpouiul transitive verbs are, it is true, ratlu!!* phrases than words; but they
are considered as words, because their parts acquire a new meaning by composition, and because
they are actually united into one word when used in a passive sense, and also in forming nouns ; as,
ibadie, a r,poiling, from ba

dze, to xjwil.

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

12

beru (ba eru), to be afraid^ becomes ba

leru, to frighten ; as, 6 ba mi leru, lie
me.
frightened
3. Sometimes the formation of compound transitive verbs is still more comBa
as may be seen in the following example.
d:^e, as above stated,
I^licatecl,
means to spoil j and ni in6, or nino, means in regard to tlie mind; the entire
expression, ba. .nino d;&e, means to grieve; as, 6 ba mi nino d^e, he grieves me.
The compound here consists of three members, the first and last of which are verbs,
and the middle one is composed of a preposition and noun.
.

DERIVATION OF NOUN'S.

Vowd

With

Prefixes.

38. Nouns are formed from verbs, both primitive and derivative, by prefixing
the pure or nasalized vowels, a, e, e, i, o, o, and oq.* These prefixes (excepting
'

perhaps the vowel i ') are simply variations of the pronoun of the third person, in
accordance with the principle of vocalic assimilation already noticed ( 13).
39. The primary use of these prefixes appeare to have been to form concrete
noims denoting the actor or agent as, ofe, a parrot (lit. a whistler, from fe, to
;

akpedia, a fisliermxin (from kped^a, to hill fish) esiq, a horse (from siq,
whistle)
But at present, nouns formed by these prefixes have various
to run rapidly).
;

meanings, being frequently employed to denote 1, the doer of the action, or agent
or patient 3, the action or state of being as, aba
2, the receiver of the action,
lie who meets, he who is met, or, a
to
meeting ; e^e, sin ; a&e, tJie state
meet),
(from ba,
of sin (from ^e, to sin).
further that regularly, in accordance with the law of
40. It is to be observed
:

euphonic concord (13, 2), the vowel prefixed to the verb should be identical
with that of the verb itself; as, aba, a meeting ; ese, sin ; ofo, loss ; oro, a word.
But if this principle had been adhered to exclusively, only one noun could be
derived from each verb; whereas by prefixing different vowels, there may be several.
Thus, from we, to fold, are derived ewe, a leaf ; iwe, a booJc ; owe, a proverb.
now stands,
41. The facts in regard to these preformatives, as the practice

may be summed up

as follows

1. Concrete nouns are formed from all verbs by prefixing 'a'; as, aba, a meeter,
from ba, to meet. But nouns of this form have various other meanings, as shown
above ( 39).
2. Nouns denoting an action are formed from all verbs by prefixing i
as, iba,
But sometimes this form has a concrete signification
the act of meeting / ife, love.
as, iMd^a, a peace-maher.
3. The other vowel prefixes, although of frequent occurrence, are not employed
before every verb.
They generally form nouns denoting either the doer, the
the
result of an action
receiver, or
as, ofi, a loom, from fi, to swing ; esir), a horse,
from siq, to rtm ; edd, a creature, from dd, to create ; oro, a word, from ro, to utter,
'

'

to relate.

42.

The

'

prefix 'oq
*

is

The vowels

not much used, but

is

ami u arc never employed

met with

occasionally;

as formative prefixes.

as,

oqgbo,

FORMATION OF WORDS.

13
'

from gbe, to he dry. Before a dental consonant, the nasal i) is changed to

n
In one case or) becomes am in the
as, onde, a priaoyiei\ from de, to hind.
Iketu dialect, and oi in Yoruba viz. ambo, oib6, a tvliite man.^ from b6, to peel*
'

thirsty
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Hence, oi-ombo (oro amb6), tlie tvMte matiUs fruity the usual name of tlie orange ;
and okpaimbo (okpe ambo), tliexoliite mavUs palm.^ that is, a pine-apple.
43. The prefix ai (composed of a and i,' not)., and its equivalent e,' are
attached to verbs to form nouns of a negative meaning; as, aim5, or emo, tlmt
vjliich is unTcnown or unusual.^ a monster
aidze, that which is not eaten or must
'

'

'

'

'

'

not he eaten.
speak.,

Roots

used imperatively

this prefix are also

vs^ith

as, aiwi,

do not

'

heep silence !

With SyllabiG

Prefixes.

44. Aba (composed of the prefix 'a' and ba, to meet) is prefixed to verbs to
torm nouns implying union as, abata, a marTcetrpUice (lit. aba ita, the meeting of
Aba is
abase, a helper (lit. aba ^e, Iw who meets one to do something).
streets')
sometimes changed into eba; as, ebado, a shore (lit. eba odo, tlie meeting of tJte
;

water).

45. Abi, which signifies heirig in a state of., haviiuj^ is prefixed to nouns, to form
nouns expressing a quality, endowment, or condition as, abiye (abi iye), that tvhich
has feathers ; abara (abi ara), that which has a hody., e. g. agaliti abara yiyi, the
lizard which has a hody of roughness., i. e. a rough hody.
46. Abu is sometimes a derivative from bu, to give j as, abuso, a falsehood (lit.
abu iso, tJie giving of taW). In other cases abu is equivalent to abi as, aburo, that
;

which stands

erect

(lit.

abi

iro,

heing in a standing posture).

For the vowel change,

see 16, 3.
47. 1. Ada (from dd, to mdke) is prefixed to nouns, to form others implying
the cause or result of an action as, adalu, a mixture., adulteration (from ada, a
;

making., and

ilu,

a mixing)

adakpe (ikpe, a

calling).,

contraction of words.,

by

adado (odo, water)., an island.

2. Sometimes the final a '/of ada is
elided, thus shortening the prefix to ad
as, adete, a leper., from ete, leprosy ; adogui) (oguq, war)., that which causes xoar
elision

'

'

'
;

adote (ote, enmity)., that tvhich causes enmity.

48. 'Afi' or 'af (from fi, to make) is prefixed to verbs; as, afih^q, *Acw,
display (lit. afi, a making., h^q, to appeal"). It is also prefixed to nouns when they
are followed by verbs as, af onahAq, a
guide (lit. a, lie., fi, makes., 5na, a road.,
;

h^r), to appear.,

i.

e.

one

who shows

the roaxT).

who knmvs., is prefixed to nouns

amero
a
discreet
as,
(ero, co7isideration).,
person., discretion; amoye (oye, intelan
ligence).,
intelligent man.
Ati
50.

(probably composed of a and ti,' from) is prefixed to verbs to

form nouns expressing the abstract idea of the verb as, atiri, seeing.
51. Bu and ibu are formed from ibi, a place ; the final 'i' being changed into
u ( 16, 3). They are prefixed to nouns as, Trado, or ibudo, a camp (lit. ibi ido,
tlie
place of camping) budzoko or ibudi:oko, a seat (ibi id^oko, the place of sitting).
49.

Am,

a contraction of amy, a knowing., he

'

'

'

'

'

* "When the skin of a

negro peels off, especially after a burn, the surface becomes white like the
Ambo or oibo means, literally, loho is peeled.

skiu of a white man.

ETYMOLOGY ANB SYNTAX.

14
52.

The

1.

vowels,

a, e,

&c., prefixed to

or

li

ni, to

have^ form the prefixes

al,

which form nouns of possession from other nouns as, alaso, the
el, el, ol, ol, &c.,
owner of doth, a dealer in cloth (from a^o, cloth^ elesiq, the owner of a liorse,
a horseman (from c^ii), a horse) oloti, the oioner of ale, a dealer in ale (from
;

oti, ale).

Since the performer of an action may be regarded as its possessor, nouns of

this form frequently denote the actor or agent ; as, al^bo, a defender (from abo,
2.

el^se, a sinner (from ^se, sin)

olore,
elegbe, a helper (from egbe, help)
defence)
a benefactor (from ore, a favor) olore, a giver (from ore, a gift).
3.
Occasionally we have the form olu, by 16,3 as, oluwa (oil iw&, he who lias
a lord i olusc (ise, tvovTc), a lahorer.
life),
4. a. The vowel prefixed to '1' must be the same as the initial vowel of the
noun which takes the prefix, according to the principle of euphonic concord
;

( 13, 2), as seen in the examples given above. But the jirefix '11' is never used;
and hence, when a prefix is required for a jioun beginning with i,' it is customary
to employ on
as, onibu, that which has breadth, which is broad (fi-om ibu, breadth)
a
believer
onigb^gbo,
(from igb^gbo, belief).
ol for on
b. Sometimes it is more agreeable to the ear to substitute
as, olifa,
But in such cases it is usual for the final
tJiat which is profitcd)le (from \i'A,profii).
u.'
'i of oli, and the initial
i' of the noun to be changed into
(See 52, 3.)
5. a. By exchanging the initial vowel of these prefixes for 'ai,' they become
Thus, elese, a sinner, becomes ailese, one wlio is sinless ; olomo, one wlw
negative.
lias a child, ailomo, tvJw is childless ; aMgbdra, %olio is strong, aiMgbdra, who is not
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

strong.
'

Frequently the prefix al

of being ^mlearned (from ko,

'

is

b.

to

employed before negative nouns

Uarn),

hssness, alaise, he wlw is sinless;

ated, tohich has no existence.

alaiko, o^ie

aidd, wicreatedness, alaid^

Nouns formed hy

as, aiko, the state

xoho is unlearned;

which

aise, shv-

is not cre-

Reduplication.

the first syllable of the

53. Nouns are formed from verbs by reduplicating
to
to
be
verb; as, didara, goodness (from dara,
good)', kpikp6, duration (from kp^,
into
as
in
is
The vowel of the reduplicated syllable changed
i,'
stay, to continue).
the above examples, except that occasionally 'u' is not changed; as, giguq or
'

gugur), length (from guq, to be long).

54. Nouns formed by reduplication

active

and a passive

as,

ki ise bibu, selling is not giving ; aso tita, cloth to sell.

few inelegant nouns are formed by reduplicating the entire vei-b ; as,
Either akped^a or onito Mil fish).
a

sold (from t^, to sell)

55.

signification

from active transitive verbs have both an

which is sold or to be
tit^, a selling, also, that

e.

g. tit^

fisherman (from kpedi;a,

kpedzakpedza,

preferable to the reduplicated form.

kpedza
56. Nouns are formed by redupHcating a noun and inserting ki,
follows
usually with an elision of the final vowel of the particle, as
is

1. a.

Ki has the

(from eiye)

e. g.

bird will do (a

sense of

d 6

ri

any

eiyekeiye,

to, icill sufiice).

or wlmtever

we

saio

v^,

eiyekoiyo,

no birds whatever ;

li, ri,

de, or iyi,

any bird wlmtever

eiyokoiyc a to, any

15

FORMATION OF WORDS.

Nonns of

this form are sometimes employed to express contempt

as, eiiiawoman.
a
a
art
tlwu
iwo,
trifling
contemptible person ; oLirikobiri,
it is converted after the particle
c. When tlie reduplicated noun begins with
i,'
into 'u' ( 16, 3)
thus, from isiq, service^ we have isiqkusiq, superstition.
d. Observe that the vowel following 'k' invariably has a strong accent, as,
h.

kenia

li

'

eniake'nia.

when

inserted in a reduplicated noun, implies ownership in reference to a .third pereon as, omolomo, another persoiUs child : e. g. &mk omolomo, roe
must not whip anotlier person! s cliild (lit. omo olomo, tlie child of tlie cJiild-otvner').
,

Li, to have,

2.

(from ^ye, the state of heing alive)

and
med^i
ed^i, two).
medi:ired^i, only two (from
4. De, to ; as, owodowo, tradition (lit. owo de owo, hand to Imnd).
x\ti, from,
of
this form
to
nouns
is sometimes
as, atiraqdiraq, genealogy (lit. ati iraq
prefixed
de iraq, from generatimi to generation).
5. lyi (perhaps i. q. eyi, this) makes a noun emphatic
as, ekuru-iyekuru, the
Ri, ever, only ; as, ^yer^ye, ever living

3.

dnst, this dust,

i.

e.

the

very dust.

Nouns formed hy

Composition.

Two

nouns are occasionally compounded together, the qualifying term or

order as, omo ohii),
possessoi' being placed last, which is the reverse of the English
a follower, a disciple (from omo, a cliild or servant, and ehiq, tlie haclc) odzii ona
(eye road), a gate ; oluso dgutaq (toatclier sheep), a shepherd ; ile tubu (liouse
prisoti), a jail.
whole phrase is frequently united to form a noun as, afibikpore, an
58.
57.

ungrateftd person (from

a, lie,

% put,

a dovUe-dealer, a hypocrite (from

a,

ibi,

he,

evU, kpe,

to call, dre,

guq, clhnbs, aba,

tlie

good)

crib or

agabagcbe,
lam, guq,

climbs, ebe, the yamdiiU).

59. Many nouns in 'a' are

nouns

asdM, escape

as,

compounded with verbs to form new abstract

(from asd, a running, and \k, to he safe) afetdq, perfect

and tdq, to
(from
ase a doing, an action, and dzu,
afe love,

love

60. Adverbs

be completed)

ased:iu, excess, as to conduct

(from

to

surpass).
also are attached to this class of nouns in the same

manner

as,

agbesoke, a
akpedz;o, a congregation (from akpe, a calling, and d^o, together)
e. g. gbe e li agbes6ke, lift it as
lifting up (from agbe, a lifting, and soke, up)
to a lifting tip, for gbe e soke,
it up.
lift
61.
To
exhibit
the
various

regular methods of forming nouns and verbs from

a verbal root, we subjoin the following list of words regularly derived from g^q,
;

to despise
1.

Nouns formed by attaching a

root or
single prefix to the

ag^q, one wlio despises or tolw is despised;

tlie

state

by

reduplicating

It

of being despised, contempt ;

act of despising.
act of despising ; a despise^\

tlie

ig^q,

tlie

a despiser.
atigiiq, a desprising ; as an infinitive, to despise, to he despised.
gig^q, a despising, that whieh is despised; as an infiniti\'p,
oqgj^q,

despised.

to desjyise

or be

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

1&

a despieer.
the
state of not being despised.
aigaq,

gkrjgkr),

2.

Verbs formed from

die, to

he;

]i,

dag^r), to

^'

he despised.

> to

to he

mag^q,

make ;

to

fo ^6 despised.

diag^q,
if^,

and aig^i), by prefixing the verb dd, to

Tcnow
or
Imve; m6,
experience ; or ^e, to do., to act:
cause contempt or liatred.
agflq, igt^q,

to

sagfiq, to he

laig^q, to he

despised; to experience Imtred or contempt.

despised; to despise.
not despised.

saig^q, to he not despised., to despise not.

3.

Nouns formed from these verbs by the

unnecessary to write these nouns

who

prefixes a/ i,' and

but observe that instead of aligilq,
'

we frequently hear oligaq, olug&q, and

and
contempt^ may be changed into onidag&q

is despised.,

causes

be prefixed to diag^q, sagfiq, and saig^q, instead of

'

'

onigaq.
in like

seems

It

ati.'

despiser^ one

Adagiq, one wlix)

manner oni may
'

'

'

a.'

DERIVATION OF ADVERBS.
62. In the Yoruba language many abstract relations, as those of time and
place, are expressed by nouns as, oni, this day ; ana, the day hefore to-day., yesterday;
These nouns
ola, the day after to-day^ to-morrow ; ibi, this place ; ibe, that place.
are formed into adverbs by prefixing 11 or ni, in ; as, li oni or loni, to-day ; li
ola or lola, to-morrow ; ni ibe or nibe, there, &c.
;

63. Adverbs of time expressing the idea of recurrence or repetition are

first syllable of a noun expressing time, and then
prefixing li or ni, in ; as, odio, a day ; odiodio, day after day ; lodiodio, daily.

formed by reduplicating the

So from
64.

osu,

month.,

alioays (from

ni, i)i,

(from

as

niti, in.,

65.

we have ososu and

lo^osu, montldy., &c.

A few adverbs are formed by combining several words

Many

igba,

to ; ori,

ti?ne,

all or every)

gbogbo,

reason or cau4e ; kini, %olmf)

as,

nitorikini

nigbagbogbo,
xoherefore ?

boyi, perhaps (from

adverbs consist of a reduplicated syllable or word;

as, goge., alihe ;

gldigidi, w;'?/ / gmgoi., sluggishly ; 'kiiT)'kai),quicMy ; fiofio, w?'^/ (high).

bable that

all

such adverbs were originally nouns, formed

by

bi,

It is pro-

reduplicating the

entire verbal root.

66. Although the adverbs are quite numerous, there are some relations which
none of them definitely express and hence both verbs and nouns are frequently
used adverbially, as in the following cases
1. For want of an adverb to
express the idea of more, the verb diu, to surpass,
;

employed in that sense as, dara dih {good s-mpassing), more good or hetter ; iwo
dzu mi, ymt worh more than I. Sometimes loli, to go, is added as, iwo kihe
(Mvl mi loh
but it makes no perceptible addition to the sense.
2. The adverb sokaq, togetlier,
exjiresses the idea of unison or congrulty, rather
than that of being or acting in common and hence to denote the latter idea, the

is

sise

IITFLEXION

AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

verbs dio, to asseirible^ and kp5, to he common^ are employed

togetlier ; soro kpo, to talk togetJier.

lY
as,

k6

d^o, to collect

The adverbs of

place with the idea of motion, as, loke, vp^ and nisale, doion^
correspond very nearly to the English words iiinvcirds and downwards ; and hence
to express the precise idea of iip and dxnon^ the Yorubas employ the verbs, dide,
3.

to rise,

and ^ubu,

to

fall;

as, ih dide,

to raise

(one)

up ;

bi ^ubu,

to

push (one)

down.
4. Finally,

meaning

more example among many, the Yoruba adverbs

number and quantity rather than to degree and hence to
the noun kpikp5, oLundaTwe, is used as, fe kpikp6, to love

to mention one

mxicli refer to

express this last idea,

onucJh or greatly.

Many Yoruba

adverbs are restricted in their use to a single word, or at

very or mvoh, which is applied to nothing except the
idea of height; scqseq, (standing) uprigld ; buruburu, (hiding) closely ; biribiri,
Ex: igi ga fiofio, the tree is very tall; li duro seqseq, toe stand
intensely (dark).
erect ; ole kpamo buruburu, the thief hid closely ; il^ ^li biribiri
(tlie-ground is-darh
67.

most to a single idea

as, fiofio,

intensely^, it is very darTc.

DERIVATION OF PREPOSITIONS.

few of the prepositions are verbs as, ba, iDith, along with (prop, to
means of (prop, to make) de, for (prop, to he ready, prqxired).
fi, with, hy
ineet)
But most of the Yoruba prepositions are composed of a noun and one of the primitive particles ni, in ; si, to ; or ti, from ; as, nin6, in, within
(from ni and ino, the
68.

inside^.

(See Prepositions.)

DERIVATION OF CONJUNCTIONS.
69.
to refer

A few of
them

the conjunctions

to verbal roots

'

may be

primitive words.; but it is not difficult

probably from the obsolete verb bi, to he,

as, bi, if ;
retained in composition, e. g. abi, the state
of existence.
Most
of
the
70.
are

remaining conjunctions
compound words; as, ndiie, then
and
to
hecause
d^e,
(from 6q, it,
he)
nitori,
(from niti, in, and ori, reason).
The
of
others is more doubtful.
origin
Yl.
Thus, adi, notwithstanding, may
be derived from di, to suhtract ; oq, and, appeai-s to be the pronoun 6ij, he ; ki, that,
is a
primitive. (See Conjunctions.)

which

is still

CHAPTEE

II.

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

When

words are combined together to form propositions, the relations

which they bear to each other are indicated partly by their position with regard
to each other, or collocation, pai-tly by certain subordinate words or
particles
employed for this purpose, and partly by changes in the form of words, called
In the Yoruba language the first and second of these methods are
inflexions.
72.

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

18

Of

mostly employed.

inflexion,

properly so called, the language exhibits but

faint traces.

the most important part of speech, and that from which most,
Yoruba may be considered as derived. It would
all,
therefore be proper to commence this division of the Grammar with the verb.
But the verb cannot be conjugated except by means of the pei-sonal pronouns ; and
hence it is most convenient to begin with the pronouns.

The verb

Y3.

if

is

the other words in

not

PRONOUNS.
Personal Pronomns.
NOMINATIVES.

Y4. The primary forms of the personal pronouns are emi, /; iwo, thou ; oq,
Each of these pronouns is inflected, or varied in form, to distinguish
he, she, or it.
from
the singular number as, emi, I ; awa, we ; but there is no variation
the plural
:

of form to express gender.

75. Besides the primary forms just mentioned, each of the singular personal
pronouns, when employed as the subject of a proposition, has two contracted or
secondary forms, the use of which depends on the principle of euphonic concord

down in

a previous section ( 13) and the pronouns of the first and third persons have each two additional contracted forms, founded on other considerations,
which will presently be explained. The plurals are likewise subject to contraction.
laid

76.
follows
1.

a.
b.

2.

The contracted

or secondary forms of these pronouns

may be

classified as

The euphonic forms, which are divided into,

The close form ending in o,' which is used before the close vowels.
The open form, ending in o,' which is used before the open vowels.
The citatvve form, the pronouns of which, mi, I, and i, lie, slie, it, appear
'

'

'

contractions of emi

'

and

to

be

'

yi.'

The future

form, so called because employed chiefly in the future tense.

4. All the plural nominatives are sometimes abridged in form by the suppression
of the entire second syllable, to allow of their being more closely connected with
3.

the following verb.

77. The various forms of the personal pronouns,
nominative case, are then as follows
:

SINGULAR.

what may be

called the

INFLEXION AND CONSTKUOTION OF WORDS.

X9

Remarks on the Nominatives.

78. The primary forms of these pronouns may be employed on all occasions,
the use of the contracted forms being optional.
79. The close and open forms are employed instead of the primary forms
merely for the sake of euphony.
1. The rules to be observed in their use are as follows;
a. When the first vowel of the following verb is a close vowel, viz. e, i, o, or u,
the close form of the pronoun must be employed as, mo se, I did ; o ri, tlioit seest.
b. "When the first vowel of the verb is an open vowel, viz. e or o, the
open form
of the nominative pronoun is employed as, mo fe, Ilove ; o mo, lie hnmos. This
;

however, is often neglected in practice.

Before the neuter vowel a,' the open or close form of the pronoun

rule,

'

c.

mo

tk or

mo

t^,
indifferently; as,
2. There are two peculiarities to

open forms.
a. None of

be noted

them can be employed

For
is

instance, it
inadmissible.

is

is

used

I sell.
in reference to the use of the close

and

as nominatives to verbs in the future tense.

correct to say either,'emi 6

ri,

or

i)

ri,

I slmll see j

but

mo

ri

Before the particle k6 or k6, Twt^ 6 or 6, A^, is uniformly omitted as, k6 ri,
not Tcnow. But 6r) or 6q is used with that parJie does not see
; k5 mb, he does
hnow.
ticle
kd
does
not
lie
m6,
as, 6r]
i.

80.

1.

citative forms, mi, 7", and i, he^ are rarely used; but they are
emploj^ed in repeating what has been said, with the suppression of the

The

sometimes
verb of saying, asking, or replying; as, mi, nibo, Z (enquired) cohere? i, lohuq, lie
(replied) yonder ; mi, ho, /(answered) 6 ; this word '6' being the usual reply to
a salutation, which is aspirated in the above example for the sake of euphony.
2. The pronouns of this form are never employed in negative or interrogative
sentences neither is there any analogous contracted form for the second person
;

singular or for the plural.

The

pereonal pronoun 'q' appeai-s to be a modification of 'emi.' The

manner in which it is formed is seen in the subjunctive phrase, ki emi ri, that see^
which is frequently contracted to ki em' ri, and ki 'm' ri and is still more fre-

81.

quently pronounced ki q ri. Although we have classed q along with yi in the

It is employed as follows
future form, its use is not confined to the future tense.
1. In the future tense, instead of emi
6
I
shall
see.
as, q
ri,
2. In negative propositions, before k6 or
I do not
k5, 7wt ; as, q ko ri {I not
'

'

'

'

'

'

see),

do or will not go. It is especially employed to express

see ; q k() 16h (^I not go),
refusal ; as, q ko 6e e,
'will not do it; emi ko se
6, suggests the idea of denial,

did not do
82.

The

person,

is

It

is

use of the demonstrative

yi,

this or that, as

a pronoun of the third

confined to the future tense.

employed instead of

6q, lie, she, it; as, yi 6 de, lie will come.

often used pleonastically after other nominatives, either
singular or plural.
a. In affirmative sentences it is
to
he ; as, babd ni yi 6
generally preceded by ni,
{father it-is tJiat will see), father will see ; awa ni yi 6 mh {we it-is that toill
1.

2. It is

ri

it.

hnow), we

toill

hnmn.

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

20

In these examples we have probably the full original construction of yi in the

awa 6 ri, and awa 6 m^
future, from which the briefer modes of expression
are formed by ellipsis.
h. In negative future propositions,
yi is always placed betweeii ki, Twi^ and the
ki
ri
emi
6
{I not iluxt shall see), I sJudl not see ; nwoq ki
yi
auxiliary 6 or 6 as,
'

'

'

'

yi 6 mo, tJiei/ will not Tcnow.

83. The pronoun d is employed before verbs in the future tense, as a substitute
both for yi, he, and 6 or o, will ; as, d, lu mi, lie will strike me ; k fo 6, lie will
'

break

'

it.

not employed as the direct subject of a proposition, except

Its use is restricted to two cases, in both of which
occasionally in the Egba dialect.
84.

nwoq

is

Awoq,

they, is

inadmissible

Before ti, tvho or which, it is employed as the subject of a proposition

awoq ti o de {they wlw he came), tliey xolio came ; awoq ti eba 6na, tliey which
1.

by)

tlie

road side (Luke

as,

(fell

8.

12).
2. Before nouns, to indicate plurahty ; as, awoq
agba kp^d^o {tliey elder met),
tlie elders were assembled ; ona awoi) elese, tlie toay
of sinners.

85.

The use

of the contracted plural forms, d, 6, d, is oj)tional, and differs in no

full forms, except that d, they, is used
imj)ersonally to form

respect from that of the

a substitute for passive verbs. ( 147.)

OBJECTIVES.

86. The personal pronouns when employed as the object of a proposition,

whether governed by verbs or prepositions, take the following forms
:

SINGULAK.

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WOKDS.

4.

mo

Wlien. the objective pronoun is followed by the relative ti, tvlu) or which / as,
saw him xolio came ; mo fe awoq ti o
oq ti o de (I smo himioho he came),

fe emi,

I love

The

mo

as,

ri

5.

21

fe

full

tlwm who love me.

form

awoq

ti

is

Nwoi)

is

not used in this case.

frequently employed because it

I love them tvho love me.

is

more agreeable

to the ear

fe emi,

88. As the objective pronouns are generally governed by a preceding word to

which they are closely attached in pronunciation, the contracted forms are, for the
most part, made by eliding the initial vowel of the pronoun, so that it may be more
closely joined to the governing word.
are to be made

On

these forms the following observations

"We occasionally hear e for o, tliee ; as, mo ri e, I see you.

traction of the pronoun of the second person plural, which, as with

This

1.

instead of the singular

by way

us, is

is

a con-

often used

of politeness.

2. a. Reasoning from analogy, we may assume that the original contracted form
of the third person singular, was 'o,' like the nominative; but as this vowel
becomes perfectly assimilated to the final vowel of the governing verb or pre-

position, it assumes in turn all the forms of these vowels

ri i,
se e,
did it /
saw it fu u, to it, &g.

mo

b.

The

mo

objectives,

and

e, 6, i, o, 8,

S,

as,

mo

r^

a,

I bought it

'

u,

have no accent, and scarcely any per-

The practised ear

ceptible quantity, especially when they follow a sharp vowel.
can discover, however, that they slightly sharpen the preceding vowel. Thus, mo
ri

i,

J see

it,

is

pronounced

mo

nearly as signs can represent

it,

ri

mo

and

mo m6

6,

/ know

him,

is

pronounced, as

m6'.

POSSESSIVES.

89. As the pronouns when used to indicate possession are closely attached to
a preceding noun, they assume the same contracted forms as the objectives the
only difference is that r^ is employed as the possessive of the second and third
;

'

'

persons singular.

SINGULAK.

ETYMOLOGY AITO SYNTAX.

22

The same forms

2.

and a noun (
it

objective,
fear liim ;

are used after a so-called

when, although the pronoun

36),

verb, consisting of a verb

rendered into English as an

compound
is

really stands in the relation of possessor to the noun

or Jiis fear.
lit. mo ba eru r^,
meet tlie fear of

mo

as,

;.

Mm

beru

r^,

EMPHATIC AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns are augmented by the addition

equivalent to the English word self^ selves^ &c., as follows
92.

of several words

1.

emi

Nd,
nd,

tliat^

added to a pronoun makes

my own

it

emphatic;

as,

ami

nd,

I myself ;

iwe

ti

hook.

Ara, body or self^ is used only before possessives, and performs two offices:
Before a singular possessive it makes the pronoun reflexive as, 6 fe ara r^,
lie loves Mmself.
h. Before a plural, it often makes the
pronoun reciprocal as, nwoq fe ara woq,
2.

a.

tliey love eaxih other.

and

sometimes pronounced
as, emi tikara
tikala, is employed before possessives, and forms emphatic pronouns
mi mo (/ and-only-self my hnow)^ 1 myself hnow / eqyiq tikara nyiq ri, ye your3.

Tikara (composed of

ati, amd., eki, ovUy.^

ara, sdf^.,

selves see.

added either to a nominative or objective pronoun, and renemphatic as, iwo kpakpa, tliee thyself. Kpakpa is more definite than nd,
being equivalent to very self. Sometimes tikara with its possessive pronoun is
followed by kpakpa; as, iwo tikara r^ kpakpa, tTiee thyself or thy very self.
But the expression iwo kpakpa appears to be equally strong without the addition
4.

ders

Kpakpa,

it

self

is

'

'

'

of tikara

r^.'

Each of the foregoing expressions may be used in conjunction with nouns,

as follows babd nd ri
babd tikara r^ ri babd kpakpa ri ^babd
^babd ara vh ri
tikara r^ kpakpa ri each of which sentences signifies, failier Mmself sees.
93.

PLEONASTIC USE OF PRONOUNS.

94. Personal pronouns which would be superfluous in English are frequently

employed in Yoruba, as in the following cases
95. 1. When a verb is separated from its nominative by intervening words ;
as, okoqri kaq ol9ro 6 ni iridiid kag (man oTie rich lie Iwd steward one)., a richmnn
:

had a steward.
2.

When

the objective noun

an objective pronoun is
verb or a preposition as, omo,

clause,

thefarm^ a leopard
alagbe,

gave

it

ti

o koqriq

to),

I gave

separated from the governing word by a relative

supplied after the governing word, whether it be a
is

ti

catight hmi)^
li

ode

it to

ni,

mo

person who
;

fi i

fu

mu u
tlie

(the cMld^ wlio

child

{tlie beggar., lolio lie

who sang

who went
sa/ng at

lie

tvent

to tlie

tlie

door

to-

farm,

it4s,

at the door.

frequently occurs before verbs

the subject of a relative clause as, enia
:

it,

ti o de (tlie
ti, tolio, which, is
he came), tlie person who came; eqyiq ti o m5, ye who hnow.
2. After ni or
for the relative
li, this one, tlmt one, when employed as a substitute
as, enia li o sin a, a people who err.
1.

ti

a leopard caught

the beggar

96. Pleonastic 6 or 6, he, she,

When

o 16h oko, ekuq

INFLEXION AND OONSTEUCTION OF WORDS.

23

After ni or li, when this word is used pleonastically in the sense of to he ; as,
o se e (thou it-is that did it)^ tJwu didst it ; iya li o kp6 o, inother called tliee.
97.
pleonastic pronoun of the third person singular follows verbs of saying,
writing, tfec, in connexion with kpe, tlmt, to wit ; as, 6 t6nunio 8 kpe 6q ko ^e G
tlmt he not did it'), lie affinned tliat he did Twt do it / mo kowe r^ kpe
(]i6 affirmed it
3.

iwo

li

mbo

emi

{Ihmlt-hook of-it that

I was-coming), I to rote that Itvas coming.

98. Yi, he, she, it, is frequently employed pleonastically before verbs in the
future tense as, oba yi o kpa S, tlie hing lie will kill him.
;

OMISSION OF PRONOUNS.

99. The personal pronoun 6 or

or ki, not- as, ko ri, he does not see j

6, he, she, it, is

always omitted before k6, k6,

ko m5, lie does not hioiv ; ki ise enia rere (iwt

not a good man. But the full form 6q or oq, he, is not

is person goodness), he is
omitted and hence, instead of the above expressions, we may use their precise
6q ki ise enia
equivalents, or) ko ri, he does not see ; 6q k6 m6, he does not know
;

rere, he is not

a good man,

100. Possessives are sometimes omitted for the sake of brevity

odi;u, go wash (your) face; iya de, (my) mother has come.

as,

16h bo

Demonstrative Pronouns.

The demonstrative pronouns

101.

with their plurals woqyi,

and

'

are yi, this ; nd, that; m,this one, that one;

these, woni, tlwse, formed by prefixing awoi), they, to 'yi'

ni.'

The demonstratives

are placed immediately after the nouns which they

ile
Iwuse
woni, those Jiouses. When the noun is followed
;
;
the
demonstrative
is placed after both; as, enia rere nd
by a descriptive word,
(^person of goodness that), tliat good person.
103. Both 'yi' and 'nd' may be attached to plural nouns; as, awoq enia yi,

102.

as, ile yi, this

define

tliese people ;

gbogbo

ile nd, all those

The pronoun

houses.

appears to be, as regards its origin, the near demonpresent, however, this word and its corresponding substantive
'
eni have the following uses and acceptations.
1. It is employed as an indefinite pronoun, which may be variously rendered
or a person), speak to
according to circumstances as, wi fu ni or eni (speak to one
104.

'

ni

'

At

strative this.
'

me

or us ; bd ni

who

is

coming ;

sise,

help one, or ns, to

emi k6

ri

eni

work ;

eni

ti

mb6

kaq (I not see some one),

(one wlio is coming), he

I see no one.

frequently employed as a definite article ( 108).

3. It is combined with other pronouns in composition
as, eyini (eyi ni), tliat ;
awoni (awoq ni), those; tani? (ta? ni), who? kini? (ki? ni), what?
are employed substantively, they are aug 105. When the demonstratives
mented by the addition of the usual preformatives as, eyi, alayi, eleyi, this ;
oqnd, tlmt; of which the plurals are awoqyi, iwoqyi, nwoqyi, tliese; awoni, awoqnd,
Sometimes eyi reduplicates the second syllable as, eyiyi, this ; and fretlwse.
'

2.

Ni'

is

'

'

quently

is

compounded with

meaning

eyini,
1.

it

The

ni,

forming the compound substantive pronoun

that.

substantive demonstratives are construed like nouns

as,

eyi

li

o se e

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

24

person did it / ognd 11 o wi i (that

iwogyi mo, tliese hwio.
and
'awoqnd' are emphatic; as, awoqnd ni mo
'Oqnd'

{this itris

lie

person said
2.

I saw

did

this

it),

said

it-is lie

it),

that

'

it

ri (tliose it-is

I saw),

tlmse very persons, or themselves.

DEFINITE ARTICLE.

The demonstratives nd and

106.

ni, tJmt,

and the substantive pronoun

frequently have the force of the definite article.

107. Nd is always equivalent to the English demonstrative

some
inrni

cases

who

may' be rendered by the

it

ca/rtie

article the ; as,

eyi, this,

although in
o de lana, tJie

that,

okoqri nd

ti

yesterday.

108. Ni is scarcely used as a demonstrative, and is more nearly equivalent to

the article as, d ri odo nld ni, we saxo tlie great river ; oba ni li o wi i (hing tJie itis that said it), the hing said it.
In the use of ni we observe two peculiarities.
;

1.

It is

gularity

employed
as,

omode

in connexion with kar), one, which

kaq ni li o se e, the child did it.

is

used to indicate

sin-

It frequently qualifies a phrase or sentence; as, ile

qdzo ni, tliere is a Iwuse an

16h
o
nd
ko
huwa
two
oguq
ni,
re,
fire; baloguq med^i,
generals, xolw we)it to tliat
war, did not hehave well. In these and all similar examples 'ni' may be rendered
2.

ti

by

it is.

as a definite article, before the noun, in

speaking
of one among a plurality of things previously mentioned. Thus in Luke 15. 12,
'
after mentioning the two sons, we have the phrase eyi aburo,' the yownger.

109. Eyi,

this, is

employed

The Relative Protunm.

is

110. The relative ti, w/w or which, is applied to both persons and things, and
not varied to indicate gender, number, or case. Hence, as is the case, for instance,

with the uninflected Hebrew relative, a pereonal pronoun is often employed in

connexion with it to indicate the number and person which the relative would have
if inflected.

111. 1. a. When employed as the subject of a relative clause, or in what may

be called the nominative case, ti is usually followed by o or o, Jie, site' it, which is
used in a general way for all numbers and persons as, awa ti o ri, we who see ;
iwo ti o ko, thou who learnest.
h. When the verb of the relative clause
begins with 'm,' 'n,' or 'ij,' either as an
auxiliary particle or as a component part of the verb, the o or o is usually
omitted as, iwo ti qsoro, thou who art speahing / awa ti mbe, we wlio are.
;

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Frequently, however, instead of o or o,' a pronoun is used, agreeing in

person and number with the antecedent as, enia ti awoq ^e G (person who tliey did
who ITcnow), I who Icnow.
it), tlie people wlio did it; emi ti mo m6 (
3. It
being regarded as sufiicient if the plurality of the antecedent is once
2.

Thus the senexpressed, the same thing may be said in several difterent ways.
he
slew
his
in
either
sons
tvJio
be
Yoruba
tence,
rebelled, may
by, 6 kpa
expressed
awoq omo rh ti o sote (lit. ?ie slew tJtem son of him wTio lie rebelled) or by, 6 kpa
;

omo
omo

r^
re

awoq ti o sote ( he sleio son of him they wlio lie rebelled)

ti nwoq soto
{he sleio son of Jtim who they rebelled).

or else by, 6

kpa

IKFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

25

112. 1. In what may be called the objective case, 'ti' is not followed by 'o'
or any other pleonastic pronoun as, ile ti oba ko, tlw Jiouse wliicli the hing huilt.
2. The relative cannot be governed directly by a preposition, but only through
;

hence when the preposition has no other word for its object,
eni, one^ is introduced before the relative
as, si eni ti {to one who)^
fu eni ti {for ofie who)^ for whom,

a noun or pronoun

the pronoun
to

whom J
113.

The

possessive case

is
expressed:
a
By employing personal pronoun, which must follow the name of the thing
possessed ; as, okoqri ti il6 r^ d^o {man v)ho Iwii-se of him burned)^ the man whose
hmise was burned.

1.

employing the pronoun eni, one^ before ti as, bata eni ti emi ko t6 gbe
{shoes of one which I not am-s^(fficientto-bear')^ whose shoes I am not worthy to hear.
Eni is sometimes introduced to make a phrase definite; as, gbogbo qyiq eni ti

By

2.

rjgbo {all you one who are-hearing)., all you wlw hear.
114. When its antecedent is a noun signifying time or place, 'ti'
rendered by wlien or wliere; as, igba ti mo de, tlie time when
came ; ibi

the place

where he

115. The compound relative wMt is expressed:

'
By a noun and ti,' which; as, emi k6 fe qkaq
thing which)

By
By

2.

3.

116.
of

ti

as,

eyi
bi

ti,

lie

this
ti,

ti

6 w^,

is.

1.
(lit.

may be

6e,

I do

not

lilce

what

did.

awa k5 m^ eyi ti 6 ri, we do not Tcnow wliat he saw.

which; as, mo gb6 bi o ti wi, I heard what thmi saidst.

which ;

a^

ti

We

as,

occasionally meet with ni or li, that., employed as a relative instead

enia li o sina li eyi, this is a people that err.
OMISSION OF THE RELATIVE.

117. The relative is omitted in the following cases:

1. Before an adverb
composed of a preposition, a noun, and the relative
li awoq
eqyiq
nigbati eqyiq gbo {ye are they in-time^hicliye hear)., ye are they

when ye

as,

who

hear.

Before mdh, not; as, alagbara mdh m5 6ro

{strong-man not Mows consideration), a strong tnan who does not consider; abani^e mdh ba ni 6e m6 {helper not
with one acts more)., a helper who helps no more.
2.

3.

Sometimes, instead of making use of a relative clause in dependence on the

main proposition, two separate propositions are

employed as, am^raq
l&d^a or^q {wise-man hnows
proverbs., he recoTiciles difficulties)., a wise
hnows proverbs reconciles difficidties.
;

Interrogative

and

mh owe, i
man who

Indefinite Pronouns.

118. Ta? who? is generally, if not invariably, compounded with ni or li, iJ/iai!.
is
employed as follows
1. As an
interrogative pronoun; as, tani? who'i tani ni? who is it? iwo tani?
{tlm.0 who), who art tluruf tani se e? who did it? or, tali o 6e e? {who he did it),
who did it ? 6 lu tani ? lie struck whom ? tani 6 wi fu ? whom did he speak to ? or
6 wi fu tani ? he spoke to wJiom ?
4
It

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

26
2.

As an

In the

indefinite

as,

emi

as,

m6

dialect, before the auxiliary particle

i)kp6 mi ? who is calling me ?

Egba

employed

pronoun

tani 6 lu,
'i),'

'ta'

is

ITcnow

wlwm

Tie

struck.

sometimes omitted, and

'li'

only

is

li

Tani is equivalent to a possessive in various constructions

After the name of the thing possessed as, ile tani r)di;o ? (Jiouse of whom
is-hurning f ) wlwse house is burning f At the option of the speaker, ti, of, may be
inserted before tani as, ile ti tani gd^o ?
h. The same thing may be expressed by tani ? xvlio f and ni, to Imve or own^ with
3.

a.

name

of the thing possessed; as, tani ni ile ti qd^o? {who

house which is-bu7'ning^^ whose hcmse is-hurning ?
119. The relative 'ti' is employed as an interrogative in the sense oiwliat?
ti,

ivhich^ following the

ti se?
{IsJutU what do)^ what shall I do? egyiq
what
do
will ye Tcnow ?
luno
(ye
tchhnow)^
in which case bi
2. Very often bi, as^ is employed as a complement to ti
precedes the subject of the verb; as, bi emi ti qse? {as I what am-doing^, wluxt
am I doing ? bi iwo ti se vah ? {as thou what dost to-hiow^^ lunv dost thou hnow f
120. The particle or pronoun e,' which the natives regard as a contraction of
eyi, thi^^ is used for what in the expression, e se ? {what is it), what is the matter?
why ? or, e ti se, which has the same meaning.
121. Ki? tvhat? which? is also combined with ni or li, tliat^ and is used /is

1.

ti

Ti alone

se

md

is

used;

as,

emi 6

xvill

'

'

'

'

'

follows
1.

As an

ivhat is
tJu)u
2.

lie

interrogative pronoun; as, kini? or kini ni? what is it? kill 6 qse?
doing ? nitori kini iwo qkigbe ? {for what thmi, art-lawlin^)^ xvhy art

bawling?
It is also

lati kini

6 de?

employed

{from

tvhat

it

came)^froni tohat did

an indefinite pronoun;

as

as,

emi

mo

it

kill

arise?
6

6e,

ITcnow

xolmt he did.
3.

"When

oi whatever

between the parts of a reduplicated noun

inserted

'

ki

'

has the force

or ilekile,

ki

ile,
any house whatever (,56, 1, a).
122.
1. Wo? xohich? what? is an
adjective pronoun, attached interrogatively

to nouns as, ile wo li 6 ri ? {house lohicli is-it he bought)^ xohich house did he biiy ?
^nia wo li o fe ota r^ ? {person what is-it he loves enemy his), what nutn loves his

as, ile

en&tny ?

Ewo ?

formed by prefixing e to wo,' is a substantive pronoun as, ewo

ti o dara ? (which that it
is-good), which, or which one, is good ? emi 6 mb ewo I do
nx)t hnow which !
b. Ewo is
employed as an indefinite pronoun as, b^re ewo li 6 fe {ash which itris
he wants), inquire which he wants.
2. a.

'

'

'

'

'

In the Egba dialect si and yisi are sometimes employed as substitutes

id^9 si 6 de ? on what day did he come ? yisi 6 gba ? which did he take ?
'

'

for

'

wo' and 'ewo

'
;

as, ni

INFLEXION AND CONSTKUCTION OF WORDS.

27

VERBS.
Principles of Conjugation.

123. Througli

Yoruba verbal

all

the variations of person, number, mode, and

tense,

the

root remains unchanged.

124. Person and number are denoted

that represents the subject, as follows

by the form of the personal pronoun

emi ri, I see or saw.

iwo ri, thou seest or sawest.
6q
125.
the verb.

awa

ri,

egyiq

we

ri,

sees or saw.

see or saw.

ye see or saw.
they see or saw.

nwoq ri,
The modes and tenses are indicated by auxihary particles placed before
The whole difficulty of the Yoruba verb lies in the position and meaning
ri, lie

of these particles and thus the intricacies usually found in the inflexions of the verb
ai-e here transferred* as it
were, to the department of syntax.
;

126. There is but one conjugation, and no irregular verbs, in Yoruba; all verbs
will here give a synoptical view of the
being varied in the same manner.
various forms of the verb.

We

INDICATIVE FORMS.
Simple.

AoRIST.

I Per/,
\

Past.

FuTUKE.

Impf.

j Perf.
\

Impf.

First,

\ Sec.

emi ri, I see or saw.

emi qri, I am or was seeing.
emi ti ri, I have or liad seen.
emi ti qri or qti qri, I have or had been
emi b ri or k ri, I shall or will see.
emi 6 ti ri,* I shall or loill ha/ve seen.
with ni or

pf.,f

j
\

\
(

li

seeing.

o.

emi ni ri, I see or saw.

emi li o ri, I saw or see.
emi ni qri, I am or was seeing.
emi li o ti ri, I have seen.
.

emi ni yi o
emi ni yi 6

I shall ov will see.

ri, )

ti ri,

I sliall or will have seen.

OPTATIVE OR POTENTIAL FORMS.

emi ma ri, I may or would see., or am seeing.

emi ma ti ri, I might or woidd have seen.
Future, emi 6 ma ri, I may see or shall be seeing.
AoRisT.

Past.

This form

is

scarcely recognised

by the Natives.

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

28

SUBJUNCTIVE FOBMS.
Simple.

I
I

bi emi ba

see or saw.
ri, if
hi
emi
am ov was seeinff.
\ I/npf.
Tiha. ri, if
I^eif. bi emi ba ti ri, if Iliave or Jtad seen.

J I*e)'f.

Impf. bi emi qba

5 First, bi
bi
\ See.

Tfi

emi 6 ba
emi 6 ba

I have or Tiad been seeiiuj.

I
slidll or will see.
if
if I shall have seen.

ti ri,
ri,

if

ti ri,

with

ki g ri or ki em'

Present,
FuTUKE.

ki emi ki 6

ri,

ri,

that

tJmt

ki.

I see.

I shall or will see.

AiKdliary Particles.

12*r. Before exhibiting in detail the forms of expression in Yoruba wkich

correspond to our ideas of mode and tense, we will first examine into tlie nature
and uses of each of the particles by the help of which these various accidents are
denoted.
INDICATIVE PARTICLES.
Particle of Continuance.

I)

or

m.

exchanged for 'm' before 'b' or 'f,'is

probably a contraction of ni, to he. We have analogous formations in several
words as, nM, to he great, which is composed of ni, to Imve, and ild, greatness ; mbh
(colloquial), there, from ni, in, and ibe, that place.
2. When
g is attached to a verb, it may be prefixed to the accompanying
also
as, emi qsi r)s5ro, and I was speaking.
particles
129.
1. The use of 'q' or 'm' in

conjugation is to denote a continuing or

unfinished action, or one which was unfinished at the time referred to as, omo
128.

1.

The

particle 'q,' sometimes

'

'

qsuq, the child is

slewing or is asleep ; nigbati

awa mb6

lana,

when we were coming

yesterday.

not customary to prefix g ' to verbs in the future tense, no

reason is apparent why this should not be done as, yi 6 qsi^e, he will be wo^'Mng.
3. This
prefix is very appropriately employed in making general propositions,
2.

Although

'

it is

that

is,

in asserting that

worship
spoils

tlie

palm-t/ree

which always holds good as, keferi r)bo 8kpe, the heathens
ti qke omo ni qba omo dze, he toho indulges a child
;

eni

child.

Past

Particle.

ti.

130. This particle denotes that an action

is,

was, or will be finished at or before

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WOEDS.

some point of time expressed or implied

as follows

To

1.

It is variously

employed

express anything that

iIlia/6 done
lie

in the sentence.

^.

is

past at the time of speaking ; as, mo* ti ^e e lana

6 ti kxi, lie is dead; 6 qti ijb^ lana,

I did it yesterday ;

it

yesterday),
tvas coining yesterday ; aragb^ni ti qsina, the ancients erred.
2. To express what is past in relation to some point of past time

as,

ki 6 t6 de, Iliad gone, before he arrived (ki

t6, before).
3. To express what will be past before some future point of time;
shall Imve gone, before he arrives.
loh, ki 6 t6 d6,
.

mo

ti

16h,

as,

emi 6

ti

It is

4.

employed

indefinitely like the English auxiliary liave ; as,

mo

ti ri i

nigbakugba, / have seen him often.

131. 1. The origin of the particle 'ti' is doubtful. It is not improbably,
however, a modification of t6, to he sufficient, to attami to, which is sometimes
employed as a sort of auxiliary particle as, bi omo dagba k t6 li ogboq {if child
;

is-grown, it^ill attain to-lmve wisdom), when the child is grown, it will get wisdom /
nigband ni nwoq t6 sina (tlie/i it-is they attained-to erring), then they erred.
2. The use of ti as a pleonastic particle seems to favor the suspicion that its
'

'

'

original is t6.'
a. It is sometimes

after prepositions expressing instrumentality ; as in the general proposition, nikpa i^e ow6 ti wdh, by labor inoney
comes, lit. attai/)is to, or reaches the point of, comimg.
'

h.

16h

Again,

'

ti

is

employed pleonastically

often thus

employed

(not arrime-at going), do not go yet

to bearing fruit), it camiot bear fruit.
!

The

after

mdh,

6g ko

'

'

auxiliary particle ti coincides with

other particle ti in the language.
3.

'

ki, ko,

or k5, not ;

mdh

as,

ti

le ti so eso (it not is-alle to-attainr

'

t6

'

in accent,

but not with any

'

Future

Particles.

or 6.

132. This particle is the sign of the future tense, and is generally equivalent to
The difference between 6 and o is simply euphonic, 6 ' being
sludl or tvill.
employed before close, and '6' before open vowels ( 14).
133. It is probable that 6 or 6 was originally the personal pronoun 6 or 6,
'

'

'

lie,

see,

she,

it.

'

'

'

'

'

If so, the expression emi 6

or that is to

'

ri,

/ shall

see,

means

literally,

I oxn

he

to-

see.

134. The particle 6 or 6 is frequently preceded in all persons and numbers

by the pleonastic pronoun yi, he, she, it / as, iwo yi 6 6e e, thou wilt do it / awa yi
6 ri, tve shall see ; 5ro ti yi o ^e (word tvhich it will come-to-pass), a v)ord which
'

'

will be fulfilled. (Luke,

is

135. This particle

used as follows

1.

'

'

20.)

may be regarded

as

an emphatic substitute for 6 or

6.

It

* The
secondary forms of the pronouns,

mary

forms.

as,

mo

or

mo,

/, arc

more frequently used than the longer

pri-

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

30

To give emphasis to an assertion, it being used in connexion with a nomibefore

shall see ; emi k
native,
any vowel whether close or open as, emi k ri,
1.

a.

m5,
h.

/ sludl Tcnow.
Or without

a nominative,

either singular or plural

will Mil me.

as,

when the
a

ri

subject of the verb is of the third person,

tliey will see me / k kpa mi, he or tliey

mi, he or

Before a verb used subjunctively, after ki, that^ without a nominative, and
frequently with a preceding clause understood as in the evening salutation, ki k
sdq r^ may you sleq) well ! lit. I wish that you tvill sleep well. Servants frequently ask such questions as, ki k k>Q eyi? shall I do this? lit. do you wish that
I shall do this?
But the clause preceding 'ki' is often expressed; as, 6 ni, ki k
2.

loh, he said^

let

us

lit.

ffo,

he said that

we

tvill go.

Emphatic

ni

136.

The demonstrative

'ni

'

or

'li,'

or

Particle.

li.

which assumes the nature of a substantive

verb (see 181), is sometimes employed in the latter sense along Avith verbs for
the sake of emphasis as, babd ni ijvi, father is or was seeing babd li o vi^ father
;

saw

,'

or sees.

OPTATIVJi PARTICLE.

ma.
ISY. This particle is used as follows
In affirmative propositions with a nominative of the first or third person, and
in interrogative sentences with a nominative of the second pei-son, it expresses will
or desire ; as, emi ma 16h, J desire to go ; nwoq 6 ma 16h, they will go., or will desire
:

1.

go ; eqyii) ma loh ? do ye wish to go ?

2. In affirmative propositions, with a nominative of the second person, it
as, ma 16h, or iwo ma 16h, tlwu mayst go / 6 ma gbe e, ye
expresses permission
to

mmj

take

it.

This form of expression is much employed instead of the imperative, as being more courteous
mayest get out of my way ; 6 ma yara, ye may make haste.

as,

ma

kuro, tlion

In connexion with words denoting the continuance or repetition of an action,

expresses what is customary or habitiuil ; as, d ma 16h nigbakiigba, xoe go often6q ma nd mi lodi;6di;um6, he flogs me daily ; iwo ma s5ro kpod:iu, thou taUcest too
mwbch ; 6 ma seuq
(he is always Mnd\ lie is very hind! 6 ma kpe! (^ye always
3.

it

stay)^ Iww long ye stayed!

138. "When the particle

'ti' is

employed, 'ma' precedes

it;

as,

iwo

ma

ti

^e

buburu, thou hast done evil (habitually). But when le, to lie able., can^ or may., is
employed with the verb, it may either precede or follow ma
as, ki d 1^ ma m6,
th/it we may hnow
In these
ma
1^ di;oba, perluxps 1i may or can reign.
/ boya yi 6
cases also ma denotes the continuance of the action.
'

'

'

'

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OP WORDS.

31

SUBJITNOTITE PARTICLES.
ba.

The verb 'ba'

139.

signifies to

arrive

at,

attain

to,

meet, find,

&c.

It is

an auxiliary particle, chiefly in what may be termed the subjunctive

employed
mode, with something of the sense of o^eacMng, arriving at, or attaining to, the
action expressed by the verb before which it is placed as, bi iwo ba ri i, kpa S,
if
them seest it. Mil it, lit. if thou attaim, to seeing it or chance to see it.
140. It is also employed as an emphatic or definite particle in the indicative
as

mo ba ko ni, o w6 (Jiouse which I huilt Oris, it fell dotoii), the house

has fallen down ; 6hur) ti Olorui) ba ti wen5, mdh fi kpi^ li aim6
(thing which God has cleansed not mahe to-call t&ie uncleanness), the thing which
God has cleoMsed call Twt unclean.

mode

as, ile ti

which

huilt

141. It is customary also to use

de, wlien I arrive.

'

ba

'

aba and

after nigbati,

when ;

as,

nigbati

mo ba

iba.

142. These particles, which appear to be derivatives of 'ba,' imply duty or

obligation as, emi aba ^e e, or iba se e,
ought to do it; eqyiq ki iba ti 16h, ye
shoidd not go or have gone. (For the use of ti after ki, not, see 131, 2, 6.)

143. In subjunctive sentences 'iba' is equivalent to if; as, iba se woli, i ba

mb, if he wei'e a prophet, he tvould hnow / iba ^e mo ni iye {if it-were I had
wings'), if I had wings ; a form of expression employed for oh! that I had, c&c.
ki.

144. Another subjunctive form arises from the use of the conjunction ki, that :
1. If the nominative to the verb is i), I, or a
monosyllabic pronoun (except
'

'

only one ki
ki n ri,
,
)

'

1 A

2.
it is

as,

that

ki emi n, jr
ki o ri, tliat tliou

see.

see.

ki 6

ri,

ki d

ri,

that

ri,

that ye see.

ki 6

used

is

6i) '),

that he see.

we

see.

If the nominative begins with a consonant or consists of

usually followed by a second

ki iwo ki 6 ri, tlmt thou see.
ki

awa

ki 6

ri,

'ki,'

two or more

with the pronoun 6 or

6,

syllables,

he, she, or it;

as,

tlmt toe see.

ki nwoi) ki 6 ri, tluit they see.

ki babd ki 6 ri, that father see.
3.

The pronoun

6r), lie, she, it, is

used with one

ki 6q ki 6 ri, tlmt he s^e.

145. These forms are

ki' or

employed as follows
ki q ri, ki emi ri, or ki emi ki 6

1.

Subjunctively ; as,
according to the context,
2.

'

Imperatively;

a.s.

with two

as,

ki 6q

ri,

or

tliat

I see,

that

I shall see,

that

ri,

which may be rendered,

I may

see.

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

32
ki q

ri,

ki emi

J
>

ri,

ki emi ki 6
ki o

see.

ri, J
\

ri,

ki 6q

ri,

>let

ki

ki 6

6r)

me

ri, ;

ri,

ki iwo ki

ki 6

let

When

ri,

him

see.

the verb with 'ki'

preceded by an objective, it may often be

rendered by an infinitive as, mo kpe o ki o se e, Z called tliee that thou do it or to
do it mo kpfe nyiq ki 6 wo 8, J called yo^i to look at it / 6 bebe wa
d wi, A^
6
ki
us
to
tell
bebe
wa
d
mdh
wi, he hegged tis not to tell.
hegged
;
h. In this construction an objective of the third
person plural is sometimes followed by ki 6, that lie ; as, d kpe wog ki 6 ^e e, we called tliem to do it.
3. a.

is

OCCASIONAL PEEPIX.
i.

146.
i,

not)

is

The inseparable prefix 'i' (which is not to be confounded with

attached to verbs for the following purposes

i,

and

he,

To denote what

permanently true or customary as, li okpolokpo okan li

enu iso, in the ahmida/me of the heart the mouth speaketli.
2. It is frequently emphatic after ko, not
; as, nwoq k6 ide, tliey have not come.
It would seem that, since ko is immutably unaccented, the i is introduced to
supply the place of an emphatic accent on the negative.
3. It appears to be sometimes merely euphonic.
a. After 'ki' employed instead of ko, not
as, ki i^e awodi, it is Tiot a hatok;
emi ki iloh ibe, I never go there.
When the 'o which usually follows the relative 'ti' ( 96, 1) is omitted; as,
1.

is

'

'

'

'

'

1).

eni

ti iloh, lie

wlw

went.

Farms for
147. In Yoruba, as in

many

the Passive Voice.

other African languages, there

properly

is,

Various forms of speech, however, supply its place.

speaking, no passive voice.
148.
1. The most

frequent form is the plural impersonal, employing the contracted nominative d, they ; as, d ri mi, tliey see me, for I am seen / d ti ri mi, tJiey
Imve seen me, for Ilmve been seen ; d 6 ri mi, tliey will see me, for I shall be seen.
Frequently, retaining this construction, the noun or pronoun denoting the
object is placed first thus, emi li d ri {I it-is they see), I am seen.
2.

149. Although the above substitute for the passive is applicable in all cases,
there are several other forms which may be used occasionally with good effect
1. All the
mo, to
d^e," to spoil, kpa
compound active transitive verbs, as ba
:

of passives
I), and a few other transitive verbs, may be used instead
as, nwoq bad^e, tliey are spoiled ; awa kpamo, ^ve are hid ; 6 se li od^u mi, it tvas
done before me, lit. in my eye ; 6ke bo mole, the hills were covered over ; nikpa

conceal ( 37,

5ro Oluwa aiye

ti

dd,

hy ths v)ord of the Lord the loorld was made.

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

33

2. Occasionally an abstract noun with a substantive verb is employed instead of

a passive verb as, mo ^e igbagbe {I am a-forgetti-ng)^ I am forgotten ^ ile di dhoro,
the house is a desolation, or is desolated.
3. All nouns formed from transitive verbs by
reduplicating the first syllable have
a passive signification as, riri, which is seen ; kpikpa, which is slain ; hike, lohich
is done.
And any of these nouns may be employed before ni, to le, to form a sub;

I am seen ;

stitute for the passive of the perfect aorist tense ; as, riri li emi,
ni nwoq, they are received; kpikpa ni 'bahk, father is hilled.

gbigb^
In the past and
future tenses of the passives just mentioned, the word which represents the subject
is followed
by ^e or di;e, to do, to he, to get ; as, kpikpa ni iwo 6 ke or d:^e, you will
be hilled, or get

hilled-.

Modes and

Tenses.

The

various forms of the verb, including verbal nouns, may be arranged

viz, the Indicative, the
Optative or Potential, the Subjunctive
from
two
the
the
preceding),
Imperative, and the Infinitive.
(formed
151. The tenses may be divided into three classes or groups, the Aorist or

150.

in five modes,

and the Future. In the Indicative mode, and in the Subformed

from
it, the Aorist and the Past tenses have a perfect and an
junctive
Those of
imperfect form, while the Future exhibits a first and second future form.
Indefinite, the Past,

the Indicative, for example, are as follows

Aorist Tenses.

emi
emi
Imperfect,
Perfect,

I see or soaj).
qri, I am or was seeing.
ri,

Past
Perfect,
Iinperfect,

emi
emi

ti ri,

ti qri,

Tenses.

had seen.
I have or had been

Ilmve

or

seeing.

Future Tenses.

emi 6
emi 6

First,

Second,

ri,

/ slmll or vjill see.

I shall or tvill have seen.

ti ri,

152. The foregoing synopses and remarks present the general principles of the
Yoruba verb but the importance and intricacy of this part of speech seem to
will therefore give the
require a more detailed exhibition of particulars.
various usual and occasional forms of each tense, and describe the peculiarities of
each form.
;

We

INDICATIVE MODE.
Aorist Perfect.
ACTIVE.

A ff

ma ti ve

emi ri,
> I see or saw.
emi ni ri,
emi li o ri, j
emi iri, I see or sair roiitiniicnisly.
")

KTTMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

34

Negative.

emi 6 (or ko) ri, I do or did not

emi ki ii-i, I do not see.

see.

Interrogative.

emi
emi
emi

bi ?

li

ni ri bi
\\

bi

ri

\do or did

I see ?

? )

Negative Interrogative.
emi ko

or 6 (ri) bi?

ri

emirik6?
emi ki

,.77-

do ov did

I m)t see ?

iri bi,

do

I not see?
PASSIVK.

Affirmative.
ii

ri

mi,

emi li ii ri
emi ^e riri,

*^^

^^ ^^

^''''^

*^^'

or

;a.9

^'^

^'"'

*^'''

'^'^'^^ ^^^'^^"

^^m.

ririliemi, |

Negative.

I am or xoas not

A kd (or 6) ri mi, they do or c?2'(^ not see me

emi ko (or 6) se riri,
am or ?i;a* ?w^ ^e^..

seen.

Interrogative.
k

ri

mi

bi

emi li A ri bi ?
-am or wa^s
emi ^e riri bi ?
riri li emi bi?

I seen?

Negative Interrogative.
d ko (or 6)

ri

mi

bi

emi ko (or 6) ^e riri bi

riri ko li emi bi ?

]
?

>

am

or wa,9

/ not

seen ?

Eemarks.

On

the various forms of the aorist perfect we may observe

see or sa/w, is wholly ambiguous as regards
as, emi ri,
used
either
in
a
being
present or past sense.

153.
1.

That the simple form,

it

time,

The form with

'

'

may be used with a past signification but it naturally

the
idea
of
suggests
present time, and will probably become a definite present
2.

ni

tense.
3.

The form with

'

li

'

seems to have more of the past signification

but

it

can-

INFLEXION AND CONSTKUCTION OF WOKDS.

not be set

dowu

a definite past tense, because

as

it is still

35

frequently employed in

the present.
is

The

'

'

form emi

in the

It
iri,' denotes continuous or habitual action.
not a usual form, except in the cases already stated ( 146).
154. As to the negative and interrogative forms, observe:
1. The
Before open vowels they
particles 'k6' and '6' are exact equivalents.
4.

prefix

i,'

become k6 and
'

'

'

6.'

Ki, not^ is employed before verbs beginning in 'i,' as shown in the example.
As the prefix i denotes continuation, ki generally has the sense of never ; as,
emi ki il6h ib^, I never go tlwre. This form is to be rendered by the present tense.
2.

'

3.

and

'

The
is

'

'

'

particle bi,' or its equivalents abi, tabi,

often omitted as, emi ri ? did
see f

used only in interrogations

where
the verb is not expressed
negations
4.

K6,

not^ is

as,

merely a sign of interrogation,

emi

as,

is

ri

6g k6,

k6 ? do

it is

not see ? and in

not he.

Aorist Imperfect.
ACTIVE.

emii nri,
'.
emi1 ni qri,

'

Ij- am or was

seeinq.
^

PASSIVE.

d nri mi,
t
li a
qri,
.

emi

\ J-

-y.

dfn or

was

seen.

Remarks.

155. This tense needs but little elucidation

That the first form is employed either in a

still

we may

observe

present or past sense whereas the

second form more frequently refers to present time.
2. This tense has no
negative forms, and the interrogative forms differ from the
affirmative only in the use of 'bi' or its
equivalents ( 154, 3) immediately after
1.

the verb.
Past

Perfect.

ACTIVE.

emi wfi

I saw.

ri,
'

emi

,^
li

ti ri,

Iliofve or

Tmd

seen.

Eemarks.

156. The verb w&,

to be, is

When

restrict it to the past.

forms an indefinite past tense

used in

it is

as,

all tenses; but there is a

tendency to
used as an auxiliary particle, it invariably

emi

w^

ri,

I saw ;

nwoq w^

li

el^^e, they tvere

sinners.

157.

A perfect tense

emi gbe e de {Ihrmight

liave Jmished.

is

it

occasionally

come),

I have

formed by other particles besides ti

hrovght it ; emi ^e tdq {I did done),
;

as,

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

36
158. Li o

ti ri is

rather more definite tlian

ti ri.

The
fect,

negative, interrogative, and passive of this tense, as also of the past imperare formed in accordance with the principles laid down in treating of the

aorist tenses.

First Future.
ACTIVE.

Af f rmati ve.
i

cmi o
X)

ri,

ri,

I sliall nee.

emi a ri,
emi ni 6 ri,
emi ni yi 6

ri,

Negative.

.mikiyiori,
jmi

m ki

yi o

j ,^,ai not

see.

ri,

Interrogative.

emi
emi
emi
emi

ri

bi

ri

bi

?
?

ni yi 6

bi

ri

I see?

-shall

ni 6 ri bi

Negative Interrogative.
emi ki yi o ri bi
emi 111 ki yi o n

}-,-,-. ^

see ?
.

bi

PASSIVE.

Af f irma t
a 6

ri

emi

li

mi,
ii

I shall he

ve.

seen.

ri,

Negative.
d ki yi 6

i-i

mi,

I shall not

he seen.

Interrogative.
d 6

ri
.

emi

i
11

mi
,

bi

a o

)
.

ri bi

o
?

t /

77

shall

lie

seen f

Negative Interrogative.
A ki yi 6

ri

mi

bi

shall

I not he seeti ?

Remarks.

159. It

is

to

be observed here:

INFLEXION AND CONSTEUCTION OF WORDS.

1.

That the forms 'emi 6

and

ri'

'i)

ri'

87

have the same force

and that the

three other forms of the active afiirmative are emphatic.

and that yi, Tie,
2. That ki, not^ is the only negative employed in the future
to
is
This
follows it.
distinguish the future
designed, partly
;

always
arrangement
from other similar combinations of words, and partly to avoid uneuphonious
Thus, if k6, not, were employed, k6 6, pronounced as two syllables,
expressions.
would be disagreeable to the ear and if pronounced as one, it would be confounded
with ki 6, tJiat he.
3. Here, as elsewhere, the affirmative active exhibits a greater number of forms
;

than the negative, &c.

OPTATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE MODES.

160. As these modes are but variations of the Indicative, it is thought that
what has been said of them, together with the detailed treatment of the Indicative,
will suffice to explain their construction.

IMPEEATIVE MODE.
161.

The

following are the forms of the Imperative

mode

Imperative Active.

Affirmative.

r*^^> or see thov.

ki o n, or ki iwo ki o ri,
ki o ma ri, or ki iwo ki 6

ma

ri,

Negative.

mdh
mdh
1

ki o

ki o

ri,

w iwo mdh

6e

ri,'

,,
man
mdh

or iwo
,.

ri,

mdh
.

"]

se
A

or ki iwo ki

6e

ri,

^7

ysee not, ov see thou not.

,,
mah
ri,
iwo ki 6 mdh ^e
1

ri,

or ki

ri,
,

ri,

Passive.

Affirmative.
ki

ji

ki k

ri o,

ma

or iwo ui ki A

ri o,

ri,

or iwo ni ki k

)^

ma

Negative

mah no,
^
kiAmdh^erio, \iethon

ki a

be thou seen.

not seen.

Remarks.

162. Here, as elsewhere in the conjugation of the verb, the multiplicity of

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

38

forms arises from two causes fii'st, from the use of synonymous words, as o and
iwo and, secondly, from redundant words, as ki o and 6e.'
163. On the use of the above forms observe
1. That 'ma' denotes continuance ( 137, 3).
2. 'Ki' denotes that, and ki 6, that he ( 144,
so that the forms with 'ki'
2)
are analogous to the French construction, qioHl voie, qxOil iie voie pas.
'

'

'

'

'

'

';

'

3.

Mdh means

and

'

Twt^

is

employed instead of ko
'

'

in the Imperative

and

in

some other connexions.

The verb

4.

mdh

6e, to cfo, is

frequently employed pleonastically after mdh, not

^e 16h, do not go^ instead of

mdh

as,

loh.

INFINITIVE MODE.

164. The Infinitive Active is regularly and usually expressed by the simple
verb or root as, emi fe ri, / desire to see ; 6 qgbero loh, he is thinhing to go i 6
dSgmo woq 6e e, it pleased th&m to do it. Frequently, however, a substitute for
the infinitive is formed by the verbal nouns treated of in the following sections.
;

Verbal Nouns.

165. The following are the forms of the verbal nouns which correspond to our
infinitives and gerunds or participles.
see / a seeing.
ari, to he seen ; tlmt

iri, to

or

atiri, to see

which

is seen.

a seeing.
a seeing.

seen ;

to he

see or to he seen /
atima ri, to he seeing ; a continued seeing.
The form in ' i is employed as a gerund
166.

riri, to

'

In the nominative

1.

as, isode

k6 ye

fu oloko, hunting is not suitable for

farmer.
2. In the objective
as, nwoq k6 fe isode, they are not fond of hunting^ or they
do not love to hu/nt.
16V. The form with ati prefixed is employed as a gerund or infinitive
;

'

'

In the nominative as, atigbo ko ito, to hear or hearing is not enough.

2. In the objective, in which case it is frequently equivalent to a simple infinitive
as, 6 k6rira atisise, he liatedtoorlcing or toworh ; d ma d:;e atiye, toe eat to live.
The preposition li, in^ in regard to., is frequently inserted between the
168.

or
infinitive in ati and the verb on which it depends
as, 6 ko li ati^i^e,
gerund
he refused to wor\ instead of 6 k5 atisise. The insertion or omission of 'li' is not
1.

'

'

always optional

When

the governing verb is composed of a verb and noun, as beru (ba eru),
he afraid^ li is omitted, because the gerund in
ati
sustains the relation of
1.

to

'

'

'

a genitive to the noun contained in the verb

of doing it)., he was afraid to do it ; 6 mura
sleep or sleeping').^

lie

prepared

Orroad of-entering or .to-enter

to sleep /

tlie-lioiise)^

as,

'

6 beru atise e

{lie

tnet-thefear

(mu ara) atisiig (Jie tooh-himself tonwoq wona (wd 6na) atiw6 ile {fliey soughtthey endeavored to enter the house.

INFLEXION AND CONSTRTTCTION OF "WOEDS.

2.
as,

A simple verb,

6 sd

s& atise

li

on the contrary,

may govern

ati^e e (he fem^ediTirrega/rdrto

doing

39

by means of

the infinitive

do

to
it), Tie feared

'

'

li

instead of 6

it,

e.

It should

be observed

'

'

in such cases is not indisthe

it.
Hence
we
pensable, yet
people generally prefer
constantly hear such
expressions as, nwoq rd li atikpa S, they thought to hill him ; awa kpfed^o li
atikole, we assembled to huild a house.
h. In
many cases the form with li ati,' and the simple form of the verb, may be
employed indifferently and interchangeably but when the infinitive is gerundive
in its nature, the form with li ati is
Thus it is perfectly correct to say,
preferable.
a.

although the use of

that,

li

'

'

awa kp^dio kole

'

a house; but it would

not be proper to say, nwoq r6 kpa fi (instead of li atikpa), they thought to hill him,
because the precise meaning of the expression is, tJiey thought of hillvng him.
169. Nouns formed by reduplication have much the same sense when employed
(instead of

'

'

li

atikole), toe assembled to build

actively as those in i and ati.'

Thus, igb6 ko ito, atigb6 k6 it6, gbigb6 k6
is
not
are
it6, hearing
enotigh,
equivalent and equally proper forms of expression.
In
lYO.
the form atima ri, to be seeing, the auxiliary particle takes the for
mative prefix like a principal verb.
gerund or infinitive of this form denotes
'

continued or customary action as, atima ^e eru ni ii^oro, to be a slave is

hard; emi
I)r6n6 li atima gb6 6ro Olorui), lam thinking to hear the woi'dof God, i. e. to become
a hearer, or to make a (mstom
of hearing.
171. The infinitive passive is expressed;
1.
By the form in 'a'-; as, 6hug ari, a thing to be seen; nwoq ^e agbarar^ akparuq {they made power his Ordestruction*), they caused his pcnoer to be destroyed.
2.
By nouns in ati preceded by li ; as, 6 kp6 woq di;ade li atikpa, he called
them out to be hilled, or to hill them.
;

'

'

'

'

By reduplicated forms preceded by di, ni or

mu woq di kpikpa, he caused them to be slain ; 6

3. a.

li,

as,

them wp

(fi

. .

le) to be

sold ; 6 fu

woq

li

or

fi

^e, in

woq

eraq ni diid^e (he

he game tJiem meat to eat.

b. But the verb
di, ni, or ^e is sometimes omitted
a.s,
is difficult to
or
he
mo
r^
speak
spoken, ;
dgutaq kpikpa,

the sense of

he delivered

le ^e tit^,

gave

to be ;

tliem to

have meat

to he eaten),

Yoruba 6oro

I bought

Yoi"id)a

fif5,

sheep

to hill

or be

hilled.

Participles.

172. The Yoruba language has no participial words except the verbal nouns just
The substitutes to be employed for participles depend on the nature of
the sentence.
noticed.

173.
1.

2.

By
By

Our Present Participle is represented,

a simple verb as, 6e
gbogbo re here nihinyi, do all of it beginning here.
a verb with the
prefix g
as, d ri enia qdiioko lebd 5na, we saw people
;

'

'

sitting by the road.

3.

By

nigbati, when, with a verb

and nominative

as,

nigbati 6

si

yanu

Akparui), which is destroyed, which is to be destroyed ; ari, which is seen or to he seen.

when It denotes the
object or recipient of an action, has no exact equivalent in English.
Dictionary.

r^,

noun

See

'

'

6 k6

in

'

a,'

in the

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

40

woq

(tvJien Tie also opened-moutTi Jiis^

ta/wght them.
4. By a noun beginning with 'a'

The

174.
1.

and opening

6 ^e aga aruq

as,

fi

his mxmth^ he

hs broke the chair

tdi),

it entirely.

ridning
present

he tonight them)^

Perfect Participle

is

much

represented

in the

same manner

as the

a verb with the prefix 'q

By

';

ifefe

as,

qmi

fu afefe,

a reed shaken hy

the

wind.

verb used impersonally as, igi ti & gbiq

hy river), a tree planted by the river.
3. By a verb used passively with a nominative
2.

By a

jailrhonse,
4.

By

it wa-s-s-hut), xoe

ki, that.^

found

and a verb

thing that it by thee is-done).,

as,

tlie

leti

as,

6do

(tree

which they planted

d ba ile-tubu 6 se (we

found

prison shut.

mo fe

gkaq ki 6 to wo r| ^e {I wish

ri

to see

some-

I wish to see something done by thee.

a noun, or preposition and noun as, nwoq ba S oku, they found him dead
(oku, a corpse) 6 sSkdle si ile re ni idalare, he descended to Jiis house justified, lit.
in justification.
5.

By

Substantive

Verbs.

1Y5. No language, perhaps, can claim so many verbs expressing existence,

The whole number of
either absolutely or in different relations and capacities.
these verbs to be, including those which have other meanings, is ten, to wit mb^,
:

w^, y^, gbe,

si,

ni, ri, 6e,

d^e, di.

Most of them have

peculiarities

which prevent

them from being interchangeable.

176. This verb denotes existence ahsolutely, as Olorur) mb^, God exists, or God
Mb^ is
is, an expression often employed by the Yorubas as a solemn asseveration.
used in all modes and tenses but in the imperative its place is usually supplied
by gbe or wA.
;

wk.

W^

verb absolute, but is not entirely equivalent to mb|.

occasionally employed as an auxiliary particle, and in this capacity forms
an indefinite past tense, the only one in Yoruba corresponding to the English
imperfect as, 6 wk ri, he sato.
2 In some dialects it is preferred to mb| in the preterite
as, 6 wa, he was.
177.
1.

It

is

also a

is

3.

W4

will be ; 6
4.

preferred to

wk

In the

6 vfk

as,

is

iltS,

mbe

in the future,

and

in the imperative

as,

yi 6 w^, he

ib^, be ye there.

dialect, w^ is preferred to mb^, to express existence in a place ;

he is in the house ; lit. he is house, the preposition ni, in, being omitted

Egba

after the substantive verb.

In speaking of the duration of existence, -wk (but not mb|) is employed in

the sense of to live / as, 6 w^ li ogoruq oduq, Its Uved a hundred years, lit. he was
5.

foi'

a hundred years.

INFLEXION AND CONSTKUCTION OF WORDS.

41

178. This verb, -whicli denotes existenoe in a state or condition^ is nearly obsoa dumb persmi.
as, 6 y^di, he is diimb^ lit. y^ odi, is

lete except in composition

si

179. This verb, denoting existence in a place, is chiefly used in negative sentences as, ko si owo, or ow6 k6 si, there is no money.
2. The only instance in which 'si' is used without a negative, is in the phrase
;

si

tion

qkaq (it is a thing), there is something the matter, said in reply to the quesk^ si gkaq ? (not is a thing), is not something the matter ?

180. Hi denotes a inode of existence, and

with such words as behe, so, thus ; bi, as ; bi ,
-bi 6 ti ri, how is it f
it-is it is), so it is

is
.

always employed in connexion

&c. as, behe li 6 ri (so
ti, how,
;

,'

181. The original of ri'

sense of to appear, to seem,

is

doubtful

but

ni ov

it

may be

ri,

to see,

employed

in the

li.

182. 'Ni,' whether employed as a verb, pronoun, or preposition, usually

But this change does not
li
before a vowel as, li ori, on tlie top.
the
combinations
idi, igb, ih, ik, ikp, il, and in
as, ni
generally take place before

becomes

'

'

ni igba, at the time ; ni ika, tolmve cruelty, to be cruel; ni ikpa, in

\dize, for food ;
ni in6, in tlve inside.
ni
tlifi path ;
ile, in the Iwuse ;

183,

The

substantive verb 'ni' or

'li'

appears to be the demonstrative 'ni'

manner with the personal pronouns of the third

employed
in
the
Aramaic
languages. The pronominal origin of the word is shown by
person
the fact that in many cases it is equivalent to it is / as, tani ni who is it ? ami ni,
In other cases it may be rendered
it is I; awa li o Se e, we it is that did it.
as a copula, in like

'i

simply by the verb

to be ;

art a Mng.
184. 'Ni' or 'li'

a.s,

tani ni babd, r^

toho is thy fatJier ?

is

oba li iwo, thou

frequently employed pleonastically

1. For the purpose of making a proposition emphatic or definite
as, emi ni
saw. (See 185, 1.)
see ; emi li o ri (/ am that saw),
(/ it4s see),
2. Before nouns following verbs of naming, calling, &c.
as, nwoq so oruko r^
:

ri

li

name Alaidiu (lit.

woq
ole,
Alaidi;u)
them thieves.
3. After an objective placed emphatically at the beginning of a sentence
And in like manas, malii li d kpa (cow it-is tve hiUed), ive hilled a coto.
ner after adverbs and adverbial phrases as, behe li 6 wi (so it-is lie said), he
said so.
a pei-sonal
185. When 'ni' is used pleonastically, it is frequently followed by
Alaidzu, they called his

we

to be

d kpt;

li

called

pronoun of the third person singular employed relatively

6

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

42

In the perfect aorist, 6 or 6, Ae,

(I Oris that saw), I saw eijyir)

1.

she,

ri

li

it,

or that, often follows

m5

it-is

{ye

'

ni

that Tcnetv),

'
;

as,

emi

li

But

yehnew.

when

this tense refers to present time, the relative pronoun is generally omitted ;
ri (I it-is
see ; eijyii) ni
see),
{ye it-is hiow), ye hioiv.
as, emi ni
2. In the future tense 'ni' is followed by yi, he, she, it, or that ; as, emi ni yi 6

ri

(/

that will see),

it-is

mo

I shall see ;

eqyiq ni yi 8

m6

{ye

it-is

that will

know), ye

will Tinow.

gbe.

186. Gbe,
junctive;

him

as,

to dwell, abide,

gbe

mb^

gbe {make

in the imperative

that

lie

he),

let

him

and subor

he,

let

alone.

187. This verb

yfh,

takes the place of

ib^, le there; die ki 6

is

often pleonastic after adverbs of place; as, ni

nwoq gbe kii, here they died.

6 gbe

ile ti

in the house where he was ; nihinyi

dl.

188. Di,

implied

as,

getting old ;
lie

was

to hecome, maybe rendered by the verb to he, when change of state is

iwo 6 di omo buburu, tJwu toilt he a had child ; 6 di arugb6, he is
di atoqbi, to he horn again ; 6 di eni egki) {lie hecame one of contempt),

despised.
se.

189. The verb se, to do, to act, may be rendered as a substantive verb in several cases, as follows
it has for its object a noun which denotes one who acts in some capa1.
city or fills a station ; as, nwor) se woli, they were prophets, i. e. they acted as pro;

When

phets or performed the work of prophets iwo ni q^e babd mi, thou art my father ;
eni ti ise akobi, he who is first-born ; okpo li 6q se, she is a widow ; yi 6 se krm fu
;

gyiq,
2.

it

a sign to you.
se (and sometimes die ') is used with a negative instead of
he is a hing ; ki i^e oba, he is not a Mng.

will he

The verb

oba

li

'

'

'

6q,
3. It is also frequently
^e ti r^, it shall he thine.

as,

employed to express the

relation of ownership

'

as,

ni

'

yi 6

'

190. In the imperative with the negative mdh, not, s4 is frequently used pleoIt is sometimes used in
nastically, like the English do ; as, mdh se loh, do not go.
'

the same manner in connexion with other negatives to express a refusal

se 16h, I will not go.

as,

emi d

idze.

Die appears to be another form for se

at least the use of the two verbs
is very similar.
Die is employed as follows
1. To
express being or acting in the capacity of an officer; as, o die bale {lie
acts governor), he is governor
tali o fi mi die onidadio ? who made nie to he
e. who made me a
judge f
judge?
2. Die is the
only word employed in the sense oitohe'va. connexion with num 191

'

'

;.

i.

bers

as,

6 die ogota

{it

makes

sixty), it is sixty.

43

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

3.
ti i

Sometimes

d^e or

se

'

'

d^e,' like

^e,'

(I not Tcnoto

appears to

Mm who

Tie

is)^

mean simply to he ; as, emi 5 mo

I do not hnow who he is.

eni
'

than se
1 92. In expressing refusal, d^e is more frequently used pleonastically
will not go.
( 190) ; as, emi o dze 16h,
'

'

'

Pleonastic Use of Verbs.

193. In addition to the pleonastic uses of verbs which have already been
spoken of, the following are worthy of notice
Verbs of going and coming are much employed pleonastically after verbs of
:

motion to or from a place, and this gives peculiar definiteness to the language as,
6 gbe e lati oko 16h, he tooh it from the farm to some place at a distance from the
speaker (which fact is indicated by 16h, to go or going) 6 gbe e lati oko wdh, he
tooh it from the farm
and brought it hither (which is indicated by wdh, to come or
coming). So, 6 kpada 16h (Ae returned going~)., he went hach ; 6 kpada de (lie

And

returned coming), he came bach.

forth.
194. After verbs of giving, ni or

give

me

water ; Oloruq

li

fil

woq

li

so, lati isisiyi

li,

to h-a^e., is

agbara,

16h (^from

now

always added

going)., hence-

as,

bu mi

li

omi,

God gave them potoer.

NOUNS.
195. Yoruba nouns are not varied in form to express gender, number, or case
or in other words, they exhibit no traces of inflexion.

Oender.

196.
follows

Gender

is

distinguished only where there

is

an actual difference of

sex, as

a male, abo, a she-animal, a female ; akuko, a cock, agbeb5, a hen- oko, a he-goat, ake, a she-goat;
6koi]ri, a man, 6biri, a woman;
babd, a father, iya, a mother ; and a few
1.

By

using different

words

as,

ako, a he-animal,

others.
2.

By

adding to a

common term one

of the above general expressions in appo-

sition.

In the case of animals, by prefixing ako, male, and okib, female ; as, ako malii,
a hull, ab6 malu, a cow ; ako e^iq, a horse, ab6 e^ii), a mare.
h. In the case of
persons, by appending the words 6kor)ri, man, and 6biri,
a.

woman ;

as, om6koi)ri (omo dkoqri, child man), a man-child, a boy, om6biri (omo
a
6biri),
woman-child, a girl ; iwofa 6kor|ri, a bond-man, iwofa obiri, a bondwoman; egb6r) dkoqri, an elder brother, egboq 6biri, an elder sister ; aburo 6kor)ri,
a younger brother, aburo obiri, a younger sister.
3. By
compounding two or more words in construction as, bale (oba il^, lord
of house), the master of a house, or father of a family ; iyale (iya, mother, mistress, ile, house), the mistress of a house, or mother of a family ; balogui) (oba,
lord, li, as to, oguq, war), a general; iyal^e (iya, mistress, li, as to, dse, coohing),
a female cook.
;

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX,

44

Number.

Iraale fe

There are two metliods of indicating that a noun is plural

employing the personal pronoua awoq, they.^ before the noun as, awoq
oguq, tJie Moliammedans love war ; d 6 ri awoq esiq, we did iwt see tJie

horses

budi;oko awoq eleg^q,

197.

By

1.

When

two or more

nouns

tlie

seat of the scornful.

connected by a conjunction, ' &yioi) ' is repeated

before each of them
as, awoij alagbAra, awoq ologboi), ati awoi) olododo, the powerful, tlie wise, and the
But 'awoij' is not employed unless it is really necessaiy to indicate plurality. Thus in the
righteous.
plural

in this construction are

general proposition, aragbani bgboi), the ancients were wise,

that the noun is used collectively.

it is

dispensed with, because

we

naturally infer

When

the idea of reciprocity or of repetition is connected with that of plurality, the two ideas are indicated by redu2:lication,
a. The ideas of
reciprocity and plurality are occasionally expressed by reduplication and a copulative conjunction
as, ore or) ore ki iba ard woq d^^ (^friend and
2.

friend not tvith self their figh), friends do not fight with each other.
b. Repetition and
plurality are indicated by simple reduplication
as, bu ikoqwo ikoqwo eru (talce handfid after handful of ashes), take handfuls of ashes ; eiye
eiye mbe nib^ {bird bird is there), birds are tliere, i. e. in flocks.
;

In the numerals plurality is indicated by reduplicating the first portion as,

egbegb6ruq, thousands, or thonsands on thousands ; ogogorui), hundreds, many
hundreds.
G.

Case.

198. There is no inflexion of the Yoruba noun to indicate case. The relations,
however, in which a noun may stand to the other words in a sentence are denoted
in various ways.

The

subject of the proposition, or nominative, is always placed before the

To this rule there is no exception.
as, esiq sare, the horse runs.
200. The usage in regard to the vocative is various
1. In calling to a
person at a distance, the particle 'o' is often employed after

199.

verb

O child !
the noun as, omode o
2. If the person addressed is not far
;

wAh, man, come.

3. In
addressing one
is

who

is

ofi",

the speaker uses nd,

tTiat ;

as, 6koi)ri

quite near to the speaker, the demonstrative

yi, this,

frequently employed as, omode yi, kuro child, get out of the way !
4. Usually, however, the name of the
person addressed receives no addition
;

uA

as,

omode, t6 mi wdh, child, come to me; eqyiq Yoruba, gbo ti emi {ye Yanibas, hear
the words of ?ne), ye Yortd>as, hear me.
201. The position of the objective depends on the character of the sentence:
governing word; as, mo ri oba, I saw the king ; dig
dkara fu babd, bake bread for fatlier.
2. In cases of
emphasis, however, the objective precedes the governing word as,
ki
di
d
? {ineat that toe
erai)
fry), shall I fry meat f obo ri see the baboon I 6q li
d wi fu {him it-is toe spoke to), we told him.
1.

It usually follows the

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

When

3.

the governing verb is an infinitive, depending on another verb, the

placed between the two verbs as, ye mi kp^ (cease me calV)^ cease
6 mo iwe \h, {lie Tcnoivs hook read')^ he knows Iww to read ; emi fe

is

objective

45

me;
(I want fatlier see)^ I want to see my father.
202. The possessive relation is expressed in the following ways:
1. By
placing the two nouns in juxtaposition, the name of the possessor always
following that of the thing possessed as, iwe omo (hooh of child^^ the child's booh;
calling

babd

ri

ile

babd,

father'' s liouse ; ile eiye,

the sea-shore ;

okpa

irii),

ebado okuq,

bird's nest;

an iron staff.
between the two nouns

the shore

of the

sea, or

staff of iron, or

Less frequently, the relation

expressed, in the Aramaic manner, by tlie relative pronoun ti, ivho, wJiich, placed between thera, which
thus becomes equivalent to the preposition of; as, ile ti babd (house of
2.

is

father),

father'' s

house

Kristi

The pronoun

203.

When

ti

Oluwa,

the Christ of the

or particle 'ti'

is

Lord, or tlie Lord's Christ.

necessarily used in the following cases

noun is omitted.
In propositions where the relation of possession

1.

a.

the

first

ni (of father

is

babd mi
which
is
Oloruq (power

predicated

as, ti

my it-is),
my
; agbara
of God), the power which is God''s.
b. In
propositions where the possessive relation is simply indicated and not predicated, but where the name of the thing possessed is not expressed
as, nwoq se
ti orisa
do
da
the
work
(they
of idols), they
of idols, i. e. they serve idols ; awoq
Nasdra fe ti Oloruq (they Christian love of God), Christians love the doctrine or
service of God.
When a laborer was looking for a suitable stone, another said to
it

is

father'' s

ti

idie

ti

him

my

The
hearing, gbe ti ese r^ (take of foot thy), take the one at thy foot.
instance
comes
under
the
same
ki
i^e
okii
ti
bikd^e
following
Oloruq
category
he
is
not
the
God
the
but
the
dye,
dead,
of
of
living.
in

When the names of the possessor and possessed might be mistaken for names
or epithets of the same person in apposition, the relation of
possession must be
indicated by ti
Kristi
ti
ths
Lord^s
Christ
Atiba
ti oba, Atiba the
as,
Oluwa,
;
servant of the king.
Atiba oba, means Atiba tJie King the present King of
Yoruba being named Atiba.
2.

'

'

Apposition.

204.

1.

"When nouns

are in apposition, the principal

word comes

firet;

as,

king, or King Atiba ; Kumi bale, Kumi the governor.

2. When a
pronoun is in apposition with a noun, the pronoun comes first ; as, iwo
thou
child
omo,
; eqyiq ^nia, ye people.
3. If words in
apposition be connected by a copula, the predicate usually comes

Atiba oba, Atiha

first;

man

emi

as,

li

tlie

Oloruq (spirit

is

God),

God

is

spirit; ologboq

li

iwo

(loise-

art thou)., thou art wise.

ADJECTIVES.

The

205.

a quality,
1.

By

is

ofiBce

oi predicative adjectives,

performed

simple verbs;

i.

e.

of those which affirm or predicate

as,

Aina

dara, Airui is good; 6

ti

dara, /^ has been good;

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

46
yi 6 dara,

lie

will he good ^ oyig dor), honey is sweet

igi nld, the tree is large.

other verbs, they sometimes take the auxiliary particle

Aina is good ; Aina ni yi 6 dara, Aina will he good.
2.

'

ni

'
;

as,

Aina

Like

ni dara,

verbs, formed by prefixing ni or li, to have, or ^e, to

Aina
as,
lagbara (li agbara, has strength').^ Aina is strong ; iwo
enia, art a person)., thou art Tcind; 6 sble (se ole, is a lazy one)., he is

By compound

to nouns;

he,

khma, {he
lazy.

206. The office of qualificative adjectives,

to a noun to indicate quality, is performed

i.

e.

of adjectives wbicli are attached

1.

abstract nouns placed after the nouns which they qualify.

By

either

These are

Abstract nouns formed by reduplication from the simple neuter verbs which
employed as predicative adjectives; as, ohuq didara (thing of goodness)., a
good thing ; oyir) didSq (honey of s^veetness), sweet honey , igi nldnla (tree of
a.

are

largeness).,
b.

a large

tree.

Primitive abstract nouns

baqga 6ke (room "of wpperness)., art, upper

a strong man ; ise wahala (work of

as,

room ;

enia agbara, a person of strength., or

trouble)., a troublesome worTc.

noun they qualify as,

a
6biri
otosi
alagbaraenia (strong-oneperson)., strongman
(miserable-one woman).,
a miserable or wretched woman okp6 6biri (widow woman)., a vndow.
3. By the relative
pronoun ti, who., which., and a verb as, oyiq ti o doq (honey
which it is-sweet)., sweet honey ; ida ti o mu (sword which it is-sha?p), a sharp
sword; igi ti o ^e (stich ivhich it is-hroheii)., a broken stick.
4. In a very few instances,
by a simple neuter verb as, mo ri obo nld, / saw a
baboon
enia
rh
li o 6e
large
;
(person is-good it-is that did it)., a good person
did it.
2.

By

concrete nouns placed in apposition before the

Comparison.

207. Higher degrees of quality, answering somewhat to our comparative., are

by the addition of words which perform the office of adverbs.

indicated
1.

The word most commonly employed

exceeding.,

very ;

as,

6 dara d^ii

for this purpose

is-good exceeding),

(it

it is

is

d^ii, surpassing.,

very

good., it is better.

16h
L6h,
frequently employed
as, 6 dara diu
but this adds nothing to the sense.
2.
form of expression equivalent to a comparative is made, when only one
term of the comparison is given, by adding si i, to it, i. e. in addition, more ; as, 6
dara si i (it is-good more), it is better.
to go,

is

pleonastically after

d^u

3. More than is
expressed simply by d^ii, or di;u 16h as, isubu roroq d^ii idide,
or d^u \^\^^\()\i, falling is easier than
di^u ki d ^e otoris^ing ; 6 ye fu ni ki k 6ise
it
is
6i,
proper for us that we labor rather than that toe be poor.
be expressed:
208. The highest degree, or superlative,
;

may

1.

By

dill

gbogbo, or

di:u

16h (this is-good

surpassing
2.

By

gbogbo

loh, surpassing all; as, eyi

all away), this is the best.

tdq, completed, perfected,

good perfectly), it is best.

placed after the adjective;

as,

dara diii gbogbo

6 dara tdq

(it is-

INFLEXION AND CONSTRUCTION OF WORDS.

47

NUMERALS.
Cardinals,

209. The following

struction

exhibits the

list

Yoruba

cardinal numerals and their con-

(100 + 1).

1.

eni, okai).

2.

edii.'

101. okaqlelogoruq
105. druqdilad6fa

3.

eta.

110. adofa

(1105).
(12010).

4.

eriq.

5.

arurj.

120. ogofa, ofa

130. adodi:e

(14010).

6.

efa.

7.

ed^(5.

8.

edi;o.

9.

esaq.

140. ogodie, odie

150. adod^o

10. ewa.

11.

okaqld

12. ediild
13. etald

14. eriqld
15. 6ed6gui)

{great 1).
"

2).

"
(

3)-

"
(

4).

18. c^dzidil6guij
19. 6kaqdil6guq

(205).
(204).
(203).
(202).
(20-1).

20. ogiiq.
21. 6kaqlel6guq

(20+1).

16. 6rii}dil6guq
17. ^tadil6guq

22. ed;^ilel6guq
23. ^taleloguq
24. 6riqlel6guq
25. 6ed6gboq
26. ^riqdilogboq
27. 6tadilogboq
28. ed:^idil6gboq
29. 6kaqdilogboq

40. ogodi;i, od^i

45. druqdiladota

180. ogosaq, osaq

190. ewadiliigba

(20010).

200. igba, or igbeo.

210. ^walelugba

220. ogiiqleliigba
230. ogb6qlehigba
240. 6d^ilehigba
250. adotalehigba
300. oduruq

400. iriqwo, or
500. od^gb6ta

800. egb^riq
900. od^gberuq

(305).
(304).
(303).
(302).
(30-1).

1000. egb^ruq
1100. odegbefa

(200+10).
(200+20).
(200+30).
(200+40).
(200+50).
(400100).

(30 + 1).

1800. egbfeaq
2000. egba
2100. egba 6 le ogoruq
2200. egbokaqla

(600100).
(200x3).

(800100).
(200x4).

(1000100).
(200x5).

(1200100).
(200x6).

1400. egbedi;e
1600. egbgdio

(200x7).
(200x8).
(200x9).
(200x10).
(2000+100).
(200x11).

2300. egb6kaqla 6 le

80. ogoriq, oriq

90. adoruq

(20x4).

(100-10).

2800. egbfriqla
3000. egbged6guq

100. ogoruq, oriiq

(20x5).

4000. egbadiii

60. ogota, ota

70. adoriq

(20x9).

1200. egb^fa
1300. od^gbedie

(505).
(6010).
(20x3).
(8010).

50. adota

(20x8).

iriq'o.

(20+3).
(20+4).

(20x2).

(16010).
(18010).

(20 + 2).

(405).
(40-1).

(20x7).

160. ogodiio, odi;o

170. adosaq

600. egbeta
700. od^gberiq

30.

ogb6q.
31. 6kaqlelogboq
35. druqdilogod^i
39. 6kaqdilogd6^i

(20x6).

ogoruq
2400. egbediila
2600. egb^tala

(1400100).

(2200 + 100).
(200x12).
(200x13).
(200x14).
(200x15).
(2000 X 2).

48
5,000.

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

INTLEXION AND CONSTEUCTION OF WORDS.

213. This custom of counting

by

cowries also gives rise to the following,

Cardinals
okdq (ow6 kdij)

o'f

Price.

40

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

50

NUMERAL ADVERBS.
218.
1. a.

Numeral adverbs are of two

The cardinal

kinds, viz.

adverbs, signifying the

cardinal and ordinal adverbs.

number of times an event takes

place,

prefixing '1' (li, in) and 'e' (a contraction of eriq or ariq, time) to
the adjectival forms of the cardinals; as, lekdq, once; lemedii, twice. Very often
erig or arii) is pronounced in full
as, leriq kdq, or lariq kdr).
h. For the round numbers,
igba, time^ is employed and in this case n (ni, in)

are formed

by

'

'

is

preferred to

'1,'

as

being more euphonious

as,

ni igba ogiiq, twenty times ; ni

igba ogodiiA, forty times.

2.

by

Ordinal adverbs, which denote the order in which events occur, are formed
'

prefixing

le

'

to the ordinals

as, lekini, first ;

lekedii, secondly.

ADVERBS.
Formation of Adverbs.

219. In regard to their origin, adverbs may be divided into four classes:
1, primitive adverbs;
2, nouns used adverbially;
3, words compounded of
nouns and other accompanying words, as prepositions, &c. and 4, verbs used
;

adverbially.
220. There are but

few primitive adverbs, that is words which are adverbial

in their primary acceptation
as, lai, eveft^ ; ewe, again ; eq, yes ; ndau, nx).
221.
Nouns
as
adverbs
are of two classes
employed

1. Primitive abstract nouns;

as, die, a little^ e. g. 6 suq die. Tie shpt a little ;
6ke, the parts above^ on Mgh, wp^ e. g. 6 gori 6ke, he rose tip ; isale, the parts
below, down, e. g. o 16h isale, he went dmon.
2. Derivative abstract nouns,
as,
especially those formed by reduplication
;

they consulted much / 6 huwa buburu, he behaved badly.

adverbial expressions are composed of ni or li, in, and an abstract

nwoq gbero kpikpb,

222.

1.

noun ( 62)

Many

in this-day), to-day ; nigbani (ni igbani), long ago ;

&c.
(li oto), truly,
2. Sometimes, however, several words are combined into one
as, disisiyi (di isisi
yi, till time this), hitherto ; nigbagbogbo (ni igba gbogbo, in time every), always.
;

as, loni (li oni,

l6t6

223. Verbs are frequently converted into adverbs

enough, is used in the sense of sufitcientl/y / as, 6 s6ro t6, he spoke
enough.
b. toq, or tiiq, to be
new, fresh, young, is used for again / as, 6 t6q de, he came
:

a. t6, to be

again.
c.

kp6,

to be

common,

for in

comm/m, or

together / as,

nwoq gbero kp6,

they con-

sulted together.
d. d^u, to
surpass, excel, for mm-e,
he labored m,uch or excessivel/y.

much;

as,

burn d^u, moreroicked ; 6 sised^u,

INFLEXION AND CONSTKUOTION OF WOKDS.

Classification

51

of Adverbs.

of time,
224. There is no deficiency of adverbs to express the various relations
found
in the
will
class
be
and
the
othera
be
of
few
each
&c.
given,
may
place,

Dictionary.
1.

Of Time :

row ; lod^od^o

loni (li oni), to-day / lana (li ana), yesterday / lola (li ola), to-mor-

odi;o-od^o, 63), daily ; lo^o^u (lio^u osu), momOdy ; lekaq,

mice I lemedi;!, twice ; nigbati, when ', nigbana, thmi j ki. . to, before^ e. g. ki emi
(li

I come.

to de, hefore
2.

Of Place :

xipwards ; lehig

nihiqyi (ni ihiq yi),

(li

Jiere ;

nibe (ni ibe), there; loke

(li

oke),

ehiq), backwards.

Of Manner

3.

dantly

or Quality : di;ed:?;e, softly / li okpoloko (in ahundance)^ abunogboq {with toisdom)^ loisely ; fi ika, cruelly ; fi agbara, poiverfully,

fi

'

violently.
ti
kp6, okpo, mioch ; die, little ; to, enough / bi
kp6 t6,
to
I
how
wish to-go much enough^^ how
Jww much^ e. g. bi mo ti fe 16h kp5
(as
e. g. bi emi 6 ti ^e m5 ? (as I shall how do tomuch I wish to go I bi
ti, how.^

4.

Of Quantity :

Tcncno)^
5.

how

sliall

ITcnotc ?

Of Comparison:

tdq, kpe, most,

d^ti,

more, exceedingly;

perfectly, completely;

rere,

much, very ;
behe, bayi, so, thus; fere

gidigidi, di;od;^o,

well;

almost.

Of Affirmatio7i : eq, yes ; beheni, so, so it is, yes ; 6, yes.

Of Negation : ndau, n, no ; beheke, not so, no ; ki, kd, k6, k6, not ; to
which it may be added that any grave unaccented vowel, except a' and 'e,' is a
6.

T.

'

negative.

Of Doubt : boya

8.

kpe, if

can be

it

suppose

that^, if possible;

kosekpe

that.

Of Interrogation : bawo ?

9.

bol^^e, bolfe^ekpe (bi 6 le se

(ki 6 6e kp^,- that it be thai), if tliat,

(bi 6 y^, if it be), perhaps

nitorikini

Const/ruction

225.
ri i loni,

Iww f

ese

(eyi se, this is), tohy ?

(niti ori kini, as to reason what), wherefore ? why ?

(bi ewo, if what),

As

a general

saw him

of Adverbs.

adverbs follow the words which they qualify as, mo

to-day.
may state, however, three exceptions to this
rule,

We

rule:
1.

ri

i,

The adverb
to-day

I satv

is

sometimes placed

him.

But although

first

for the sake of emphasis

as,

loni ni

mo

this construction is emphatic, emj)hasis does

not ahvays seem intended when it is employed.

2. Adverbs of doubt, negation, and some others, generally precede the word
which they qualify; as, boya yi o \6h., perhaps he will go ; emi ko ri i, / did not
see him.
3. Adverbial phrases
composed of fi, with, and a noun, precede the verb as,
6 fl ogboi) ^e e (he with wisdom did it), he did it loisely.
;

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

52

PREPOSITIONS.

FormaiAon of Prepositions.
226. Prmdtives. Three of the prepositions, ni, in ; si, to ; and ti, from^ are regarded as primitives. It is not improbable, however, that ti is the verb ti, to push^
'

to prop.

d^oko
'

of

ti

'

Retaining a trace of this meaning, it becomes a preposition, ti, hy ; as, 6

But at present the most usual meaning
mi. Tie sat hy me^ i. e. touching me.

ti'

\sfrom.
Verhs employed for Prepositions. Many verbs are employed as prepofew examples will
sitions, although they still continue to be construed as verbs.
be given here the remainder will be found in the Dictionary.
a. ba, to meet., becomes bd, witTi,fo9\
from ; as, 6 bd. mi 16h, Tie went witTi rne i
6 bd mi vk d,die, Tie hougTit a fowl fromi me ; bd mi wd aso, seeTc dotlifor me., i. e. help
227.

me

to procure some cloth.

If this w^ord were construed as a preposition, it would
follow the verb as, 6 16h bd mi but the phrase would be unintelligible to a
native of Yoruba.
;

becomes fi, witTi ; as, 6 fi ida ^dq. Tie smote witli a sww'd.
G. fu, to
give^ becomes fu, to, for
as, wi fu ii, speaTs to Tiim / mo r^ S fu, I
it
Tiim.
But
unlike
bd and fi,' is construed as a preposition.
hougTit
for
fu,'
The reason is that fu wherever used is in the infinitive mode whereas bd
and fi belong 1;o the preceding nominative, and the verb which follows is an
h.

to moTce^

fi,

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

infinitive.

and t6, to approacTi^ to follow^ are used for to / as, kaq S mo igi,
th mi wdh, come to me.
e. kd, to
place^ set^ and lu, to striTce^ are employed for on j as, gbe e kd ina, set it
on tTiefire ; 6 subu lu mi, it falls on me.
228. Compound Prepositions. We have already noticed the fact that the Yoruba
language has names for purely abstract relations, which in many other languages
are expressed by adverbs and prepositions.
These abstract nouns are frequently
as
but
to
make
them
available
as prepositions, they must be
adverbs';
employed
with
from in6, tJie
or
compounded
ni, m; si, to;
\j\ from; as, nino, m, witTiin^
d.

nail

m6,

to adTiere^

it to tTie

wood ;

inside.

229. This account of prepositions leads us to notice the manner in which the
of the people contemplates relations.
First, they regard the relations of ?/p,

mind

down^ within.^ witTiout^ c&c, as actual things, and give them names. Secondly, they
view these relations as fixed or permanent and to form adverbs of permanent relaThis word ni denotes fixedness
tion, they prefix ni or li to the abstract noun.
of relation, and is always
employed after the substantive verb, whence it may be
called the substantive
preposition.
Finally, the Yorubas contemplate the relations
as in a state of motion or emanation
/rom the subject to the object. Motion from
is
invariably expressed by ti,' and motion to by si.' Thus from each noun of
relation are formed three
prepositions, to point out the mode in which the relation
exists between the
subject and the object as, 16do (li odo), down, employed after
verbs of rest or fixedness sodo
(si odo), down, employed after verbs of motion to
;

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

INFLEXION AND C0N8TKU0TI0N OF WORDS.

or towards

(lie

todo*

object ;

(ti

6do), doivn^ employed after verbs expressing motion

16h sodo mi, go
e.
g. 6 w^ lodo mi, it is below me;

olyect to the subject

below me.; 6 mb6 t6do mi, it is coming below me,

from the

53

i.

e. it is

approaching from below

towards me.
230.

Of the three fundamental prepositions,

'ti'

'

'

only takes the substantive form

For obvious reasons this noun

receiving the prefix a ; as, ati, the fromTiess.

does not take the prefixes si and ti,' but it is often compounded with
lati il6 de oko, from the house to the farm.

by

'

'

'

'

'

li

as,

Construction of Prepositions.

231. Usually the preposition is placed immediately before the objective, and
But to this rule
the verb precedes both as, 6 mbe nin6 ile, he is in the lunise.
we note two exceptions
;

1.

6 ba
2.

A finite

verb employed as a preposition ( 227.

mi r&, he bought from me.

The relative ti' precedes
'

tive, as

the preposition

sometimes the case in English

is

pla<;e tohich

sat in

lie

'

'

si

as,

<?.)

precedes the verb;

as,

by which it is governed in the object

emi ri ibi ti 6 dioko si, I sav) the

in this construction being substituted for

'

ni.'

CONJUNCTIONS.

We will here state the

peculiarities of the principal conjunctions, arrangthe English words to which they correspond.

232.

ing them under

233. And is represented
1.

By

'ti' in

two

various particles.

by

cases only:

personal pronouns as, iwo ti emi ri i, thou and I sato it ; yi 6

emi
ti iwo, he will Mil me and thee.
The pronouns, whether singular or plural,
kpa
which are connected by ti,' must be of the primary forms, except that re may
be employed after 'ti' instead of iwo, thou, or 6q, he ; as, emi ti r^ d, o 16h, I and
thou will go ; emi ti r^ ^e e, I and lie did it.
b. In
connecting verbs or clauses of sentences, ti is frequently employed with
a.

To connect

'

'

'

'

si,'

and, also

as,

ri

i,

ti

saw him and caught him

si

mu

bi 6

ba

'

(we saw him, and we also caught

u.

de,

ti

si kpfe

'

mi

we
and he

hirn),

(if he shoidd come,

come and call me.

the substantive form of ti.'

also call me), if he should

2.

By

'

'

ati,'

to connect nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions ; as,

6biri ati omo loh, the woman and the child toent ; 6 kpe iwo ati emi, Jie called thee
and me ; d ri wog leba ati nin6 6do, we saw them by and in the river ; 6 s5ro
a.

'Ati'

is

employed

l^saq ati lailogboq, he spoTce vainly and foolishly.

'
b.
Ati ' 6annot be employed to connect verbs, because

which might follow

it would make the verb

sound to a verbal noun with the prefix ati.'
he arose and went, would always be taken by the hearer for

it

Thus, 6 dide ati loh,

6 dide atil6h, he arose

'

equivalent in
to go.

* This form

is little

used.

54

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

'

3.

'

Oq

connect nouns
4.

'

equivalent to

is

mo

as,

Kpelu, wiih^

ri

ati

'

in all respects, only

Dadd og Ade^ina,

frequently employed in

is

and occasionally pronouns

6biri kpelu

as,

it is

sometimes preferable to

I saw Dada and Adeslmm.

and

sense of

tlie

omo

o de, the

li

to connept nouns

woman amd the

child

came.
5.

dide

'

Si

'

(si ehiq, to

is

hac\ go hachwa/)-ds)

employed to connect verbs only

as,

and go.

si 16h, a/rise

Very often a nominative pronoun, agreeing in number and person with the
nominative of the first verb, is employed pleonastically before the
conjunction
;

mo

emi

dide,
Tcnow.

si

I arose and went;

loh,

iwo

emi

ati

ri

si

m5, thou atid

as,

I see and

Because^ for., is represented by 'nitori' (ni itori), in or ly reason.^

hy reason of^ either of which may be employed at the option of the
d
ni 16h nitori oba
speaker as,
mb5, we must go for the Tcing is coining.
2. Before ati,'
ni ') is
nitori mo
and^ the initial n
1.

234.
'

or

nitori

ti,'

'

'

'

'

dropped

(or preposition

beru

an

re, ati itori ti

iwo qSe oqroro

6nia, hecatise

Ifeared thee,

as,

atid hecause thou art

austere nian.

called
235. But., 6ugb6q, biko^e, bio^e; as, mo kp^ e,^ugb6q k6 die wdh,
Mm, but he wovM not come ; ki i^e asiwere bikose ologboq, he is not a fool but a

wise man.
kosekpe, iba; as, bi 6 ba; -mS, if he knew or Tcnows ; kosekpe
eqyir) loh, if you go ; iba m5 eyi, yi 6 kpada, if he Tcnew this, he would return.
237. Lest, ki...mdh, sometimes with 'nitori' immediately preceding 'ki';
as, d ^ise ki d mdh 6agbe (or nitori ki mdh, &c.), we ^oorli lest we should beg.
.behe as, ko 16h behe ni k6 dioko, lie neither
238. Neither
nor, ko or ki
236.

If

bi,

. .

Sometimes ko
k6 as, ko ni babd ko ni lya nd, he has neitJier
goes nor stays.
father nor mother.
239. Or, tabi, mbi iwo tabi emi, tliou or I; ako mbi dbo ? a male or a
.

female

240. Whether ...or, iba... iba: iba 6e 6koqri iba 6e 6biri

whether they be men or women, he will hill tliem.
241. Since, nigbati; nigbati eqyir)
come, tve hear the word of God.
242. Tluit,
1.

By

ki, ki

is
.

represented

as,

ki

li

since

kpa W9q,
you hawe

'

ti

yi 6

ni ki 6 16h,
;
as,
say tliat he must go ; or if the nomihas two or more letters, ki 6' follows it as, mo ni ki oq

'

By

gbo 8ro Olorug,

de, d

several particles

by

mo

ki 6

native following ki '

ki 6 16h,
say that he
2.

ti

ni,

must

go.

emi 6 ^e

ti

emi 6 dioguq iye

what

shall

do

tJiat

I may

inherit life ?
;
as, 6 ri i kpe 6 dara, he saw tliat it was good; kpe is used pleoafter
verbs of saying, writing, perceiving, &c. ; as, d ti kowe r^ kpe, saw6
nastically
6 mb6, it is written, behold ! he cometh
iwo 6euq, Ihnow tluni art good ;
emi vah

3.

By kpe

kpe

6 bi wor) lere kpe, li oruko ta ni nwoq s5ro, he asked them in whose name they
spoke; nwoq be e kpe ki 6 16h, they begged him to go.
243. Then, ndie as, nd^e d 6 suq li odaq, then we must sleep inihe prairie.
;

244. Though, bi, frequently followed

dltltmigh we have rd)elled against him.

by

tile,

even;

as,

bi d tile ^ote

si

i,

INFLEXION AND CONSTEUCTION OF WORDS.

INTERJECTIONS.

The principal interjections

Alaa I oh ! ah ! ye aa

are the following

Behold ! w6

sA kiyesi

245.

Fudge

Pshaw !

huq

816

saw6
kai

kiyesi

Silence! dake! simi

WoTidei-ftd! kpa! ekpa! ari!

Get out of the way ! ago kuro
!

55

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.

56

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITON.
YOEUBA PEOVEEBS.

The Yorubas have no

songs, and, I believe, but few popular stories but the

in
abounds
language
proverbs, which are at once the poetry and the moral science
of the nation. Many of them are sententious observations on the nature of
things
others are designed to inculcate the various relative duties of men and a few are
simply an ingenious play upon words.
We subjoin some specimens of these proverbs, not only to exhibit the idioms of
the language, but also to illustrate the character of the Yoruba mind. They are
taken chiefly from Crowther's Vocabulary.
;

1.

Eni
Mat

aba kb t6 bi

eni
aba
mat of grass

eni
ore:
mat of bulrush :

as

of grass not lasts

kd &e ika;
not does bend

ni

riruq
breaking

ruq

it-is it

breaks

w6mwom.
to-pieces.

A grass mat does not last like a

2.

Abaiyed^e k6 ^e

It will not do to reveal

3.

Abd k6
The

4.

Abata
Marsh

m6

ni

on

tattler.

li ese,

the foot

biko^e eni

The marsh stands

6do

ti

aloof, as if it

r)^e

who

of him who

is-doing

does

buburu.
evil.

evil.

tar).

not with stream be-akin.

as-if

stands-aloof,

one

except

of one, except

bienikpe k6 bd

tdkete,

breaks to pieces.

it

apypear.

drive to-adhere-to one on foot,

stocks are not fastened

a grass mat will not bend ;

h&q.

root of matter

one''s secrets to

&e ik^q

Staple not does

6ran

idi

ifl

not does to-make

Tattler

bulrush mat

were not akin

to the

stream.

Said

who

of people

are proud

and

reserved.

1.

Kd

^e,

does not;

Observe the Hebraism,

'ika,'

ni

riruij

infinitive
i

after

^e,

ruq, breaking

it

tlie

preformative 'i' being very slightly sounded.

6 ruij, it breaks. This form is

breaks, instead of

poetical.
2.

ba
not proper, which

Abaiyedie

(4,

he

die, spoils ; aiye, the world),

'

world-spoiler.

Kd

^e

'

here means

it

'

will

fi .
h^i) (to make . . . appear) is a compound
quite an English idiom ;
transitive verb, meaning to show, reveal ;
idl brar), the root of the matter, a secret.
3. In various and widely separated countries of Africa, prisoners are sometimes confined by placing a

not do,

it is

is

'

kind of stocks.
large iron staple around the ankle and driving the ends into a log, thus forming a rude
4. BI eni kpe, as if one should say.

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.

57

Bi od^um6 mo, oldwo gbe 6wo, iranwu A gbe keke, ad^agnq d gbe akpata,

5.

dawn

If

weaver

gbe
ti

akpo

spinner she takes

kghe

asa,

he stoops to-take
ti

diiX

takes trade,

dawns, trader

iwoq^o d bere

di'A

&,

ti

farmer he wakes and he

sley,

warrior

distaff,

oq

ti

he takes

aruko,

and

shield,

omo-ode

child-oi-hunting

hoe-handle,

he

oroq.

wakes and quiver and

hoio.

This picturesque proverb, or poem,

be rendered thus

may

When the day dawns, the trader betakes himself to his trade
The spinner takes her distaff, the warrior takes his shield ;
The weaver stoops to take his sley (i. c. bonds over it)
The farmer awakes, he and his hoe-handle ;
The hunter awakes with his quiver and his how.

It would not be easy

Yoruba town.

6.

Ebi

k6 kpa

Hunger

not affects

to give a

6
Imale,
Mohammedan, he

When a Mohammedan

is

more

correct description of the usual day-break scene in every

6q ki id^e ayd.

li

he

says

not

eats

monkey.

But when he

not hungry, he says he never eats monkey.

is

hungry,

he is not so scrupulous.

7.

ki

iru

One not

eraq

ma

on head that he

may

ki

ori

li

eriq

ese tkq

fi

ni

ire

il^.

with foot dig crickets in ground.

One never carries elephant s flesh on his head that he may dig in the ground with his foot for
crickets, i. e. one who has a plenty of elephant's meat (which is considered good food) does not
carries flesh of elephant

put

on his head and go about searching

it

men who
8.

ni yi

Kpikpe
Long-time

Amu

it

it-is

A
9.

ni

^e

kpe,
he-long,

Abdnise mdh bd
not

He is

6.

when

imu

a,

point of nose.

he.

ni

one, like

applied to rich

be detected at

the point

of

last.

the nose,

m6.

with one acts more.

he or she, pleonastic, as

i.

it

e.

he can no longer be depended on.

often

is

in

animated discourse

to say,

becomes

'

'

li

before a vowel.

The

construction

is

is

head

Ar4, body, used for person, as sometimes in English

form of saying a person is caught in a lie.

who

will

a leprosy which attacks one on

in Africa

8.

Amu

10.

but he

agogo imo.

employed at the beginning of the sentence.

burdens are commonly carried on the
7. Li ori

9.

lie ;

li

ti

a helper who helps no more,

before one is caught in

ete

ni

is

ti

ti,

and

. .

and, or

and.

Ni,

when

Srd.
body.

leprosy which attacks one on

to-be disgrace ;

Helper

5. Bi, if,

lie

may pass away

esiq

mu

not catch

eke k6

The proverb

for crickets to eat.

actions for the sake of gain.

The slanderer brings disgrace on

e. where all see it.

i,

10.

mean

mil

long time

Making one

both

stoop to

^e

eke

mu

ire,

ara,

is,

no word

a large cricket used

lie

catches

for if or

for food.

a person, an idiomatic

a making or causing to he a disgrace, means simply disgracing, or bringing disgrace on.

(with ...to do or act), a compound transitive verb meaning to help, to aid ; hence abase, he

esiij,

Bk...ie

helps,

participial, that

a helper ;ii\, one; mi,

one, ab^imi^e, 7ny helper, dc. ;

ti,

my ;
who,

r, thy, d-c,

is

may

be inserted before se

omitted before mah, not

mo,

as,

abdnise, the helper of

again, more, any more.

SPECIMENS OF COirPOSITION.

58
11.

Akuko

gkgara ui idadiio fu ni

li

ariq

ogaijdiq.

for us in midst of depth-of-night.

Persons are supposed to te disputing
us
in the midst of the night.
cock
decides
for
large
about the time of night, when the crowing of the cock shows that it is very late. The proverb
may be quoted whenever a dispute is suddenly decided by unexpected evidence.

Cock

bulkiness it4s

of

decides

Akobi

12.

ni

First-born

ti

is

eleraq.

of shepherd.

When

woman

takes a

ewe or

she-goat, both of

which are termed

erai), cattle,

to feed for the

Hence the proverb. The first-hom

owner, she claims the first-bom lamb or kid for her own.

is

the shepherd's.

Ibaluwe

13.

gbe

ile,

Although

14.

the

li

wisdom

it-is

in the house,

is

ogb6q

With

to JS(^oi

like water-side

is

bath-room

Ologbdq

akurS.

^e bi

Bath-room ahides4n house,

r6

garden.
it is

as wet as a garden by the water-side.

id^anu; okokaq

li

they forge

bridle-bits ; one-by-one it-is

k6

fe ;
d ba
enia,
o,
attain to-know character oiperson, they attain to-give thee,not desire;

ba

On

15.

iwa

vab

man being known

it ;

painful

it is

id^o

to

(to

ni

rejoicing

it-is

ni

dbq

it

we

bi^abadio.

is-painful to one as calamity.

made ; one by one we learn the characters of men : the chabe bad), if it were given thee as a present, thou wouldst not desire

i^e

wuye

wuye

idiq,

ni

acts the skipper, wriggling wriggling it-is

omo banabana

qy^;

they rejoice ;

dance,

enia:

one as a calamity.

&jh

ti

Both dancing and

qdfo,

iwa

various plans bridle-bits are

racter of

Ti

bug

mh

we know character oi persons

child of banabana

oko

T)vh
is-going-to

i^e
acts

igoqgo
the

worm :

d
they

igi.
of wood.

farm

the skipper, wriggling about moves the worm: they dance, they
but the child of banabana is going to the wood-farm. According to Mr. Crowther, this
"
proverb means, others may amuse themselves, but the poor man has no holiday."

With dancing and joy moves

rejoice ;

16.

ki

We

not search him-of-cloth white-cloth in quarters of him-of-palm-oil.

iwd

We
should

Rat

dla

do not look for a

riot

Okete m,

17.

ala^o

expect any

odi;6

ni

iso

elekpo.

man

result

gbogbo

clad in white cloth in the quarters of

from incongruous or inadequate means.

li

day

it-is

maker.

We

mb; 6q ko mo odi6 miraq.

he knows

not knows
every
; he
day another.
The rat says he knows every day ; but he does not know another day ; i.
for the future, in which he is imitated
by the improvident.
says,

For the mode of predicating possession in Yoruba, see Gram.

12.

the palm-oil

13. Gbe, to live or be in a place, is always used without a

preposition
is cultivated in the dry season
only.

e.

he lays up nothing

203, 1, a.
;

akurS, a garden by a stream, which

14. Ologboi), that Which has wisdom ; ogbor), wisdom;

ologb6i) ogb6;), various wisdom or skill ; so
a r6, they forge, is equivalent
iru, or oniruru, means /tmc^s, this reduplication always implying variety
to is or are forged (Gram. 148, 1)
a ba, like iba,'
a condition (Gram. 143) ; k6 fe, the sub-

oniru

'

implies

ject, iwo,' omitted, a common practice in Yoruba.

15. Ti . ti (see Prov. 5)
wuye wuye, wriggling about

'

of the act being implied

bana, said to

many
heads

man.

of
;

by the repetition of the word

be an insect which carries a bit of wood

whom, both men and women, gain a

omo banabana

is

so taka taka, staggering to and fro, repetition

banawriggling is thought to indicate pleasure
;

mouth, which is thus an emblem of the poor,

by bringing firewood from the farms on their
comp. the biblical expression, son of man, i. q.

in its

livelihood

equivalent to banabana simply

59

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.
18.

Govetousness

19.

babd
w

ologbo

Alagbara
Strong

okandiua.

the father of unsatisfied desires.

is

016gb6
TVie

20.

baM

Odiiik6koro

arokiq.

the father oi tradilionists.

mdh m6

man

babd
ol^.
father of laziness.

^ro

knows consideration

not

is

A strong man who is destitute offorethought is

21.

Eni

kb gb6

ti

ti

ega,

One who not hears of oriole,

One who does not understand

li

ega

he says

the father (or prince) of laziness,

qkpdtoto

enu.

is-noisy

of mouth.

oriole

the oriole says the oriole is noisy,

the orioles are supposed to undei-stand each other.

prone to despise what they do not understand.

22.

Eleda
With

eda

li

nature nature

Oloruq dd
God

it-is

i.

is

ni.

made

us.

God has

created us with different natures or dispositions ; hence

qualities in every one.

the same

23.

Bi alagbdra die o
J^ great

man

ni iya,

ki

does thee in wrong, that thou

eriq si

fi

make

24.

still

we

should not expect to find

i.

smile to him.

If a great man should wrong you, smile upon him.

a

But

e. is

chattering.
The meaning of themerely
proverb that men are

Because resistance would bring upon you

greater misfortune.

m6

Alakpatd ko

iru

eraq.

not knows breed of sheep.

Butcher

He

The butcher has no regard for the breed of the sheep (which he kills).
and does not meddle with matters which do not concern him.

attends to his

own

business,

25.

Igbo

biribiri,

6kuqkuq

birlbiri;

6kuqkuq

ni

Forest

is-dark,

night

is-dark ;

night

it-is

The forest

is

dark, and the night

is

yi

sete

igbo.

that will conquer forest.

dark ; but

the darkness

d^i

oiiro

of the night will soon conquer that

of the forest,

26.

Bi ko ^e oboq
If not

sloven

is

^nia, tani iba

person,

who

li

m6

6 mdh. bo Od^u r^

ki

that he

useth to-wake in morning

wash

not

face

his clean

6a^a?
very ?

Except a sloven, who

19. Tlie

Ologbo
mdh,

20. Before

Gb6

21.

ti,

to

is

is

wont

to rise

in the morning without washing his face nicely?

the chief of the Arokiq, whose business

the relative is always omitted.

hear the meaning

of, to

23. Die, to do, to act

(Gram.

him make (Gram.

to

ki,

ni, in, in regard to

with a nominative,

an

history of the country.

iya, affliction,

is

much used

wrong

die

imperatively

as,

some

one,

a per-

niya, to affict, oppress,

wrong

indefinite pronoun, signifying one,

161).
24. Erai), cattle, a term including homed cattle, sheep, goats, (fee
26. Bikdse (usually written as one word), except.

remember the

understand.

'
22. Eleda eda (see Prov. 14) ;
eni,'
ni, same as
instead
of
and
us.
wa,
son,
frequently employed

37, 2, a)

it is

not,

ki o

fi,

make

thou, ki 6

fi,

let

SPECntENS OF COMPOSITION.

60
27.

Emu

agbede.

bal^

Tongs are governor of smithshop.

The tongs are at tlie head of the blacksmith'' s shop
otherwise would bo unmanageable.

28.

k5

onibud^e

0^6
Ornaments

kpe

ko d^u oduq

oninaH

oh6

isaq,

nine-days, ornaments of inabi-woman not exceed

hadze-woman not remain

of

because they control the hot iron which

year

Mil.
going.

The murks made by

man
29.

30.

Bi

adiia

If

dog

do not

ba

last

eni

li

the

budze-womaw do not last nine days

more than a year.

lehir),

the

No advantage or possession

is

marks made by
permanent.

kpa obo.

has person behind, he-will kill baboon.

If a dog has his master behind him, he will kill a baboon. This proverb
the advantage of sustaining and encouraging people in their efforts.

Ad^a

k6

ti

k6

eti

li

^e

is

designed to show

idegbe.

which not has ears not do for hunting.

heedless dog will not do for the chase.

Dog

the inabi-wo-

If a person will not take advice,

no one

will

employ

or trust him.

31.

Gagal6 subu, ow6

Stilts

hand

fall,

If a man

man
32.

33.

^That

is,

so soon as

one

office

ki dd

ow6

16

We

not give hand

to

We

akpako.

fall his stilts, a hand will be stretched out to seize them.

or position, another is ready to occupy his place.

let

an

loses

t^

seizes palm-stalk.

ohuq

ti

& ko

le

igb6.

thing which we not can perform.

undertake
a thing which we cannot accomplish.
should not

OniM

eso

r)d:^e

gbir)gbuid6;
of

Housekeeper is-eating fruit

wild-beans;

aled^o

ni

ki

d se oq

says that we do

guest

him

li

as-to

ow6 kdg
hand

on

ewa.
boiled-maize.

Although

the host

may

be living

on wild beans,

the guest expects

a handful of boiled com.

an ornament. In this place it means the deep black stripes with which maidens ornament their
and arms.
Budi6 is the fruit of a small tree of the same name, which when green makes a jet black
stain on the skin.
Onibudie is the woman who makes a trade of marking the faces and arms of girls for a
few cowries each. There is a fable of a jet black and exquisitely beautiful girl who was sought in marriage
by all the nobles and rich men of the country but she treated every suitor with disdain. At last a worthless
28. Oso,

faces

'

'

'

'

by which she was enticed into his house and detained all night. Although she escaped
uninjured, the community at first thought otherwise; and the disgrace afflicted her so much, that she fled
into the woods, where the violence of her
grief changed her into the bush that still bears her name.
'
Inabi is a plant the acrid root of which burns a durable black mark pn the skin.
It is seldom used for

fellow laid a plan

'

'

L6h,' pleonastic after dzil (Gram. 207, 1).

marking.
29. Ba, an auxiliary
particle (Gram. 139) ; a, he will (Gram. 135, 1, b).
31. Stilts are made of the foot-stalks of the
akpako, or wine-palm, called bamboo by the whites on the
western coast.
33.

Ndze (Gram.

1 29, 3)

; se

.. .li, to

do

in regard

to,

i.

e. to

supply with.

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.
34. Mdli gbiyel6

^ot

ogiiq

Trust not

to

ow6

eni ni
hand
of
one is
of

ti

inheritance

trust-in

an inheritance ;

the

it6

61

ni.

sufficient-far one.

product of one's hands

is sufficient for one.

Said

to those

who

neglect industry because they expect to inherit property.

35.

He who

odiiq.

which amounts-to

this

Chance,

idie

ti

Akoseba, eyi

xvaits for

chance

year.

may

wait a year.

Said

to those

who

are " waiting for something to

turn up."

36.

li
d iberu ; d ki iberu eni ti
d raq ni si.
ti o rag ni ni
ise
One who he sends one on message it-is we fear ; we not fear one whom they send one to.
We should fear him who sends us with a message, not him to whom we are sent. Applied to

Eni

messengers sent from one king or chief to another.

37.

Er6 kpesekpese
You say
who would

38. E^iq

Ohuq

d^o
it

bko

dances

ri

; lance sees

ogug, 6
battle,

the spear sees the battle, it dances ;

ti

fi

mii

^so

snail.

y6.

it rejoices.

when

bad;^e

ki

Thing which we with gentleness handle not

ini ni

igbiq.

a very

ri ogui),

When

qkag

as body is-paining

Said to those
light blow, but do not reflect that it would hurt a snail.
excuse their bad conduct to others on the ground that it does them no great harm.
it is

sees battle,

Spear

bi ard

know

not

very ;

Light

39.

ko m5

the lance sees the battle, it rejoices,

okuq

is sjyoiled ;

ti

agbara mii

fi

ni

thing which we with violence handle

it-is

ard.

li

has one as-to body.

An

affair which we conduct with gentleness is not marred ; an affair which

violence causes us vexation.
Said to men who are irritable and impetuous.

40.

Bi

eyd

If

wild-cat

ba
*

When

41.

Afedzu
Gesticulation

di

ekiiq, eraq

becomes leopard, beasts

the wild cat becomes

toto
much

Much

k6

in5

not knows

ni
it-is

a leopard,

ikpa

di,e.

kill

eat.

it will

it ^oill

devour

we conduct with

beast*.

6kor)ri.

a man.

gesticulation docs not prove manliness.

"

A barking dog does

not bite."

ow6 (Gram.

203, 1, b) ; eni and ni ( Prov. 22, and Gram. 104).

proverb.
Comp. Prov. 9 and 10.
'
a rai) ni, they send us, for the passive, we are sent,
36. Iberu; for the initial i,' see Gram. 146, 1 ;
Gram. 148, 1. Si and other prepositions frequently close a sentence, as in English.

34. Ti

35.

An

elliptical

ara kai), it hurts ; so, in6 doi), it is pleasant (Prov. 56).

37. Observe the ellipses;
. lara
39. Ni
ni, one, often equivalent
(ni .,. li ark, to have as to the body), to annoy, to cause vexation ;
.

to wa, us.

40. Eya, a beast resembling a leopard, but rather smaller, the leopard cat

Gram.
41.

ikpa

for the initial

'

i,'

see

kpa dze, to devour, destroy, e.g. ef5i) kpaoi) die, the buffalo killed him totally, violently.
Afediu, /rownm^r and other airs put on under pretence of courage ; md, to prove, to he evidence of.

146, 1

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.
50.

Afom6

k6

Parasite

not has

li

egb6;

igi

gbogbo

ni

root ;

tree

every

is

Aparasite has no root; every

for a living.

51.

Enl k6

6e

omo

Slave not

is

child of

omo

&e
was

ni

il6

kindred.

not hears

child dies,

erii

ta;

arises ; slave

cry

ri.

r|

iya

wtom he sponges

k6 gb6: omo ku, igbe

iya

kii,

slave dies, his mother

parasite does not care on

in house of mother his once.

child

erii

igi:

wood

Ibataq.
its

kindred.

tree is its

63

slave is not a block of wood : if a slave dies, his mother does not hear of it J if a child dies,
This fine sentiment exhiis made : the slave was once a child in his mother''s house.

lamentation

something of the heart of the people who use it as a proverb ; and it explains the reason why
the Yorubas usually treat their slaves with a degree of kindness worthy of a Christian people.

bits

52.

Ada

^dq igbo,

Bill-hook cuts

dd

hush,

ko

igbo

dk

ada

idakiida,

breaks

ere

ri

gbadi,

girds-its-hilt, it

The

oko

di
reaches

owner

farm

ona

fere

ada

eka

li

oroi),

bill-hook has ring

on

neck,

li

dd,

the

from

farm ;

bill-hook

fi

aruq
five-cowries

6 gbadi;a
it

ada

road

with

bill-hook breaks, it

farm, but receives no profit

bill-hook clears <ihe

ri

ada

a-bad-bending

olowo;

of

ko

6na,

clears road, not sees profit of

it

id^kuda;

bends

a-bad-breaking, bill-hook

ro

not sees ^profit of bush ;

is

girigiri.

girded

tightly.

the bill-hook clears the

road, but receives no profit from the road ; the bill-hook is badly broJcen, the bill-hook is badly
bent ; the bill-hook breaks, it pays five cowries to gird its handle with a ring ; it reaches its

owner's
labors).

ki

53. Ibi

farm
Has

idiii

ibi;

54.

eni

bi

ti

ti

As

thou

wu

ki

ri,

please

that

it

be,

^e

to-day will ail

iwo

d ki reriq
we not laugh-at

55.

Iwo

ni

Thou

it-is

was

56.

Ni igba
In

time

okd
ot corn

bi

omo.

they bore child.

was

born, so

abiroq
invalid

the free-born child.

boya obuq

perhaps

perhaps

babd;

leliiq
behind

master

ti

thing which

the

same

^e

it

ails

evil that afflicts

todzu

ile

rere.

look-to

house

well.

art the superintendent in the master^s absence

dgbe ba

when farmer
ni yaqgidi

When

new

e
him

him

to-day

to-morrow.

art superintendent

it-is

girded tightly (for

lold.

qse abodiuwo

ti

is

it

slaves,

thee to-morrow.

afflict thee

Thou

it-is

One should never laugh at an infirm person

may

neck (handle),

li

* bore slave so

as they

birth does not excel another ; as the slave

Bi

loni

bi

its

and unrequited labor of

reference to the severe

JBirih not surpasses birth ;

One

has a ring on

the bill-hook

is-binding

ow6

iti

bundles of money also

the farmer is tying

bundles

okd, in6 r| d
corn, mind his it

ab6

qdi

look well to the house.

of

dbq

nikpa

is-sweet ;

by

abd
bundles

wdb.
come.

up bundles of corn, he

rejoices ;

by bundles of com bundles of money

are obtained.

52. Skx) Igbo, to clear land for a farm;

ri ere die, to receive profit.
a bi, they bore, in the sense oi was born (Gram. 148, 1).
53. Bi
.ti, as ;
54. Bi o ti wil ki 6 se, followed by a negative, is the usual expression for by no means, not in any vnse.
56. Nigbati, spoken and written as one word, when;
ba, the subjunctive particle ( 139), follows nigbati ;
.

ino

d6r), to he pleased, to rejoice ;

junction

ti,

as,

and, also, with 'i' prefixed

ino

mi

( 146).

d6i),

/ am

glad

in6 r d5i), he

is

glad

iti,

the con-

SPECIMENS OP COMPOSITION.

64
57.

Ohuq

tl

i^e

Thing

which

is

A
58.

ni

mu

aso

il6

to

makes

cloth

last

long

li

his in

Bi

As

they

ofo

one.

k6 ba ^e todiu abul6, yi 8

|ni

ti

one

who

not

does

look-to

6e
make

he will

patch,

aso.

A man who
rag

ni ni

* send

one on

ti

ard

eni.

fellow-man of

to

want oi clothing.

Patching makes a garment

clothes.

59.

omo-enik^dii

si

do

contemptuous action should not be done to one's fellow-man.

ard r^
self

se

we not

that

it-is

AbuM
Patch

abukuq ki A mdh.

ohuq

thing of contempt

who

last long ; one

neglects the

li

i^e,

di;e

we

it-is

message,

does not attend to patching will come to

fail, or come to want.

want

of his business will

little affairs

iwo ba seni

bi

deliver

it

if thou

si

add

to

i,

adabowo

it,

responsibility

r|.

of self thy.

As
own
60.

on a message, so he should deliver

is sent

hangs-head-down

it

qwo

i^e
eiye
work
of birds
is-watching

The bat hangs suspended with

is

61.

62.

diu

Dulum6

li

that a slanderer

oroq

the

injure himself

he

who

Quest

birds.

This proverb

w6

ti.

to-enter

to-fail.

6raq

condemns the-cause

it

the white field-pea falls

more than he

who

enia

ni se ifd
is profit

upon

Designed

itself.

to

show

injures another.

eni

oi person ; one

no advantage

and could not finish

ba
die, to injure.

64.

The

o die did5q
he eats

sweet

ni idie kikaq.
it-is

eats

sour.

to

word

ki

amah

^e,

we should not do

145, 2).

loh, pleonastic.
aiye), to enjoy the world ;
62. This proverb is highly idiomatic and therefore difficult
ti implies/aiVwre ; 6
oroi) mi, he charged his sin upon me ;

Diaiye (die

63.

ti

who

a person ; he who eats the sweet should also eat the sour.
live on others, and will not assist in the labors of the
family.

is

57. Ohui) abuMi), a contemptuous action or

68. Ba, after eniti
( 139).
69. Bi ... ti, as
ba, after bi, if ( 139).

build

of extravagant persons.

die.

with one

not

Said of persons

on thy

another brings injury upon himself.

So is a guest who

to

is

body his injures.

mdh. bd

Abdnidie

Said

d^ebi

se^e,

ground-pea against

may

He who injures

61.

it, it

16h.

neck of white-pea,

Obdnid^e 6 ba ard r^
Injurer

li

all.

head down watching the actions of all

its

alaiye

ekpa

The slander of

64.

to

gbogbo.

world more than owner of world going.

He enjoys the world more than the owner of the world.

Slander of ground-pea on

63.

add anything

probably designed to teach silent observation.

d^8 aiye

ITe eats

if thou

it ;

responsibility,

dorikodo

Addq
Bat

one

diebi

6rar)

an accusation : 6 fi |^e r
he built a house failed, i. e. began
that the condemnation recoiled on the accuser.
:

wo

ti,

means

li

oroi) refers to

ko

ile ti,

. .

relative is omitted before

form of the verb.

mdh, not ;-^m idie

obligation

is

frequently expressed

by the

indicative

SPECIMENS OP COMPOSITIOH".

Abati

65.

It

but,

of,

on

Abebe

ni

Pleader

it-is

t6.

8,

push, we taith it are-friendly.

we push against it, and (finding that

in its shade).
Said of persons
(by sitting
further acquaintance, receive into our friendship.

ikii,

ab^be ni

death,

pleader

ib^
off

pleads

ibe

it-is

d bd

ti,

it,

down

it

abebe ni
fan

we against

a shaky old wall

is like

friends with

66.

ba

Makpa; d

Shakiness of old-wall

65

it-is

ibe

does not

it

whom we

5raq

are at

bi oru

pleads off difficulty

67. lyar)

'

'

it.

It also

ire

mii,

Famine

mii,
is-sharp

f.

A pleader (or supplicaior) wards of death, a pleader wards off a difficulty ;

A fanciful play upon the word abebe is the principal

verbial saying.

it.

dissipates

a fan mitigates

suspicious

ba

heat

if

we make

fall)

first

yo

if the heat is severe,

design of this pro-

shows the power of entreaty.

iyaq

is-sharp, cricket is-fat ;

famine

ire

r6,

rii.

is-relieved, cricket is-poor.

When famine is sharp, the cricket is fat ; when famine is relieved, the cricket is jyoor.
It also expresses the fact that when famine
paradoxical play upon words.
prevails, the cricket
is eaten as if it were fat or delicious ; but when the famine is over, the cricket is
rejected as
poor and

68. Ocli;o
Jiain
li
is

unfit to eat.

bdta, bata bdta,

kpa bata
beats

igi,

bata

li

aw9.

wood,

shoe

is

hide.

The rain

drummer

"
beats,

the

Crow

akpdta,

ode

adi^dlubdta;
of chief-drummer

yard

crow

with

li

in

bdta
drum

shoe drum, shoe drum," (or patter patter,) on the rock in the yard
of the chief
is wood, and the shoe is leather.
words.
play

drum

Kdnakdna bd kdnakdna

69.

ori

li

patter patter, patter patter, on top of rock,

upon

dzd,

kdnakdna

dd

kdnakdna.

fought,

crow

conquered

crow.

Eni.
One.

crow fought with a crow, a crow conquered a crow.

One.
The Yonibas sometimes
amuse themselves by repeating a play upon words by way of competition. At the end of the
"
"
sentence, each time it is repeated, a bystander says,
one,"
two," &c. and he who repeats
the sentences oftenest without marring a syllable is victor.
;

70.

Ose

ni

Smacking-of-lips

it-is

otokulu
of town

isad^u
precedes

assemble,

As smacking

weeping,

nwoq kd

kpe,

they

ri

Ikpa
Path

obere
of needle

li
it-is

ni

mortification

it-is

abamo

ebo

igbehiq
follows

okuq

gbogbo
whole

not see sacrifice of mortification to-make.

sacrifice to

make against

difficulty ; the

whole popu-

tnortification.

it6.

thread follows.

The thread follows

Sraq

difficulty ;

^e.

the lips precedes weeping, so mortification

follows

lation of the town assembled cannot find

71.

abamS

ekiiq,

the needle.

Applied

to

anything which happens as a natural consequence.

ba a ti (we meet it to-push), we push against it.

66. Oral), a difficulty, generally a cause before the judges.
'
67. The ' ire is a large cricket eaten by the poor in times of scarcity.
10. Ose ; the Yoruba people are accustomed to smack their lips several times before they
begin to weep.
65.

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.

66
72.

Abo^e

ki i^e i6e
is work

A job

babd

odi6; i6e
of

Job-work not

day

(done for oneself)

Said of slaves,
one's time.

receives

it-is

work

not the day's

is

ighk od^o

ni

work of master

who may perform

eni.

of one.

day

work claims

the master's

jobs for themselves,

little

tlie
chief part of
but must not neglect

their master's business.

73.

Adarid^ini ni
Forgiver

it-is

He

that

giving

74.

i^ete

the aggressor gains the victory in the dispute.

pardons

God

k^

ese

should count

si

ni

li

oroq,

us

on

neck,

sin against

If God should compute our

Fi obur)
Put thing

to inculcate a for-

we

ohuq,

to-compare

thing,

fi

am

have heard this remark made by hea-

not sure that

we

5raq

gbe.

we perish.

we would perish.

sins,

thens in attempting to settle disputes, but

75.

Designed

spirit.

Bi Oloruq ba
If

edi;o.

conquers dispute.

6raq

it is

fi

a national proverb.

6raq

put matter to-compare matter; put matter

ki

d^ii),
to-be-distant,

that

d
they

thee.

praise

Compare thing with

be praised.

thing,

and matter with matter

forgive the matter, that thou mayest

examining into the facts of a dispute and

Inculcates, as praiseworthy, the duty of

exercising a forgiving disposition.

76.

li

owo

falls in

hand

Abere bo
Needle

adete, 6
of leper,

it

di

ba

6raq

ete;

becomes consideration

il^,

matter comes-upon the-land,

di

it

becomes

ero.
thought.

If a needle fall from

it

77.

up)

It

ti

li

esuo toho he said

4kulu

li

ekulu

it-is

she

who

it

requires thought

iya

(how

Mo

kpa

tdq,

6
it

qwd

(how to pick

to avert

it).

r^.

bore mother his.

genealogy of the esuo, who said his grandmother was an 6kulu.

pretend to be related to great families.

wallowing in-mire finished,

Pig

bi

leper, it requires consideration

is like the

persons

Elede

the
(mutilated) hand of a
matter come upon the country,

difficult

Aditaqmd esuo
Genealogy of

78.

if

eni

is-seeking person

r^re

ti

good

whom

yi

he will

Applied

fi
ard rh
make body his

yi.
rub.

The pig, having done wallowing in the mire, is seeking some clean person to rub against.
Said of disgraced persons who attempt to intrude themselves upon
good society.
79.

Onifuru
Suspicious-character

11.

he

is

Odi6 and odi6

tionary.
75. Fi

we,

to

kpele.

does master-of-house

gently.

lit.

saluted).

are not equivalent terms

compare

fi

odzo, the space of a day

diiq, to forgive.

odzo, time, a day.

See Dic-

mb), a tracing of genealogy ; esuo and ekulu, two different species oi antelope.
one who is pale with
se
apprehension
kpele, to deal wtll with, to salute civilly.

AditaqmS (da

79. Onifuru,

first

suspicious character (being found in a house) immediately salutes the owner of the house

(before

72.

onile

itete ise

ti

who

to

itaq

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.

Agada ko

80.

ori

1116

G7

alagbede.

not knows head of blacksmith.

Sabre

know

(In battle) the sabre does not

head of the blacksmith (wlio made

the

it).

Applied

to

iugratitude.

81. Agbed:^e gb^

woq 1^, d ni ki d kpd S ni
them safe, they said that they cut it for
received
Squash
The squash having saved them (in time of famine), they
cup.

82.

ri

We

see

Designed
yuest

Let us cut

said,

it

for a drinkiny-

to illustrate ingratitude.

abdnid^e ^gboq

isale; bi

chin

of

kpansa.
drinkinff-cup.

below

We

if

kii

li

6wur6, k

it

die

in

it

morning,

ya

ale.

li

separates in evening.

meet with guests who are like the lower jaw ; if one die in the morning, it separates (from
the upper jaw) in the evening. Said of those who forsake their friends in time of trouble.

Akpdro diare

83.

akpdro, Li oko
partridge. In farm

d^are
reasoned

Ki

li

What

is-it

he

adi;anakpa,

Partridge reasoned bird-snare-of-cloth,

He

aso

brought

cloth

d gbe imu

li

do

ice

it-is

The partridge argued concerning

aso

li

oko?

to-do in

He

wdh
coming

ise

farm

il6h.

bring clothing going.

of cloth. Why did the farmer bring cloth to the

are accustomed to take our ovcrclothes to the farm.

the bird-snare

We

farm
The meaning
?

mu

replied to the

partridge.
of this proverb is, that something can be said on both sides of a question.
The
partridge, seeing a cloth so spread out as to form abird-snare, was suspicious and said, What does
he mean by this ? The farmer replied, that people always bring their wrappers to the farm
(laying

84.

Adie,

them on the

grass or a bush while at work).

Sdluga,

eni

fi

iwadiu

Fortune, the Elevator, he puts one

before

se eni eliiq ni kpele.

sil^
doton to-do one behind in gently.

Adzhe, the Mevalor, he leaves the foremost to deal favorably with the hindmost.
may sometimes be last, and the last first.

That

is,

the

first

omo

85. Ad:ie,

lie

iya

child of envy

Witch,

mi ^oro
my is-hard

trouble

of envy my

ga

she

is-high

kpa
kills

nidli gb^giiq.
not

and hard

The witch, child

Witches are thought to destroy people when asleep by sucking
86.

Ad^ekasu k5 in5
not knows

Loaf-eater

bi iyaq
if famine

The man who has plenty

8*r.

troubles are sore

their blood like a vampire.

rrni.
jrrevails.

to eat

does not appreciate the severity of a famine.

mbu

Akeke
Axe

inherits.

she kills but cannot inherit.

etu
si atari.
ti
qke
se;
igi k6
gb6nagb(ma
woodman
which is-cutting tree not refuses ;
offers propitiation to head.
The axe which cuts the tree is not afraid ; but the wood-man makes a sacrifice to his head.
Some kinds of trees are supposed to be inhabited by evil spirits, which might inflict some

injury on the

woodman unless he

ofi'ered

a sacrifice to his good genius, which

is

thought to reside

in the head.

81.

us cut

The agbedze grows hard with

it

(Gram.

age,

and

is

cut to

145, 2).
82. Agb9i), the chin ; agboq isale, the lower jaw.
83. Mu...wah, to bring; niu
I6I1, to take;
.

(Gram.

187).

make cups;

gba

...

Id, to

save ;

ki k

kp4

a, let

gbe,

to abide,

to

be,

pleonastic like do in

Englth

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.

68
88.

Bribe

Bi 6

judge

for

oni

ki

ola

kur)

otito.

do judgment of truth.

a true judgment.

bribe blinds the judge, for a bribe cannot give

kui)

i^e idddi;o

ilfe

not can

bribe

ogbe ki

kpa

bdiio

agiliti,

r5.

remains to-day remains to-morrow that thirst that will kill iguana, rain will fall.
If there remain to-day or to-morrow before the iguana will die of thirst, it will rain. Dehis creatures.
signed to show the providence of God over

it

If

90.

blinds

it4s

A
89.

oiiidadi;6; notori abetele ki

Abetele ni ifod^u

fu Oloruq
to
God

id^4

Fi
Give

battle

Leave the

battle to

God, and

owo

fi

d^^;

le

erdr).

jmt hand upon

to-fight ;

rest

your

temple.

on your hand (as a spectator).

temp>le

That

is

trust

in God's providence.

91. Tinotino, t61iii)t61iiq ni

without

Within,

By

agba

Open

the cask

Open

open the cask.

ok6

kpa

makes hoes

Ogun

ike,

kiiq

House

one

kii

ti

carriers are

r6

not works

smithy

e.

ki id^i agba.

wdh,

raij

in all its parts.

one whom they send to-come, not opens

agbede k6

i.

yours)

(if

but he that

cask.

with

is sent

it

does not

faithful to their trust.

remarkably

bata;

oko k6 ^oro

leather ;

not is-hard

farm

agbede

ro,
to-till,

the

smithy

k6
not

to sell.

does not

w^

work

ivory, the smith does not

smith would not make hoes

ni igba

Oyo

li

was in Katunga in

time

to sell.

work

leather ; if the

That

every

farm

man to

ti

atidi;o,
of

is,

r)kpe Akidi;e

which they called

antiquity,

were not difficult to

his trade.

Silence

oib6

white-man

mb|.

died

there.

In old times
95.

eni

cask o^ powder

God.

to

praise

within and without,

ik.

cultivate, the

94. lie

etu

agba

God

of rum, open the cask of powder

not works ivory,

Ogun

butterfly gives

The Yoruba

k6 r5

93. Ogiiq

iyiq fu Oloruq.

ifi

beauty, the butterfly praises

its

oti, d^i
cask of rum, open

92. T)i\

labaMba

it-is

sure iku,

He

fled

there

bo

was a house in Katunga

ako

si

called Silence

the sword,

and hid

a white man died

there.

Ida.

death, he entered into scabbard of sword.

He fled from

in the scabbard.

"

He

leaped out of the frying-pan into the

fire."

96.

A
We

ri

ti

see

that

We

eni

m5

fi

iwi,

see that

one knows

how

to

bo

akpadi

one knoivs to-speak, he puts

potsherd

ti

to-cover that of

r| mol|.
him up.

speak (the faults of others), although he covers his otan with a

potsherd.

97.

A
We

ki igb^ 4kaka low6 akiti;

not take squatting from baboon;

We

ki igb^

&

we not

cannot cure a baboon of squatting (because

stead from a

man

(because

93. Oguj) is the god of smiths.

94. Historical and other facts are
96. Ti r|, that of him, his.

it is

his

by

ile

babd lowo

take house of father

it is

from

natural to him)

eni.
one.

we cannot

take the home-

natural right).

frequently transmitted to posterity in proverbial sayings.

69

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.
98. A,e

ikoko

6rai)

Doer of crime of

eni

secresy

6ebi

6q

li

supposes

he

it-is

they

who did

as

is-pale

thing.

The perpetrator of a

crime supposes it is he they are talking about (if be sees men in

who has done something (wrong). " Conscience makes

secret

conversation), his face being pale as one

cowards of us

all."

ni ise ikukpani.
ti
k bd
so
traitor.
who one with speaks it-is acts

Asbrokele bodzu\v6 igbe: igb6 ki iro; eni

bush

watches

Whisperer

bush

A whisperer watches the bush ;

man

If a

Odo

100.

bi

ifa

body

are-speak'mg-ahout, being

^e ohuq.

one

99.

ard

abi

mbawi,

ki

bo

is-full to-cover

The

he

tells ;

a bush never

he

tells secrets ;

wish his secrets to be kept, he should not confide

k6q

River not

riot

edia

11

odzii.

fish

in

eye.

to

river is never so full as to obscure the sight of the fish.

whom one S2}eaks is

them

the traitor.

to others.

That

no scheme or purpose

is,

is

too deep to be confided to a friend.

PAEABLE OF THE PRODIGAL

Luke

Okoqrl kdq 11 om6kor)i'l med^i.

one had
Man
son
two.
Babd, fu ml

kpe,

Father, give

to-wit,

r^ fu

ini

possession his

nl

me

I6h

si
to

k6
6kere

llu

ba

all

nl lb|

ni 6

beresi Idi

and

began

llu

nd

of town that

ondie

tl

which

food

Ni igbd
In
11
it-4s

alaini.

6i)

si

he

and

awoq
they
tl

time which
li

he have

it

tori

ml.

belongs

me.

raq a
him

loli si

go

to

his

ko

elede di;e; enlkeni

swine

odi:ii

r^

eye

his

ate;

wdli

go

any-one

11^,

came to-ground, he

y6

eating to-be-full

his

self

iso

fi

ni,
said.

fu
to

ad^e

ti,

eating

to-leave,

this

this,

mu

ona

omdkoqri
son

tp9^

r^

his straightway

r^ ni Inakuna.

Ni igbd

mii

elede.

to be

Ayh
Joy

nd

oloto kdq

cleave-to

citizen

nl
it-is

time

in town that

nl llu

sharp

m6

In

6
he

ard

one inhabitant

ba

fi

he would with

di;e
eat

li.

him.

Awoi) aldgba^e babd ml melomelo

hireling of father my
They
how-many

atl

join

to-ioatch sioine.

and

Ba

eyl

after

si

obuq

kplq

divided thing of

ehlq eyi,

nlanla wdli

not give

si

He and

and took road

Inl

dd ard r^ kp5

oko r^ loh

father his

to

possession his in extravagance.

all

made

went, he

farm

famine of greatness came

16h, 6

si

d^o,

11

in

together, he

gbogbo
iyaq

ended,

He and

sent

ondi^e ad^e
food

it

nl

was spending

r| d^e* tdq,

of

to-be needy-one.

nd

gbe

there it-is he

all

tl

which he had

thing

gbogbo

which he to-destroy
si

tl

ogiiq

ohuq gbogbo

town of distance; in

tl

Iwoq

babd re

wov) wi fu

ni ln6

This younger-brother in among them said

Isi
t6
ldi;6 melokaq
Not and amounted-to day
few

younger-brother gathered

go

aburo

Eyi

Ki

them.

aburo

1182.

XV.

to-have measure of inheritance which

woq.

to

SON.

emi si
I and

dze, to destroy.

qku

fu

am-dying for

ebi!
hunger/

Eml
I

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.

70
dide

emi 6

s6,

babd mi

to

arise indeed,

qti

qdese

Iiave

sinned against heaven, and in

omo

child

thy more,

mi

^e bi

make ms

do as

m6,

babd r^

fi

Ni igbd

lob.

In

father his going.

g,

si

ran,

he

Omo

enu.

emi k6 si ye
I not and fit

r^ ;
thy

ring

slip-on

make

abokpa

hung upon

on

Q.

him

to

my

Omdkoqri

r^ eyi

Son

his

soqmo

eti

si

neck,

and

kp6, Babd, emi qti qdese

si

si

kpa

and

kill

ti

kii,

died,

he

ti

atiwb

ile.

entering

house.

vl.

him.

He and

it-is

bere

emi
I

Mu

si

de

Se, to do,

is

to

foot

his.

ma

si

eat,

ye.

Nwoq

si

beresi

ise

They

and

began

to-make

bi

si

he

and

id^o.

mo J
knew
they
d

si

he called

babd

r|

si

kpa

father

thy

and

has-killed

ino
among

si?

(3

si

to?

He and

ati

ni

Uera.

(3

in

health.

He and

ni

babd

re

father his

6 wi fu babd r^ kpe,
father his

to

o,

belie

li

thee,

so

it-is

to-wit,

emi ko si
I not and

si

si

6e di^ade,

and did

go-out,

'

ti

fu
to

abokpa,

ko

si

wd

isikpe

he

and was

beseeching

lati

odiiq

melo

it

from

year

how-many

rufiq

r^ ni igba

break-law thy in

'

generally employed pleonastically aflcr nitori na, therefore.

li

was-angry, he refused as-to

si

Kiye

ii

him

fatted-to-kill,

Take-notice to

time

having the auxiliary particle i).' (Gram. 1 28, 2.)

... si, we know
.to, is equivalent to the verb to mean.
.

them

wi

bin6,

awoq

said

malu

egboro

young-one of cow

and

ti

in

peace

it-is

driya.
merriment.

ni

alafia

cow

of

one

kp^ okaq

these

thing

ye

raalu

was-coming, and he

qkdq woqyi

8;
him

mbd,

qtif

And

li

nd

wo
clothe

lives.

as

is-come ;

i
it

se
driya;
make
may
merriment;

si

farm,

ihem

to

ma

singing and dancing.

presence

wi fu awoq

young-one

we and

oko,

li

iwad;^u

in

take

ki

li

oq

and

esrboro

that

in

him on

touch

mii

Ye and

was

6nq

fi

dze,

we mxiy

toq

in

'

The phrase 4 mb

as

r^.

to bring.

wah,

ti,

ese

and again

kpe, Kili
What

answered, he said

Bi

se
affected

ko

si

ye make

mbe

On-account of that

return

qsiq

anu

Fathtr %nd said

kpdda

have served

went-to

ati ni

Babd

m6.

ddhuq,

qti

r^

thy more,

ti

gbo

Nitori

si

omo
child

him

ri

to

arose he

enu

oruq

who

egboq

r^

because that he sees

call to-be

dide 6

made mouth

sinned against heaven

si

that

it,

had

Younger-brother thy

nitori

li

call to-be

kl

S,

yi

Aburo

have

li

kpfe

may

i,

fi

iguqwa wdh,* ki

their; he inquired to-wit.

to-wit.

li

may

ago

ayo

this elder-brother

omo-odo woq; 6
kpe,

Father,

ma kpe

ba

this

ile,

si

ri

r^

drew-near-to edge of house, he heard

servant

babd

take choice garment of stateliness coming, that

omo mi

ti

because that child

He and

he

to-wit,

ti

fatted-to-kill coming, that ye

nitori

r|.
thy.

oroi),

that they should

ki

hireling

6kere,

li

8 li ow6, ati bata

him on hand, and shoe

wdb,

li

E mu

bo

w&

ti

si

him

Ye

6ruka

they

ma

ba

ti

that they should

awoq alagbase

among

m6

omo-odo r^ kp6,
fl

in

one

to-cleave-to

servant

his to wit.

r5

and said

Son

mouth.

emi k6 si ye
I not and fit

okaq ni in6

ti

wi fu

si

thy

presence

which he and had was in distance, father his saw him, pity

time

sure,

him, he and

go,

oruq, ati ni iwadi;ii re

si

emi 6 si wi fu ii kpe, Babd, emi

I will and say to him to-wit, Father,
I

161i,

my

will go-to father

will

kdq

ri

fu
to

yi
this

iwo k6

one heretofore ; thou not

SPECIMENS OF COMPOSITION.
ti

si

omo

ifi

ewur^ kdq fu mi ki 6
one

of goat

aTul hast given child

to

me

that

Sugboq

bi

omo

r^

But

as

child

thy this and has come, one

ti

si

kpa

and hast

ki

it-is

thou

with me;

art

d ma ie driya nitori
we may do merriment: because

ti

n6,

had

been-lost,

fi

fu

ab6kpa
fatted-to-kill

for

si

we and

ri

i.

see

him.

aburo

ruq

adultery

destroy

wi fu

si

He and

said

mo
I

have of thee

ti

kii,

yi

that younger-brother thy this

ni

had

ti

r&

died, he

kp6,

Omo

to-wit,

Child

ii

ti

driya.

or6 r^, iwo

wealth thy, thou

him

to

which

r^

^e

to-make merriment.

kpan^aga

ii.

him.

all

thing

ti

that

who he made

iwo mb^ lodo mi; obuq gbogbo

ni

continually

cow

young-one of

awoq ore mi
them friend my

bd

fi

make with

de, eni ti

ti

malu

egboro

killed

titi

si

yi

it

"71

ni i^e.
it-is

si

It

is.

toq

si

lives; he

and

y^

and again

ye
is-fit

THE LOED'S PKAYEE.

Babd wa
Father

ti

mb|

li

6ke oruq, bwo

li

oruko

re,

art

in

above heaven

honor

be

nam

thy,

reign

ondi;e

odi6

our who

ni ki

^e

li

aiye, bi ti

be that

we

do

in

earth,

igbese

wa

debt

our from

d^i

6ke oruq
above heaven

as

wa, bi awa
us,

81

in6

idewo,

to

within

temptation,

as

ti

we

^ugboq gbd
but

deliver

fu

give^

qdaridi;i

wa H

idioba r^ de;

us have food of day

awoq onigbese wa

are-forgiving

them

debtor

wa

ni

in6

tulasiq.

Amiq.

us

in

within

distress.

Amen,

li

oni

rh

mdb
not

si

dari

our in to-day

our;

wa

ife ti

thy come, will of thee

forgive

fd

and lead

wa
us

DICTIONARY
OF TflE

YORUBA LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION.
proper to inform the reader that the following Dictionary contains scarcely one half of the Yoruba
Language. There are doubtless some primitive words which the compiler has not learned and several
thousand derivative vocables have been omitted for the sake of brevity. This severe abridgement, however,
It

is

meaning of the omitted words may be ascertained by the rules of derivation

the meaning of inflected nouns and verbs in Latin from the nominative
and infinitive. For the convenience of the reader, supposing him to be already acquainted with the rules of
derivation as laid down in the Grammar, we here present a review of the various classes of words which
is

no

real defect, since the exact

quite as easily as

we can determine

have been omitted.

I. Many verbs of the following kinds
The
1. Verbs composed of a verb and noun
as, beru, to be afraid ; from ba, to meet, and era, fear.
omitted verbs of this class are formed chiefly as follows
a. Of da, to make, and a noun
as, dSse, to sin, from 6se, sin.
b. Of die, to be, to act, to make, and a noun
as, diolu (olu, a prince, officer), to be a prince, to rule as a
:

prince.
c.

Of li,

to have,

and a noun

as, 16^e (^^e, sin), to

have

sin, to be sinful, to sin ; laini (aini, need), to be

needy, destitute.
d.
e.

Of mo, to know, and a noun as, mete (ete, consideration), to be considerate, provident.
Of ^e, to do, to make, to be, and a noun as, iaimS (aim5, ignorance), to be ignorant, untutored ; saro
;

Verbs of this class are very numerous.

2. A considerable number of verbs which appear to be formed by placing two verbs in juxtaposition
sare (sa, to run, and re, to go), to run ; but in
as, bllu (bi, to push, and lii, to strike), to beat upon, as waves
a striking, vch, a going.
fact, the second member of these verbs is a contracted noun, for ilu,
Bearing this in
mind, the omitted verbs of this class are easily defined by referring to the roots.
A little
3. A considerable number of verbs composed of three or four words
as, fesetfe, to trample on.
to meditate.
(aro, meditation),

practice will enable the reader to analyse these verbs, or, as the natives express
and thus discover their meaning. Usually an elision occurs in the first syllable

posed of

fi,

to

teriba, to bow,
4.

make, ese, the foot, ih, to jyress. But sometimes the

from te, to bend, ori, tJie head, ba, to meet.

Many compound

transitive verbs

as,

fi

hai), fo

All the foregoing verbs are in fact phrases, and

vocables in a dictionary compiled by a native.

it is

show

da

first

it,

" to
take

them to pieces,"
which is com-

as in fesete,
vowel of the noun

lebi

(li

probable that none of

ebi),

to

is

elided

as,

condemn.

them would be

treated as

IL The number

of nouns omitted from the Dictionary is very large :

Several classes of nouns formed from verbs primitive and derivative.
'
'
a and ' i.'
a. Nouns formed by the prefixes
1.

b.
c.

'

By the prefix ai.'

By the prefix ati.'
By reduplicating the
'

first syllable of the verb.

d.
For the meaning of nonns formed by these prefixes see
" Derivation of Nouns" in the
or
refer
each
to
Grammar,
prefix in the Dictionary.
2. Nouns formed from nearly all nouns by the prefixes, al, all, el, el, ol, ol, alai, olu, oni. (See Derivation

of

Nouns and Dictionary.)

Nouns formed from most verbs by

3.

surpass

'

as above, with the addition of a suffix, chiefly d^u, to

asedzu, excess, lit. an action surpassing or exceeding the bounds

prefixing

a,'

; kp6, together ; tin), completed ; as,

of propriety ; asekpS, an acting together, co-operation ; asetai), a completed action, completion.
Sometimes
other suffixes aro employed ; as, la, to be safe, e. g. asalil, a running to be safe, esrajye, from sd, to run.

INTRODUCTION.

Such nouns arc easily analyzed, by ascertaining the meaning

and then of the prefix and of the suffix.
Adverbs, or adverbial phrases, composed of a nonn and the preposition ni or

and U, to
or middle
III.

as, lola (li

he safe.

first

of the verbal root

syllable,

ola),

okere), in the distance, far

'
'
'
ascertain that of the noun to which 1 or ' n

to-morrow

obvious so soon as

we

lokere

(li

off.
is

li,

in,

The meaning

are often omitted

of such words

is

prefixed.

requested to observe that the accent of Yoruba words in the Dictionary is marked
in
cases
where it cannot readily be determined from the rules laid down in the Grammar,
those
only

The student

25-27.

is

PART

I.

YORUBA-ENGLISII
ABA
a, a prefix, the primary use of which is to form concrete nouns from verbs.
But the meaning of nouns

thus formed

various

is

be

classified as

1.

The

denoting

actor or agent
to

soro,

and accordingly they may

speak

from dik,

a speaker, from

as, asoro,

adia, a dog,

lit.

to fight.

3.-ba, n.

come :

ayuq ab5 mi

e. g.

emefa

di

goings and comings amount

to six

loni,

my

times

to-

day.

verb

fit ;

implied in an intransitive

abade, suitableness, from bade,

as,

the state

aye,

of being

alive,

to

from yh,

to live.
6.

pron.

he, she,

much used

It is

stitute for the passive verb

m,

e.

i.

as,

aa

ab,

k 16h, ye

oh

interj.

reill

ah

a contraction of

n.

thing

as,

which

li)

is

e.

g.

<S;c.

ft'-ba-da, fS.'-ba-da, adv.

do

it

as,

emi 6 ie e

used only after a

for

ever,

mo

fabada,

will never

again.

a-ba-de

that which fits or is fitted ; sui-

(bade), n.

tableness, adaptedness, congruity.

a camping

together,

a fellow

en-

mi, they struck

to shall or will ;

a-ba-dza
a-ba-dze
a-ba-dze

n.

(dza), n.

a confiuence of streams.
a fighting together.

an eating

(die), n.

together.

which spoils or

(badze), n.

is spoiled ;

kind of yam.

a-ba-dzo

alas !

abi, that

abeti (abi

eared

crib, barn, store.

See abudza.

camper.
forming a sub- a-bft-do (6do),

go.
!

mat

awa and

I was struck.

an auxiliary jmrticle equivalent

as, eqyir)

in

eni aba, a

tohich surprises or thwarts,

a-bfi.-d6 (do), n.

and, by contraction of

it ;

awoi), we, they.

fi,

a mat of coarse grass

a stack of corn,

negative

4. Tlie abstract quality

a large

and enclosing. the ankle.

the grass aba.

as, abS, a coming, from hb, a-bS.-bu-dza, n.

action itself;

to

of

eti),
fila

which

that
abcti,

is

or has any

which has

ears,

a cap with ear-

As an

a-ba-dztl
tremely

a meeting with

(edzo), n.

ficulty.

(ba),
:

trouble or dif-

inteijection, ?owrfer/MZ.' shocking!

n.

6 ba mi

a meeting,
li

abadzu,

it

<S:c.

fell

greatly,

ex-

upon me with

a great or grievous falling.

flaps.
'

ab, a-ba, a prefix formed of a and ba, to meet, and a-b4-dzu (ba), n. an excessive plaiting, <'c.
a-ba-fe, n. a medicinal tree.
occasionally of a and ba, with, implying
a law-breaker ; law1. Meeting with, or encountering;
as, abadi9 a-ba'-fir)-dze (ba ofiij die), n.
'

'

'

(aba edi9), meeting with a difficulty or trou2.

With or

together ;

operation,

as,

assistance

together.

a-ba.

breaking.

a-ba-fo

ble.

See root ba.

abase

(^e,

abasili],

to

do), co-

sleeping

a species of wild fig-tree,

See root ba.

ohuq ab4, a thing which

met.

n.

a-bft, (ba), .

is

stocks, consisting of

staple driven into a log

patient or recipient of an action; as, aba,

that which is met, from ba, to meet : e. g.

The

3.

what do you hope for?

a-ba, M. an iron staple ;

a fighter, a-ba,
a-b&.

The

2.

a-ba, n. a thinking of, expecting, expectation, hope

aba ki li o i)da ? (^fiope what is-it thou art-making?

(fo),

n.

a speaking

a-bS.-g6-ke (goke),

n.

together.

a going up or ascending

together.

a-ba'-kpa-de (kpade),
coincidence,

v.

a chance

event, accident,

ABA
See balB.

a-ba-lS, n.

a-ba-in5

(imi)),

mother

hapiyened, chagrin.

a-ba-mo-le

way

n.

(111919),

ambush, conspiracy, high-

rohhery.

a-bfi-ni-bS-be

a fellow-pleader, an advo-

n.

(eni),

eni), n.

a-ba-ni-dze (ba

an

die), n.

a fellow-dancer,

a-bfi-ni-gbe-le

an

or ga-

in collecting

assistant

also,

cus-

n.

ile),

an

an assistant in

tilling the

assistant in carrying anything.

a-be-ru,

a-be-tu

a helper, co-worker.
a-bfi-ni-se,
See a'banibebe.
a-bS.-ni-si-kpe.

a-ba-ra (aba

n.

a fellow-trader, jmrtner.

me

slapped

a begging

n.

yiyi, the

agiliti

rough-skinned lizard.

an

a-bl, n.

9.'-ba-ti (ba

a-bl

See bi and

adv.

(bi, if),

a public square.
a little marsh, a pool.
(l^s.

(ba), n.

reproof, the act of scolding.

a sprinkling, a

a-bfi.-'w6r), .

a-be-kS.-na (abi ekana),

n.

a-bi-l

stain.

that which has claws

erai) abekana, carnivorous animals.

a-bS-re. See hhre.

n.

a contemptible person

you good

for

nothing

iwo

addressed to infe-

10 ith

a-be-Awe

that which has ears

fila

that

which has

leaves.

a-be, a-b^, &c. See be and be.

a-be, n. the underneath : 6 wa li abe okuta,
in underneath the rock.
(be, to cut), n.

a-be-be,

n.

n.

Jie

razor, lancet, penknife.

a fan.

a pleader, an advocate.
?l-be-gi (igi), n. a hewer or cutter of wood.
a-b6-be,

abeti,

flaps to cover the ears.

(abi ewe), n.

i.

circumstances.

e.

eh ? iwo

mh

abi

you

an

horses.

the latter or last born.

(kehiij), n.

evil spirit,

See

supposed to

kill

chil-

bila.

one homeborn.

a-bi-l-k9 (ba, ile, oko),

husband's house.
(ile),

n.

a-bi-n6-dze,
a-bl-n9-k(i,

eti), n.

n.

woman

living in her

a native.

a-bl-mo (omo), n. a parent of children.

abese a-bin6, n. one wlw is angry, <&c. See bin6.

riors.

a-bfe-tl (abi

eye,

perhaps

a mixed breed of large and small

n.
(ile),

a-bI-16

having.

dren.
a'-bi-ia, n.

62, 3.)

of,

a being: araiye abi odzu kpete,

a nickname for a mother.

n.

a-bi-ke-hir)

a-bi-ku,
a wall.

bi.

a-bi-ga, n.

aid, co-operation.

n. failure, shakiness of
ti),

bribe,

the armpit.

existence,

a-bl-a-m6,

(ita), n.

fi.'-ba-ta, n.

visitation, visitor.

n.

abi, a preflx, implying being in a state

know, eh

a sleeping with, cohabitation.

a-ba-sCir), n.
n.

having a body or skin

beforehand

a brook.

(abi etu), n.

man, a being of limited

slap.

(abi ara), n.

mud

trim

to

See beni,

n.

a-bi, a-bi, n.

6 gba mi li abara,
in-regard-to a-slap), he gave me a

a slap

ara), n.

a trowel, a shovel

a-be-"w6 (bw6),
a-be-ya (iya), n.

n.

a-ba-ni-s6-"W0,

beri.

(oro), n.

bribery, briber.

a bed-fellow.

a-bfi-ni-siln, n.

a-b

See

a-be-ri, n.

a-be-te-le,

a-b&-ni-ru, n.

a cap

name

walls with.

ground.

yi

the rock, the

a needle, a pin.

n.

a-b6-r6

a felloiv-traveller.

a-bfi.-ni-r6-le (ro

a-be-se,

under

tohich is

n.

See b|re.

a-bfe-re, n.

a-be-re,

a partner in buying
buys from one.

a-bfi-ni-iir), .

a-bd-'Wl

loose trow-

of the capital of Egba.

who

a-ba-ta

sers.

thering.

a-ba-se,

substance.

jmt-tner.

like.

a-ba-ra

flat

which has a wide mouth

(abi), n.

abenugboro, a wide-mouthed gun.

a-b6-nu-gb9.-gba (abi), n. a kind of

a-bfi.-ni-r, n,

privacy, secresy.
flatness, thinness of a

an assistant in counting money or A-be-o-ku-ta,

a-bft-ni-ko, n.

abara

ivhich has boughs or branches.

n.

(abi),

a-be-na-gbo-ro

an inmate.

n.

(ile),

n,

a-bS,-ni-k^

(lie

importunity.

a-be-ka

injurer, slanderer,

corrupter.

tomer

her back.

iboi)

a-bS.-iii-dz6, n.

the

abehii) diidia, a
a struggling child) on

e.

(i.

a-bfe-i-ya-nu, n.

a-be-lS, n.

guest.

a kicker

ivith

a-be-lS, n.

cate, intercessor.

a-bfi-ni-dze (ba

abiam6

the back:

to

pertaining

tohich has something on or

ehiij), n.

a-be-hir) (abi

painful rejlection on what has

n.

ABO

See bino die.

n.

an enemy. (Ps. 37, 8.)

which is hairy.
iroij), n.

n.

a-bi-r9r) (abi

a-bi-r5r) (ba iroij) n. a sick person, an invalid.

a-bi-si (bisi), n. i7icrease, propagation by birth.

a-bl-ye (abi iy^), M. which has feathers. (Gen. 1,21.)

was a-bi-ya (iya), n. the armpit.
a-b6, a-bd, n. See bo and bo.
a-bd, n. a female, applied to children and to animals
tlie

abo

esiq,

half cock of

fi-bo, n.

a mare

a gun.

a bag, a bundle.

abo

malii, a

cow

also,

ADE

ABO
a

n.

^-bo,

a-bo-de

a-da-b9,

shelter, covert, refuge.

the outer yard, the space without.

(ba), n.

a-b6-dztl (bo odiu),

the

day

after market-day.

a covering for the face, a a-da-b9-"W9,

n.

a-bo'-dzu-"w6, n. official
ence ; a superintendent.

superintend-

visitation,

a burglar, burglary.
a-bo'-nii-'w6r), n. a sprinkling, a sjmnkler.
a-bd-ra (ara), n. a garment, a mantle. See bora.
n,

(ile),

Sec

a-b6-ri, n.

a-bo-ru

(abi),

which

is hot.

which

(abi), n.

a-bo-yHr)

self-assumed responsibility.

a-da-dz9,

n.

a-da-gur),

n.

a judge, an appointed day.

a lake, a pond.

a large quiver

a-da'-gUl)-lS a-kpo, n.

on the
to tlie

men.
a

n.

tattler,

a mischievous

pierson.
'

is

set

which arrows arc given

battle-ground, from

a-d&-k9.-d-ke (ikaeke),

bori.

n.

n.

the time just before day.

a-da-dzi,

veil.

a-bo-16

a half: adabo odza, a market held on

a-da-ko

a maker of eko.
(eko), n.
n.
contraction
a-da-kpd,
of words.

pregnant.

a-bo, a-b6. See b9 and b5.

cessation ; a half : abo
fl.-b9, n.

and a

^ikcdii, two

and a a-da-kp5,

n.

union, confederacy.

a-da-la-re, n. justification, a justifier,

the
new
a
a
n.
a-dS.-lu, n. mixture,
meeting of
year,
a-b6-dtli), (ba),
new
the
the
it
to
see
a-da'-mah'-ld-se, n. one ivho makes a failure.
come,
anniversary of
living
year.
a-da-md, n. a mistaken opinion, heresy.

abo

half ;

siketa, three

half.

a-da'-m5-rar), n. advice, a proposal ; an adviser.

a-b9-gi-bo-kpe (igi 9kpe), n. an idolator.
a-bo-kpa, . which is fatted to Mil. (Luke 15, 23.) a-d^-mu, n. confusion of mind.
a-b6-ri-sa (orisa), n. an idolator.
a-da-na, n. Sec dana.
die ose), n. a sabbath-breaker, a-da'-ni-dfi., n. which is natural or according to
a-b6-se-dze (ba
.

a-bo-se

(ise), n.

a job, job-work.

nature.

a-b6-"W9-gfi.r) (bu owo), n. a musketo.

a-bu, a-bil. See bu and bu.

a cutting

n.

a'-bu-dza,

of one's words, a confounding

road or

a-da'-ni-dzi,

across, short cut, anticipation

awakes or arouses

which

that

n,

one.

abudia ona, a cross a-da'-ni-kpa,

street.

a detainer.

n.

a-da-ni-du-ro,

one

a-da'-nl-lfi.-ga,

who is
who

cruel.

one

n.

is

wearisome, impor-

'

the act of surrounding.

n.

a'-bu-ka,

a hunchback.

n.

a-bu-ke,

a'-bu-ktlr), n.

a-bu-l,

Sec bukoq.

blessing.

remainder, deficiency

35, 26) : ^e li abukiq, to desinse.

a'-bu-la, n. adulteration.

a-da-ni-lo-dzu,
to

the true

a-bu-in6,

a-bu-ro

an

who

n.

a-bu-rai),

n.

which

(abi iro), n.

is

a younger
male or female.

a-bu-ru,

n.

a-bu-S9,
a-da,

n.

n.

erect.

brother, or aiiy

younger

rela-

a whale.

a pruning

knife.

p>rohibitor.

who

one

busi.

is

disapiwints.

who

alarms

thrown away or

a-dar), n.

which polishes,

a-dfir), n.

people,

an

a-da-re, n.

is

lost.

polished, dx.

See

dai).

bat.

a justifier, justification.

a-da'-ri-kp9r), n.

See

one

a-da-ri-dzi-ni, n.

a grove ; one who blesses.

an invention, a falsehood.
bill-hook,

enlivens or cheers

a tormentor.

which

a-dfi.-n6, n.

Sec buru.

a-bfi-ru-bu-tfi.1), n.

a-bu-si, n.

See bura.

carded, prepared to be spun.

which stands

who

one

alarmist.

addition, exaggeration.

swears.

a-bil-ro, n.
tive

a-da-ni-lo-ro,

n.

n.

a-da-ni-ni-dzi,

n.

mortifier, disappointer.

n.

others.
contempt (Ps.
See bukui}.
a-da-ni-l^-kui), n.

statement.

a-bu-ra,

a-da-ni-la'-ra-ya,

a patch, something added

n.

a-da-ni-la-ra, n.

an adding, a

n.

a-bu-k9r),

tunate.

one loho forgives.

tlie

red-headed lizard.

a-dfi-ro, n. anxiety, one who is anxious.

a-da-ni-da-kp5, n. indiscriminate mixture,

fusion.
a-da-S&r), n.

a hereditary

con-

debt.

a-da-sl, n. which is spared, reserved, a gleaning

a-da, a-da. See dA and dk.
an intermeddler, intermeddling.
a-d&.
prefix implying making, constituting, apa-da-sd, n. a fiction, a fictitious report, a lie.

pointing.

a'-da-ba, a'-ta-ba, n. a dove : adaba in&n, the white a-da-"wir), n.

instalments of a debt.

a contribution of money.
pigeon.
a-dfi.-W9-l, n. who assumes responsibility.
a-da-bi, n. which resembles, likeness.
a-da'-bo-bd-ni (da abo eni), n, a defender, an a-de, n. a covering, a crown : dc li adc, to crown
fi ade de, to set a crown on.
ally.

a-da-wo,

n.

ADE
a-de,

a charm

M.

briny home the ijhost of one

to

killed in war.

which starves

that

cbi), n.

a-de-bi-kpa-ni (da

AD^

one,

a-do-rur), num.

ninety,

a-do-sag, num,

one hundred

a-do'-so-sap, num.

and

mie hundred

seventy.

and

seventy each.

who a-do-ta, num. fifty.

comes to hear.
a-do'-to-ta, num. fifty each,
contracted;
covenant
n.
;
a-du, H. a few: sAm hrAsi, a few people,
a-de-hCir),
bargain,
a
liar.
n.
a-dti, n, a very black person,
a-de-ke,
a
a
married
n.
woman,
newly
a'-du-gb6, n, an old acquaintance, a neighbor,
a-de'-le-lj^ (lie),
bride.
a-du'-gbo-lil. a stumbling block,

A-de-g'b6,

The name

?.

of a man, meaning

a water-gourd.

a-de-mo, a-de-mu, n.
a-de-na (ona), n. who

lies

an impe-

diment.

a-de-bi,

a-de-te (da

a-de-ti-si-le, n.
a-di, n.

a binding,

a-dl, n.

oil

a-dl, conj.

etc), n.

a-dza,

tangling,

See

<kc.

di.

notwithstanding, after

all.

flour of parched com, anything savory.

a-di-dzd. (di idza), n. coming to blows or to a fight.

a-di-dzu, n. a blinder or
a'-di-e.
See adire.
a-dl-gba-ro,

deceiver,

n.

troicble,

it is

a contraction.

unhappiness,

escape through hard struggling.

a-dza-di, n, which is broken in the bottom

agboij, a broken bottom basket,

n.

a-dza-dze,

4-dza-ga,

a colander,

n,

Sec adzara, of which

low,

adzadi

mean fellow.

a-dza-e, n. a cord with which a prisoner's hand

bound to his neck,

a scarecrow, a fright,

a-di-dzi, n.

a-dza.

a-dz9.-b5, n.

n.

a-di-d5g,

prayer to God only.

a dog ; a fairy skilled in medicine,
an attic, a loft, a ceiling overhead.

a-dza-ba,

of the palm-nut kernel.

adukpe lodo

n,

n.

d.-dza, n,

leper.

listener to private conversation.

thanks, thankfulness:

Ol9ru]3, tlianks to Ood,

a-du-ra,
condemnation,

n.

n,

a-du-kpe,

ambush

in

n,

neck-shackle,

a-dza-ga-dzi-gi,

child's game of casting lots,

solid,
a-di-ini-ni6 (da mimo), n, a sanctifier, sancti- a-dza-gboi),

n,

is

yoke,

a violent jerking at something

a-dl-lu, n,

a-di-in5,

n.

a-di-mu,

n.

who shuts one

he

n.

a-di-in6,
shut in.

secret covenant,

who holds

also as a proper

is

a domestic fowl,

a-di-ro, n,

a colander,
isi),

of being

a plot.
a holding fast

an

n.

n.

(Rom.

1,

30.)

a-do-dz9, num.

a-dza-o,

n.

which causes

one hundred

a-d6-dzo-dzo, num,

and

sell

a-d5i), n. fiavor,

a-dp-rip, num.
a-do'-ro-rir),

one hundred and sixty each.

one hundred

taste, sweetness.

seventy.

num.

a-do'-ro-ruij, num.

like

mouth of a grave

seventy each.

ninety each.

See adzkhb.

n.

each.

a kind of large bat.

the moon's dog, i.

fi.-dza-6-SU, n.

c. the

evening star.

See aguala.
a-dza-ra, n. a climbing plant the leaves of which
impart a black
a-dz,

n.

the

a-dze-dze,

sixty.

and ten
one hundred and ten.

a-d9-fa, num.

it ?

tear.

Sec adododze.

a-do-do-fa, num,

much

a-dza'-na-kpa, n. a bird-snare made of cloth.

a-dza'-na-ku, n. the elephant.
a-dzai), w. meat cut small to retail.

thirty (cow-

how dost thou

one
hundred
and
adododze,
thirty each.
one
num.
hundred
and thirty.
a-do-dze,
a

clo o ta

a-do-gui) (da oguq),

of respect

esquire."

a-dzi-ia.

vial.

an adulterer; lewdness.
a-do-do-dze, num. one hundred and
.

ceiling over the

title

the tortoise,

inventor,

a small gourd used for a

each

used a-dza-ka, a-dza-ka-le, n,

a-d6, n.

ries)

soldier,

an epidemic, pestilence.
a-dza'-ka-su (die aka^u), n. one who eats the large
jerked
loaf, i. e. who has plenty,
a-dza-ko (oko), n, a kind of wild dog,
a-dza-kpa, n, a petty trader, a nickname given to

a-di-tar)-in5 (da itaij), n, a tracing of kinship.

a-dl-tl (eti), n. a deaf person.

a-do,

"

a-dza-i-lS, n,
or pit,

dried over the fire,

a'-dl-re, n.

a-di-si (da

state

name.

which

a-dir)-gbe, n,
meat.

fast,

in,

the tamarind-tree.

n,

n,

a-dza-gun,

ficaticm,

n,

stain.

god of money, fortune,

a stranger or alien : adzedic

strange or foreign town ; se adzedze

si,

ilu,

tranged from, (Ps. 78, 30.)

a-dze-re, n, an earthen pot pierced full of holes
dry meat in.

a-dze,

n.

a paddle, an

a-dz,

n.

oar.

witch.

a-dze-kdr),

n.

a-dze-kpd,

n.

a remnant after eating.

an eating together.

the cud,

to be es-

to

AGA

ADZ
an

n.

a-dze-le,

a-fe-ni6-dzu-in6, n. the dawn, daybreak.

a-fe-n5, n. which is winnoioed atoay.

official agent, consul.

a-dze-ni-a

(enia), n.

a-dze-ti, n.

eating

a cannibal.

and

a part

leaving

uneaten.

eating to the full. (Lake 15, IV.)

n.

a-dze-y6,

a-fe-nu-si
a^fe-re,

(Liike 16, 17.)

a-fe-s6-na

a-dzi-dzlr),

a-fe-tS.r), n.

a-dzi'-gbe-se, n. a debtor.
a'-dzi-ra6 (Arab.), n, the Mohammedan Sabbath.
n.

a-dzi-na,

a rising

n.

a-dzl-nde,
a-dzir), n.

profound

a-dzlr)-sir(-sir), n.

tip,

the resurrection.

deep concealment, that which

is

concealed.

a-dzi-re

good morning !
a journey.

d.-dzo, n.

did you wake well ?)

(lit.

a-ff, a-fi-bi, conj.

a-fl-bi-kpd-re

a-fi-16

ie aferi, to seek.
betrothed.

perfect love.
unless, except.

an

kp6), n.

(fi

tingrateful person.

forgiveness, repeal of law.

a showing, guidance, exhibition.

a-fi-hS.r), n.

silence, the depth of night.

who is

n.
(si ona),

a-fi-dzi, n.

expenditure, expenses.

a seeker

search,

a-dzl-lib-'wa-'bfi., n.
?i.

cork-wood.

lightness ;

a-fi|-ri, n.

which pre-exists.
a shadow. (Ps. 23, 4.)

a meddler.

enu), n.

(fi

w.

n.

(fi ile),

abandonment, renunciation.

an engraver, engraving.
(fiq ona)
a-fi'-n6-sa'-dze-re (fi in6 se adzere), n. one with a
a-fi-na

n.

treacherous memory, an unreliable person, unteachable.

See
a-fi-no-se-hir) (ehiij), a-fi-no-so-de (ode).
a-dzo, n. anxiety : se adzo, to be anxious.
the preceding word.
a-dz6-gur) (dze ogu^), n. an heir.
a-dzo-kpa-rur), n. lohich bums fiercely, devour- a-fir), n. a palace ; an engraver, engraving ; an
albino.

fire.

ing

a-dz6-6-kil

(o, not), n.

is

else

feast,

for a feast.

an assembly

7i.

(1 Pet. 4, 3.)

a-dz6-kpir),

seadzSkpiq,

to

egbe

adzoriij,

travelling companion.

acting by constraint ;

reluc-

(iye), n.

attention, noiableness.

(Acts

2,

20.)

a space, room

a-fo, n.

a travelling together

a-dzo-rir), n.

is accused.

n.

tance.

a-fl-ye-sl

a jxirtaker, sharer

n.

partake, share.

who

one

a-fi-sor), .

a-fi-yag-dzu-se,

festival.

a-dzo-dze-kp5, a-dzo-mo-kpd,

a tidy per-

son.

a-fir)-gba (igba), n. an engraver of calabashes.

a-fi-re-se (ire), n. wilfulness in doing an evil action.

fire.

a-dzo-vru, n. one who is jealous ; jealousy.

a-dzo, n. an assembly, crowd : adz9 odu^, a

neatness, tidiness ;

n.

a-fir)-dzu (odiu),

unquenchable.

a catching fire from sometliing

a-dz6-r3.r), n.

on

which

a-fo-dzu-di

n.

(fi),

openness,

an opening.

insolence.

a looking for, expectation.

n.
cork-wood.

a-fi6-dzu-s6-na,

a-dz6-r6,

n.

a consultation,

a-dzo-SO,

n,

a talking

council.

a-fo'-fo-ro, n.

a parasite,

a-fo-in6, n.

together.

mistletoe.

a-dzo-y6, n. a rejoicing together.

a-fo'-ni-f6-dzi, . a valley.
a-fo-re-se-bi (fi ore se ibi), n. an ungrateful person.
a-dzu-ba, n. a newly cleared field.
a-dzu-de (ode), n. an armlet of iron worn by hun- a-fo-ta, n. purblindness : 6 ie afota, he is purblind.
ters.

hogs^ mire.

a.-fg, n.

a-dzu-mo,

an acting or being

n.

together,

panionship.

com- a-fo-ba-dze, n. overthrow, destruction.

a-f6-dz11 (fo), n. a blind person.

a-fa.

See

fa.

a-f6-gur),

a-fa.

See

ik.

a-fd-ko-ko

a-fai-mo

aim9), adv.

(fi
perhaps, liossibly, doubtfully : bi yi 6 de lola afaimo, if he will come tomorrow is uncertain.

a bridge ; two

a-fi-ra, n.

produce fire
fi.-fa-ra, n.

rubbed together

sticks

to

afara oyii), honey-comb.

slowness, dilatoriness.

n.

mo

fe

li

wind, air,

a-fe-hir)-ti

(fi

spirit.

ehig), n.

a-f6-6-gb6

a fiutc-player, pnper.

n.
(6, not),
(fi

afe tai),

a-fo-"w6-b6

(fi

a-fo-"w6-ra,

n.

a-f9-'w6-ta, .

a frowner, a frowning.

a-fe-fe, n.

a-fori-fe-re, n.

(Ps. 68, 8.)

a guide.

oraij), n.

unruliness, disobedience.

one

who

investigates

case

love with perfect love.

a-fe-dzu,

(fi

a poi-ioasher.

6na), n.

a-f6-rar)-in6 (fi oraij), n. accusation, suspicion.

a-f6-sf . a fulfilled prediction ; a foretelling.

a kind of rat.
a-fe-bi-kpa, n. See adebikpa.
pleasure, affection, love

(ikoko), .

a-fo-na-h3.r)

a-f6-rar)-lo

bottle.

or dis2)ute, a reconciler.

a-fe, n.

a-fe, n.

n.

a prop, support.

a-fu-ra
a-ga,

n.

owo), n.

secret.

pilfering.

a careless search.
a suspicious person.
high, a lieight ; a rampart, ladder,

(fu ara) n.

which

is

chair, stool, table.

AGA

See agara, of which it is a contraction.

a-gba-ra,
a double-dealer, a-gbfi-ra,
(gnij aba gn^ cbe),

a-g..

a-ga-lja-ge-be
a hypocrite.
a'-ga-da,

a-gb&-ra,

a short sword

n.

agada k5

m5

ori ala-

gbede, the sword knows the head of the blacksmith

(who made

it).

a'-ga-da'-go-do,

a-ga-kpo-si,

n.

n.

lock, especially

a padlock.

a-g4i),

a. stockade.

n.

the skull.

n.

a-gba'-ri-gba, n. a kind of antelope.

a-gba-sa, n. a mass of rocks.
a-gba-si,

accumulation.

n.

help for hire

n.

me. (Matt. 20,

See agindiu.

which sews or

n.

strength, violence.

a strong climling plant used for ropes.

a-gba-ee,

a palace.

n.

a-ga-ndzu,
a-ga-ndzu.

a-gba-ri,

n.
n.

a-gba-sil), n. a ewe taken care of for a portion of

her increase.

bier.

a-ga-la-ma-sa, n. a trick, deceit, naughtiness.

a-ga-na, n. a highway robber.

See

AGB

10

a-gba-tSr), n.
sewed, cuts or is cut,

is

dbc.

other,

gaij.

fu

mi

li

agbase, hire

entire help, helping throughout.

one

n.

a-gba-to-dzu,
a

7.)

who

keeps something for an-

trustee.

which despises or is despised, a despising, a-gba-"w5, n. which is hired or rented, as a house.

contempt ; a barren woman : yh agai), to be barren. a-gbe, n. a resident, inhabitant; forgetfalness ;
a-gai)-gar), n. a flat stone on which glass beads are
begging for alms.

a-gdX), n.

ground or polished.
a pinnacle, topmost point.
weariness

a-ga-ra n.
weary of
a-gba,
a-gba,

n.

ma

dii

mi,

/ am a-gbe-de

elder,

an

adult,

man : igba

agba,

by man.
(iboi)), n.

a cannon.

a-gba.-bo,

n.

afoster-child.

a-gba-da,

n.

a loose garment

a-gba-du,

in the translation of

a-gbe-re,

n.
n.

a plantain

whole people.

agbagba

eiyele,

spot-

6 gbe mi

11

agbe-

n.

exalts or aids one.

who

exalts himself, is proud.

fornication.

awhetter; a farmer; a kind of sword.

a-gbe-de (agbe ide), n. a smith's shop, smith work,
a-gbe,

the

n.

a cross. (Luke 21, 21.)

a raising up, the resurrection.

who

n.

a-gbe '-ra-ga,

a girdle.
an assembly of

a rain hat.

neighborhood, surrounding region.

n.

n.

a-gbe-nde,
a-gbe-ni,

a viper.

n.

a-gba-dza,
a-gba-dz9,
a-gba-gba,

n.

a-gbe-gbe,

maize.

n.

the middle, midst.

n.

a-gbe-dzvl, n. great assistance

diu, Tie aided me much.

a-gbe-lS-bu,

Exodus, the laver.

a-gbfi.-do, n.

lin-

a long-necked gourd.

n.

a-gbe-dzo-lo,

help.

a-gba-bor)

one skilled in language, a

a-gbe-de-me-dzi, n.
a-gbe-dzi (gba edzi),

cask.

an

a hen.

(gb6), n.

guist.

the coney (hyrax).

fi.-gba, n.

man

agara &iye

a-gbe-b6,

life.

a-g&-ra, n.
n.

a large gourd-bottle.

3.-gbe, n.

a-g&r)-gS.r), n.

lit.

m.

the whetting of brass.

a-gbe-dze, n. a kind of squash.

a-gba-gur), n. that which causes the assembling of a-gbe-ku-ta (okuta), n. a stone-cutter, a lapidary.
soldiers ; an army.
lie makes beads and other ornaments of agate,
a-gbai-ye, n. the whole world : odzu agbaiye, the
jasper, and cornelian.
face of the earth.
a-gbe-mfi-ye, n. a barren hen.
ted pigeon.

a coming in contact, a precise point of a-gblr)-yi-kfi-gba. (ogba), n. a hedge.

n.
a
: li
moment
;
agbako na, at that moment.
a-gbo, n. a flock, a ring of dancers, a stack of corn :
a
in
which
a
load
to
.
is
omo agbo, a babe ; agbo ile, the inner court of a
a-gba-ku,
placed
frame
be carried on the head.
house.

a-gba-ko,
time

a'-gba-la, n.

a-gba-la-dza,

a walled garden.
a kind of shirt.
n.

a-gba-lfi.-gba, .

a-gba-le,

n.

a-gba-lu,

n.

a-gba-mi,
a-gb^-ni,

ji.

n.

an elderly or honorable man.

a kind of insect.
the whole town,
the open sea.

helper.

the population.

a-gbo,

n.

a-gb6,

n.

a ram.
an old person : so agbo,
a fermented medicinal taash.

to

a-gb6-de-gbS, n. a thief stationed out of doors

receive what burglars steal.

to

be old ;

which

is old,

cat-flsh ;

who perseveres, acts firmly.

a-gbo-"w6-de (gba ow6 ode), n. a toll-gatherer,
a-gb6-dzu-16,

n.

the unicorn : agbaqr^re olowo

tax-collector.
kan, the agbaijrere is one-horned.
a-gboi), n. the cocoanut-tree, a cocoanut.
a-gba-9-dzo, n. one who is old in days, an aged il-gbor), n. the chin : ^gboi) isale, the lower jaw.

a-gba-r)r6-re, n.

person.

a-gb5r|,

n.

basket,

hamper.

AGB
a wasp.
a-gbor)-rir), n. a kind of antelope.
a-gb6r), .

a-gb9-ti (gba
n.

a-gbo-ya,

n.

oti),

iwo gbo agb9ya ai-be-ru,

to

be

n.

a-gi-dl, n.

a chameleon

a-gi-ll-ti, n.
n.

a-gi-ndzu,

a kind of lizard.
a wilderness, a
a

a-g6

get out of the

road

ago

way

ni, it is

struck

ago melo

lohat

two o'clock

for pills.

n.

is

indis-

unwillingness, indifference.
uncharitableness.

ai-fo-ya, n.

out of the

%oa>j

of

the

tallness.

boldness, courage.
soundness, unbroken.

uncleanness, unwashed.

n.

ai-gba-gbo, n. unbelief.
ai-gbe-de, n. state of ignorance of a language.
ai-gbo,

n.

sluggishness, stubbornness.

al-gb6,

n.

unripeness, immaturity.

ai-gb6,

n.

disobedience.

lack of wisdom, folly, &L<i.

See gboij.
ai-gb6-rar), n. See aigbo.
at-k^ n. which is uncounted, left out, excepted :
gbogbo W91) li aika eyi, all of them except this.

ai-gboi), M.

rat.

a shroud.
a tent, hut, shanty.

a-gO, n.

a-g6,

a striped

n.

n.

ai-fi6, n.

which does not dispute,

ai-fe-ni, n.

a sharp point.

n.

uncondemned.

innocence,
n.

putable.

ag6 mi H 5na, get out oj ai-f 5,

esiq, get

a-go-go-ri (gopgo ori),

a-go-ro, w. a rabbit.
a-gO-r6,

unnegligence, strict application.

ai-di'-ba-dze, n. uncorruptedness, incorruption.

ai-dze, n. which is uneatable ; a not permitting,

ago ai-fe,

ttoo.

that which is tall

n.

ai-de-ra,

bad health.

n.

n.

ai-dze-bi, n.

horse !

a-g6-gO,

defencelessness.

unceasingness, uncreatedness.

unsuitable.
desert.

a clock

a cup, small box as

a striped rat.

n.

my

bell,

ago mediSi

ro, the clock

a-gO, n.

a-g6,

it

ai-b6, M.
ai-dfi, n.

ai-dzi-yai),

a-go, a-go-go, n.
o'clock is

n.

ai-da-a-ra,

the cock

a rag.

a-gl-sa, .

medzi

Ifa is set.

;
of a gun.
stubborn ; an obstinately wicked person.
balls of cold eko wrapped in leaves.

a-ge-ni6,
a-gl-di,

on which

the stand

n.

not corrupted or spoiled, in-

blamelessness. (Mat. 12, 5.)

courage, boldness. (Acts 18, 26.)

ai-bfi.-wf, n.

hearing quickly:

is

corruptible.

butler.

{thou hearest hearing-qmckly), you pretend

n.

which

n.

ai-ba-dze,

deaf.

a-ge-re,

AIL

11

a-g6, a-g5-ni, n. one who neglects family discipline.

See the next word.
a-goi), 71. a grudge, hatred, strife. (Roin. 1, 29.)
ai-k6r), n. which is unfilled.
al-k6r)-si-n6 (si in6), i\ being unsatisfied, a mura-gor)-go, n. one armed with a club.
the planet

3,-gu-a-la, n.

Venus, called the moorHs

n.

A'-gU-da,

n.

which

a Spaniard, or other dark European. ai-kp6,

n.

who

n.

undurableness.

of9i)), n.

a'-gu-foi) (gur)

a-gu-ndze

(guij die), n.

a'-gu-tar) (gui) itaq

a-ha,

?),

n.

ai-ku,

table-fork.

entanglement, difficulty.
who is entangled in business,
harnessed in armor.
n.

n.

a-ha-na,

reckless,

a-har)-hai), n.

a-ha'-ri-ya,

a-he-re

n.

(ere), n.

a-ho-to,

wicked man.

al-le-ra

bird-shot.

ai-le-'WU

a-hu-sa, n.
ai, a prefix,
at-ba,

n.

se ali6

si,

See ba.

ai-le-mi
ai-le-nu

desolation, ruins.

aiku,

is

is

unstained, unblemished.

is faultless,

uncensurable.

unadulterated.

infirmity, weakness.

which

ebi), n.

(li

emi), n.

(li

enu), n.

is guiltless.

which

is spiritless,

dead.

which has no mouth or opening.

which has no testimony, is un-

which has no feet.

ai-16-se (ese), n. which is sinless, innocent.

ai-lo-la (ola), n. which is unhonored.

not, un-, in-.

not met, dr., not meeting,

(li

(li

proved.
ai-le-se (ese), n.

an esculent nut.

is

n.

ai-le-ri, (H eri), n.

tight pantalocms.

which

unquenchableness

purity, cleanness.
which is in safety.
n.
ewu)

(li eri),

ai-le-bi
:

which

(le ara), n.

ai-le-ri

a farm-house, a barn.

which

n.

ai-la'-bu-la, n.

the tongue,

a-h.6r), n.

undivided, undistributed.

which

ai-la'-ba-vrgr), n.

to despise.

n.

is

immoi'tality,

who ai-la'-bu kur),

a lizard resembling the iguana.

a-h6' (ho), an exclamation of contempt

a'-ho-ro,

n.

not killed, unquenched.

not invited, uncalled.

usually pronounced aku! or oku! is a very common

salutation, whence the Yorubas are called in Sierra
Leone " the Aku people."

a sheep.

n.

a-ha'-mo-ra,

is

is

which

ai-kpir), n.

a boaster ; boasting.

n.

a-ha-mS,
is

ai-kp6,

a drinking-gourd.

n.

a-ha-le,

the crested crane.

an embroiderer.

n.

a-gu-na,

muring.

ai-kpa,

dog.

<tc.

ai-19-niO (om9), n.

who

l9m9, he was childless.

is childless

wa

li

ai-

AIM
ai-m&h, a double

negative

after anotlier negative

employed pleonastically ai-ta-ra, n. equality : eiii) sure li aitara nwor) yo,

the horses ran equally and came out
6 le ise aimah I6I1,
together.
able to do not go.
Ail6h ai-t6, n. insufficiency : se aito, to be not enough.

as, enii

/ must go, lit. / not am

mdh 16h may be used

or

ai-mO-re {mh

n.

ore),

instead of

aim4h
who

16h.

un-

is

ingratitude,

grateful.

(moye), n.

ai-mo-ye

who is
unknown

ignorance,

al-mo,

n.

tvhich is unclean, not clear or light ; un-

who has not ;

need, destitution.

which

is causeless,

nwoi) korira rl
ainidi, they hated
cause, or unreasonably.
lii

n.

li

li

alni-

n.

which

ai-nl-kpi-le-se, n.

which

is endless,
everlasting.
is

unfounded or has no

foundation.
tvhich is numberless.

ai-ni-ni-ye, .

ai-nl-ye-n6,

who has no understanding.

n.

which

ai-nl-yii), n.

unpraised, unhonored.

is

18)

n.

ai-ya-ia,

to

lit.

the

da aiya

my

who

is

unredeemed.

ai-ri-rai), n.

dimness of

ai-rl-'wl, n.

who

sight.

is

inexcusable, finds nothing to

plead ; inexcusableness.

ai-rd, n.

thoughtlessness, inconsiderateness.

al-ro-dzfl

(ri odiu), n.

undeviatingness, union, as opposed to

al-ye,

tohich does not differ, identity.

n.

al-ya-to,

world

the

n.

condition, days or times of one,

circumstances in

life, duration of life, as distin-guishcd from aye, life.

ai-y, n. which is not understood, unintelligibleness ;

unceasingness.
tohich is lifeless ; lifelessness.

af-yS, n.

sickness

ai-s&r), n.
ai-sl, n.

ai-sir), n.

Same

as the
preceding.
so aisaq, to be sick.

ai-sa-na

(se anu), n. unmercifulness. (J as. 2, 13.)

inaction ; which is not done.
n.

n.

ai-se-me-le,

is

uncut, unreaped.

diligence ; industry.

tohich is unfulfilled.

ai-sd, n.

which

ai-se-tar)

(Ps. 59, 4.)

undeceitfulness, sincerity.

See aisemele.

ai-si-ye-me-dzi,
n.

n.

undoubtedness, certainty.

injustice, unrighteousness

ai-so-dzfl-sa-dzti, n.

ai-SO-t6 (se ot6),

n.

impartiality.
injustice,

n.

n.

wrong.

of action.

of surrounding.

an

epaulet.

a rarity ; which

is

made

to

order ; a

(Acts 19, 11.)

bread.

S-WU,

3.-ka-su, n.

71.

a sack

stairs, ladder,

coat, loose

garment.

fork of a

tree.

a large loaf or ball of eko.

a kind of wild

cat.

the timbrella-hat of the natives.

a-ka-tar)-kpo,

a-kfi.-ta-ri, n.

the zenith.

we

finger.

a sack.

n.

the act

a-kar)-se, n,

a-ka-"we,

is innocent,
faultless.

(etaij), n.

ai-SO-do-do,

a felon on the

the squatting posture.

a crab

fi.-ka-ta, n.

equity, impartiality.
n.

firmness, steadfastness.

the large vulture.

n.

a-ka-ta,

n.

cross-boio.

metaphor, allegory, explanation

oraq, a comparison of matters.

a-kft-TVe, n.

a reading, a

lesson.

a-ka-yil) (ka chiij), n. a toothless person.

a-ke, n. an axe : tike gboro, an adze,

a-ke-de

(ode), n.

a-ke-dza-5-na,
a-ke-gi

ever-

is

the cloth-beam of a loom.

n.

n.

4-ka-ka,

a-ka-s6,

transgression.

ai-se, n.

ai-si-me-le.

n.

a-ka-d3.Q,

a-kfi-SO

which

ai-se-gbe,

a-ka-be,

a-k9l),

which

crib.

fi.-ka-ra, n.

unrest, perseverance.

independence.

ai-se-de-d6,

s^xciality.

ai-sfi, n.

ai-se, n.

(yi ese), n.

a-kfi, n.

8.-ka-la, n.

absence.

al-si-mi, n.

ai-ye-se

a-kfi.-ni6, n.

(ri 9VV0), n.

ai-r9-"wo

n.

See aigbo.

a being busy, unremitting a-ka-lfi-mbi,

occupation.

one (Ps. 10,

heart fails. (Ps. 40, 12.)

schism.

ai-ye, n.

ai-re-k9-dza, n. soberness, temperance.

ai-re-lS, n. which is unhumbled, lack of humility.

afraid,

fo, to frighten

which has no mercy or compassion : ai-ye-rai-ye, al-ye-ti-ti-lai,

ai-nI-yo-n6,
6 16 woij li ainiyono, he drove them unmercifully.
lasting ; eter7iity.
n.

cou-

/ am

n.

ai-ri-kpa-da,

ai-ya-kpa,

aiya fo mi,

aiya kpa mi,

ai-ya-kpa,

undesigned, unintended

is

me

heart jumps
:

bosom

breast, chest, heart, stomach,

with fear

affect

ainikpete, without intention, undesignedly.

ai-ni-kpe-kur),

awu

rage, influence.

him without a ai-ya-fd, ai-ya-dza,

fearlessness.

which

n.

n.

ai-ya,

unreasonable

ai-nI-kpe-16, n. tohich has no addition

kpcle, without addition.
ai-ni-kpe-te,

akara, unleavened bread.

cleanness, pollution.

ai-ni-kpai-ya,

unwashed : aiwi ow6, wnwasAerf

is

hands. (Mat. 15, 20.)

ai-AVli, n. which is unswelled or unleavened

ignorance, which is

(idi), n.

which

ai-"w6,ra.

or unusual.

n.

ai-ni, n.

(Mat. 25, 9.)

ai-t6, n. crookedness, absurdity.
ai-"wfi.-ka-ra (wu), ?. unleavened bread.

ignorant.

ai-md,

ai-ni-dl

AKE

12

(igi),

n.

n.

a public crier.
a cross-road.

a chopper or heteer of tcood.

aka-

AKE
(oko), n. an old worn-out hoe.
See ake.
n.

a-ke-guQ
a-ke-ke,
a-ke-ke.

See akerekere.

a-kd-sa,

n.

a bird of prey.

a-k6-S0,

n.

control, restraint

(Gen.

ie akoso, to rule over.

16.)

1,

a smelling-bottle.

n.

a-ko-so,

stubble.

n.

a-ke-kur),

AKP

13

a completion of collecting : li ak6tai),

of
a very small person.
finally. (1 Pet. 3, 8.)
a-k-re-k6-re, n. a scorpion ; the trigger of a gun. a-ko-to, n. a calabash.
a-ke-re-ko-ro, n. a nickname given to spiteful little a-ko, n. the male of beasts. See abo. Also, full
cocked (gun)
harshness, roughness : okuta ak9, a
people.

a-ke-16,

n.

a-ke-re,

n.

a-k6-tfi.r), n.

the chest.

drops;/

a-ke-ri

(ke, to cut, ori, head), n.

n.

a-ke-ru,

a-ko,

a-ke-si,

a-ke-te,

n.

a bed of earth, a
a crop-ear.

a-ke-ti,

hard

hater.

bob-tail.

n.

n.

call,

stone.

a stork ; a scabbard.

n.

a-k6-bi,

caller, visitor.

n.

first-born.

a very learned man, scholar.

a fence, hedge.

a-ko-dztl, n.

bed,

n.

a-k6-gba,

the first, the foremost.

n.
a-ko-l, n. a superscription (Luke 23, 38)
address on a letter.
a-ke-hir)-d3.-si (ehiij), n. a turning the bach upon,
one who forsakes (Mat. 26, 33)
^e akehiijdasi, to a-k6-le, n. a builder.
a-ko-mu, n. that which is first taken.
forsake.

a-ke,

a large she-goat.

n.

a-ko-kar),

the gout.

n.

a-ke-dur),

the

a palace.

a strong man.
a teacher.

a-ko-ni

(eni), w.

a-ke-se,

n.

the red-flowered cotton.

a-k6-ni

n.

a-k&-te,

n.

a hat.

a-koi), a-kur), n.

a-ke-sar), n.

a-ke-tgr), n.

a new hoe

a-ki-i-dze

not), n.

(i,

a bough.

who

(eni),

n.

a-k9 9-dz6,

does not reply, silence.

beads

made of shell.
day when full market

every fifth

is held.

a salutation on parting, good-bye.

a-kor)-rir), n. a singer.
a-ki-ni6-le (ile), n. that which is pressed down. a-k5r)-si-n6 (ino), n. a grumbling, a grumbler.
a-k5r)-'wo-si-le (il|), n. which is full to overfiowing.
(Luke" 6, 38.)
'

fi-ki-loh, n.

African tobacco.
a wandering, a wanderer.
a rag, scrap of cloth.

a'-ki-ra, n.
a-ki-ri, n.

a-ki-sa,

n.

a-k6-r6,

closet,

a-k6-se-ba (ese),
a-k6-SO (eso), n.

See atag.

a-ki-tar).

the first rains.

n.

a-ko-ror), .

n.

private room,
chance, luck.

first ripe fruit, first fruits.

oib6 akiti agba the white man a-k6-se, n. first made, beginning.
is an old baboon ! (cried in the streets of Abbeokuta a-k6-tfi.r), n.
one who is perfectly taught, well inthe
children
when
see
a
white
tliey
by
formed.
man.)

a baboon

a-ki-ti, n.

attention

a-kl-ye-si, n.

to,

an

overseer, that

ya

akobia, to be barren.

which

is

notable.

a-ko-bi-a,

barrenness

n.

a-ko-de (aku

a salutation

ode), n.

to

one in the

streets.

a bringing

a-ko-dzO,

n.

(Rom.
a-k6-k,

14, 16)

a-k6-ki,

n.

n.

to

an

end, finishing, coin-

se akodio, to gather in

a crop.

of a series, first counted.

a salutation on meeting in the road.
the first

a-ko-ko,

n.

a tooth

a-kd-ko,

n.

a point of time

a woodpecker.
:

a-k6-kCir), n.

akoko kodza,

n.

a remainder, remnant.
a collecting
together,

draught. (Luke 5, 4.)

a-ko'-16-10, n. a stutterer, a staminerer.
a-ko'-ni-si-se, n. a taskmaster, a driver.

a-k6-ri-ra, n.

a-k6-ro,

a-kpa-da-htl,

n.

a hater.

a boggy or

n.

a-kpa-di,

tree.

the time

n.
afresh
a potsherd.

a-kpa-gbfe-yii), n.
n.
n.

a young sprout.

a' runt.

a kind of gourd

a clod of earth

tohistle.

collection,

a-kpa-l9

(alo), n.

a riddle-maker

a riddle-nmkcr makes them

a-kpa-ra,

n.

akpalo kpatit^,

to sell.

a-kpa-mo-ra, n. long suffering.

a-kpa-ni (eni), n. a murderer, an
a-kpa-ni-dze,

muddy place.

start,

cord,

a board, a plank fioor.

a footstalk of the wine-palm.

n.

a-kp9,-ko,

a-kpa-la,

a-k6-kp5,

a thorny

n.

d.-kpa, n.

a-kpfi-ko,

past.

kaij,

side, aside.

a prodigal, a spendthrift ; a drum

a pack rope : akpa asara, a roll of tobacco.
a piling up, accumulation, a lump a-kpa-da, n. a return, renovation.

n.

pletion.

is

on one

a-kpa,

a-ko-dza,

'

a-k6-"wah, n. the first coming, first comer.

a-ko-vre (iwe), n. a writer, a scribe.
a-kpa, n. an arm, wing, side, hough : li akpa

executioner.

a devourer, (Mat.

barrenness of land.

7, 15.)

AKP
-

a bald-headed person.

n.

a-kpa-ri,

a-kpa-ror),

n.

n.

a-kpa-ta,

invited guest.

calls

a quiver.

n.

a-kpo-kpo,

the chief archer.

n.

roll

of cloth

tlie

pod of

the large cocoon of the

n.

certain

African

silkworm.

See akpofiq.
a-kpo'-ri-ki,
a
walk
in a garden.
n.
a-kpo-ro,
n.

a-kpo-r6 (kpa
n.

box,

stool

a-kpor), n. a bachelor
has weaned her child.
a-kpoi),

n.

an

(ale),

n.

salutation

good morning.
a-kua'-ti-dzo (atidzo),

Mohammed was

a-kue-m

omo

alade, the king's children,

a dealer in

who

is

which

n.

in

the

morning,

salutation to one

salutation to one

n.

a peace-maker, a

who

a'-ku-ko, n. a male fowl, a cock.

a-ku-16 (ile), n. salutation to one in

seller

n.
eti),

(fi

(fi eliiij),

(fi

reconciler.

one in the same con-

of diuku tobacco.
a hearer.

a prop, a supporter.

n.

a meddler, a busy-body.

enu), n.
seeker.

peace, safety, prosperity.

a-la'-fi-la, n.

a shower,
a dealer in

one

a-la-fi-ye-si, n.

who

n.

a-la-fl-a, n.

a-la-fir), m.

exhibitor ;

traitor,

caps.

who owns a palace.

an observer, overseer,

superintend-

ent.
is sitting.

rheumatism.

a-kui)-re-te, n.

costs sixty cowries.

a neighbor.

n.

fa- a-la'-fe-nu-si

the heart-ioood of a tree.

71.

the oil adi.

paste of bene-seeds.

a-la'-fe-ti-gb6

(eru), salutation to one carrying a load,

a-kui'-e-gbe,

a-kur),

king

a-la'-fe-hir)-ti

has not been seen for a long time.

See akuabo.

a-kti-dz6-ko,

heretic.

self-sent.

a-la-dzo-ni, n. a partaker
dition, a fellow.

a-ku-td.

a-ku-dir), n.

errorist,

ala-

who wears a crown, a crowned head,

one

a-la'-fi-hfi.r), n.

n.

an

a meddler.

a-la'-fe-ri, n.
(auro),

blesses or is blessed.

a-la'-da-so, n. one who speaks in the name of another without authority : aladas9 ni Mobomodu,

n.

tigued.

a-kua-r5

who
who

n.

a-la'-da-si, n.

n.

one

to

the

n.

a-la'-dzu-ku,

salutation

(are), n.

a superintendent.
owner of a bundle of cowries.

n.

a-la'-bu-k6r), n.

a-la-dza,

salutation to one returning.

salutation in the evening.

n.

lielper.

a-la'-bd-o-viT'd, n.

a woman who a-la-dze,

a-kp6-nti, a-kp6-ti, n.
a-ktl (aiku), n. a salutation.

a-kua-lS
a-kua-re

a self-assumed nickname.
a-la'-dzo-kpa. See alabakpa.

akpoi) obiri,

restlessness.

(abS), n.

a kidnapper.

a fellow-traveller.

a-la'-bo-dzu-to,

a-la'-du-gbo,
afoot-stool.

a brewer.

a-kua-bS

robber,

a deadly foe.
a shelterer, defender.

a-lfi-bd, n.

a-la-do-ta,

antidote.
itise,

sharer.

a highway

a-la'-bi-n6-k1i, n.

a-la-d5i), n.

akpoti

a partner, a

n.

a-la'-ba-se, n.

a-la-dl, n.

oro), n.

chance, luck.

n.

a-la'-ba-iii), n.

a-la-de, n.

a-kpo-lu'-ku-tu,

associate.

a partner in hunting or fishing.

a-la'-ba-mo-lS,

a-la'-da-ra5,

d.-kpo, n. a bag
akpo agadagodo, a kind of leathern bag ; akpo isana, a bag for flint and tinder.

a-kpo-fir), n.

d:c.

despises or is despised
bukuij aroi), an invalid, a disabled person.
a-la-bu-si, . one who bestows.

a kind of drum.

n.

a-kpi-nti,

a-kpo-ti,

a fellow-guest, an

n.

a-la'-bu-kdr),

the chief of the priests called odie.

n.

is selling.

dream.

14 ala, to

a-la'-ba-kpir), n.

field to the relatives.

a-kpo,

a dream

n.

a meeting a-la-ba'-kpa-de,

a-kpe-na, n. warp-piins of a native loom.

,
a-kpe-re, n. a pad to ride on.
a-kpe, n. a staying : akpe li o kpe, you stayed long.
a-kp, n. a clapping of hands : ae akpe, to clap.
a-kpe-dza, . a fisherman.
a-kpe-re. See akpedzurc.
a-kpe-ta, n. part of a dead body, as a finger, a
nail, or a lock of hair, brought home from the battlea-kpi-ni,

fine white cloth, linen, cambric,

a-la'-ba-dze, n.

together.

who

n.

ft-la, n.

a-la'-ba-kpa,

who summons or

one

n.

a-kpe-na,

salutation to one

a-ku-t&,

a-M,

a surname.

n.

the water side, for the dry

season.

a-kp6-dze,
a-kpd-dz6, n. an assembly.
a-kpe'-dzu-re, n. a pattern, model.
a-kpe-l,

a garden by

a-ku.-r6, n.

shield.

an

n.

a bard, a

flatterer,

drummer.

a rock.

a-kpfi-ta, M.

a court

a-kur)-yui)-gb&, n.

a partridge.
a kind of ratan.

a-kp9.-ro, n.

ALA

14

a'-la-fo, n.

a-la'-fu-ra, n.

a-la-fu-ta, .
the house.

a stupid person.

hole, scuttle ;

a-la'-fo-dzu-to

a-la-ga (aga),
a-la-ga-ri, n.

(fi

odiu).

a valley.

See

alafiyesi.

a suspicious person.
a jmrse, a wallet.
n.

a dealer in chairs.

a saddler.

ALA
a-la-gba,

an

n.

honorable man, gentleman.

a washerwoman.

elder,

a-la'-gba.-f 5, n.

a strong man, a great man.

n.

a-la-gb&-ra,

a-la'-gba-so, a-la'-gba--wi,

a hireling.

a-la'-gbfl.-t^ n.

one

on commission.

sells

See alagbaso.

a-la'-gba-^wi.

n.

a-la'-gbo-wo (ghk owo),

who

is

heedful,

obedient.

palm-nuts.
a-la-gi-sa, n.
a-la'-he-re,

who

one

n.

which

n.

is

is

unstable, changeable.

n.

a-lai-gb6, a-lai-gb6-rar),

one

is

ignorant of

a-lai-y6,

which

n.

will not take

is

unwise.

which

weak, unsound.
is weak or
infirm.

a-la'-ka-ra,

n.

who

a-lai-16-re, n.

which

is unjyrofitable.

a-lai-le-so, n.

which

is fruitless, barren.

a-lai-lS-se, n.

who

royal

city.'

a master weaver.

a-la-kor), n.

a visitor.
an addition

a-la'-ko-ti, n.

an old

is sinless,

innocent.

who

n.

one

is

a fatherless

a-lai-ni-gba-gb6,
a-lai-nl-ka-n6,
a-lai-ni-to, n.

an

n.

a-lai-nl-ye, n.

child.

unbeliever.

one without cruelty.

one who has not enough.
n.

a motherless

(iya), n.

which

is

child.

numberless.

a-lai-nl-ye-ii6 (iye in6), n.

who

is

standing.
a-lai-ri-Tvl, n.

a-la'-kpo-lu, n. a mixer, an apothecary.

a-l^-la, n. which is white.
a-la-lS., M.

a dreamer.
:

li

alal|,

every

a juggler.

n.

the red-headed lizard.

n.

a-la'-mgba, a-la-m&,
a spy, a secret
a-19.-nii, w.

observer ; which is spot-

a-la-mb, n. a secret. See alamgba.

A-la'-mp-re, n. A title of Obatala, as
the body,

lit.

the

maker of

owner of the good clay.

See alamgba.

the

one

n.

a-la'-nta-kur)

(ta

who

is

anxious.

okuq), a-lai)-sa-sa, n. a spider.

a-la-nu, n. one who is merciful.

a-la-ra (liara), n. which has a body (Mat. 14, 36),
a free person.
a-la'-ra-b&-ra, n.
bara, all sorts

kinds, fashions

who buys

one

a-la'-rar)-se, n.

a helper.

without under- a-19.-re, n.

oniruru alara

offashions.

a-la'-r9.-dze, n.

his provisions.

one in the right, righteous.

a-la-r6-ke-r-ke,
one without excuse.

by evening

evening

a-la-nf-yai),
ie alaini, to

need, to tvant.

a-lai-ni-ba-bfi, n.

invited guest.

a divider, sharer.

n.

a-la'-mo-rl.

ignorant.

who cannot read.

not, who is needy :

a-lal-nf, one tvho lias

butcher.

an

n.

ted, speckled.

is
ungrateful.
one without understanding.

one

a-lai-in5-"W,

wall.

a destroyer.

n.

a-la'-kpa-rui),

a-la-kpir),

to.

a beginner.
a disobedient person.

n.

a-la'-ko-se,

a-la'-lu-kpfi-yi-da,

a-lai-mo-re, one who

a-lal-ni5, n.

6, 11.)

evening.

a-lai-16-gb9r), n. one without wisdom.

one without honor.
a-lai-lo-la, ?j.

n.

6 diaiye

a baker, a dealer in bread.

a-la'-ke-le, n.

a-la-lS, n.

is

a-lai-le-ra, n.

a-lai-mo-ye,

is alive.

a-lai-y6, n.

a-la'-kp6-dze,

who is untattoed, uncircumcised.

a-lai-ko-la,
one
who is untaught, ignorant.
n.
a-lai-k6,
a-lal-ku, n. who is immortal.
who is unsaved, unsafe.
a-lai-ia, .
n.

a-lai-le, .

owner of the world

who is unfit, unworthy.

one who is hungry.
(Luke

a-la'-kpa-ta., n.

who

one

mim6, one with

one

a-lai-ye, n.

3.'-la-kpa, n.

who

advice.

a-lai-nl-ya

the

aiyc), n.

a-la'-ke-si, n.

is desolate.

a-lai-gbe-de (gb6 ede), n. one who

the language, a barbarian.

a-lal-gboi), n.

does wrong,

is

from a-la-ka-tar)-kpo, n. a, cross-bow man.

A-la-ke, n. the Lord of Ake, a title of the King
of Egba, from li, to have, and Ake, the name of the
rags.

unsheltered, defenceless.

which

a-lai-du-ro, n.

(Ps. 19, 13.)

unrighteous.

manufactured

a news-monger, a smatterer.

a-la'-he-so, n.

a-lai-bo,

beads

n.

a ragged person, a dealer in

one who gathers in a crop.

n.

a-la'-ho-ro,

sawer of wood.

splitter or

a-la-gi-di-gba,

necessary.

world more than the

alaiyc loh, he enjoys the
owner of the world (said of extravagant persons).

receiver of money.

one

n.
oraij),

a-la'-gb6-rar) (gb6

is

dzu

a blacksmith, a smith.

a-la'-gbe-de, n.

(li

is

not right.
has a heart : alaiya

a-lai-ya, n. who
a clean heart.

a-lai-ye

a beggar.

n.

who

who

one

which

a-lai-t6, n.

a foster-nurse.

n.

a-la'-gb3.-to,

who

which

does not sin.

one

n.

a-lai-so-t6, n.

a-la'-gb.-se, n.

a-19.-gi, .

who

one

a-lai-se, n.

advocate.

a-la-gbe,

one

a-lai-se, n.

a spokesman, an a-lai-so-do-do,

n.

who is absent.
who fails to do

one

a-lai-sf, n.

(Acts 15, 28.)

a hired farm-servant.

a-la'-gb.-r6, n.

ALA

15

a-la'-r6-k6-dza,

a scoundrel.

n.

n.

transgressor.

ALA

one employed to engage a bride for

a-la'-re-na, n.

another, a go-between.
a-la-rl, n.

a-la'-riij-ki-ri, n.

which

a-la-ro, n.

is inverted ;

is blue.

a-16, n.

which

is bent,

ti.

a great

a porter,

who

prosperous.

a-la-s5, n.

a quarrelsome person.
officer.

who

a-la'-se-rftr), n.

one whose actions infect others, a

extravagantly,

self-

leader in evil.
cloth,

a dealer in

cloth.

a grasshopper.

a-la-ta'-mkpo-ko,

n.

a-la'-ti-le-hir), n.

a sustainer, supporter.

a-la-'we,

a door-facing.

a-lu-gbe,

n.

domesticated honey-bees.
a likeness, resemblance.

a-lu-gbor),

7i.

one

who

is

unruly, who

one

a-la'-^wl-ye, n.

a-la-'Wd,

who

who

n.

purple.

(Acts 16, 14.)

of hand.

n.

sleight

a-lu-ma-ga-dzi, w. scissors.
a door-lock.
a damage, misfortune.

ablution.

a-lu'-"wa-la, n.

parade, ostentation.

a-lu'-'wa-si,
a-mi-lfi.

explains.

a diviner, a priest.
a leather or fiide dealer

n.

a stirrup.

refuses a-lu-se, n.

does not speak intelligibly.

a wizard, a witch.

n.

(mo

a'-ma-la,

an

aid), n.

alawo kpikpS, many

colored.

one toho lives in a palace.

a-la'-"w5-fir) (afiq), n.
a-la-y&r)-dze, . a swindler.

a-la-ye,

n.

a-19.-ye, n.

which

is

spacious, roomy,

which has

a kind of apron.

a-la'-y e-kar), n.

a-la'-yi-dfi.-yi-d&, n.
bler.

(I's.

a-le, n.

a-le-bu,

a-le-dzo,

n.

a-le-gba, n.
a-le-SO, which
a-le, n.

a-li-kfi-ma, n.
a-li-kl-ba, n.

n.

lohat else ?

a judge of beauty.

sign.

a spy.

a breathing

n.

which

is

on.

shaken together.

(Luke

6,

amen.

a-mlr), adv.
vilifies,

or abuses.

is fruitful.

a-ird-sl, n.

a-md-fir) (mo

wheat.
blanket.

ofiij)

a-mo-dz(i-k<i-ro

a-mo-re,
a spirited

a breathing
n.

into.

a lawyer.

(niu), n.

an overlooking, or not

observing.

evening.

a-li-ga'-ri-mi,

a-ml,

n.

a stranger.
a kind of yellow monkey.

w.

orange, or the white man's

38.)

a concubine.
one who

n.

a-mbu-a, n. red ink.

a-m.6-wa (ni6 ^wa), n.

an artful fellow, a dissem- a-mi-kpb,

26, 4.)

of dreams.

fruit.

a-mi-kir),

this.

a-la-yi, pron.

lit.

a-mbo-sir), a-nib9'-to-rl, adv.

9.-nii, n.

life.

interpreter

yam-flour mush.
peel), a white man, in the Iketu dia-

n.

as an adj., a-inb6 (bo, to

a-la-"w6, n.
;
which has color: malu alaw5 kpukpa, a red colored
lect; whence orombo,

cow

tunic.

a cockatoo.

a-lu-sir), n.

a-l-a'-wi-k&,

knowledge.

an agreement.

n.

a-lu-kpa'-yi-da,

advice.

a-la'-"wi-i-ye, n. one

called

a crow.
a jacket,

n.

a-lu-ka-sa-fa,

a-lu-kb,

a-la'-'wi-l-gb6, n.

drum

religious.

n.

a-lu-ke-mbu,

which has cotyledons.

a faster, a mourner.

a-la-vsre, n.

the

a-lu-gba,

a-lu-ka-vra-ni,

former.
n.

called bata.

olifa.

one loho mends or repairs, a re- 3.'-lu-ko, n.

a-la-t9r)-se, n.

drum

teacher, doctor in religious

a-lu'-kar)-rin, n.

who has

one

the

a learned man,

a'-lu-fa, n.
a-lu-fa, n.

See

snuff.

a-la'-se-dzCl, n.
willed person.

a-la-BO, n.

lid.

dopdo:).

a flatterer, one who exaggerates.

acts

al6 ina, flame.

a beater of

a-lii-dor)-d9i), n.

a dealer in tobacco or

a-la-sfi.-ra, n.

an onion.

n.

a-lu-bo-sa,

talker.

a military

gibbet.

riddle.

a bead-grinder.
n.
which has a

a beater of

a-lil-ba-ta, n.

a-la-sa, n.

grafted

a-ld-ni-ld-TVO-gbS. (!o owo), n. an extortioner.

a-lu-ba-ra, n. a beetle. See bambam.

a-la-so, n.

a-la'-so-ddr), n.

a-lo'-mo-ri (omo ori),

a-lo-m6, n. which is engrafted.

tiller.

talker.

carrier.

is

sentinel's stand,

a-lo'-le-ke (ileke), n.

a king's messenger.
a cook.

a-la'-si-ki, n.

a-lo-re, n.

petti/ trader.

Koran.

tight-legged trowsers.

which

a farmer,

a-la-s6,

tlie

a-lo, n.

a-la'-ro-ko, n.
a-la'-ro-ye, n.

a-la-sa,

(Arab.), n.

district ; flame.

n.

a-lo-ngo,

n.

a strolling dancer.
a wanderer, stroller.

a-la'-ro-l)5, n.

a-la-rvl, n.

Al-ku-ra-ni
a-16, n.

scarlet.

a-la'-rir)-dz6, n.

AMO

16

horse.

n.
n.

a-mo-ye,
a-mo, n. a
k-rag,

n.

a thankful person.

an

intelligent person.

large earthen pot.

potter's clay.

AMO

ARI

17

\
ag-ge-re, ??, a wooden leg.
a-mo-dur), n. next year : woyi amodui) m' k to a-ra, n. an oath.
body, skin, member of a community, self :
gbai)ga-gbai)ga, b)j this time next year I shall be a a-rfi, M.
ar41e {\\i), family ; arale (ile), citizen ; ara mi dd,
great man.
a-in6,

which adheres

n.

a guess

n.

a-in5-dza,

water ordeal

figuratively,

my

tries

skin

susjyected

persons by

id amodie, to try by water.

who

a-mb-dztl,

one

a-m.6-dzil,

n.

drunkenness, a drunkard.

is

who

n.

a-in5-hur)-gbo-gbo,

a-mo-kpa-ra,

body

a conspirator

a-rfi,-16,

intestinal

a-rS.1), n.

velvet.

n.

booty, plunder.

S,-rar(, n.

a-ni6-ra,

n.

an attendant, body-servant.
a wise person.

a-rar)-k9.r), n.

n.

n.

se

to guide, lead.

amona,

a-mo-te-kur),

n.

an animal

a-rfi.r)-ni-16-"WO, n.

self-conceit.

a leopard.

like

a-m5-te-le, n. foreknowledge.
a-mu, 71. a hook.
confusion of mind.
n.

a-mu-ya,
n.

a-na,

dred.

a-na-bi

result, effect, issue.

6 de

yesterday

fi-na, n.

relative

wi, the prophet

by marriage

Moses

(obiri),

n.

a-na'-kor)-ri (okoqvi),
to say),
(ni,

a-nl-a-ni,

n.

a-nl-do-kpir)

extension of kin-

anabi

Musa

li

adv.

n.

it is

a male

relative,

sister,

relative.

fatigue

a-re-kfi-nda,

even, yea.

complete possession.

are
tire

n.

now

anxiety, care.

ko anu,

advantage.

tired

6 t6 are,

tAi),

to

/ am

the eldest child, first born.

n.

n.

cheater.

the farm? there are

there

ari! see

a-ri-fi, n.

an apparition.

which

is hot,

heat

in6 re gbona bi

the inside is hot as heat.

moxirn.
aij-fa-ni, which is easily performed

/ am

ara mi di are

abasement, an abaser.

a-ri-di-dzi, n.

ie anu, to pity

mi,
;

a a-rf,

a kind of cricket.

are

deceit.

any guinea-fowls on

pity, sorroto

mu
one

a-re-AVa (ara ewa), n. a beautifid person.

which is seen : etu mbe li oko ? ari, are
n.

o^opressor.

as

I;

tired. (Ps. "73, 2C.)

a general in the army.
a-re-kfi.-kai)-f6, n.

a-re-16, n.

complete possession; used also

a-nfl, n.

I am right.

silence.

to

enough

a-re-ni-dze,

n.

are,

is the are.

(de okpii)), n.

an

emi ^e

iwo ^e are mi, you are older than

die, he

doubt, uncertainty.

a-nte-te,

o a-re, n.

said.

a female

the right

eldership, older ; as a title of honor, gene-

n.

ralissimo
ni

proper name.
a-ni-yar), n.

a being in

a-re-mo (omp),

a-nl-ni-la-ra, n.
a-ni-tftr), n.

a dwarf.

(Gen. 3, 1.)
a-re-re, n. deep

aunt, dc.

a-nl

at all, in the least.

came yesterday. a-re,

ana, he

li

(Gen. 30, 20.)

the prophet
(Arab.), n.

a-na'-bi-ri

a-ra-ra, adv.

a-r-ke-r-ke, n. dishonesty, knavishness ; a trick,

a knave : edio so ar^kereke, the serpent was subtle.

seizure of goods for debt.

n.

sewer, tailor.

a cotton-spinner.

9.-re, n.

a girdle ; a kind of lizard.

a bleeding at the nose.

n.

a-mu-'wSll,

a-rarj-'WTi, n.

a-ra-rtm, num. five by five.

a bringing back, restoration.
a-rS.-tu-bu, n. a prisoner, one in jail.
a tailor's hook, to hold the cloth a-ra-yfi, n. liveliness, cheerfulness, merriment.

while sewing.
a-mfi-ror), n.

a-rar)-so, n.

cold.

a-mu-rar), n.
n.

a helper.

See the preceding.

n.

a-mu-kpa-da,

a-mu-re,

is infectious.

help,

a-rar)-se, n.

a-ra-rfi, w.

means, instrumentality. ^

n.

silly.

bitterness, spitefulness.

which

a-raij-mfl, n.

pretended knowledge,

worms.

dotage : se ^raij, to be old and

a-rar)-ba-ta, n. a shoemaker.

wilfulness, obstinacy.

a-ni5-tS.r), n.

relative.

tight cap.

a-rai), n.

a-ni6-na,

a-ra-in6-ri, n.

se amoll, to conspire.

relative.

traveller.

a melnber of the family.

a citizen, inhabitant.
a-rS.-lu, n.

a-ni6-na,

a-mu-di,

a male

a-ra'-kor)-ri, n.

(bombax).
a female

sister,

a-rfi.-16, M.

a guide

a-mu-bfi,

(obiri), n.

n.

n.

the natural body.

itself,

the cotton-tree

a'-ra-ba, n.

assassination.

n.

a-ino-16-kpa,

a-mu,

i.

a-rft-dzo {vh adio), n.

n.

a-in5-se,

i.

e.

i.

thunder.

a a-ra'-bi-ri

drunkenness,

a-ni5-kp, conj. though, notwithstanding.

a-mo-kur), n. a latne jierson, lameness.
a-mo-le (mo ile), n. a builder.

a-mb-rar),

e. / am well ; ard mi fuq, my

/ am alarmed ; ard kai) mi, my
ara
e. / am grieved, vexed ;

is well,

pale,

a-ra, n.

drunkard.

a-mo-le,

is

iyara, the

omniscient.

is

n.

body

body pains me,

well informed.

n.

a-mo-kpa,

child.

&e amSdia, to guess.

who

one

n.

a-m5-dze,

a-ri-hur)-gbo-gbo,

n.

all-seeing.

arifi,

ARI
the centre,

a-ril), n.

in the middle of
once
arijj

previoumess

time,

it

mo

se e

li

mo ri li aiiij k4n, / liave seen

odio, in the midst of the rain.
a

it

arii) rS,

/ did

before ;

an

d,-ro,

n.

a-sa-di-dze,

chance.

petty

n.

a-rd-dze,

da

a-r6-k3.r), n.

a-ro-ko,

n.

aro,

se

aro,

to

an

a-ro-le, n.

the road.

a-ro-in6-le, n.

limit

a-sa-re, m.

full payment.
a runner.

a-sfi.-s6, n.

a thing agreed

wdli

li

on, terms,

arowa, come now.

grumbling, disputing

a-se, M.

a strainer ;

se

a-se-mi
to

aroye,

a'-si-a

a-r6, n.

a quiver made of a long gourd.

the latter rains.

a-r6-ni9-'bl-nio (6

om9),

who has grand-

children.
is

leg,

with a long queue and a ball at the

end.)
sickness

ni ibule aroi), in sickness.

(Ps.

41, 3.)
n.

all sorts
of diseases;

an

disease.

a propitiatory

a-ru-fir), n.

a law-breaker.

bitter service.

afool, a crazy person, lunacy.

evil

a-so-fei-ye-dze

W,

from

a-s6-gb6,

n.

(fu eiye), n.

species

n.

wrangling

is the father

(le

li,

on),

a saddle.
a flight, a running.

num.

(lit.

idia,

of fighting.

sweet talk, flattery, exaggeration.

n.

n.

a-SOq-k6r),

sixty-five.

baba

tisb

n.

a desolation.

which

quickens,

n.

or

makes

increase, the dropsy.

nearness, proximity,

a-s5-ro-dze-dze, a-s6-ro-ke-le,
laid

of fig

wa

alive.

num. twenty- a-S9r)-nx6,

five.

a-rur)-le-lo-ta

asi

ripe fruit.

a-s6-kp5,

a-s6-ni-d3.-y6,

on),

26.)

bears for birds to eat).

3.-s6-ni-dS.-ho-ro, n.

sacrifice.

(Luke 11,

a'-si-'wa a'-si-bb, adv. now at last : ndie,

asibo yi 6 de, then, at last he will come.

a-s5-d5r),

n.

a-ruQ-di-lo-gljor) (di

the last state.

wrangling

sacrifice.

an old person.
a-ru-go-gai), n. an iron hook.
a-ru-k9i), . a freshet; an extra
a-nii), num. five.

luck, success.

the rat called ase.

a-si-"wa, n.

a-s5,

a-ru-da, n.

a-Sfi, n.

good

a-sir)-rir), n.

it

a-r5n-ka-r5r),

beg pardon ! alas !

service.

a-sir)-AVii), w.

the name of a fairy.

(aro enia), n.
(It
sculptured as a female, with one arm and one

A-rp-ni

a-r5r), n.

me ! I

excuse

interj.

a-sir)-kpa, n.
one

water-filter.

ensign.

a-sir)-gba, n. an express, or the sending of things,

generally the king's goods, from post to post.

one skilled in traditions.

n.

See as4.

lamenting.

ri

the fetid field-rat.

large door.

a flag,

a'-si-a, n.

a-sir), n.

a-sa, n.

(omi), n.

a-si-ki, n.

n.

ase al5, a supper ; as6

See asase.

n.

affliction,

a-ro-ku-ro,

a barren woman.

a-se-n6,

a-r5, n.

a-ru-gb6,

paint, color.

a meal, a feast

grumble, dispute.
one with withered limbs, a cripple.
a-ro, n.
the smithes trade.
a-r6, n.

a-ro-kii), n.

forsakes his father to

reproach.

bargain.

a-ro-ye, n.

who

with another.

a-se-ndze.

witch, wizard.

ori^a,

; ase iyawo, a wedding-feast ;

asfe owurS, breakfast ; ase osai), dinner.
a-se-kpoi), n. a barren woman, used as a term of

the afternoon.

now

li

asaq, in vain,

cook.

a runaway,

a-sS.-sii), n.

S.-se, ai-s&, n.

n.

asag

It

idio, a public feast

ie arokpii), to limit.

a-ro-si-ld, a-ro-tS-le, n.

a-ro-"wa,

sa

a-sfiii-k6r), .

a-sd, n.

heir.

a-r6-ni-kfi, n.

di asale, to be barren.
(2

emptiness, vanity, naught

a-se, a-se, n.

painful reflexion, grief, remorse.

the head man of a farm.

n.

a-ro-kpin,

of a house.

safety, escape, refuge

or contemptible ;
without excuse or cause.

See arihuijgbogbo.

a-r6-h.ur)-g'bo-gT30.

the square

idols are vain

live

on

when he

Pct."l, 80.)

traffic.

resting-place

bailiff

afoot-race.
n.

barrenness

a-s9l), n.

a-ro, n. restlessness ; a hearth, a stand on which pots

are set to boil.
a.-TO-'hg, n.

by a

asala, to escape.

corn-crib ; blue dye.

:

said

asia.

a fleeing for

a-sft-lS, n.

mourning

me !

See

w.

a-sa-ka-ni-l,

to be soi-ry.

mourn,

man.

a-sfi-lfl, n.

excuse

inter},

li

excuse, extenuation.

sorrow,

arrests a

a'-ri-vro, n. noise, uproar.

a-rd, n. meditation : se aro, to meditate.

a-r6, n.

a-sfi.

it

the north.

a'-rl-'Wfi, n.

a-ri-'wi, n.

li

street dancer.

a point of time

a-rii)-ko, n.

arin kaq,

a-rir)-dzo, n.

ASO

18

a whisperer,

n.

tattler.

a-so-t&ij, w.

completeness of talking

tdq, he spoke perfectly.

6 sbro

(Acts 18, 26.)

If

aso-

ASO
a-SO-td-le, n.

prophecy, prediction

(Acts 19,

prophesy, predict.

an

a-SO-ti, n.

making a
a-so-ye,

a failure

in

so asoye, to

(Acts 18, 28.)

a gilding, or plating of metal.

n.

a-silr), n.

state

a-se-nu

beginning.

n.

a-si-kpa-ya,
a
a-si-ri, n.

revealing, disclosing.

a discovery.

secret,

a laborer, a poor man.

a pistol.
a-si-so-ri, n.
a-si-se, n.

feeding alone.

a-silr)-k<i, n.

a-so-dzu.
lailai,

an old a-so-re,

custom.

See a^ehiijde.

n.

a-so-ri, n.

a falcon

n.

a-si-AV^-re, n. a fool.
(Ps. 31, 33.)
a-B6, n. a morose sour look : aio erig, an elephant

of being asleep.

the sleep of death.

a'-sur)-"w6g, n. a wallet, a purse.
&-sa, n. a fashion, a custom : asa

an advocate, mediator.

(enu), n.

a-s-se-ko-se,

6.)

talking,

unfinished

a reasoning, explaining

convince.

a-sd-bd,

so asotSle, to

speech.

n.

ATE

19

well-doer, benefactor.

tree to

which the natives ascribe

the

pro

asa ni Takpa eiye, the falcon is

perties of the upas.
the Takpa of birds.
Nufe
a sharp-pointed knife.
or
people a-S0-r6, n.
(The Takpa
a tormenter, a vindictive person.
are said to be the swiftest of men.)
n.
a-s6-ro,
a trader, merchant.
which
an
n.
n.
is
:
&ik
a-S&,
idler, a-sd-TWO,
enia,
picked up
a-sa, n.

a-so, n.

lounger, vagabond.
a-sa-dzii, n. a forerunner.

a-sa-gi

a beggar.

n.

a-sa-gbe,

n.

(igi),

a-sa-goi), n.

a canopy

a contentious person.

over a corpse.

barren or worn out land.

a-sa-le, n.

evening.

food without meat or

n.

a-s&-ra,

aio oio, a fine

tita,

a magistrate.

(as9, watcher, ilu, town), n.

a-SO-te,

71.

revolter, rebel, hater.

a kind of bread.
a measure.

n.

a-su-kar),

n.

a-su-Tvpr),
red pepper.
a-ta, n.

sauce.

fi.-ta,

of a house.
:
ataba orei)k^re (re

the ridge

n.

a dove

a'-ta-ba, n.

snuff.

a-sa-ro, n.

a watcher

a curtain.
one who is fierce, a savage.

a-s5, n.

a-sfi.-lS, n.

a-sarj, n.

cloth, clothing ;

&ko

a-SO-lu

chips.

contention,

n.

a-sa-kpa,

dress

ni k^re),

a wild pigeon.

mush, porridge.

a-sa-ro, n. meditation, meditator: ie a^aro, to meditate. a-tfi-dza-te-rar) (ati adia ati

a stack or shock.
mestic animals of any kind.

eraij), n.

cattle,

do-

a-sa-ti, n.

which

a-sa-tl, n.

a-sS.'-'wa-da, n.

playfulness, as that of a kitten.

n.

a-sa-yar),

an

a-se, n.

which

n.

who

is

the larger species

a-ta'-mo-ra,

a-se-kS.r), n.

a final

one

n.

a-t&-na-infi.-na

puffed up, proud.

tohich is done for display.

the

n.

of Malaghetta pepper.
thumb.

who

is

girded with armor, or

entangled in business.

excess.

a-se-h9.r), n.

everlastingly.

ginger.

a-ta'-mkpo-ko,

extravagant behavior,

a-se-fe-fe, n.

n.

a-ta-li-a, n.

is selected.

action, actor ; paint.

a-se-dzil, n.

a whitlow.

a-ta-fo, n.

a-tai-ye-rai-ye, adv.

a one-sided statement, special pleading. a-ta-16,

a-sa-"wi, n.

a-sa-ya,

is rejected.

jesting, playfulness.

day

(ati

ana m8 ana), adv.

a-se-ktir), n.

lohich remains unfinished.

what is thrown away,

a dung-hill, dirt-pile.
a-ta-re-re, n. a kind of pepper.

a-se-le-ke, n.

falseness.

a-ta-ri, n.

a-se-sa,

which

n.

is

a-se-tl, n.

a failure.

a-se-ti-n6,

w.

a-se, n.
cess

12)

kpa

action.

is

a-t&-n5,

(1 Pet. 5, 10.)

perfected.

(Jas. 1, 21.)

disgraceful action.

n.

a-se-tSu,

which

n.

a-se-kpe,

completed.

See asekui).
(2 Pet.

self-will.

. .

li

a-se, n.

a^e, to

command,

which comes

imjrrecation

a-sei-ye-sa-te

decree.

to pass,

a fulfilment,

the

crown of

a-te, n.

a kind of rat.

a-te, n.

a hat

double-dealer, dis-

n.

an agent.

the head.

bird-lime.

which

a-te-te-bi, n.

is first,

youngest.

is first

met,an outer yard, fron-

the first-bom.

a-te-te-kg-se, a-te-te-se,

n.

the beginning,

a-te, n.

fiatness, insipidity, disgrace.

3.-te, n.

a fan for winnoioing.

a-te-le, n.

n.

afresh breeze.
which follows, the

a-tfe-le-bg-si, n.
(ehii)),

refuse.

tier.

a-te-gur),

sembler.

a-se-hir)-de

effect;

the menses.

(eiye ate), n.

n.

a-te-te-ba, n. which

power, a commandment ; good speed, sucase ik5, authority, commission (Acts 26,
He ase, a mighty work, a miracle ; kpa a^e,

yester-

9.-tar), n.

a-te-te, n.

2, 10.)

from

now.

till

a-te-le-hir), n.

next, the second.

the outer yard.

a hunchback.

ATE
the

a-t6-lo-'VB"6, w.

of the

palm

a hand-breadth.
n.

a-te-mo-ra,

a spy, loatchman on the road.

n.

hand: ibu atelow6, a-torj-bi, a-tur)-bi, n. regeneration.

a recreating.
a-t9r)-d&, n.

a-tOQ-hii, .

long suffering.

a slave-dealer.

n.

a-te-ru,

a-t6-na,

the sole of the foot.

a-te-le-se, n.

AWI

20

a fresh

of behavior,

repetition

sprouting out, revival.

a-toi)-kpa, n. a candle.
a-te-'wo-gb&, n. which is acceptable.
a prefix, forming nouns which present the a-tor)-se, n, a mending, amendment.
meaning of the verb in a substantive form ; as, a-tog-wi, n. repetition of a thing said.

a-ti,

atiri,

k i)w6na

seeing ;

from.

a-ti, prep.

and ; ati
both
emi,
you and I.
a
n.
a-tl,
sheaf.

a-ti, conj.

we are trying

atiri,

both

ati,

and

to see.

a-t9-rur)-"W"fili (ati

a-t6-si, M.
ati

iwo

ati

n.

wug),

which

is original.

gonorrhoea.

a-to-'wo-do-"W9

(ati

de owo), n.

tradition.

(Mat.

15,2.)

a-t9-'W"9-"W&h, n. which originates with oneself.

a meeting, a coincidence ; used also as a-tu-b6-se, n. ivhich brings to completion.
a proper name.
a-tu-b5-tS.r), n.
termination, end of life.
a platform, a scaffold.
a-tu-di-mb, n. a covenant breaker. (Rom. 1, 31.)
a'-ti-ba-TDa, n.
a coming, an advent.
a'-ti-b5, n.
a-tu-k9, n. one who rows or paddles a boat.
a'-ti-bfi, n.

an

a'-ti-de, n.

a.-ti-dia.-T\iT), from five

atiiarug,

I have

a'-ti-dze-fa, n.

a'-ti-dzo

atidio iwa,

from
the

from

till

days

not seen
six

now

emi 6

ri i li

him for five days.

days

till

day of

being,

i.

a'-u-r6, n.

e.

li

the

from

beginning of creation.
the beginning.
a-ti'-kpi-le-se, .

a'-ti-kpo, n.

selves.

a-"W&,

resident, sojourner,

a'tikpo, to sojourn,

immigrant

se

a sparrow.

71.

a jest, a joke

fi.'-"wa-da,

emigrate.

atima a'-"wa-n6,

ri, to be seeing.

a waster, spendthrift.
search : wah li awari 1, look

n.

a-"wa-ri, n.

de

(irai)

n.
iraij),

this

a-ti'-si-si-yi-16h, n.

time

genealogy.

find

and forward

)i

perfect ov perfected search.

a-'wa-tfii), n.

a'-ti-tu'-ni-n6, n.
a coming, arrival, advent.
a'-ti-AVfih, n.
the east.
a'-ti-"wfih o-dzo, n.

a'-ti-"w6 o-rui), n.

you

an abandoned

wdh a

search,

a failure

to find

we looked but could not find

a-"W"a-"wi (wah wi), n. an excuse, subterfuge.
a-'wa-ya, n. bird shot.

a punishing, 2>umshment.
a comforting, consolation.

a'-ti-se-nl-s, n.

till

it.

a-'Wa-ti, n.

atisisiyiloh, henceforth.

se awada, to jest.

adherence.

a'-"wa-intl, n.

a'-ti-ma, auxil. part, denoting continuance

a-ti-rar)-di-rai)

For words beginning in atm), see atog.

morning.
a-vra, pron. we : awa nd, we ourselves ; awa tiks^ra wa, we ourselves, our own selves ; ara wa, our-

a-tur).

now.

old times, former days

odz9), n.

(ati

which breaks up the ground, as a plough.

a-tti-ni-ni-n6, n. which comforts.
a-tu-l&, n.

arrival.

li

awati,

a-vra-yfi, n.

struggling,

which straightens, a long-necked gourd.

SL-Mve-re,
noise : kpa ato, to make a noise ; a-'wS-re,
a-to, a-to-to, n.
hear ye ! " oh yes ! " a word used by the a-"we, n.
atoto
a-to, n.

the yellow

n.
n.

se

awaya,

monkey.

a cotyledon,

town criers.
i-we, n. mourning, a religious fast : gba awe,
a-to-ni-mo-ni (ati oni m6 oni), n. morning till
fast.
now : emi b diehug li atonimoni, / have not eaten a-'we-in6, n. a washing clean, purification.
a-vre-nb,

to-day.

reason

account of: li
reason that, on account of.
a-to, n. urine : ile ato, the bladder.

a-to-ri, n.

of,

a-to-dz9-in6-dzo,

a long time

n.

atori,

for

the

a-tp-ko

(tu oko), n.

a-to-kur), n.

generation

from

yi

(ati

which

is

old

wa

generation

li

atomodomo,

to generation.

generation to
it

will remain

off,

a being cleansed

hearsay, plain speaking.

incessant talking.
not), n.

one

who

refuses to receive advice.

j^rovirfec? that.

conj.

a-wi-m&h-yi-hur) (ohuij), n. a true

one who speaks without equivocation.
3.-wir), n.

n.

washed

is

(i,

a.-'vn.-l-ghd, n.

a-"wi-kpe,

a pilot, helmsman.
de omo),

n.

a-wi-i-da-ke

leader, guide.

a-to-mo-do-mo

which

n.

to

or pure.

a-"wi-gb6,

5ro at6dz9modzo, an old story.

a-to-dzu, n. a director.

to

folly, silliness.

breadth of cloth

agony

in agony.

struggle, to be

the west.

it,

credit

a-wi-rir), n.
a-Avi-si, n.
terms.

ta

li

witch,

which

is

awii), to sell

on

statement,

credit.

loizard.

said in addition, superadded

AWI
a-"wrl-ya-nu (enu), n.
a-"wi-ye,

n.

Bi

21
a-yar)-8e-bi, conj.

importunity.

discussion, explanation

s5 awiye, to

explain, discuss.

a-'WO,

tiling

a plate ; a shock a-y6,

the black-crested Guinea hen : awo koto, .-ye,

any white earthen

n.

vessel,

of corn ;
an earthen basin

awo

; awo oko, awo kpoko, a dish ;

a chamber-pot ; awo aiya, a breast-plate.

imi,

n.

breadth of cloth.

n.

the state of being alive, that

n.

n.

a-yi-dfi.,

change,

a palm-leaf mat.

n.

colic.

a.-yin, n.

a-"w6-ko,

n.

the mocking-bird.

a-yii)-rii), n.
the

d.-yo, n.

visitor.

likeness, resemblance.

light blue color.

to the full,

a-yo,

a-"wo-re,

luck.

a-y6,

n.

eating

a-Tvd-se,

M.

a pattern.

a-yo,

n.

which

a-y6,

n.

a cure

so aw5tai], to cure.

a bow-knot.

a-'wo-tl-ii, n.
n.

awo sama, a

tortoise ;

a-'WO!), pron.

they
they themselves.

a-'WO!),

n.

awoi) na, awoij tikara

ba,

net.

is

sacrifice.

done by

stealth.
ayiir)

aw4h, going

wife,

a queen.

. .

i.-yar), n.

a cockroach, a stench

a-yai), n.

inquisitiveness.

bring in contact with

and hence,

come

about a thing ; to fit ;

or hide ; to bend or

to be bent

rao b^

e^ii),

to the point in

to alight ;

/ bespoke

okuta, the bird alighted

gun

bfi, adv.

n.

ivhich is

made

or done to order.

plait ;

speaking

to sit, to lie close

ba

aro, to strain

on the rock

b^

ib9i) \>k,

shall, will,

at all

ki ise

would, should, ought.

not he at all.

6i) bii, it is

ba, ba-ui), adv. so, as : tali o wi ba ? who said so ?

iru 6nia ba w6ni, such people as these.

with, from, for : hk mi loh, go with me :

prep,
6 b4 mi ra .idie (he from me bought fo^ol), he bought

bfi,

a fowl from me

ba-bft, n.

inferior.

to

the horse ; eiye

ba mi wa owo {for me find

money), find or get money for me.

or
rebuke
to
an
ba-ba, n. copper, red Guinea-corn.
of threatening

a word

is bent.

ba, aux. pref.

ie iiyai), to stink.

a-yar)-fe, n. which is chosen, beloved ; a friend

in the translation of Scripture, " the elect."

to

V.

the

cheat, imposition.

n.

to strain, to bespeak, to

16

otherwise, unless.

n.

n.

to meet,

r loh {meet of thee

potash

a-ya-kpa, n. division, separation.

a-ya-mo, n. a daughter-in-law.
a-ya-mo-'bi,

and hence,

ti

ninodie).

ba,

devoutness. (Acts 17, 17.)

a mother-in-law. (Mat. 10, 35.)

n.

. .

ba

li
go about thy business ; ba
ba
li oruko die
lohui))
(See
ni ino die (See ba
lorukodie) ; ba
.

midst of a crowd.

a king^s

a-ya-bfi, n.

come in contact with

go thy way
ohur) (See ba

a-'WTi-dzu, n. confusion, the midst.

a-ya, n. a wife.
a monkey.
a-yfi., n.
n.

to

V.

overtake, find, befall

the

a.-'WM-dig, n.

a-yar)-se,

wife of

ba

a-yar)-ga,

the

over one.

set

money paid for

which

n.

a spy

(eni), n.

yfOT),

these.
a-'wor)-yi, pron.
a-'WU-dze, n. red beans.

a-ya-ndze,

survey a town.

a cunning scamp, a miser,

go),

a-ya-ko,

n.

ydr), w.

a-^VOQ-k&i), pron. certain, some.

a-"wor)-so, n. a weaver.

a-y a-ba,

to

a daughter-in-law,

a going : ayfig ab6,

and returning.
a-yun, n. a saw, a fie.

the tongue.

a-"w6i), n.

to rejoice.

y6 ay5,

a spy sent

n.

(ilu),

se aw9i), to be stingy.

stinginess

lie.

those.

a-"W"9-nl, pron.
n.

a-y9-se,

a boivlegged person.

n.

a-yo-ni-'w6
a-yo-sai),

a fabrication, a

a.

a-'w5-le-'w6-ri,

a-'WO!),

a hunch-back.

a-'WO '-16-h.ii,

is full.

king's son.

cloud.

n.

a-w5-hii),

n.

a-yo-mo,

which

is selected, chosen.

joy, happiness

a-y9-lu-'w6

a channel.
a-"WO-ye, n. an inspector, spy.
ii.-'wo, n. a hide, leather; color, outward appearance

a-'WO-'WO,

much prized.

is beloved,

n.

a-"w6-tfi.r), n.

called warry.

game

which

n.

a-"w6-rai), n.

of time, a year, next

cycle

a-yi-da'-yi-da, n. much talk, loquaciousness.

a-yi-ka, n. a surrounding, circle, halo.

a-'wd-ko,
a-'wo-ni,

understanding

perfect

is alive,

of a thing.

season.

a hawk.

which

(Acts 24, 22.)

looking-glass.

n.

do a

aye agba, a chief room.

a-ye-tfir),

a-'Wd, n. a secret bargain, a superstitious mystery ;

a spy-glass : awo odiu, spectacles ; awb dzidii, a
a-'wo-di, n.

unless, except.

space, room, opportunity, or time to

SL-ye, n.

bfi-ba,

a father, a master.

a great matter.

bA

22

a small matter

b3.-ba, n.

ba-ba-lfi. (baba
arch.

bfi.

. .

affair.

a priest of

Ifa.

bfi.

. .

to surprise

v.

6 hk

ba
ba
woq

ba

badie,

ba

to

v.

dze,

destroy

dc.

co-operate; to suit.

assist,

(Acts

See iba^orui).

hide, leather, shoe, sandal,

ti,

to be akin.

V.

bfi

wl,

ba

wi-dzo

mo badi9

\>k

eiye

ti,

a white man.

n.

to rebuke, to

V.

blame.

v.

(wi edio),

how

to

judge. (Acts

1, 1.)

to blot, besprinkle.

V.

wor),

mo

the bird.

ba-yi, adv.

to get into trouble

(edio), v.
I
into
trouble
at Ilorirj.
Ilorig,
got

miss (as an arrow)

to

t".

ba-tu-re (Hausa),

6 ba mi dziyag, bfi

ba-dzo

hoof; a small

a kind of drum.

tfi.r),

ba-"wo, adv.

to contradict:

dzi-yar), v.
he contradicted me.
.

corrupt, injure,

spoil,

to be spoiled,

n.

/ missed

:
6 bade, it suits or fits :
ese de, the shoe fits me
(on the foot).

li

se,

bfi-ta, n.

to suit, agree,
ft

v.

bata b4 mi

to

box.

by coming upon

to unite with, to
join

V.

to cohabit.

stir), V.

a large room, parlor.

quarrel with, scold.

n.
to

V.

s6,

ba-so-rui).

dakpo, he joined them.

ba-de,

ba-ta,

title.

dfi,-kpd,

15, 15.)

thwart.

to

bfi

a chief cook.

a popular dance.

bfi.-bu-dzfi (abudza),

ba-da,

bo baba mole, a bfi-sa (Egba),

bfi. ...

ba-bfi.-lQ.-'wo (al4w6), n.
bfi.-bi-ka, n.

n.

Mba

a grandfather, a patri-

nla), n.

ba-bfi.-li.-se (alase), n.

suddenly,

up a small

great affair covers

BE

so

16h bayi, go in this or that direction

(as the speaker points out).

ni

ba-nl (Egba), adv.

a eunuch, in the King's palace,

ba-fir) (b4 afii)), n.
where there are six of them.

in the

hand

mu oko bani,

take

a hoe in your hand.

be, an obsolete verb signifying to heap up (?) whence

bebe and ebe.
by the staff of ]^gu5
(an oath):
tlie bank or brink
bagadai' igid4 oloko sa, the treefell and frightened be-be, n.
of a river or ditch ; a
the farmer, i. e. the mountain labored and
shoal ; a lieap : bebe idl, the
rump : bebe odi6,
brought

bfi-ga-dai'!

forth a mouse.

the eyebrow.

See bayi.

bal, adv.

bdi-bdi, adv.

be-kpe-dze, (ba ekpe

bfi.-ka-nfi. (bi okaij n4), adv.

ba-lft-bu-dza (ba

ba-la-ga (b4

li

abudia),

same.

See abudza.

v.

(il&),

bfi.

le-ru

w.
(li

l.tocut;

a governor.

by fanning

eru), v.

split into strips

to frighten.

lo-ru-ko-dze (ba die li orukp), v. to

der : 6 hk mi loruko die, he slandered me.
ba-lu-Ave (ibi aluwe), n. a bath-house.
.

bam-bam,
bS.-in6,

beetle, for

beating

mud

(mo

il), v.

bfi

ni-n6-dze (ba die

ni

assault.

to vex,

to

ba-ra,

n.

bfi-ra, n.

bfi

bfi

bfi

.rd,

See bawo.

adv.

re,

the vine

lo-ri

t.

re-kp5,

be-nte,

v.

t.

to be

to advise, to

adapted

be-ri

to.

consult with.

(Luke

5, 36.)

be

. .

s4r)4ai), to
lori).

ni,

no, not so ;

behe

it is ;

behe
ni ko,

(li

v.

to be thin,
fiat.

beautifully red or yellow.

to behead.
ori), v.

n.

to be lean,

v.

weakly

axa

ko

mi

ni

bende,

bente,

/ am

lean.

bS-re-sI,

to agree, to be
friendly.
v.

thus

a blow with the fist

strike with the fist.

stoop

See elegbara.
V,.

so,

a kind of grass (broom-sedge).

bS-re (be and

of the egusi.

ori (See

a pawpaiv.

be-re, n.

grieve.
bfi.-0,

li

be

neither.

be-nde,

to, to
t.

yes, so

to

ino), v.

. .

to beg, entreat.

be-le-dze, adv.

floors.

be

down

behe ko,

be-kpe,

ambush.

bar)-gl-dzi. See obaijgidzi.

bfi.
ni'-dzam-ba, v. to do violence

(i[i),jump

be

to lie in

be-le, be-le-be-le,

to consult with.

V.

b9.-ino-le

n.

slan-

be

gege, even so ; behe

23, 51.)

bfi

he

2. to jump ; 3. to be
of a red color ;
impudent; 5. formerly, perhaps, to rfecenc?,
whence abe and b|re
6. to breed,
applied to
T. to cool
pigeons and to carnivorous animals only
V.

b&, bS-be, V.
ba-lo-gur) (li oguij), n. a military officer.
bfi.
16-hur) (li in ohuij), v. to assent to. (Luke be-he, adv.
.

o,

4. to be

to be quiet, contented.

ba-lS

6 bere

a saddle-cloth.

n.

be-se,

nearly grown, an adolescent.

ba-16 (ile), n. a master of a house, landlord.
b9.-l&, V.

swear falsely.

to exact

inquired after you.

a youth, a yonng man be,

aga), n.

le

alike, the

to

die), v.

to ask, to
inquire,

V.

bS-re,

dimly shining.

be-ru

kd

v.

to be

low, fiat, sloping ; to

to begin.

V.

(ori),

rS),

bere, to be lying dead.

to

v.

(ba eru),

be-ru-be-ru,

v.

v.

behead.
to fear.
to be

timid

adv. timidly.

BE

to fear something ;
(era ki era), v.
generally employed in the negative : emi 6 bera-

keni,

be

to

V,

bi,

ebi (See bi

bl

or cause to suffer ; bi . .
bi ino die (See bin9die).

to affect,
.

lebi)

to generate,

V.

bl,

beget, hear, breed ;

li

to

on

push, vomit

bi kiri, to beat or drift about

though, whether

as,

if,

bl 6nia, like a

in6

ti

r, according to

bi-bi, n.

birth,

a bearing

6 dekni)

bibi, she left

a covering, which is covered.

bi-bd-mo-le, re. which is overwhelmed.
bi-bd,

n.

bi-bu,

n.

a patch in a

bI-6-n.i-a, adv.

b6,

V.

to peel, to strip off, to

bd,

V.

to cover, to be full

as

as,

or regard.

to notice

bi-kd-se, bi-k6-se-kp6,

le-bi

open a

to

bi-l&, V.

bi

way

inquire

bi

og

le-dzo

(li

edio),

to

v.

to

bi-lil, V.

(li

to

obui)), v.

See

a he-goat.

overwhelm.

bd-le-bo-le,

a thatcher.

(ile),

with brightness:

(bi),

adv.

ground

if possible.
to flourish.

a honey-making gnat without

n.

to sprinkle

v.

omi),

(bil

care

to

robber.

to cover the

iJ.

ujmu,

rob a house, to confiscate.

or thatch a house.

sting.

with water.

the white-grained Guinea-corn (a species of

Sorghum).
.

to

v.

in6-16,

overwhelm.

to be large.

v.

to be

v.

very large.

to cover, to cover the

(ara), v.

b6-ri (b6
head or

fault.

body.

to surpass, to prevail, to cover the

ori), v.

top.

bI-rQ9 (omo), V. to beget, or bear a child.

bl-na-bl-na, n. abusive language.
bi
nl-n6 (ino), v. to grieve, to vex.

bo-r9, very near (as to distance). See gboro.

dze (ba oruko dze), v. to slander.
bo-rtl-ko

bi-n6

bo-ti-bo-ti, adv.

to be

(ino), v.

angry.

bi-n6-dze, v. to feel grieved or

bi-6-su-ma-r6 (osumarc), adv.

vexed.

in the

form

bi-0-kor)-ri, adv.

bi-ri,

V.

to be

om9-

small (applied to land).

bi-ri, bi-ri-bi-ri, n.

darkness

adv. darkly, very

a haversack,

satchel.

bi-ri-ko-to, v. to be small, as a hole in the ground

d4 iho birikoto, dig a small hole.
bi-si,

V.

bi

ti,

ti

enia,

to increase

n4 bo

(lit.

b6,

do

like

a person

as,
;

how, what, that : se bi

emi 6 ti ie ? how or

bi

owo

li

my hands

1. to insert ;

V.

mo bo

li

cwu

down

hands

6.

to enter

ni,

(lit.

I escaped

mb6

to boil

or cook in

5. to

shake

(lit.

or go out of a house

in the act of coming

sokalB b6, come doion

getting wet

bo-dzu

2. to pierce ;

put on a garment;

4. to

V. to arrive, to be

run

mi, that business failed in

slipped out of ) that danger.

insert)

or multiply.

adv. and pron.

water

bi-ri-ga-mi,

to be pregnant.
a solid) ; hence 2. to slip
of
drop (as
3. to take down, as from a peg; 4. to

fell out of)

(applied to land).

dark.
n.

strip.

ozone's clothes; 5. to feed; hence, 6. to worship ; 7. to wash any part of the body, as the face
8. to beat, as a mud-floor
8, to empty (Ps. 10, 8)
oral)

to be large

half

foolishly (talking), sillily.

woman

girl.

bl-rl, v.

to

ta^e

manly.

bi-9-16-rur), adv. godlike, godly.

bi-ri, a suffix, contr. from obiri, a
biri,

half-way open,

to

1.

V.

or slide

semicircle.

(abi oyui)), v.

bo-yui)
of a ho,

to tear

V.

b6-ti,

i,

is blinding.

n.

b6-ra

reproach for a
beat against, as waves.

16-hur)

sun

n.

arraign, interrogate a bo-ni-bo-ni,

person in a court.

bi

to cover

V.

b6-ni (Egba),

to question, interrogate.

v.
(li ere),

si

visit.

to blind

v.

bo-le-bo-le,

bd

16-re

to

V.

(ile),

bo-mo,

lebi,

ask him.

bi
bi

b6-16

b6-nii-'w6l)

or give place in a crowd.

to ask,

ebi), v.

(li

like

to look

v.

look at,

to

v.

(bil),

b6-lo-b6-lo,

but, except, unless.

conj.

iote

very or intensely (hot).

bo-dzu-"w6

b6-le

brutishly.

bray

leaves, to

of

bo-lS-se-bl, bo-16-se-kp6

if.

tile

bo-de (ba ode), n. a custom-house.

bd-dzo (bi odio), adv. like a coward, cowardly.
bo-dzu-in6 (ba odiu), v. to chide, reproach.

b6-l,

like dust.

bi-e-rai)-ko, adv.
v.

'77, 3.)

humanlike, humanely.

bi-e-ru-kpe, adv.
bi-e-ni-kp6, adv.
bi'-ki-ta,

(Ps.

bi

or reverence the great.

to respect

orar) bodzujai), the

roof.

kabiyesi.

b6-dzu-yai) (ba odiu),

off bearing.

your mind

rebelled against him.

person ; b ofi^, according to law.

? a sign of interrogation : 6 m6 bi ? does he know ?
bi-ba-'WO 1 adv. loherehy ? in what way ? how ?
b6-dzu-to, bC-dzu-'wd,
bi-bS, n. a begging, supjilication.
for, to see after.

bl

like those

as.

though, if even

though we have
(bil),

Egba, a mat

ti

inasmuch

ti,

ti-le, conj.

bo-bo, adv.

the water.

bl, conj.

bi-ye-sl

follow or

to

succeed.

bi, V.

Egbas

eni bi

; bi

or will ; n! bi

to visit, to investigate,

ask;

the

of

nothing.

V.

"wd,

I do ?

what shall

be-ru-ke-ni

Ifear

BO

23

b6

1&,

6 ijtutu b6,

get

it

is

nw9i) sare b6, they are coming on a

w4h, he is coming.

(odzii),

V.

to

wash

the face.

BO
to worship a tree or image.
a neat person, dandy.

(igi), V.

bo-gi

n.

bo-ki-ni,

to fall

V.

b6-l&,

down, as

a kind of

b6-lo-gI, n.

when

l9-'w6

"bq-Toi (omi),

Comp, beledie.

(black).

shake hands.

n.

bo-ra

(ard), v.

add

to

V.

to hide or ccmceal itself aio<

to ;

6 bil

m6

hides about or

it

ijyifl,

cleaves to you.
to give.

v.

for bil,

bu-ra

an

to swear, to take

(ara), v.

oath.

to be bad,
ugly.

V.

bu-ru,

a kind of acacia used hy

bo-ni,

bil-m6,

bill),

into water, to dip.

put

blindness.

struck. (Ps. 89, 23.)

to he filthy, slovenly.

V.

b9r),

to

to overwhelm, to smite
toitk, to affect
6 bil ifodiu lil W013, he smote them with

lil, V.

one, as vermin

to

v.

9w6),

(li

v.

with

lily.

bo-lo-dzo, adv. beautifully

b6

bil

honor, reverence.

to

bo-lfl. (bil ola), V.

DA

24

tanners.

bu-ru-bu-ru, adv. badly, closely (hiding).

bu-ru-ku, adv. intensely, very.
bo-ru-ko-nu, n. a stupid spendthrift ; wasteful- Bu-ru-kii, n. an evil deity who causes some kinds
ness.
of fits, and produces death in small-pox.
bo-se (b6 ese), v. to go aside on a call of nature.
to add to, to bless, to
bil-sl, V.
offer sacrifice to.
b9
si-kpo (ikpo), V. to restore one to his place bu-s6 (ibi iso), v. a tying-place for animals, a stall.
or position.
bu-s6 (ibi iso), n. a resting-place, where travellers
b5-vrfih, V. to he in the act of coming : k ^bowah,
put down their loads.
we are coming (now on the road).
bu-sil, n.
loose, heavy sand.
bo-'wo (bil owo), V. to divide.
a sleeping-place, a bedstead.
bu-silr) (ibi isilij), n.
to shake hands.
bil
V.
to
bite
bS-^wfi, V.
o bil mi
S&V),
severely, as a dog
.

to loash oneself.

b5-'W9 Q^^

9^'9)i

(bi 6 ya), adv.

b9-ya

to take

a por-

fu o,

bu-bu-ru

mi

bO.

11

badness

2.

fenia

buburu, a bad

one

to entrust

C.

about to say.
bu-dz6, n. a fruit used for making black ornamental marks on the skin.

1.

bu-dze

8.

bCi

btl

bCl

dze,

ka

W91),

mo

bilyiij

bil-ke

a feeding-place, a
to

(ika), v.

kfi, V.

around :

mo

bti

owo k4

them money all round.

to set on the top>
of : bu ikoko ka

pot on the

to swell, to rise in

add

to

to be deficient, to despise, to

bu-le',

a hump or

to, to

fill

up ;

ese

mi

my foot

da,

is

broken.

the rain ceases.

:

oda d4

li

od&i)

ni,

a drought (lit. it droughts) this year.

: Ak eko fu
give
adza, give mu^h to the dog

to

to

to contribute

prepMre or buy

money.

da eko, buy mush,

i.

e.

have

prepared.

pay

da owo ode, to pay a tax.

: ta li o da ebo n4 ? who
prescribed

mah

mention:

11. to speak or

1 2.

to

conquer, whip

da oruko

se

r|,

do

kanakana da kanakana, a

13. to be intelligent, give

to bless.

make

14. to be sound

to

la-dzar) (adzaij),
to

add

to, to

v.

to cut into bits, to mince.

patch.

promise

omo n4

da,

that child is intelligent.

little

mix, to adulterate.
lfi.-bu-ka (li abuka), v.
to surround.
V.

6dio d4,

that sacrifice ?
ina,

(Jas. 2, 6.)

me

crow whipped a crow.

bii-kili), V.

he struck

not mention his name.

b'Cl-k6r), v.

of.

igi,

10. to prescribe

hillock.

btl-ia, V.

or leg
:

dry, without rain

da ow6,

fire.

(bil oke), v.

11

flash: m&n&m&nA dk, the lightning fiashes.

break or he broken : 6 d4 mi li ese, he broke

to be

9. to

surround, encompass.

6 da mi

stick.

to cease

it

to distribute

I gave

stall.

there is

to bite.

V.

kfi, V.

set the

create.

make,

my foot,
5.

is

(ibi idze), n.

to

4. to

a thing to one to be sold.

(ba idza, a reaching the road ; see dia), v.
make a near cut to a place, to anticipate what

to

1.

to assault, strike

tcith
3.

a camping-place.

(ibi ido), w.

bu-dza

btl

honor

to

thee.

D
dfi, V.

a hiding-place.

(buru), n.

bCl-dza (odia),

to praise,

v.

omi, give

person.

bu-do

bil

(iyiri),

I praise

sprinkle with anything.

to

V.

me some water.
bu-ba (ibi iba), n.

w6r).

8.
give ; 2. to cut or break, as bread
each other, as roads ; 4. to roast in the

ashes ; 5. to moulder or rot

me.

bit

1. to

to cross

bu

he

of.

bin, V.

to

bil-yii)

perhaps.
to cry aloud, to ahuse ; to stink ;

bil, v.

ikj),

bil

fancifully made.

bo-'W9-lo-"WO, adv.

tion

honor.

^<'

*"

15. to overturn,

d4
dfi, V.
2.

1.

li

to

aga.

pour

ara mi d4,

my

body

is

sound.

as a stone or anything

See da

. .

laga.

out.

to overturn, capsize, as

a boat.

heavy:

DA
remove a tliing/rom one position

to

3.
4.

to betray, disappoint.

5.

to

6.

to he acceptable, as

7.

to

8.

to offer

9.

to

to

another.

turn

aboict,

change the position

of.

sacrifice.

become.

attend

to

1-1.

da-ba

v.

da-bl,

da-bd-bo (abo

is

my

book ?

part

of.

to shelter, defend, protect.

v.

da

made.

name

of a person.

da

da-dza,

to serenade.

v.

to arise before

V.

da-dzi,

da-dz6-ko,
da-dzo, V.

day.

to sit, to sit

v.

steadily or long.

a day

to a2}point

for

any purpose

to

judge.

da-gba

to

V,

cer-

invent a report or story.

to

(iigba), v.

da-gbe-re

(da), v.

da-gbe-se,

v.

4'.

da
da
da
da
da

I am

da

run in

to

when they

da-gnr)

collect

lo-dzfl,

lo-go,

16-hur),

lu,

V.

to bore.

1%

V.

to

da'-ho-ro,

from fear of war.

to desolate

v.

da-hur) (da ohui)), v.

dai-ya-fo (do aiya), v.
dfi.-ka-ka,
dS.-k&r),

to

v.

to

v.

a pool or 2'>ond.

a stone

answer, reply.

torment, torture.

to

mingle, adulterate.

to fall

upon

okuta

dali\

kpa

killed him.

So,

ni6,

(medzi),

da

cut or divide into two

to

v.

meta, da

merir), &c., to divide

cause to adhere, to strike against,

to

v.
:

answer.

to frighten,

Adam
da-md,

a sinner.
to

v.

squat.

(anwdza),
(Sraij), v.

to he

v.

(amu),
to he

to

invent

v.

to

to guess.

purpose, advise.

to per^^lex,

confuse

to

he con-

damned.

da'-mu-re (amure), v. to gird.

da-na (ina), v. to make or kindle a fire.
ni-da (d4 ni ida), v. to he or to make
da
.

heretic.

da-ni6-rar)

he silent, to cease ;
figuratively,

da-mo-dza

founded,

discourage.

hold an erroneous opinion,

doctrine, to be

da-mu

or destroy a town.

to reply,

to strike against.

V.

to

v.

v.

me-dzi

a,

disappoint.

to glorify.

v.

and

da mi

old.

to collect into

(oguij), v.

to

V.

one certain:

it.

impute k6 da |se m6 wa, he does not impute

sin to us
ko da ese mo Adama, he did not create

debt.

to

sure of

lo-ro,

make

to

V.

lo-dztl,

to

da-ke,

lodzd,

da

to be developed.
bid farewell.

grow
(ogbo),
the hack of a furnace or chimney.
da-gir), n.
da . gi-ri, v. to frighten, to drive people together,
as

into three iMrts, four 2>arts, dx.

grow,

to

v.

da-gbo
.

jiarts.

f 5,

fell on

tainly.
.

da-lii, v.

da-dzu, V. to be evident, confident, impudent.

da-dzu-da-dzu, adv. evidently, confidently,
dS.

da.
to detain.

v.

du-ro,

suppose.

of, expect,

one of the Yoriiba idols, a proper

n.

Da-da,

bo),

which

n.

da-da,

is

resemble, be like, to act the

to

V,

where

a roof.

to be flat, as

V.

dd.-ba,

think

to

cut in two, to di-

to

11.

. . .

as cattle.

to,

la-gbe-de-me-dzi,

where ? iwe mi da

(aba),

da
la-mu (li), v. to confuse, confound.
da
la-ra (li), v. to disappoint, to annoy.
da
la'-ra-ya, v. to enliven, to cheer.
da
to justify.
la-re, v.
da
to trust, to sell to on credit.
la.-'wir),
da
to give life to, to quicken.
Ifi-ye, v.
da ... 16, V. to put down.
da le-kur), v. to prevent, forbid.
da
le-se (li), v. to cripple the foot or leg.
da
to convict of sin.
le-se, v.
da
to strike with a sword.
li-da, v.
da 16-dzo, v. to frighten, intimidate.

sacrifice.

10. to bend or be bent, as a sword.

da, adv.

dfi

vide.

purify, as silver.

DAN

25

ac-

to nature, to look or be natural.

cording

to frighten people, as war,

da-ni
da-gi-ri, v.
to he calm, as the
which drives them together.
dfi.-ke-dze, d&-ke-r6-ro, v.
wind.
da
ni-de (ide), v. to redeem, set free.
ni-dza (Idza), v. to throw in wrestling,
da
da-ko-dza, v. to step over, 2mss by, to neglect.
ni-dzi (idii), v. to frighten, surprise.
da-kpa-ra, v. to be hard, as flint to canker, to rust. da
a, word.
V.
to
contract
da
da
kpS,
ni-gi (igi), v. to heat with a stick, to cudgel.
da
to
da
v.
da
kp5,
kp5-in6,
adhere, join,
nl-kpa (ikpa), v. to cause division or strife,

dead.

to faint, to be at the

V.

da-kur),

v.

dS.-kiir(, V.
dfi.

dfi,

. . .

dfi

to

mingle.
da-kti,

to

to reel

(li

thread.

to release,
(li),

v.

aga), v.

separate or alienate friends.

da-ni

...

lo-dzQ. (odiu),

v.

to

6 danilodzd, we are certain of

withhold.

ku-ro, V.
la-da-dzO.

la-ga

point of death.

certain:

confident as to its

truth.

acquit

to depart.

to over-drive, as
to

make one
it,

weary.

flock.

da

n5,

v.

to

pour out, throw

aivay, waste

nwor)

S9r9 dano loni, they failed in their negotiatimi

day.

to-

DAN

DI

26

to he fluent, talkative.
de, prep, for, ready for, to.
to he slip- d6, V.
to hind, shackle: de mo, to bind
smooth, hright, as metal
all
to
to
he
road
as
a
;
good,
right.
polish ;
de-bi-kpa (da ebi), v. t. to starve.
pery,

dfi.-nil (enu), v.
to he

dar),

V.

c"ai),

a sign of interrogation

know

a
n.

dar)-ka-re,
.

dai)

do you de-de (Egba), pron.

de-hCir) (ohuij),

v.

de-ke

to invent or tell

to try, to

n.

da-ra-da-ra,

tempt

to

an ora- de

consult

"

divine.
to he

good, handsome, pretty.

to introduce a neio fashion or custom.

v.

(iini),

goodliness

adv. in a good man-

da'-ra-ya

commit a fault.

to transgress, to

v.

da-r3.r)-da-r9.r), n.

make or

to

(araya), v.

to he cheerful,

to

dye

to stir

to he

up, confuse things ;

da-ru-g'b6

mix or

to

v.

to

(dl arugbo), v.

grow or

da-sa,

a small covered dish.

da-sa,

V.

to tire doion, to fail

to sto])

and

he old.

si-le

(ile),

to

v.

stop.
to cease,

to reserve, to spare.

cause a thing, to introduce

da

('.

da-so-bd

eldest son

dau-du,

n.

da-Avir)

(awii)), n.

dfi.

V.

'WO,

to

of a prince, the heir apparent.

pay hy

to consult

an

to contrihwte, to

(ovvo), V.

into the savings cluh ;

pay
da-"wo-kp5 (ow6),
da-WO-l (owo), V.
to

v.

to

V.

come

to

to,

; to cover with a lid

de odzu 6na, go with me
(see de
lade).
;

pain

d5

to

to set

si,

grow negligent,

ara

li

. . .

d6

(see

. . .

hunt

to

v.

(aida),

! desist!

woods or prairies.
again, more : mah dehii) soke,

in the

let

a dog.

ivith

coarse cloth.

to cease,

ekui)), v.

(da.

net.

to fish.

dS-kur) (6kui)), v.
de
la'Ta (li ar4),
. .

with a

to fish

v.

(edza), v.

d6-kur)

me

to yield

to set

a rape

dekuq

snare.

make comfort-

to relieve, to

v.

alone !

dawo

to

wear, as a hat

gate

de

to he negligent,
slothful.

(ara), v,

loosely hanging.
be terrible

to

(eru), v.

terrible to
(di),

v.

to

li

(esc), v.

6 deru

si

mi,

it

is

bind or pack goods.

to make afraid.
slacken the pace, stop.

v.

to

to sin.

(dil Pse), v.
(eti),

me.

to

v.

incline the ear, to listen, hearken

deti sile, to listen secr.etly or attentively,

ba mi

mush.

soft

de-ru

pay : dawo 5su,

IB, to pay down. de-ti

combine in a scheme.

to the

to fast,

(in6), v.

de-re-d6-re, adv.

de-se
dS-se

arrive at, come upon, to extend

to

de

ebi), v.

of the de-ru-ba (eru),

to lay hands on, undertake,

da-vrti (owu), V. to reel or wind thread,
da-ye-16. See diyele.

de,

as

mitigate,

de-ru

instalments.

oracle, to inquire

gods.

da-'Wd

to he soft, rijje, loose, slack ;

V.

de-ra

to clothe, cover.

(aso), v.

religious

after ; de

der)-gf, n.

to fail, to risk.
(Ps. 12, 1.)

V.

on

prohibit

hunt, chase, to set a trap

sile, to lay a snare.

to

V.

d6-n6

ahout, mention.

presume, dare. (Acts 5, 13.)

to introduce a custom ov
fashion.

se,

to

v.

able.

to

da-sfi., V.

d.-sa,

to talk

V.

s6,

d6na

diti.

de-hir) (Egba), adv.

don^t lie any more.

going to a place

intermeddle

grounds,

forbear
to

up,

to stop the

v.

d&-dztl (odzu), n.
de-gbe, v. to hunt

to reserve, sjiare, discharge.

.

See

mole de-dza'

ilu

off.

... si, V.

(ori),

mixed de-dd (odo),

he

ikuku bo

entirely:

n.

(ese), v.

withstand, oppose,

to pronounce
guilty, to condemn.
near hy, at hand : hdio su dede,
the clouds are dark and low, i. e. near the earth,

darudarii, the fog hides the town entirely.

de, to lie

de-dza

da-ru-da-ru, adv.

lie.

road, to obstruct
in wait for,
to cover the head,
v,

(yna),

de-ti.

to

to cover

v.

crown,

mingled in d&-d&, adv.

confusedly.

da

d6-na

uneasy about a thing. de-bi (d4

a confused manner.

to

ade), v,

lara).

da-ru-da-kp5, da-ru-kp5,

. .

(ona), v.

m6-16,

to

hlue.

to grieve, to feel

(aro), v.

Aa.-Ta.,v.

da
da

Lb-na

d6,

(ar6), v.

leave

. . .

dog

. . .

da-se

(li

de,

merry.

da-ro
di-ro

to

de-"w6 (d4 ewo),

herdsman.

cattle-driver,

da-ri (d^ ori), v. to lead, to drive.

da-ri
dzi (dari and di\,far), v. to forgive,
da-ri . dzo, v. to assemhle, to meet.
.

de
de

(da), v.

la-de

de-ri

ner, well.

dd.-rai) (oral)),

conclude a bargain,

talc mirror.

v.

'wd,

all, every.

rightly, properly,

soldiers.

cle or a priest, to
da-ra (da ara), v.

d9.-ra

m6

de-de, adv.

dar)-dar), n.

,dar)

iwo

to.

ade

to be difficult, to fail in

dS-ti,

V.

de

"wd.

to hind, tie, close

di, V.

to cheu)

up ; to toreathe ; to require ;
tobacco ; to he entangled, complicated ; to

coagulate, to groio

hard on

deficient, to lack

6 di edzl,

di

an attempt.

See dai)w6.

. .

li

odiu

(see di

cooling, as tallow
it

lodzu).

to he

lacks two cowries

See

dii).

DI
to be, become, to be

di, V.

16h, he

titi

old

is growing

di isisiyi,

fi

come now)

changed: 6

now

6 di ola, loait

(lit.

till it

made

to-morrow

till

becomes to-morrow) 6 di idi6 kedii

they went the next day.

it

di

arugbo di-ye-le, f

ijdi

; di dfo, to disappear, vanish;

till

to be-

(lit.

nwoq

till

loh,

mcdzi

di

li

dl-bo

(di), V.

di-da,

n.

is

dida

healthy
ebi, condemnation ; dida ard, health ; se dida ara,
to heal.

to arise.

dl-di, n.

which

di-di, n.

the

di-dzd^

V.

di-dze,

V.

mo

Sec

bound, wreathed.

is

di.

game of drafts.

di

to be
afraid, to be

mi

ni,

disappointed, mistaken

thought

it

was

my father,

little,

a few, some.
v.

to establish, con-

bloom, to blossom.

to

V.

di-gba-ti,

remain standing,

to

v.

di-gba-ro,

to wait.

till.

conj.

by and by.
glass, a mirror.

di-gbo-se, adv.

di-gi, .

da....

do-dzu-ti,

ha'-mo-ra,

v.
V.

di

le-ru

di

. . .

(li),

le-'wor)

di-lo-dzH

to hear,

to enslave.

v.
v.

(li),

V.

to fasten on, to cleave

di-m5,
di-mu,

V.

to

to block
(ni),

di-nl-gbe-sir)

or cling

to

v.

the road, impede, hinder.

grasp, enclose in the hand.

(ni), v.

to take captive.

parch, fry.
dir)-ka-ra (al^ara), v. to bake bread,
di-ri-ki-si,

to consjnre,

v.

(^vovi),

v.

to

di'-si-si-yi, adv.
(cti), V.

di-'w6,

V.

to.

uphold, lay hold on.

up

to bake,

dir), di, v.

di-ti

put

to

shame,

to

plot against.
plait the hair.

till

now, hitherto,

to be deaf.

to be in

dun.

comforts, luxuries

(dSij doi)), n.

See dodzukodo.

(ori).

to prostrate, to lie
flat.

v.

7nitch slirivelled or cool.

d6r),

V.

to cry, as

dbr),

V.

to be sweet,

right, straight.
to anchor.

any beast or

bird.

to affect

pleasant ;

pleasantly or

my mind is pleasant, e. /
am jjleased ; ino d<)q mi, my belly aches or pajws
me ; in& mi d8i) si 1 am pleaded with him (Mat.
painfully

ino

mi

doij,

i.

17)

ki

li

n.
v.

o doij o, wliat ails

a kind of drum.

thee.

to please.

t.

to be black.

a strait or difficulty.

to lie

V.

du-bu-l,

down

dubule

6 dh mi

li

owo,

aroij, to be sick

blackness.

See didze.
n.

agree upon, covenant,

to hold,

V.

V.

di-ror)

to

a stumbling-block.
du-gbo-lu,
du-ke-lu-ke, adv. merrily.

to tangle, to blindfold.

V.
(li),

to

dp-gba, V. to be equal,
do-ko-du-ro (oko), v.

du-du, n.
du-dze, V.

to chain.

di-in6,

di-na,
di-nl-bo

the head, to medi-

a-bed.

to congeal.

V.

make ashamed,

to deny, to refuse, to grasp

he refused me money.

to be dilatory, at leisure.

di-le,

dl-lu,

to

d9-ba-l& (da ibale),

a raven.
n.

dor)-m6,

down

to Jiang

to rust.

V.

doQ-doi),

V.

turn upside down.

v.

to gallop.

do-ri-kd-do

dCl, V.

. .

the

life.

di-kpa-ra, v. See dakpara.

di
la'-mu-re (li), v. to gird.
to deafen, to refuse
di
le-ti (li), v.

to

towards

the face

the head.

i,

to gird.

v.

to establish,

ka-lfe, V.

d6-gi-ri,

dtl, V.

turn

to

V.

V.

do-go-tl,

confirm.

&c dodo-

truth, righteousness

tate, 2ionder.

3,

a breech-cloth.

di-go, n.

di

n.

hang down

to

do-do, adv.

to be entangled.

V.

firm.
di-fe,

a room

do-de,

e-le-se niu-16 or ni-lS,

do

do, to be upright.

of

but was mistalien.

dl-6, n.

the navel ; in the Ikctu dialect,

dom-dom-ai-ye

to complete, to

didii baba

di-dzu,

in a Louse.

do-gur),

cause war, to become a fight.

emulate.

to

V.

di-dzi,

(an indecent word)

against, to besiege.

encamp

n.

do-do,

on, charge for.

abash.

V.

di-de,

ka,

do-dzu-de, v.
do-dzu-kd-do,

made, which

is

to

a price

to cohabit

encamp,

ground,

to cast lots.

which

ti

to set

do-dzu-bo-lS,

spoil, be corrupted.

di-ba-dze, v. to
di-bi.
See da-bi.

d6,

to

V.

d6-d6, do-do-d6,

from, employed in composition

oguq {two from on twenty), eighteen.

prep,

(di),

DUll

27

du-kpe,

thank.

to

V.

du-lu-ni6,

to slander,

v.

See

dtir), dill).

d6i], dSi).

du-ra, V. to make an
one stumbles.
du-ro,

V.

effort to

to stand, to wait,

stand by, wait on

SI, to

prevent falling

dnro

ti,

duro

duro,

to

make or

duru,

to

stay

mu

when

tiri

cause to stand.

du-ru,

n.

violin ;

a
li

violin,

a guitar

li\

odiu 6kui) duru, on

play

the harp.

the

(Ps.

49,4.)

du-ru-du-ru,
God).

n.

greatness (applied to the works of

D^A
as a horse

to snatch, to

out a thing
to

V.

storm

him

they dragged

dza

(see

V.

dza-de,

v.

dza

as

bfile loh,

dza

ole

li

dzS.-gbfi,

V.

go out ;

adv.

out, forth

diade

to be slow, to loiter.

afara), v.

to be

rough, harsh.

called on).

a low, mean fellow (Acts

n.

to

V.

dzfi.-gu-du,

struggle together, tug at each other.

to fight, in

v.

dza-gur),

war;

dzfi.-h.ir)-dza-hir(, adv.

dzai-ye

n.

title.

vagantly.

a mug.

n.

dza-ka,

v.

dza-ka-di,

dza'-ku-ni6,

DzS.-ku-ta

a leopard.

dza-le
the

break a rope,

(li

to

v.

(il6),

ground

l-nu

Id-le

ekana),

dza-ma,

dza-na
in

n.

dza
dza
dza

of

to

v.

to

v.

adv.

to

dze

named : die

li

quietly,

eri (see

still.

condemned.

gbe-se.

^^ confess.

*'

V.

to

awake, awaken, quicken, frighten.

to fall into a hole, to tap a cask, to
V.
to be deepi, obscure, or hard to understand,
dii

li

which

n.

ese (see dil

lese).

to arouse, to raise from the

v.

di-de,

dead.

is lustrous.

See di4.

dzi-dza-du,
n.

dzi-dze,

to.

afflict.

See diehui).

V.

to be distant

to

punish,

devour.

to

v.

aid in work.

die-leri.

dzi,

to

(iya), v.

See

to

v.

owe),

(li

to steal.

ar4), to

bear witness.

to

v.
(li ori),

V.

loafer.
(li

to feed on.

ara), v.

(li

dzi,

dzi

diehui) lara

to snore.

v.

(Ps. 49, 14.)

dze-ni-ya

knock

to eat

v.

(oliui)),

dze-lo-"we

dzi-dza,
ba ni diamba,

very gently, quietly.

Sec diigbese.
dze-gtl-du-ra-gtl-du, n. a vagabond, a
.

dzf, dzll),

thoroughly.
wean.

scramble for a thing.

to

v.

See die.

food.

reach the road, to be reasonable dzi-dzii) (dii), n.

depth, distance, lowness.
n.
resemblance.
See dio.
dzi-dzo,
to release

(ikoro), v.
to

one by force.

dzi-dzu,

which

n.

to contradict.

dzi-gbe-se

dispute with.

dzl-gbi-ni, adv.

to boast.

dzaq-dzai), adv. intensely hot:

dial), the sun is very hot.
n.

die

be guilty, to be

dze-dze-dze, adv.

dzi-dzft.

(iyaij), v.

(enu), v.

dza-Qgbo-ro,

pinch, to scratch.

to steal
from.

(ni ide), v.

ni-yar)

to be

a kind of cockatoo, so called from

n.

dze-"W9 (9^?)?

mean, as a word,

to reply, to

to be ivilling,

permit,

leri).

way dz^-rur),

soldier.

ni-ko-ro

dza-nu

fight one's

the country ;

damage, violence

position.

ni-de

name

attack by surprise.

do violence

(ona),

one''s

loose.

flatly, utterly refusing.

v.
(li ole),

n.

assault, to

to

to

v.

go through

enu),

(li

to

dza-iuba,

dze-di-e-di-,

dz6-ri,

by fighting,

(see koro)

dz3.-lil, V.

break

the stone-caster, a

dza-le, dzfi.-le-dz&-le, adv.

dza
dza

to

to steal, pilfer.

v.

le-ka-na

dze-iir),

through.
dzS.-le (ole),

dz^

dze-le-ri

god of thunder.

to escape

v.

to

V.

to let or

to deserve, to

make ;

to

consent to (Gen. 34, 23)

dze-ka, v.
dze-la-ra

(okuta), n.

Sarjgo, the

die

to

would;

to otoe ;

perform,

deliver (a message)

soldiers.

dz9.-kui) (okui)),

to

gain, earn, get ;

feed on.

n.

sparklingly, dazzlingly.

consume

to eat, to

V.

dze-hur)

to contradict, oppose.

v.

dza-ko-ro,

dza-ld.,

dz-re-dz6-re, adv.

to wrestle.

n.

dza'-ka-re,

a cannibal.

n.

its cry.

through, from side to side.

enjoy the world, to act extra-

to

(die), v.

down.

childishly, foolishly.

gain, deserve, earn.

dze, dze-dze, adv.

dze-bi (ebj), V. to

on any account.

dzd.-gu-dS.-kpa-ll, adv.

to be or act

to.

to cast

v.

(ti ile),

to

V.

fu, to

confusedly.

base conduct.

ti-l&

will,

dza-gi-di-dza-gar),
17, 5)

die,

to

dzfi.-gba-dza-gba, adv.

drop into

dze, V. to be, to act in a capacity : bi Ol9rui) ba

die kpelu m\,-if God shall be with me.

perform a job (applied to pawnwho must do jobs for the pawnee, when

servants,

dze-gbe-dze-gbe, adv.
dz6-re,

dza-fa-ra (die
dzS.-gai),

to reach, arrive at,

V.

diasi bi, to be according

dze-ni-a-dz6-ni-a,

escape by struggling.

V.

you please.

.lole).

to

turn out

governor

as

rage,

right ; to justify, to be justified ;

to

. .

dza-l)5,

the

to

to

soot.

to be

v.

dza-si,

nwoij dza a t9

ole, to steal ;

dza-r)ka.--w5, n.

find dza-re,
if

strive ;

quarrel,

fight,

dza

loose,

to

aloft,

reach the road.

to

break

to

drop from

through, throughout a place.

dzS, prep,
dz4,

a rope

to jerk, to break, as

V.

dza,

DZI

28

the knee-cap.

(die),

dzi-goQ-ror),
oru m<i dia;)

dzi-hir)

for an

v.

(di;e),

v.

to

go in debt, to owe.

abundantly

fruitful.

to be deep, as
to deliver

offence.

dzi-ka-nu

See diu.

is cast, etc.

v.

(Nnfe), n.

brick.

pit.

inessage,

to

answer

DZI
dzi

to

dzl

le-se

strike the foot against,

to

ese), v.

(li

E.

supplant.
.

le-S (e^e),

to strike

v.

dzi-mi-dzi-mi, adv.

with the

fist.

e,

gorgeously.

dzi-na

(ona),

and

to steal

v.

conceal

dead.

diindi dzindi

to be deep, abstruse,

(ni ile), v.

dzi-se (die

mysterious.
to act as a

a message,

to deliver

i^e), v.

to suffer.

(iya), v.

dzi-yar)

to be careful,

i).

(iyaq),

anxious

to contra-

dz6,

V.

dzd,

V.

to dance, to

i.

whirl ;

to

a kind of cap.

dzo-gnr) (oguij), v. to inherit, possess.

dzo-ko, V. to sit, dwell, abide : dioko de mi, wait
to

dzo-kpa, V. t.
dzo-na (ina), v.
.

v.

dzo-'we-re

dzo-vru

dzo-ye
dzo,

v.

burn up, consume.

a ruler,

my neck
let

dzu,

to let,

v.

govern.

me

dio

alone ; dio

r,

alone.

permit

another.

to

to let alone.

to release, dismiss.

v.

be toorm-eaten, as

hill to

rison, more,

to

wood;

take

a journey

e-bl, n.

hunger

/ am

throw

to

more than,

to respect, to

dzu-di-dzu-di, adv.
mind.
dzii-fu, n.

dzu-ku,

n.

v.

dzu-"w6

as,

5be, to

make

eraij,

give the

yam-

ebe fu

fl

surpass.

above, very.

(See Gram.

remember with gratitude.

confusedly,

applied to the

to point, direct,

(6w6),

V.

vomit.

ebi

gkpa

thou art not

9,

bi

It

h\>\,

ask

him.

a demon, the devil.

a binding ; a species of fig-tree,

e-bi-ll-si, n.
n.

e-bu,

n.

e-bu,

71.

a pot-herb.

a crossing
mildew.

curse, abuse.

n.

a crawfish, a prawn.
a language, a nation : emi 9 gbo
6-de,
do not understand thee.
e-di, n.

e-dl, n.

a cause, origin. See

a binding, a bond.

idi.

a stopper, a cork; a bundle, parcel.

the horise-cricket.

charcoal.

passion, intense feeling,

e-dza-n6, n.
e-dz, num,

e-dzi-lfi,

seven,

the shoulder.

num.

thief,

a snake

n.

a robber.

twelve.
:

edio

li

oro, the snake is poi-

sonous.

e-dzo-no

(ino), n.

e-gbe,

show how

e-gb, n.

n.

e-gbe-re,
e-gbir), n.

n.

an

intestinal

worm.

a kind offan.

n.

cgakc, do not

e-gba-y a,
to do,

fede rB,

deficiency.

e-dl-di, n.
-do-16, n.

to lose, to be lost.

to beckon.

a journey.

hunger afects

a question, interrogation

e-dzu-dzu,

together.

throw away,

/ went

vh ebi,

6-bi, n.

e-ga-ke, e-gi-ni,

tobacco of native manufacture.

to

mo

ebi kpa,

hungry ; ebi ko kpa

In compa- 6-dzi-kar), n.

an armlet.

dzu-in5, adv.
V,

'

k6

e-bi, n.

6-dzo,
V.

'

two.
e-dzi, nmn.
6-dzi
rain.
a
(Egba), n.
up

207.)

dzu-ba,

ending in

him.

plant yams in

e-bi, n.

6-dzi-kfi, n.
to cast, to

v.

dzu-n6,
dzu-re,

kpo

yam-parings

e-dfi, n.

tting.

dzfl,

e-be, n.

6-di, n,

to let alone.

dzo-'WO-lo-'W9,
to

after a verb

e, call

n.

to reign, rule.

v.

dzo-'wo (die ow6),

dze, v.
dzo-"W9
V.

it,

e-de, n.

to

alike ; to assemble, to he together

(dze 9ba),

small yams to plant, yam-plantings,

a landing-place, wharf: omi bo ebute
e'-bu-te,
the
water
covers the wharf.
m9le,

to be jealous.

to be

v.

dzo-dzo, adv. very, greatly, loell.

dzo-l& (die), v. to enjoy an honor due
dz6-15, n. a long-necked calabash.
.

n.

to struggle, to be in trouble.
v.

(die owu),

please ! diio mi li oroi), let

let it alone ; dzo mi lowo,

dzo-ba

why

hmh, unknown

yam-hills.

d-bu,

burn up, consume.

to

to be

bum.
to

t.

(dza), v.

(dze eye),

V.

to

catch or take fire.

.to

v.

dzo-rur),

it,

e'-bo-lo, n.

consume, burn up.

i.

ni-rur),

dzo-rar),

him, her,

do

e,

6-bo,

for me.

un-

in-,

hungry.

burn.

drop, as water.

to leak, to

dzo-fo-lo, n.

se

mi,

deny.

dict,

prefix,

peelings to the goat.

mediator.

dzi-ya

pron.

6-be, n.

to be thievish.

dzi-nle

power of&.
which ? C ti ^e

dara, not good.

to arouse, to raise from the

dzi-nde, v.
dzi-ndl (di),

the

what

and

d, adv.

to he far off.

v.

a prefix, having

e, interrog.

a term of abuse.
dzi-mi-r9.-ta,
to
v.
dzi-na,
heal, as a wound.
n.

dzo

EGB

29

n.

tickling

mah

rir)

9m9

II

tickle the child.

a pole

tied across rafters.

profit ; vindication ; contiguity.

loss, perdition

n.

egbe ni fa o

a kind of evil

spirit.

a kind of antelope.

damn

thee !

EGB
e-gbix), n.

30

husk of grain.

11.

bran,

e-gbO,

n.

boiled maize,

h-gbo,

n.

a root

hominy

toughness.

only.

an

egiri

mu

mi,

/ am

e-16-se, n.

e-le-yi, pron.
how
6-lo, adv.

okii;)kag,

ehiij

a front tooth

n.

e-ho-ro,

e-hu,

rabbit.

e-h\l, n.

e-ke,

young

n.

eki, adv.

See

6-ki-ti.

e-k6,

e'-ko-lo, n.

See oruko.
n.

e-kpe,

ti.

yam-flour.

e-mi, pron.

I,

much

oLui)

me

I myself.

emi na, emi tikari mi,

the fruit-bearing yam-vine.

n.

em6

agbo, a

e-ni,

visit.

warp-pins of a loom.

n.

e-na,

num. one.
an addition

to price or quantity, something

a message.
a human being, person ; mankind, people.
e'-ni-a, n.
a kind of antelope.
n.
e-ra, i-ra,
a small black ant.
e-r3., n.

6-ni, n.

hard pods of okra.

the earth-worm.

e-kpa,

e'-lu-b9, n.

added

is callous ;

hoio

furniture, a utensil, ingredient

e-na,

the second.

e-ko.

elo yi

vessel.

pened to-day.
n.
a stretching

the seventh.

okiti.

which

w.

sprouts.

only : eki wura, pure gold.

a kind of goat.

e-ki-ri, n.

in price

large kind of bur.

d-md, n. which is unknown, strange ; a monster, a
wonder ; fem6 de loni, a wonderful thing has hap-

a wooden pin or peg.

a lie, falsehood ; a liar.

e-ke-dze, num.
e-ke-dzi, num.

much ?

e-in6,

e-kar), e-ka-na, a claw, finger-nail.

6-kar), n.

this.

the sand-fly.
e-mi-rii), n.
a bur growing on grass
n.

a wart.

e-kar), n.

e-mi-ni,

a white man.

e'-i-bd, o'-i-b6, n.

ei-di, n.

use

h-\o, n.
elo,

a sprout, blade of young grass.

which is old and stale.

71.

fruit-bearing.

this ?

for

ehiijdSri, toothache.

is fruitful,

one possessed with the devil.

one who is obedient.

e-le-ti, n.

village.

dirt, filth.

a tooth

which

e-le-so, n.

e-16-su, n.

e-h&-se, e-h&-ti-ae, adv. why? what for?

e-he-re, n. a crop, a harvesting.
e-hir), n.

despiser.

is filthy,
filthiness.

e-le'-ru-kpe, n. which is earthy or earthly.

a maker or seller of colors.

chilly.

im.precation.

e'-gu-re, n.

liar.

which

e-le-ri, n.

e-gur), e'-guij-gur), n. a bone.

E'-gur)-gur), n. one of the gods.
e-gu-rir), n.

n.

e-le-kpe, n. a swearer.
e le-ni-ni, n. a backbiter, a

tick.

chilliness

e-gi-ri, n.

e-gurj, n.

who responds

a pumpkin.

n.

e-le-g6-de,
e-le-ke,

See egake.

e-gi-ni.

aider, instigator ; one

in chorus.

sore, ulcer.

a flea, a

e'-ge-de, adv.

an

e-le-gbe, n.

filth.

e-gbo,

e-gb6r), n.

KRI

to

ft

e-x&i).

a curse, an oath.
chaff, husk, bark ; palm-oil.

6-rar), n.

crab-grass.

6-r^l), n,

inflection.

e-kpo, n.
e-ku. See ekute.
e-ku-ku, n. a cocoon.
.

e'-ku-lu,

e-rh, n.

a kind of antelope.
hilt of a

e-re, n.

why
;

jin image

the gait of

a knife-handle, a

protracted sickness

a region of coun- e-re,

try.

the knee.

e'-ku-ro, n.
n.

e-ku-ru,
e'-ku-ru,

n.

e-re-k-re,

dust.

e-re-ko,

e-kH-ru,

the

e'-ku-te,

n.

e-ku-ya,

n.

a pot-herb.

mange.

e-le, n.

force, violence, hardness.

a course or
tools,

layer,

toeapons

?.

n.

on a wall

interest

an eminence ;

on money

ele

to

ere idi re

an

the fourth

e-ri, e-rip, n.

6-ri-gi, n.

island.

e-re-ni,

?.

on money

dishonest gain, filthy lucre.

e-re-ku-su,

e-rii), n.

ask

a hamlet.

e-ri, for ori, n.

;

e^iij,

a dunghill.

n.

/ will go four

e-16, w.

ere

ere, to gain.

e-re-k6-ti, n.

rat.

to

gain, desert, guilt, interest

die

the dry palm-nut.

bread of pea-meal.

arms !

the boa constrictor.

n.

crop

goodness, gait, going

';

a horse.

a question : bi li ere,
for what reason ?

6-re, M.

e-kur), e-ku-rur), n.

iron

an imprecation.

e-r, n.

e-kur), e-ku-kur), n.
sword.

e-kui), n.

See IrAq.

a crust.

day hence

days hence.
the head :
filth,

i)

6 loh

li

ereni,

eri ekuij, the knee-pan.

wet bran fed to goats.

the gums.
an elephant.

ERI
See

S-riq.

the river-horse,

e-rirj-mi
e-ro, n.

a caravan

e-r6, n.

a percussion-cap, a

6-ro, n.

consideration

hippopotamus.

telling ;

de-

thought.

a funnel, lamp-filler.
deceit, craft.

the

n.

e'-ru-kpe,
e-rur), n.

an

tame pigeon.

ant.

a small red

-se, n.

preparation for the future, providence.

6-se, n.

paint, color.

a reply.
a

ant.

e-yo,

e,

seed-vessel of

any kind.

a payment

to the funds

of a

club.

nausea

e-su-ru,

n.

a small

e-SU-SU,

n.

li

kpa

leech.

the devil, Satan.

times.

former

e-t, M.

a fragment, morsel.

6-bu-ru,

e-ti, n.

an ear ;

hear

m ;

eti igor),

fi

cti

wa

si

ti

emi,

he

was near.
e-ti-ri, adv.

why ?

ivhy? what for?

e-ti-he, adv.

lohich is loosed, stripped off ;

e-tu, n.

an old farm nearly worn

e-'We,

e-vrfe, n.

childhood, youth,

e-we-ke-Ave,
e-Avi, n.

n.

6-W9,

n.

n.

n.

(oko),

n.

instinct,

natural pi^operties,

a kind of rat

interest

on

deceiver, traitor.

Ogboni

which

staff.

is soft, ripe, slack.

e-df-gba-rir), num.

seven thousand.
sixteen.

fifteen.

the liver ; resolution, firmness

e-d.6, n.

ed6

fofo,

irascibility.

an esculent herb of any kind.

a leaf or herb of any kind.
a garden herb of any kind.

e-dor), n.

ewo odzo,

edfti),

n.

rainy season. edze, M.

prohibition, something prohibited.

sweetness; grief (aoo doq) ; a hatchet

to one of twins

a proper name frequently given

e-dza,

the

a kind of monkey.

n.

e-d6r),

imi

which ? what ? why

time, season

the

to create.

n.

(il6),

e-d6-gur), num.

child.

insanity.

e-'Wd, pron.

e-AWO,

se eda,

e-di-n6-gur), nmn.

leaf, herb.

e-TVfe-b^ (^be),

e-wS-ko

a discovery.

out.

pacification, reconciliation.

6-tu-tU, n.
n.

6-de, n.

e-tu, n.

a back door or passage.

creation

e-dar), n.

eyi.

kiln, a furnace,

direction.

gift, present.

a creature

n.

nature

e-dS.-16

See

sacrifice.

afiower.

money
numbness.

e-ti-ri, n.

a
n.

e-da, n.
e-dfi,

li etile,

human

See ebu.

S-bir), n.

a corner, angle.

vicinity, nearness

n.
(ile),

e-ti-le

a crosswise

e-bur).

coto-dung.

an abode

e-bti, n.

proximity

e.

i.

a name q/"Egui)gui).

n.

n.

dry bran ; soreness of the gums.

a lip ; intention, thought, device,
edge,

the water-side, shore.

a trap, an insecure crag, or the like.

the
sacrifice : ebo alakoto, the sacrifice in

n.

&-b6-t9,

e-bu,

eba,

a large quiver.
a

E-bo-r9,

See esusu.

li

fault, guilt, condemnation.

e-te, m.

e-ta, n.

when winged.

entreaty, supplication.

basket or vessel,

6-SU, n.

it.

nearness, proximity to the ground

near the ground). See leba.

e-bo, n.

a fiy.

locust, the white ant

n.

him, her,

e-bi-ti, n.

e-su-"wa,

ye,

pron.

e-M-ri, n.

e-stl, n.

e-su-su.

^071.

^,

e-bl, n.

a mistake, accident, error.

e-siri-sir), w.

you.

6-be, n.

yam.

e-se, n. gleaning.
e-S, adv.
why ?
h-hi, n.

a.

See he.

by (if
e-'ba-dd (odo), n.

csue, to nauseate.

bitterish

See

yes.

e-l)a, n.

sugar-cane grass.

e'-su-e, n.

a prefix.

e, adv.

jasper, camelian.

e-stl, n.

a pod of okra,

M.

E.

accusation, a suit at laio.

M.

just now, straightway,

the butter-tree nut.

frxiit,

e-su, n.

adv.

(ti a),

directly, immediately.

a cat

e-s5l), n.

eliiij.

e-yl-ta-"wl-yi

e-se, n.

e-SO, n.

See

e-yir).

e-sa, n.

e-si, n.

goat.

a pot-herb.

n.

this : cyi ti, this or that which ;

?
eyi na, this, that, the same ; cyi ti ri ? why
that : cyini ni, that is,
e-yi-ni, pron.

dust, earth.

n.

g-vru-rS, n.

e-yi, e-yi-yi, pron.

ashes, lime, ash color.

n.

e-ru-ku-ku,

grey hair.
a kind of soft yam.

^-"WU-tSl, n.

S-wu-ro,

e-rtl, n.

-SU,

gerous.

lucifer match.

a relation or

di ewu, to be or become dan-

danger

e-"WTi, n.

nit.

e-ro, n.

5-ru,

n.

e-VTU,

cri.

(omi), n.

vice,

EDi;

31

man.

;
:

sigh.

a fish.
blood

eni edie, a bloody or bloodthirsty

EDZ
e-dzo, num. eight.
e-dz6, n. a criminal matter ; dispute
judge, as a magistrate

to

edzo,

da,

e-gbir), n.

harm

;
.

li

edi8,

da e-gb9r),
to

e-fk,

num.

See e-di-no-guij, &c.

six.

fault-finding, -accusation.

6-fe, n.

se efe, to jest

se |fe

si,

is

a male

shaken or

relative.

shaken

to be

Sgbofl

brittleness.

dog''s collar.

a seat in a

n.

e-gu,

watch

tree

on which a hunter

a thorn, brier, prickle :

thorn
used for arrow-heads.
large

greens, pot-herhs.

sits

to

for beasts.

egui) ikoko, a

e-gtlr), n.

smoke.

e-fi, e-fir), n.

e-fo, n.

mockery

jest,

e-gi, n.

ridicule,

mock,

elder brother,

a snare, a trap

e-ge, n.

e-fe, n.

to

an

which

fegboi), n.

calf.

a kind of trowsers.

e-f&, n.

filth.

n.

owu, cotton whipped with a bow ready for spinning.

e-gbo-ro, n. the young of cattle : egb9ro malii, a

condem,n.

ee-di-n6-gur), &c.

ELA

32

a close-fitting garment.
e-fo-ko (ok9), n. shipwreck.
e-hfi., n.
a corn-husk ; footstalk of a palm-leaf ; a e-hii), n. the back, hinder part ; the last of a series
e-foi), n.
the outside of a town
the top of
crossbow arrow : efoi) iha, a rib.
anything in a
;

e-f 5r),

n.

e-fu-fu, n.

vessel

buffalo.
breeze, air.

wind,

e-ga,

n.

the yellow palm-bird.

^-ga,

n.

a grasshopper.

e-gai), n.

thick forest

egai)

osusu, a thorny

contempt,

egai), to

n.

which

e-gba,

n.

the

is

n.

it

e-k6,

a kind of rat.
eight thousand.
ten thousand.

eighteen thousand.
six thousand.

twenty thousand.

pany, society
nations.

e-gbe-fa, num.

five thousand.

twelve hundred.

e-gbe-gbe-rur), num. adv.

e-gbe -ra, n. equality.
e-gbe-ri, n.
e-gbe-rir),

e-k, n.

e-ko,

n.

which

e-k6, n.

by

the thousand.

obscurity, mystery ; one initiated.

num.

eight hundred.

num. twenty-eight hundred.

e-gbe-rur), num. one thousand.
e-gbe-sar), num. eighteen hundred.
e-gbe-rir)-lfi,

e-gbe-sir), n.

e-gbe-ta, num.

nettle-rash.

six

e-gb6-ta-l&, num.

hundred.
twenty-six hundred.

li

ekaij,

mo

se

ti

once, at once,
li

ekaij,

imme-

have done

is

hard, as

fruit.

doctrine.

n.

e-ko-k-ko, n. superstition, false doctrine.

which fills up, fulness, a supplement.
e-k6r), n.
a grumbling, murmuring.

e-k5r), n.

e-kpa,

ground pea or pea-nut

the

n.

bisa^, the

the oily

ekpa

roro,,

mealy pea-nut.

pea-nut ; ekpa
e-kpor), n. a spoon, a dipper.

redness, ripeness of fruit, flattery.

testicle.

n.

e-kpo-ro,

e-gbe-d6-gur), num.

sourness.

a companion, a com- e-kp6r), n.

egbe-egbe orilS hde, a multitude of e-kp6r), n.

indulgence to inferiors, confidence.

a beam, joist, rafter ; the trigger of a gun.
sour mush of maize.

n.

the side, the loins ;

n.

a branch, bough, prong;

once.

e-gba-fa, num.

e-gbe,

formerly

e-kar), n.

twelve thousand.

once

adv.

diately,

e-ke,

e-gba-rir), nmn.
e-gba-ruQ, num.
e-gba-sar), num.
e-gba-ta, num.
e-gba-"wa, num.

bird.

a band, ring

n.

e-kar),

swept.

the palsy.

n.

li

rebellion, revolt.

ei-y6, n.

e-gba, num. two thousand.

e-gba-dze, num. fourteen thousand.
e-gba-dzl, num. four thousand.
e-gba-dzo, num. sixteen thousand.

e-gba-ra,

ehii)

the collar-bone.

mangrove tree.
the name of a tribe.

n.

s6ro

e-ka,

unripe fruit.

e-gba,

6-gba,

blaspheme.

e-ga.X)-Ta.i), n.

E-gta,

blasphemy

reproach,

loom; A 6

in the

walking away.
e'-i-ye, n.

n.

left

li

agbara

forest.

S-gar),

ehiq ola, after to-morrow

ehiq Ol9rui), we have no power loithout

(or apart from) God ; se e li ehii) mi, do it in
my absence ; wo ehiij, to look after one who is

chalk, lime, white clay.

e-fur), n.

absence

a remnant of cloth

asa,

ditch, drain, sewer.

a kind of trap or snare.

a gable end, a back yard.
n.
e-ktl-16,
e-ktl, n.

e-kut), n.

da

cessation, prohibition,

ekur),

to cease ;

hibit ; se ekui),

ha

da

li

ekui),

e-kur), n.

a leopard ; a region, a

el, ele,

owner,
e-l&, n.

n.

(see

pro-

ekui), to shut the door.

e-kfl.r), n.

e-ku-ya,

door, shutter
to forbid,

crying, weeping.
ivaste jjlace.

the herb Cleome.

al,

ala),

prefixes,

denoting the actor,

(kc.

which

fragment.

is cloven, split off ;

a,

detachedportion,

ELE
a pleader, advocate.

6-11-1)6, n.

n.

e-le-b6-to,

vited ; eni kaij,

creator.

eni

a smoker, a

steamer.
e-le-g9.r), n.

a despiser,

e-le-gbfi, n.

scoffer.

helper, deliverer.

n.

e-le-gbe, n.

a companion, a leader.
which is fragile, brittle.

e-le-k6'-re-de,

is

ya,

you

ye,

tikard

/ am

person

astonished.

egyii) nd,

ej]jii)

ye yourselves.
a beast, a goat or sheep

n.

e-rag,

eraij nl4,

ara

jgyifl,

ijyir),

a cow

eraq

meat, flesh

a kind of bufalo

fui),

erai)

shokana, a carnivorous animal; eraqar4, man'' sflesh.

the temple of the face.
B-T&I), n,

weak, infirm.

a weeper, mourner

n.

e-le-kug,

which

n.

good ; enu mi

eijyir)

coarse calico.

e-le-go-do, n.

the next

e-nu, n. a mouth, opening : enu kokoro, the beak of

a bird ; enu ikpa, the mouth of a river ; enu ona, a
gate, door; enu osqrq, eaves of a house ; enumira,
my appetite fails or is bad ; enu mi ^i, my appeei)-yir), pron.

the devil.

e-le-gba-ra,

e'-le-ge,.

a da

ti

tite is

a palsied person, a paralytic.

n.

a companion, friend,
tdij, a happy man.

eni kedii,

a hog.
e-le-dze, n. which is bloody.
which has smohe, is smoky
e-le-fii), n.
e-le-de, n.

e-lS-gba,

a person, oiie : eni ikpe, one who is insome one, anyone, the only one;

e-ni, pron.

cow-dung.

e-le-da, n.

ESO

33

figuratively,

a e-rar)-ko (oko),

a wild

n.

beast,

a brutish person.

a cow.

e-rari-lfi. (nl4), n.

daughter.

a kind of soft maize.

a bank, gully, mire, bog.
6-re, n.
a part or portion.
the cheek, jaw-bone.
e-re-ke, n.
e-lS-mi (emi), n. one who has breath ; a servant, so e-re-rii), num. by fours.
e-le'-kpe-re, n.

e-le-la, n.

called because his master's

an

n.
(eri),

who

e-rl,

elese merirj,

in dress.

who has

e-rir), n.

relates to the feet:

feet,

a horseman.

e-le-sir) (esiij), n.

who

e-le-ya (eya), n.
cule ; a scorner.

despised ;

ridi-

to

order.

e-le-'wor), n.

a handsome person.

who

is

another, others.

e-lu, M.

e-rur), n.

the

nine.

e-se, n.

a row, order.

6-se, n.

afoot, track, course.

num. nine by nine.

S-SO, n.

an orderly manner.

n.

a chief councillor, a prime 6-se,

minister.
the shea-tree, itsfruit, the butter

breath,

n.

inversion of words or letters

babd, for
e-ni, n.

n.

made of it. e-se-na

secret.

carefulness, gentleness.

bloto

an

accusation, a suit at law.

with the fist ; a broken part, piece

sin, guilt

baba mi

a mat.

de.

(ina), n.

e-se-ri, n.

life, spirit.

e-mo, e-mu, n. palm wine.

e-mu, n. tongs, pincers ; seizure.
e-na,

|se edie, blood guiltiness ; ese

oba, treason.

n.

6-nii, M.

e-s, n.

the trinity.

e-ine-"wa (m6 ewa),

e-mi,

shame, ridicule

e-s5r), e-Silr), n.

that which has

season, great heat.

dry

payment, retaliation, vengeance.

num.

e-si, e-sir), n.

three in one ;

fourteen.

a female slave.
a fragment, a crumb, splinter.

S-s-se, n.

okai)), n.

from

eriq medii, twice.

e-iHi), n.

a mouse.

e-me-ta-lo-kar) (meta

take

fear, aioe, terribleness.

a thrush.

li

eri, to

e-rtl-bi-ri (obiri), n.

e-lu-ru, n.

six times.

li

a slave ; a hoe or axe-handle.

a load, luggage, goods.

e-se-sai),

twice.

softness, gentleness.

e-ltl-lu, n.

e'-me-dzi, num.
e'-me-fa, num.

se

e-rtl, n.

6-sar),

chained, a prisoner.

e-lo-mi, e-lo-ml-rar), pron.

indigo ; a mixture.

6-ro, n.

e-sSr), n.

e-le-"w3. (ewa), n.

skill, contrivance, subtlety.

6-ru, n.

is scorned,

a tidy person, who has clothes made

e-le-ye, n.

n.

e-rCl, n.

a dissembler.

e-le-tai), n.

gba

laughter.

num.

e-rir)-lfi,

a quadruped j e-ro,

of) times

(number

e-rlr), n.

a sinner.

sin,

four : eriij di loguij [four

sixteen
; erii) di logogi, thirty-six.
twenty),

eye-witness.

which has four

testimony

witness,

num.

e-rir),

di elese nile, to establish, confirm.

e-16-se, n.

n.

as a pledge.

is tasteful

which has feet, which

e-le-se, n.

in his hands.

a spider.
a grasshopper.

n.

e-ler)-ga, w.

e-le-ri

one

n.

e-le-mb-so,
e-le-no,

life is

a palm-wine dealer.

n.

e-le-mo,

a horse

e-sir), n.

coals of fire.

rancidity.
:

gui]

esii), to

ride on horseback ;

disgrace.
;

as,

de mi

e-Sir), n.

a spear.

e-so, n.

a watchman, guard,

e-s6, n.

newly smelted

iron.

police.

ETA
a

e-ta, n.

of com, coarse flour

bulb, tuber, ear

tension ;

; ex-

to protract.

three.

h-tSL, n.

e-ta-la,

num.

g-tai), n.

allurement

&e etag, to deceive.

fS.

threes.

by
a failure.

6-ti, n.

to tighten, to string

in6-ra

. .

(fi

ffi-ra-kpfi,

v.

a bough, branch.

ta.'-r2L-m.6

fa'-ra-"we,

e-tu,

n.

-tu,

n.

gunpowder.

6-tu,

n.

checked cloth, a guineafowl ; coolness ; a

ten ;

mind, intentions.

e-weL,

n.

beauty, likeness

^-wa,

n.

a jest, a joke.

e-'we,

n.

a kind of bean.
again, on

S-vre, conj.

Ii

fi-ri,
fa-ri,
fa

the other hand.

hail.

. .

V.

to be sad.

a small

canoe.

to

draw

aside.

fa

ya,

fa-yo,

fe, adv.

loose

a pit covered with

garment,

shirt.

6-ya,

M.

separation, contempt ;

e-y,

n.

fitness, worthiness.

yes (used only

praise, that

e-y6r), n.

division, tribe.

by males

to superiors).

the eye-ball.

is celebrated.

starch

made by earth-worms.
made of maize.

a fiute, pipe.

f6-re,

to sip.

to

toe-itch.

to

draw, lead, crawl,

shrink, as a raw hide

f&, adv.

pluck
to

to prefer.

creep, as

abate

a melon-vine
:

fa,

li

eta^

letaij).

; exceed-

See 4bada.
(at

Ilorii)),

cratic quarter

fa-da-ka,

n.

of the town.

silver,

fa-dze-re,

n.

the

f^-dzu-ro,

v.

to

dawn.

look sad.

(Gen. 21,

the aristo-

fe 16h, to

blow away

; fe efesi,

find fault with.

to love, to wish, desire, to be

marry, procure in marriage.

willing ; to woo,

(Gen. 21, 21.)

to breathe heavily, to puff, to distort the face,

v.

to

See

fe-dze

(idie), v.

fe-hir)-ti

(fi),

fe-ka,

V.

li

efe (see fe lefe).

provender, food.

v.

to accuse.
to

V.

look angry, to frown.

frowningly.

to

v.

find fault, to axxuse.

or to.

to betroth for
(fi

ehi;)),

v.

to lean on,

prop, support.
fe-i-dl, V.

to be few, to be near.

(efe),
V.

to seek food.

n.

fe-dzu-fe-dzu, adv.

fe-fa,

f|

fe idi.

fe-dze-fe-dze,

fe-dzb-m6

enlarge

fe-di.

fe-fe
the aristocracy,

to boast.

to reply.

to blow, fan:

fe-fe, V.

ingly.

fS-lja-da.

Me,

to listen, hearken, regard.

v.

(fi eti),

fe-dzO. (odzfi),

leisurely, freely, without restraint

fll-da, n.

a window.

esi), v.

(fi

to frown ;

to scrape, shave, toipe,

(see fa

v.

fS, V.

to

&e

fS-re, n.

fe, V.

R
V.

to famish, starve.

v.

(ebi),

asthma.

f6,

fa,

out, extricate.

boasting

to

fil, V.

draw

12.)

little hills

n.

it

long (in time), /or ewr.

fe-re, n.

fe-si

back, withdraw,

pull up by the roots.

rend : 6 fa mi sokoto ya,

fe-fe, n.

fe-ti

which

to

V.

fS-re-se, n.

egg.

e-yir)-ko-lo, n.

e-yir)-n6-gi,

draw

to

trowsers.

fe-bi-kpa

earth.

a kind of panther.

6-yir), .

of powers,

to tear,

v.

my

chain, bondage.

an

trial

a lamp.
to loosen,

V.

thistle.

which pleases

ti, V.

B-yft), n.

appear.

shun, delay, withhold,

fa ...

a palm-^ut

make a

ehiq), v.

(si

to

fa-t6-le, n.

tore

e-yll), n.

visible, to

wound.

shave the head.

se-hir)

n.

e-3rl, adv.

become

compare,

display, parade.

e-'WOl), n.

e-ya,

to

v.

fa-tl-la, n.

fe-WO, n.

n.

hug, to cleave

to adhere, to adjoin.

v.

(fi),

to

fa-tu,

a company, caravan.

e-"WTi-nl, n.

to hurt, to

n.

abstain

e-"WO, n.

fe-"WU, n.

to

ar^), v.

V.

fa-rd,

to be beautiful.

ew^,

e-'we-'wa, num. by tens.

a bellows.
e-"wi-ri, n.

-wor),

to embrace, to

emulate.

propitiatory sacrifice.

e-AvS, num.

to adhere.

(ara), v.

ffi-ra-hSr)

a kind of antelope.

e-t6r), n.

a bow.

to seduce.

to.

leprosy, scrofula.

num.

e-te-ta,

to lick.

. . .

disgrace, reproach.

^-te, n.

f3.
le-tai) (li), V.
f3.-1116, V. to cleave,

thirteen.

deceit,

e-t, n.

withdraw, draw back.

to

fil-kpa, V.
a fragment of a corpse brought home to the f ^
13, ti.
fd...
V.
rites axe performed.
funeral
over
which
16,
family,

e-ta,

shave the chin.

to

(agbofl), v.

fa-gbor)

fa-giii), V.

sting.

num.

FEK

34

to investigate.
to scatter, to strew.

to trust in ;

to

FEK
ffe

miss what

to

kui), V.
/ miss

my

kuij,

lost

is

mo

fe

iwe mi

book.
be fine in texture, smooth,

to

fe-le, fe-le-fe-le, v.

FIR

35
fl

fi

fh ..
.

fe

. . .

to court,

nl-ya-^wo,

v.

to fan

or

V.

fe-n5,

fe-nu-ko

fe-nu-si (enu),
fe-ra (ara), v.

See

fe-ri (ori),

with

m4h,

difficulty,

fefe.

to cool the

v.

head, to rest ; to seek, in-

quire after.

fe

find fault with.

to

fe-Sl, V.

sd-na

. . .

to betroth

v.

(si),

which

dratvn out, extricated.

is

w.

dimness, twilight.

ti fe

See

which

is

broken.

fi-f 5, n.

which

is

washed.

to

V.

fu,

See

give

ebo

f ifi,

to give

fi-gbo-na,

V.

to heat, to

fi

fi

fi

fi

fi

aya s5na, he

k6i),

other to

has betrothed a wife.

male.
suspend.

show, exhibit, reveal, betray.

to place or set upon.

kfi, V.

. .

to

to

V.

h&T),

warm.

put
hang up,

to

V.

ha,

. .

to destruction, to destroy,

up

to the

to

gTirj, v.

f5.

toith.

fuijfufl.

V.

f6.

See

endow

to,

gbe,

fi

scarcely.

fe-re-fe-re.

torn or to be torn.

is

a swinging, which swings, &c.

fi-fli.

weight.

fere

which

fi-fo, n.

fi

to be selfish.

almost

adv.

fe-re,

to kiss.

to be light, as to

v.

fe-re,

off.

to reply, intermeddle.

v.

tearing, that

aprimnt to office.
appoint one to be king.

wave-offering.

winnow away, blow

v.

enu),

(fi

to

flr)-flr),

fl-fl,

woo.

to

v.

fa.

fi-fi, n.

dry pea-hulls.

(die), v.

(die),

fi-fa-yo, n.

to choke.

v.

odiu),

(li

f-IU-fl-ni, n.

find fault with.

to accuse,

efe), v,

(li

lo-dzu

n.

See

le-fe

dzo-ye
dzo-ba

fi-fil,

fiat, thin.

fe

V.

add

to

to

fi

k6q

omiraij

ddd an-

8,

it.

to suppose, to pretend, to mean

fi . . kp^, V.
(Gen.
put, apply to a purpose.
33, 8) : nwoi) fi i kpe woli, they supposed him to
be a prophet ; 6 fi axk rS kp6 :Qkaq, he pretended
with, in, by, for, during : 6 & ida ^a
fl, prep,
he
smote
with
a
them,
sword
fi
i
^e
to be something
do
woi),
baui),
y
great.
thus with it; fi oruko oba, in the name of the fi... 16-16 (ilg), fi...l6, fi...si-le, V.
to put
to

fi, V.

make ;

to place,

king ; ami wo li a 6 fi mo eyi ? by what sign shall

we know this ? fi gbogbo odio, for or during the

whole day.
swing, vibrate, wave, sling, incline to one

to

fl, V.
side.
fi

ba-le

down ;

mo
fi

fi

i.

e.

to reject

dkh)

fi

bale,

/ rested, was

dip,, to

soak

fi

. .

fi

heart on the ground,

fi

. .

contented, satisfied.
;

to

v.

(omi),

to

V.

fi

da-le

put on

(ile),

oath, to swear one

to throw, as

v.

to sit

(idi ilS), v.

dzfi-fa-ra,

dz9.-re,

fi

dze,

fi

to accuse.

dze-bi

fi

to

v.

V.

v.

a horse his rider.

down.
dis-

to

a forensic sense.

place in authority, to ajipoint.

to

v.

(ebi),

dzi,

V.

to

v.

to forgive, to

dzi-y9. (die),

dz6-na,

wood.

ilS),

V.

to

grow firmly,

inu-16
ilB

wayi, he

to

v.

condemn

fii),

remit

to

sin,

punish,

repeal a law.
to

give

up

to

burn

fi

igi

diona,

bum

the

fire, kindle.

to discover ;

be fine, nice

to

bo

li

peel off the bark.

to fill

with smoke, smother, suffocate.

to be neat, tidy,

v.

tasteful in re-

to one's appearance.

which

is carved,

engraved,

<tc.

See

fiij.

dimness, twilight.

a thread.
very (high)

il6

ga

fiofio, the

house

very high.

blow the

terminate, to be perfected

ra-na.

See

fi-rax) (oral)), v.
fi

v.

to

Seefi-le-16.

to

fir)-rir), n.

fi
to

noio established.

v.
(fe ina),

fil)-dzu (odifi),

is

confirmed.
; 6
-ese
_fi

confirm

leather string.

engrave, embellish

abo

to death.

is

to be established,

to establish,

V.
(ilB),

flr)-flr), n.

regard as

to

condemn,

abdicate, resign

attach to, impute.

cause to know, to show, inform of.
to take hold of,
grasp : fi ese mu ilu

fi-O-fi-0, adv.

dze-AVO ai-ye,

mu,

fig-fir), n.

misery.
fi

fir), V.

treat with

to

slight,

to justify, in

to

fix), V.
to

guilty.

fi

V.

gard

fi

. .

ni5,

mu

till

respect.

fi

to suspect,

. .

to abuse, vilify, curse.

bo., V.

IS, to

to substitute.

V.

immerse, soak in fi-na, fe-na

dip,

oye

to deliver to.

V.

V.

m6,

(or
to

fi

to investigate, inquire, interrogate.

lo, V.

fi...nij&.

fi-di-ba-le
fi

11-kpo,

fi-na, n.

bo-mi
bu,

l-lo-'WO,

fi

neater.

fi

. . .

morning.
fi

put into, to put on, as a garment

fi oka bo di
otxb, soak the corn

to

Tjo, v.

my

laid

fi

fi

bale, set

agb9g

fi

fi
to

leave, forsake

office.

put
the basket down ;

place on the ground,

to

(il^), V.

down,

fi-ri

r,
(fi

2)ass,

V.

and

to
ri,

fi

curse
to

employed

gbona.

to aggress, to seek

be),

in

a quarel.

fire, to be accursed.

a complement of diH, to surthe sense of more ; as, 6 tobi

FIR
diii fenia

man), he

(he is great surpassing

firi

is

greater than' man.

fi

. .

fi

fi

fi

fi

r9.

See

fina.

ror),

V.

to

sprain a joint,

dip into sauce.

to

chew,

to

to afflict, to be bitter against.

fo-ro,

V.

fd-ya

(aiya), v.

to fear, to be

fo,

S&Q, V. to value ; 6 fi dgutaq s4i) egba, he f6,

valued the sheep at two thousand (cowries) ; fi .
f6,

V.

to break, as

V.

to

ru-bo,

value at one cowry,

to

vaih

9mo

fi

sai)

owo

i.

e. to treat

k4i],

add

to

si,

&...

ai-lh, V.

fi

. . .

si-n6

fi

sir) or sir)-sir), v.

to conceal.

fi

to

dash down,

fi

(ile), v.

SO-1^

s5r) or

fi

fi

fi

fi

fi

fi

su,

fi

su-ra,

se,

f5-kar)-sii),

keep or harbor in the mind.

f55-l (ile), n.

to

fo

lay the foun- fo

to

to ridicule, disgrace.

se-fe,

V.

to ridicule.

se-le-ya,

SO-fo,

. .

fl

fi

"We,

to

compare

"w6,

V.

to

put

fd,

V.

into, to clothe with,

to be

V,

to

attend

to be

indue

to

fo-dzu-di

(odz<i), V.

to feel bereaved.

fo-dz<i-kp6,

V.

fo-dzti-tl,

fo-dztl-to,
fo-fo, n.

fd-fo,

to

V.

fo-dzd-si, V.
fo-dzQ.-s5-na

(si

to

at,

ona),
abash.

v.

to oversee,

V.

to

for)-kpa,

V.

to choke.

for)-kp5

(ikpe), v.

for)-kp5,

V.

for)

to

lo-roi)

to

v.

f6-lo-f(5-lo, n.

to

ii

to

V.

to

them
li

superintend.

sleep ;

adv.

pass by, neglect. (Mat. 23, 23.)

to

V.

beckon

(enu), v.

to

V.

to be silent

under wrong or

search or seek for carelessly.

for,

to, of,

it

by, with,

for me

wnwo

fii

dio fu ay 5,

on account of:

; so fu W95, speak

fQ,
fii,

adv.

oruq, his eyes were heavy with

to

dance for joy.

to give, to be white.

quickly, at once, rapidly.

V.

to brag, to boast.

fu-fu, fur)-fur), n.

whiteness, purity ; boiled

2}ounded.

an ungrateful person, an ingrate.

fu-ke-fu-ke, adv. violently
to be soft, as corn.
empty, as an ear of corn.
fVi-le, V.
fo-ri-b9.-le (ori ile), v.
to bow down,
worship, fu-le-fu-le, adv.
softly.
submit.

embrace.

e,

fS-re-si-gi, n.

fo-ri, V.

to

to.

6 koq fii omi, it is full of water ; fu ara

he did it of himself, or of his own acifefc I) mi fu afefe, a reed shaken by the toind ;

ftir), V.

fll-dza,

go hand in hand,

6 id
;

charge with.

See foqgbiQ.

fu mi, catch

r|

to accuse,

to touch, feel.

V.

(fi),

(fi),

odifi r

the lights, kings.

press,

grow, as a plant.

to

V.

cord

brightly, radiantly.

fd-ko-dza,

to

to choke.

V.

(orai)), v.

fo-"W9-kpd,

mu

to look for, expect.

bright, glittering, radiant ;

be

to be slender ;

to blow a trumpet.
crowd, as in a congregation.

(li),

fu, fur), prep,

to, give a hint.

attend to.

foam.

V.

the road, direct, guide.

discharge menses.

v.

fu,

to be insolent.

wink

look

to

accuse of adultery.

to squint.

v.

fo-dztl-kar)-Av6,

the eyes of.

to scatter abroad, disperse.

V.

fo-AVO-ta
to

v.

sow

for)-kor),

fo-'W9-ko,

float.

fd-dzi-s6r) (odii),

put out

a town.

soundly (sleeping).

jump, palpitate ; to break away, as f9-"W9-ra-nu

aiyo fo mi, / at7i alarmed ; ib soke, to
affliction.

lodiu.

to soio seeds.

V.

to fly,

clouds

show

to

to scatter, to

fo-'W9-ba

to.

lost ;

to take flre from the hearth.

fgT)-TU-gl>ii) (iru).

patient under trials.

empty, wasted,

to blind,

v.

(fi),

f5-raQ-in6

v.

fl-ye-de-n6,
fo'v.

w^rap up.

See figbona.

ya-na.

fi-ye-sl,

to

hook.

bait a fish
.

f9

to destroy

(ina), v.

for)-ka,

make a present.

to give,

V.

V.

See

(li), V.

(iln), V.

fog-gblr),

a lamp.

to-re,

break into a house.

to

foi)-f9r), adv.

lean against ; to suspend or postpone.

fi-ti-la, n.
fi

at naught.

treasure up.

to

be in

squeeze, choke ; to blow a flute or trumpet, to kindle a fire.

to waste.

V.

to

to be devout, to serve in heart.

v.

lo-dzu

for), V.

to deliver to.

V.

to

fi-ti, V.

to set

v.

V.

f6-na-h9,r)

V.

heart on,

the

to set

v.

li-o-dzu.

fo-na

appoint.

se-eg,

fo-lu

to accuse, to sue.

siiX), v.

V.

the head.

earnest.

dation of a clay house.

fi

to ache, as

to speak,

to speak.

(ohui)), v.
(fi),

discouraged.

to be blind.

(odz(i), V.

le-15.

to

(ino), v.

a vessel

wash, cleanse

f5-kar)-sl

contribute.

to, to

See

f6-dzu

do not f 6-hur)

treat the child with contempt.

4, 1.)

endure, persevere.

to skin, flay.

s4r) o\v6 k4g,

with contempt

fi

to

V.

fi

to plunge into.
submit to. (Gen.

(ori), V.

fo-ri-tl, V.

to sacrifice.

V.

fo-rl-bo

fo-ri-fui), V.

to twist, to

V.

ro,

FUL

36

(palpitating).

to be thin,

fu-lu-fu-lu,

n.

dry corn-husk.

yams

FUN
Sec

fur).

Foi) alone, or as a syllable, is often

fa.

pronounced

fu-ra

to be pale,

to be suspicious,

to

gba
of grain and honey.

beer

n.

fHi-ru, adv.

easily (torn).
to he light, as to
weight

V.

dU-Iu-mo,

to he better, in

sickness.

to let blood, to bleed,

v.

to assemble, to collect

(adio),

ga, m.

ga-bau'

gba

to bear witness.

v.

an excuse

v.

g&-fa-ra,

ka gafara

mi, excuse

fii

me ; gbai-ye

n.

gbfi.

a large gawky animal.

ga-ga-ra,
ga-la, n. a kind of antelope.

gbfi.

n.

shield.

gba
duro gag,

to

stand firmly.

gar)-gaQ,

v.

a small quantity of sauce or the like.

to be perpendicular ;
overhead ; n.

erectness, perp>endicularity

gar)-gar), adv.

osai)

gai)gai),

midday.

. .

. .

le-dze

gba

. .

lo-dza
V.

lo-^wo

from
.

about

fu, to

take,

to

wrap up

to recreate,
;

fi

to

take

in6-ra

mu,

gba
v.

to

away from ;

to assist,

succor

deprive

to

to help,

take

away
me ; 6 gba 9010

of,

V.

adv.

tightly,
to

(ard), v.
to seize

compactly (tied up),

embrace, hug.

upon,

to

make a

pretext of.

sound.

to

public

gba

to boil slightly, parboil.

v.

rd,

cause

to receive, to

to strain ;

to

view.

remain at ease: gba... gba-ra,

to

loudly (slapping)
to

to fioat

slap in the face.

hold, as a vessel

roomy

permit

with one objective,

V.

(Luke 11, 54.)

gbar)-ga, n. a large room, hall, parlor.
gbar)-gba, n. publicity, which is exposed

wonderful/ indeed!

to

(li),

V.

band.

much fatigued.

very (much).

gba

gba, adv.

gba,

gba

shield.

to slap, to sioeep, to collect

together,

lodiu

cloth.

gba.

glja, V.

(li),

gird (Ps. 18, 32), swaddle.

li aso
]6h,

away : 6 gba mi

gbam-gbam,

gaur), adv.

my

to

v.

take

the rocks.

saddle.

gSi-sa.] interj.

to

to

v.

6 gba mi I9W0, he assisted

(li),

or cup.
hear witness for.

to bleed

v.

(li),

succor ; with two, to

gba

See gagara.

to he tired out,

(li),

le-ri-dze

farina.

V.

goods.

sweep the house.

to sweep the ground or

yard.
spread over the ground, to extend, in-

to

ga-ri, n.

g&-ri-ki, n.

to

V.

(il6),

ga-ri, n.

ga-sa,

to credit, trust for

lowo mi, he deprived me of my child.

to dash or cast upon the
ICl, V.
shore, as
waves 6 gba 6ko It. okuta, it cast the ship upon

erectly, exactly, very.

a kind of drum.
gai)-gar), n.
gar)-rar), adv.
straight (onward).
gar)-rar)-gar)-rag.

to slap.

(li), V.

v.
(li),

(ile), V.

16h,
gba.
he took atvay

to despise, revile.

gar)-gaQ,

13.-Avir)

make mortar.

to save, rescue.

crease, fiourish.

to pierce, to stab ; to sew

gar), V.
coarsely ; to cut gba.
hushes ; to take by little at a time ; to he upright, gba.

perpendicular.
gar), adv. firmly

to

v.

(gba erukpe),

gba.-16, V.

despiser.

ga'-ni-ki, ga'-ri-ki,

to inherit.

V.

loudly, noisily.

1&, V.

gba-l
gba-lS

a tomahawk, battle-axe.

n.

ga.-ni-g9.-ni, n.

n.

a wall around a yard.

gba.. .la-ba-ra

stilts.

ga-mu-ga-mu,

gba-kpe
.

to forget.

to believe, to obey.

V,

to live, to be in the world.

(gba), v.
adv.
exactly, fitly.

gba-ko,
6.)

re.

g9.r), V.

(igbe), v.

gb6,

gbdi, adv.

id gafara lodo woi), let them alcme.

gfi-fa-ra ! interj. beware ! take heed ! (Gen. 24,
ga-ga, adv. closely (crowded).

ga-ga-lo,

gbi.-gur) (og&i)),

the east.

gfi-ba-si, n.

a dry uncut gourd.

n.

eaves of a house.

n.

gb.-ge-de, n.

wonderful

interj.

an assent-

ivhich is capacious, wide.

n.

gba-gba-ro,

title.
!

cup.

bly.

gba-gbe
ga,

to God.

gba-dzo

gba-gbar)'-di-di,

to be high, tall,

pray

slander.

v.

gba-e-ri-dze,

to

v.
to

v.

gba.-dze (edie),

gb3.-gba,

V.

or the hilt of a

the barber's trade.

n.

gbfi.-dza-m6,

silently, quietly.

fu-te-fu-te, adv.

fu-ye,

to encircle the loins

v.

(idi),

do gba-du-a, gba-du-ra,

wickedly.

fu-ra,

gba-di

sword.

fill).

(arl), v.

GBA

37

V.

gba

Sl-lS

to relate in

braj) rai rd,

to

(il6), V.

thing for another.

behalf of one,

defend

my

to

defend a

cause.

redeem by exchanging one

(Exod. 13, 13.)

so-do (si), V. to receive into friendship.

fiourish ; to consent : gba id4raya, gba
amuse oneself; gba aye, to he large, gba
to obey, observe a rule.
se, v.
odia ghk, to gird, encircle with a gba-ti, V. to crowd after one. '
.

gba-'we

(aiwe), v.

to

mourn,

to fast.

GBA
gbd.

to be, to live, to

V.

gbe,
to

roomy.

gb6-sar) (gba),

V.

to perish, to

V.

to be near, to

gbe-se (gbe), v. to step nimbly.

gbS-se (gba), v. to sin.
gbi-dza (gba), v. to assume a quarrel, to defend.
k6 gbe gbi-gba, n. which is received, &c. See gba.

badie,

(it)

to perdition.

go

help ; to be difficult
not hard to spoil.

is

to take vengeance, to avenge.

v.

abide at ; to take up, raise ;

; to bear loith one.

make, cause, perform

gb,
gbd,

largeness or bulkiness.

n.

gber)-gbe-gber)-gbe,

or rent a house.

to hire

V.

"wQ,

to be broad, large,

v.

g"b3.-ye (^ye),

GBO

38

which

n.

gbi-gbe,

is exalted.

understand a language.
gbS-de (gb6),
gbi-gbe, n. which is dry, dryness ; which
ede
v.
to
which is hot, heat.
gbe-de-gbe-yo (gba
interpret gbi-gbo-na, .
gba yo),
for persons speaking different languages.
gbi-gb6, n. which is heard, hearing.
to

v.

gbe
gbe

. .

rise, to raise up.

cause to stand, to uphold.
to remain quiet, to be undisturbed.

v.

gbe-dze,

cause to

to

v.

du-ro,

to

v.

di-de,

gbe

to raise

V.

ga,
mote in rank.
.

gbe-go

gbe
gbe

ha,

kfi,

up, exalt, magnify, to pro-

to

dwell in a

v.

to

V.

to set

hang up, suspend.

upon

gbe

ka. ina, set it

on

gbe-16 (gba),

gbe
gbe
gbe
gbe
gbe

. .

See gbe

le-bu
le-ke,

16-rag

to exalt oneself, to

v.

bid farewell.

to

V.

gbe-ri

(ori), v.

gb6-ro

(gba), v.

to lift

up

ro,

cause to stand,

iH,

V.

to

lay upon.

.sar)-le, v.

gbo,

"wfth,

wd,

erect, build.

gbe-ya-'WO

(iyawo),

to be

to cackle, as

gbe-du,

dry;

to take

v.

to sharpen,

ground in order
bride, to

whet

to

marry.

to carve,

hew;

a hen.

n.

gbe-du-gbe-du,
gbe-dze.

gbe-dz9

an

overflowing, a wide extent

See gbadie.

(gbo),

gbe-kar),
is sore

v.

to

ar4 mi gbeka^,

my

gbe-na-gbe-na

(9na), n.

gber)-gbe, adv.

the

gbo

old, to ripen, to be

eiij) li

a carpenter.

widely (extending).

ard,

tough : gbo

yaws.
to be bold,

to be bold,

V.

impudent.

impudent.

to be resolute, confident.

V.

to

(okc), v.

gbo-dzu-"w6-ke
gbo-gbo, pron.

every

all,

to be

V.

(gb6),

clumsy
to

v.

hear

look up.

titi

the day.
;
:

gdiq gbogbo,

adv.

all

clumsily.

gbohuq

hear ! an

exclamation during a public address.

gb6-h.ur)-gb6-hur), n. an echo: gbohuijgb^liur)

gbdm-gbo,

in them.

grow

(odiu), V.

gbo-mi-gbo-mi,

le

gbo-na,

V.

gbo-nu

(enu),

gbo-r)gbo,

to be

gb6-r)gbo-ta,

to contradict.

to be large, as

V.

to

n.

to be stale, rancid.
v.

a single word, just a word.

n.

body gbo-16-hur),

or aches.

/ trusted

old.

M.

gbo-dzu-16,

gb6-ke-16, gb5-kar)-16 (gbe), v. to trust, in,

depend on : mo gbekele woi), or mo ghoknx) mi

woq,

wax

gbo-ku (gba), V.
le-nu (li),
gbo

hear a cause or suit.

to feel sore

rub

to

gba, the echo sounds.

to follow ; to be too late.

ehii)), v.
v.

to be or

V.

gbd-hui)

of water.

gbe-hir) (gbe

bark as a dog ;

to

V.

gbo'-gO-d6,

a kind of drum.

n.

bulk, bulkiness.

curry the horse.

gbo-dzu

full of pus, to in-

breathe heavily.

gbo-dztl-gba,

to raise from the

V.

to catch fire, kindle,

to plant, sow.

gbo'-do-gl,

(Ps. 89, 19.)

to bring.

V.

on fire,

to fester, to be

v.

to

V.

loh, to

dash down.

to

(gba),

glow.

gb6,
to

to consider, advise, consult.

to be

v.

gbi-ro. See gbero.

to endure.
be proud, gbi-yari-dzti, v.
gbi-te (ite), v. to accept worship or caressing.
gbi-ye-16 (iye). See gbakel6.

the head, take courage.

V.

. .

D.

(gba), v.

gbir)-gbi-ni-ki, n.

judge of the weight.

gbe,

gbi-m5

gbil), V.

to consider, intend, consult, think,

to take one's place, to be substi-

flame.

jmrpose.

gb
gbe
gbe
gbe
gbe

comforted.

See gbale.

to

take comfort,

to accept consolation, to

V.

gbi-le.

gbiJ),

vain.

gbe-r6,

to be

gbi-ni-k6r),

lay crosswise.

swallow.

to

v.

usury, to take interest.

ka.

to clear, acquit.

v.

(li),

mi,
gbe-ra-ga (arA),
. .

to exalt, extol.

v.

. .

to

v.

(li),

set before, establish.

down,

to exact

V.

Ig, V.

. . .

to set

v.

a propitiation (applied

to idols).

gbi-na

ka-le,

hewn.

hear news.

to accept

(gba), v.
tuted for.

tent, to tabernacle.

the fire.

gbe

to

v.

v.

(gba),

gbi-kpo

(ago), V.

gbi-ke

gbi-kpe,

(Ex. 23, 11.)

.

gbi-hir) (gb6),

is

V.

v.

a heap.
a surface.

to be large, as

rearm, hot, zealous, fervent.

to resist

jiroposition.

root, bottom of a matter.

?i.

Malaghetta pepper.

GBO
a kind of snare.
narrow.

gTjO-ro, w,

gb6-ro,

gbd-rur) (gb6

to

v.

oruri),

gbb,

heed

to hear,

gb6

smell,

gbo-do (gba

to hearken.

ti,

presume

gbo-hir)

hear a

See gbSkele.

gbb-ko

v.

V.

gb6r),

V.

go-ro, adv.

voice, to hear.

V.

to puzzle, perplex.

gd,

V.

to hale

out

gbbr),

V.

n.

depth

gborj-gboi),

move

to

a stone,

to tears, to he in dis-

adv.

gbo-ro,

n.

greens of squash-leaves.

gb6-ro,

V.

to be

gbu-ro (gb6

ge (Egba

long

iro), v.

gbu-ru, adv.

and
to

ge-gur),

gS-le,

V.

to be elevated, raised

ge, adv.

above the surface.

ge-de-ge-de,
dregs, sediment.
ge-ge, adv. even so, well : gege bi, even as.
dilatoriness

n.

it genegene, to be

dilatory.

in a lambent manner, as flame.

descent, slope, or brow of a

ge-re-ge-re,
ge-sir) (guq

eiiri), v.

gi-di, a pleonasm in

to
tlic

mount,

Egba

gl-di-gl-ni, n.

gi-gar), n.

loftily.

to be pierced.

See g^gele.

(ile).

gi-gi-e-se, n.

the heel.

gi-go, w.

which

is slender ;

n.

which

is stupid,

which

pound,

a boat

to

stab, pierce

pond, as
:

guggi

torn or broken, as a bush in travelling.

to land, to

(il&), V.

gui)-r9r),

to recline.

gur)-'wa,

V.

to

put on

run aground.

stately dress, to sit in state.

to he fledged, feathered.

(iye), v.

gvl-SU (Hausa),

to be long.

to land, as

n.

the south.

V.

to scrape, scratch, bruise.

to lock,

to wattle,

to

be entangled, crowded,

narrow.

despised. (Acts 19, 27.)

g^-gi, gi-gi-le

encamp

V.

ha,

adv.

is

(Gen. 31, 15.)

6 jgloh

tumult, uproar.

which

to

a buzzard.

to strike against,

V.

hfi., V.

height.

ie gudugudu,

H.
libisi

very much.

gi-ga-gi-ga, n, great height ;

which is pierced or
gi-gai), n.

gi-gd,

steep.

the esculent watermelon.

n.

to ride.

dialect

a height, a

hill.

whither art thou going ?

gl-di-gl-di, adv.

n.

to

gux), V.
water.

gui)-ye
n.

entirely.

to climb, to ride ;

V.

gui)-le

a wen.

ge-re-ge-re, adv.

gi-ga,

(Il9rii)), n.

(igi) fo, to be

n.

n.

v.

gtU),

exactly.

ge-ne-ge-ne,

be

to belch.

gu-fe,

gUT),

ge-le,

to

a poisonous wild yam.

gu-na

gu-nu-gu-nu,

curse.

scrambling

gCl-du-gll-du, n.

a handkerchief.

cloudiness.

scramble; adv.

to cut.

n.

prominent, as the eyes

gui).

gu-de-gu-de, n.
gti-du-gd-du, n.

of.

a kind of cloth.
ge-ge, n. a lot : ie gcge, to cast lots.
gb'-ge-le, n. a bank of earth, a furrow.
n.

See

gu.

violently (raining).

for ke), v.

table-spoon.
to be

V.

gor)-gor), gor)-gor)-gor)-gor), n.

slender.

hear

sluggishly.

n.

sheet.

large, as a bird's beak.

n.

gidi,

goi-goi, adv.

gox)-gov),

headlong.

gbor)-gbor)-gbor)-gbor), adv. clumsily.

gb6-rar) (Sraij), v. to hear a cause, to hear.

gS-ge,

horse's

lots.

go-mbo,

throw.

to cast,

to hide.

awkward.
mane; a stick with a hook at the
plucking fruit from trees; a child'' s play
a

go-go-'WTi, n.

tress, to sling

ge,

of

go up, mount, ascend.

to be stupid,
V.

go-go,

to strike ;

severely:

shrilly.

g6,

end, for

cunning ;

sharply,

long and slender, to stoop,

to he

water.
to sliake ;

ridden.

lean.
to

v.

V.

(gba),
to he deep, great.

adv.

I am

See go,

to be navigahle.

to he wise,

to be

See goke.

go-ri.

gbbhuT).

gb6-kar)-l.
gbor),

is

to he sharp, acute.

V.

gor)-go,

hear news.
to

(61iui)), v.

gbg-hur)

sharp 2>oints

b gbodo, g6-ke (gw)), go-ri,

k6 gbodo, no, not (emphatic).

gl39-g9-do, adv. (falling) with a crash.
to

n.

go-go,

ar4 mi bar) gogo,

to dare,

edo), v.

(ibii)), v.

which

little quantity or thing.

hear a gi-ri, gi-ri-gi-ri, adv. closely, firmly, diligently.
a corn cob.
gl-ri-gl-ri, n.

to

lit.

a plant.

to flourish, as

V.

long

giQ-gU),

scent.

gblS, V.

is

(Acts 23, 24.)

n.
a very

to he wide.

gljo-ro, V.

which

gi-gui), n.

to he

V.

HAL

39

hfi,

an

hS,

n.

expletive auxiliary.

astonishment

ha

ie woij, they were

nished.

ha

interj.

denoting wonder.

ha-ha, n. a blade of corn, fodder.

ha-kur) (ekuij), v. to shut a door.
is putzling.

awkward.

ha

la-ye

hfi.-16 (ile), V.

(li),

v.

to throng,

to boast.

crowd.

asto-

HAM
hfi.

ha

. .

to lock

V.

ni6,

m6-ra

n.

hfi-na-ha-na,
adv.

ha-nta,

to

gird

armed, har-

to he

madman.

i,

roughness.

scrawnihj

hanta, he

ril

is

very

mode.

ha-ntu, ha-ntu-ru (Hausa), v.

to scrape, to he worn out,
hai), V.
to

as land

become visible ;

to appear,

V.

to write.

to

i,

to

scream.

draw out a

nail

hang up.

hM)

16-in6

. . .

ha-ri

to

v.

(li),

to

to reve-

worship,

he,

he

to

news

to tell, to

pick up crude

hee,

he-yi, adv.
n.

hi-ha,

hoot at

ddio

iho, to

to shout, roar,

make a
lit.

noise ;

to

not

h6, k6, adv.

!

h9-hu

eyi

h6

is it

not this ?

hoi).
V.

hdr),

V.

crow has

is

full, he caws.

moulder, rot
come up, as a plant ;

hvi,

;
to

(oko),

to

behave

to

V.

to occur, to

come i-be-dzi
li

to

cough.

to meditate,

v.

(iye), v.

to behave, to

conduct oneself.

to be fledged,
feathered.

together, conference.

relative,

kinsman.

a judging, rebuke.
n.

twins.

nib|,

there ;

niha ibe, near there.

entreaty, supplication.
.

a pawpaw.

i-be-re, n.

a stooping

i-be-ru, n.

fear, dread,

a beginning, commencement.

a fearing.

i-be-ru-bo-dzo (ba odio),

bling.

perjury.

an inquiry.
that place, yonder, there

n.

an idea or i-be-kpe,

awodi

a prime minister.

(bi edii), n.

i-b6, adv.

i-b^-be,
devise, originate

grunt.

hd-vrS. (iwa),

hu-ye

a talking

6 i-be-kpe-dze,
to

consultation.

i-bfe-re, n.

produce herbs, as the earth

notion.
htlr), V.

i-ba-r6,

n.

sib, to there, yet ;

to

V.

hu-m6,

an ambuscade.
an apron.

germinate, i-ba-"wi, n,

spring up.

hu-ko,

train

n.

i-ba-tar), n.

roots, to disinter.
to be feeble ;

he flourished in ancient times.

V.

quietness, contentment ; the

a military officer. See baloguij.

accom2}animent, attendance.

i-ba-so-kp6,

into notice, to he notable, distinguished: lailai

hu-ko

a camel.
a chance meeting.

n.

i-ba-so-rui), n.

pull up by the

to
to

h\l, V.

h6i), the

to snore.

v.

hor)-rur),
ho., V.

eaten, he

difficulty,

friendship, alliance.

i-ba-re, n.

kanakana die, 6 yo, a

trouble,

the passage of migratory birds

loh Ibara, the hawks are gone to Jbara.

huij.

caiv

of a fever.

i-bfi-ra, n.

to itch, be irritable.
to

is sick

bafi^.

n.

(ilS),

an exclamation of contempt or of op- i-ba-in6-le,

a kind of crow.

m.

he

or tail of a loose garment ; a throwing or casting

ibale oko, a stone's throw.

i-ba-nte, n.

See

h6r),

See

i-ba-16h, n.

position.

ho-ho,

would

i-ba'-lo-gur), n.

to retreat.
:

i-bai-ye-dze, n. mischief, a stirring up of strife.

i-ba-ka, n. a mule.

i-ba-le

applaud.

to salute

move hastily ;

iba de

spoiling, corruption, injury.

roaring i-ba-ka'-si-e, n.

by acclamation.
to he narrow ; to peel or pare ; to scratch

V.

rise e,

a meeting with

i-ba-kpa-de,
to shout,

V.

V.

h6-16,

ho

ho

n.

i-ba-fii).

i)h6 b6, the rain is close at hand,

ho-kui),

h6,

strip

iba

fever

i-ba-dzo,

come.

to

a hiding,

See ba.

i-ba-dze, .

ferment, lather, foam

to peel,

hit.

i-ba-de,
fltness, accordance.
i-ba-di (id), n. the hips or loins.

pantingly.
used for he by males.
narrowness.

to boil,

v.

h6,

a lucky

n.

conduct, behavior.

hi-hil, n.

coincidence,

kpada, we might have returned

i-ba, n.

malignant envy.

he-le, adv.

of meeting, &c. (see ba)

aux. part.
should, ought, might, suppose
: iba se
fenia, if he were a man ; awa iba ti

i-ba.

he-'WTi (own), V. to grow grey-headed.

he, adv. yes (addressed by females to superiors).
n.

he opened.

the act

i-ba, n.

that ! if that !

smatter.

to

i,

that

things scattered.

to collect

V.

knowledge,

it.

him, her, it.

adv. not : odudua igba nla medii, 4 de i ^i, the
universe is two large calabashes, which are shut

iba,

pick up

so,

he, she,

% pron.

an ambuscade ; a

See ho.

V.

pron.

and can not

maltreat.

do homage,

to

(ori), v.

rence ; to share.

hau

a preflx forming nouns of action, and occasionally

other nouns from verbs as, iba, a meeting, from
It is also used with the subjunctive
ba, to meet.
;

lean.

hdl),

IBE

up, imprison.

(ard), v.

to he crazy, to act the

n.

h^-na,

40

n.

fear

and

trem-

IBE
i-b&-tS-le, M.

i-be-"w6,
i-bi,

hrihery.

n.

visitation, investigation.

a place,

71.

this place, here

ibi

hurt; a question.

evil,

i-bl, n.

birth

ogui)

ibi,

birthright

ibi to, travail

comes on.

i-bl-lS

i-bl-si, n.

a couch, a

n.

the ]}lace in which,

where

ni ibo,

where away, in what place

iiiha ibo,
?

sofa.

increase.

i-bo, n.

of what

citizen

i-bo-de (ba ode),

i-bo-dziQ,

n.

n.

i-bo-nii-'w6r),

n.

i-bd-nio-16,

n.

ara ibo

li

i-bo'-ri-sa, n.

i-b9-"wo (owo),

n.

i-bu, i-bu-bu,
chamiel ; depth.

for the

a hiding-place.

i-bu-bu,

n.

crosswise, coastwise

an

abyss, a

a fourth part, quarter.

ibubu

n.

n.

heresy.

device, invention.

confusion, perplexity.

little

portable furnace

a feast.

disappointment,

trouble.

adv.

i-dai), n.

which

habitation, abode.

is

smooth, sleek

brightness

bottom of trowser legs

i-dar)-ra-'w6

(ibi iduro),

n.

a plan,

n.

a joint of grass

i-bu-dzo-ko,

i-darj-vrd,
I

l-da-ra, n.

(ar4), n.

n.

trial,

omo

sleight of

hand

a piece sewed
idaij, a damsel.

to the

a trial of strength, exertion.

temptation.

goodness, beauty.

a carver, engraver, carving.

i-da-rar), n.
transgression.
a blessing
fa
li
blessed
iwo,
ibukoi)
i-da-ra-ya, ?i. cheerfulness,
\

n.

liveliness.

art thou.

i-da-ri-dzi, n.

i-bu-kCir), n.

deficiency,

remnant

disgrace, con-

i-da-ro,

?i.

i-dfi.-ro, n.

tempt.

i-b0.r), n.

half.

n.

i-da-nde,
redemption.
i-da-ni-la-ra, i-da-ni-lo-dzu, n.

a camp, encam2)ment.
a stand, stand-point.
n.
i-bu-dze (ibi idie), n. a feeding-jylace, a manger.

i-bu-in9

n.

i-da-me-rir),

n.

n.

i-bu-koi),

i-da-me-dzi,

i-da-na,

crosswise.

i-bu-ke,

i-d3,-k\i-da,

?.

a bad breaking.
a bad bending.

i-da-ktl-da,

i-da-mu,

glove.

n.

mixture, fellowship, union.

n.

i-da-mo-rai),

an anchor.

i-da-me-ta, n. a third.
i-da-me-^wa, n. a tenth.
a mistaken opinion,
i-ASi-iab, n.

cause.

stocking.

i-bu-ba,

i-bu-du-ro

i-eply.

silence, quietness.

sprinkling, affusion.

breadth, diameter

n.

n.

which causes war.

desolation.

i-d5.-kp5, n.

abstraction of a part.

2)atch.

alar7n.

i-dfi-ko-rd (5k9), n.

concealing, concealment.

nieriij,

cold cloudy weather.

superintendence.

idolatry.

(ese), n.

ida

i-da-ke-dze, i-da-ke-ro-ro, n. quietness, a calm

a ptassing over or by.
n.

a gun.

i-bor), n.

condemnation.

an

i-da-hui), n.

a supporting of one^s

i-bo-ni, n.

a divi-

judgment, sentence of the judge.

i-dfi.-dzo, n.

custom-house at the gates of i-da-gur)-si-le, n.

body.
a covering for the head or top.
a hoof.
n.

(ese),

natural

a detached abode.

island,

i-da-dzo-lCl, n.

i-da-gil-de, w.

n.

(ori),

is

ni Ida ana, at this time

i-da-du-ro, n. detention.
i-da-dzi (edzi), n. half; aflaio in cloth.
where ? i-da-dzo, n. a collecting, a collection.

pilace art tliou ? or lohence

a covering

(ar4), n.

dii.

n.

i-da-ko-dza,

i-bo-dzu-'w6,

i-bu-do,

See

a fearing, trembling for fear.

a veil ; dissimulation.

n.

(odifi), n.

which

is created,

point of time

i-da-ke,

i-bo-dzu

i-bu,

which

a den, pit, grave.

a shade.

i-bo-dzo,

i-bo-se

i-dfi, n.

i-dfi-ho-ro, n.

i-bo-dzi, n,

i-bd-se

wax, resin.

i-da-do,

towns.

i-bo-ri

honor, reverence.

i-bu-yir), n.
i-da, n.

a sword, cutlass.
i-da,
i-da-a-sa, n, a scrap of cloth, a

lot, sortilege.

n,

blessing.

a sprinkling, staining.

n.

i-bu-Av6r),

i-da-gi-ri, n.

breadth

i-bd-ra

wickedness, evil-doing.

71.

art thou ?
i-bo, M.

oath.

an addition, a

n.

i-dft, n.

sorrow, regret, vexation.

(ino), n.

i-bl-ro-gbo-ku,

iwo

native.

vexation, anger, wrath.

i-bi-n6-dze

an

four jyarts.

the natural state, untutoredness.

n.

n.

i-bi-n6,

n.

(ile),

i-bi-mbi,

i-bu-ru,

n.

yesterday ; Ida keriij, a fourth part

one home-horn.

(ilo), n.

n.

sion, part,

(Gon. 35, 10.)

i-bi-ki-bi, n,
any place whatever.
i-bi-l

i-bu-ra,

gbogbo, every- i-busi,

where, every respect ; ibi iyawo, a marriage ; ibi

oku, a burial ; ibi dioko, an abode ; ni ibi ti, lohere.
i-bi, n.

IDA

41

(ibi

imo), n.

a watering-place or trough.

gift, present,

anxiety, sorroiv.

dross of iron, cinders.

.
lehich causes disease or

i-dS.-r5r)-si-le,
lence.

forgiveness, pardon.

^'f*'*-

IDA

IPA

42

a confused mingling p^e mixture. i-dza, n. a blow.

a remnant, gleaning, i-dza, n. wrestling, fighting, war,
motion of the whirlwind.

i-da-ru-da-kp6, n.
which
i-da-si, n.

is spared,

officiousness.

beginning, cause ; an ordinance or i-dza-ba,

i-da-si-lS, n.

n.

i-da-se, n. a venture, risk, hazard.

i-dfi-wS, w. consulting the gods or an oracle,

i-da-wo,
i-da-'wo-kpd,

i-dza-du,

now and

fruit which the bats have gnawed.

bandage, bond ; a binding

ni ide, bound.

guardianship ; family medicine.

i-de-le, n.

fear.
wrestling, struggling.

a pitched battle, contest ; a snatching from the hand.

"
i-dza-16h, n. the black ants called drivers."
n.

i-dza-nu, n. a bridle-bit ; a club with an irmi hook

on the end used by kidnappers.

a bargain.

i-de-hui), n.

n.

i-dza-kpa-ti,

starvation.

ebi), n.

i-de-bi-kpa {Ak

a going forth.

w.

i-dza-kS.-di, n.

then, occasionally.

idia idi\,

scrambling, earnest contest.

n.

i-dza-i-ya,

union, combination.

n.

i-da-ye-da-ye, adv.
i-de, n.

i-dza-de-16h,

See idaro.

n.

trouble, annoyance.

i-dza-dar), m.

law.

strife

a king's officer who has charge of the i-dzai)-dza, n. small pieces.

n.
revenues of a district ; a custom house ; an ob- i-dza-r9, n. detection offalsehood.
a leathern guard on the
struction in the road, a hindrance ; a lying in wait, i-dza-sar), n.

i-de-na,

an ambuscade.

defend

i-de-ni, .

bondage.

i-de-ri, n.

i-de-ti

cover.
the

n.
(idi eti),

i-de, n.

i-de, n.

bur of the

ear.

i-dze, n.

a demijohn.

i-dze-'bo, n.

i-de-ti, n.

failure, inability.

temptation, snare.

trial,

sheaf,

the

buttock, hilt ; a source, cause, rea-

rump,

ri idi, to

bunch

understand,

to

costiveness.

prove

wk

vestigate ; so idi, to expilain.

an

i-di, n.

eagle

idi

baba akosa,

the eagle is the

father of birds of prey.

a fright, an (Harm,

i-di-dzi, n.

union, combination.

(da), n.

i-di-kp5
i-di-le

n.
(ile),

i-di-lu

(ilu),

i-dir),

a mixing, a mixture.

a whirlwind, a storm

i-dzi, n.

; fright, surprise.

a chief priest.
a ravine, valley.
n.
i-dii-gg-igx),
n.

i-dzi-gbo,
i-dzi-ka,

n.

deep sleep.

i-dzi-la, n.

a famous or notorious person,

i-dzi-le, n.

depth, mysteriousness.
n.

See adiim6.
depth (from tbe top of a height), dis-

i-dzi-ni (oni), n. seven days hence,

Sec idzi and idiina.
i-dzir).

anger, passion ; costiveness.

1-dzi-se-kpa-le (ile), n. the early afternoon.
:
di idig, to breed i-dzo-WTi, n. jealousy, envy.

n,

a maggot, skipper

worms.

n.

i-dzo-ye,
(iioi)),

a plaiting of the hair,

n.

i-dl-ibl) (oroi)), n.

i-dz9,

neck-tie.

siege;

the herb canna.

n.

i-do-gbo-lu,
i-do-ko,

n.

a day

bibi, birth-day

:
;

idz& odui), new year's day

idi6 gbogbo, daily.

i-dz6-kfi.i)-lo-g'b6r)

the navel ; in the Iketu dialect,

n.

officer.

an assembly.

ft.

i-dz6, n.

encampment, settlement, colonization ;

i-do', n.

i-do-do,

four days ago,

three dags ago,

n.

tance, expenditure.

kindred or race of the same stock.

n.

(ino),

n.

i-di-ror)

testimony, evidence.

i-dzi-na, n.

posture,

i-di-n6

i-dze-ri, n.

a remaining in a standing i-dzi-in6,

i-di-glia-rO (da), n.

deep sleep, snoring.

the silk of maize.

i-dze-ta,

idi, to in-

altar.

i-dze-re, n.

i-dze-riri, n,

a bundle,

i-dl, n.
:

twelve days ago.

effect ;

an

n.

i-dze-ka,

n.

i-de-'WO,

the seventh day.

wad

i-dze, n.

a snare.

a stumbling-block.

an arriving at

the

farm

a room.

sionally,

now and

i-dzo-ni, n.
;

the

a town.

name of i-dzu,

(li

ogboij), adv.

idio

seldom, occa-

then.

eight days hence.

wilderness.

n.

i-dor), n.

the bed-bug, chinch.

I-fti, n.

a pattern. See akpediure.

n.
one of the Yoruba idols.

i-d6r), n.

sweetness, pleasantness.

i-fa, n.

a round shave, used

i-dzu-re,

i-du-gbo-lu.
i-du-ro,

wrist to

a response, reply.
of a gun.
feed, food,

an

brass.

i-de-kur), n.

i-di, n.

a reed

i-dze-dzi-la, n.

See de.

i-dS.

n.

i-dz, n.

Sec de.

i-de.

son

lid,

i-dze,

left

against the bow-string.

a race, competition, emulation.

it

n.

See idogbolu.
a standing,

the erect position.

for scoopitig out

pulp of green calabashes.

gain, luck ; abatement, ebbing.

i-fk, n.

the

IFA
i-fS-gi

a drawing-knife,

(igi),

an iron instrument with which i-gba-mu,

i-fa-ror) (oroq), n.

drawn.

the bowstring is

n.

a span,
ancient times

i-gba-ro-ko,

n,

n.

se igbala, to save,

ara igbani, ancients,

the hip-joint,

a border, edge.

(eti), n.

i-gba-ti

igbakugba, often
:

seizure,

i-gb3.-nl, n.

i-gba-ni,

a cup ; a whistling.
a reed.
i-fe-fe, n,
a flute, a pipe.
n.
i-fe-re,
i-fe, n.

ni

salvation, deliverance

n,

i-gba-la,

any time

n,

i-gba-ku-gba,

of six days.

the space

i-fa-ni, n.

IGO

43

i-fe, n.

love, will, desire.

a taking ; forgetfulness.
i-gbe-kur), n. a male captive,

i-fe, n.

a belching, eructation.

i-gbe-le, n.

usury,

usury.
i-gbe-ra, n,

self-defervce, vindication,

i-fe-ti-si

i-fe-ktl-fe (k!
i-fe-ni, n.

attention

n.

(fi),

ife), n.

to,

irregular desire, lust.

charity, philanthropy.

i-fe-se-dzi, n.

who

i-fi-bu, n.

i-fi-bur), n.
i-ii-dzi, n.

forgiveness of sins.
is cursed: ifibu li 6i), accursed

l-gbe-ri (gbe and

is he.

gift, present.

a home-born

i-fo-le, n.

i-gbe-ro, n.

slave.

abundance

bawling.

i-gbe-ke-le,

cleansing ; utterance.

i-gbe-sir), n,

(ile), n.

i-fo-lu

(ilu), n,

i-for), n.

i-f6r), n.

i-for)-for),

height, stature.

i-ga, n.

stretch, extension

councillor,
effort to

n.

i-gbo-du, i-gbo-fa,

remove anything,

sacrifice.

a sacred grove,

i-gbo-i-ya, i-gbo-dzfl, n,

courage,

i-gbd-kui) (gba), n. a sail.

i-gbd-ro, n. bush-grown fallow land.
i-gbo-ro, n. a street,

whiteness.

i-ga, n.

captive,

an assembly of priests, a

i-gbo, n.

a crowd.

See gbekele.

hope, assurance.

a female

emd

a forest.

n.

i^bo,

a gut, bowels, tripe.

a severe eruptive itching of the hands,
a small honey -making fly.
n.

i-fui), n.

the last, the afterpart, the

a snail ; an

i-gblr), n,

burglary.
the destruction of a town,

i-for)-kpo, n.

(Mat.

figuratively, /ceces.

n.

n,

i-gbl-md,

shipwreck.

i-fo-le

nearness.

w.

a neighborhood, province.

bush;

i-f 6, M.

i-fo-ko, n.

exact

debt, desert.

i-f6, n.

to

igbele,

position above the head,

i-gbe-hir) (igba), n,
of a period.

fear, dread.

i-fo-ya, n.

se

'

consideration.

n.

i-gbe-se,
i-gb6,

a flake, a spark of fire.

i-fo-ri-fo, n.

ri),

n.

(ori),

i-gbe-ri-ko, n,

suspicion, a fastening upon.

i-fi-mo, i-fi-rar)-mo, n.

i-gbe-ri

interest

27, 37.)

pardon, remission.
a showing, revelation.

i-fi-har), n.

See igbagbe.

i-gbe, n.

obedience.

na

iga, to

stand at full i-gbo-ro-bo, n,

the

thumb,

i-gbo-se, n, after a while : 6 di ^boie, let him wait

a wall, a walled enclosure, the name of
a while, after a little ; yi 6 w^h ni igbose, lie will
come by and bye,

stretch, reaching up.

I-ga-na, n.
a town.
i-gai), n.

contempt, coniemptuousness

igaij

hearing, attention, trust, obedience.

n.

amado, i-gb6,

wild boar.

the large

credulity, one

i-gbo-kti-gbo, n.

who

a kind of yam,

i-gbor)-ra

i-g.r)-gar), n.

largeness, hugeness.

the elbow, a cubit

i-gbor)-'w6, n.
to jog with the elbow,

a mattock.

n.

i-gag-riq,

a pick-axe.

i-gar)-re, n.

i-gba,

n.

admittance, reception

gourd cut for use

beating upon
:

i-gba, mtm,

locust-tree,

hundred.

ttco

tomato,

i-gbfi., M.

i-gba-dzi,

n,

i-gba-dze,

n,

i-gba-gbe,

n.

a large gourd.
forge tftdness, oblivion,

i-gba-gb6,

n.

faith,

i-gbako,

n,

loin-girdle,

ladle.

ni igba

when ; ni igba na, then

times ; igba ori, the skull,

in the time which,

igba kpik6, many

i-gba, n, the African

(gbil),

a i-ge-re,

so ni rgboi)\v6,

a pledge, token

cubit,

a fish-pot,

n,

ti,

i-ge, n,

ni

i-ge, n,

the breast, chest,

i-ge-kpa,

credulous.

a mystery (superstitious).

i-ge-de, n,

time, opportunity

(ar4), n.

i-gbo-'WO

a robber, robbery,

i-ga-ra, n.

is

a shaking of the body.

i-gar)-gar), n.

sitting, perching,

a bird-snare.

n,

i-gi, n,

laood, tree, stick, stalk,

i-go, n.

stem

igi

imo, snout,

bottle,

a gruh-worm

i-g6r)-gO, n,

igoijgo

ofoi), the

wind-

pipe.
i-gor)-gor), n.

i-g6, n.

bracing the
l-gor), .

tip,

per2)lexity
tree.

the shin.

end.
:

igo

igi,

roots above the

ground

a corner, an angle.
a vulture,

i-gor), n.

i-gVLQ, n.

i-gur)-wa,

i-gfU-SO, n.

ment of

a forked

tobacco pipe,

parts

a part, portion, region

instru-

wandering.

iha ikpig

ko,

n,

the

ko-dzo,

iha ino, the inward

palm-nut.

a pres, a crowd.

pot.

plunder, captivity.
:
ikoko taba, a tobacco pipe,

See ikoriko.

i-hlr), n.

place, this ^ylace, here, hither.

a carrying away, captivity,

kor)-ko-SO, n, a kind of rat-trap,
ko-re, n. a harvest, a crop.

i-hil), n.

narration, news, thing, reputation.

ko-ri-ko,

1-ha-le, n.

poverty.

i-ha-ri, n.

homage.

n,

ko-16h,

n.

grass

a hyena,

See ho.

ko-ro,

iho imo, the nostrils ;

iho itebo, a socket for a tenon, a mortise.
i-ho, i-hd-ho, i-hd-ri-ho, n. nakedness : ni ihoho,

k6-ro,

n.

a sky-light.

ko-ro,

n.

a perch

n.

i-h6,

noise,

i-h.0, n.

&c.

hole, pit, ditch

naked.

i-h6, n.

district

i-hd-hu,
i-hu-lS (ile),

n.

a finger.

a muscle

n.

n.

k6-ko-ro,

li),

(ino).

ko-le

ant.

k5r), n.

ika.

kor)-du,

cane with which chairs are bottomed.

kor)-ra, n.

k5r)-si-no

i-kS.r), n.

a kind of egg-plant.

'k.gr)-wg (owo), n.

a hastener:

ikaqdzu dzaiye, one

i-ka-ra,

i-k^-wS,

respect
n.

i-ke, n.

control,

ivory

sculpture

a clam.

mastery

a hump

joint,

or hunch

carving,

a partition, a ring of bread

an outcry.

i-ke, n.

indulgence, devoted attention

i-ke, n.

hoarseness.

i-ke-kur), M.

the end, the last

afidzi, to

wood for

i-ki, n.

thickness of

large

pro-

ni ikehiij, at

power, circumstances in

n.
;

the fire,

a liquid, as soup.

a chance.

yi

ikpako

life ;

a part, a

kick,

kpai-ya, n, fearfulness,
kpa-ka, n. a corn-floor,

barn.

a part.

n.
n.

kpa-ka-ra,
kpa-ko, n.
last.

event,

road.

kpa,

kpa-kai),
to.

a snare.

n.

an unexpected

a path, foot-print, channel: ikpa ona, a

M.

kpa,

party

i-ke-na,

(ile),

n,

k6-se-bfi., n.

ie ikawo, to subdue.

i-ke-de, n. a proclamation : 4e ikede

claim tlie repeal fif a law.
i-ke-le (il6), n. a partition, a room.

i-ke-hir), n.

kog-wS-si-le
ko-ra,

that which is stale.

a grumbling.

a handful.
an overflowing full mean.

a loud hotoling, a crying out, '

ko-se (ese), n, a stumbling, a hindrance,

extremity, remote corner.

a back yard

n.

i-ka-si, M.

fatigue, satiety,
(ino), n,

sure,

haptens to be rich.

i-kar)-gur), n.

secret

a freshet,
(6do), n.
the end, as of a box,
.

the white ant, a large species of termites.

n.

moving or looking

hook,

i-k&r), n.

who

on,

a squirrel ; mucus ; fulness.

a murmuring.

koi), M.
piercingness, or power of

n.

i-kar), n.

i-karj-dzu,

(iko ki iko), n. false doctrine.

n.
the head man of a farm.
(ile),

kor)-d6

See

a skein

comer of a thing, a

the inner

n.

ko-k9,

ko-ku-ko

n.

a cough

n.

(shell-fish).

1-ka-ni-la-ra (kag
words.

place, privacy,

a waist-band.

i-ka-ni, n,

a tack

chisel,

See k9.

great wickedness.

a large stinging

n.

i-ka-ndu,

i-ka-n6

a cold

toivards,

cruelty, obstinacy, wickedness.

i-ka-ki-ka,

ko,

origin, rise.

i-k^

i-ka-ka,

(fish).

hair-pin.

a messenger,
k6-dzu-sl, . a fronting

spared for hunting, a park.

i-ka, n.
n.

ko-ti, n.
doctrine.

down.

n.

bitterness,

n,

ko, n.

acclamation.

i-hd-kilr), i-h6-l, n.

iko-eti,

a pot

n,

ko-ko,
ko-ko.

a large tall basket in which peas are stored,

n,
a gathering : ikodi9 oko, harvest.

ko-gur), n.

crust or burnt part at the bottom of the

n.

a wrinkle.

n.

palm-leaf fibres woven into cloth

a binding on the edge of cloth,

ni iha ibe, in those parts ; iha ekpo, the

a band,

ki-ri, n,

n.

i-h.a-ga-ga, n,

i-ha-ho,

an

sash,

salutation,

ko,

the side,

husk of

ki-ni, n.

ki-"we-dze,

the ends of the earth ;

il,

stick,

torture.

i-ha, n.

salutation.

kl, n.

ki-lse, n.

sitting in state, statcliness (of dress).

n,

IKP

44

IGO

a spacious back yard.

on the back of

the hollow

si,

to flee from,

kpa-kpa,

n,

a prairie,

kpa

n,

a mingling, a mixture.

kp5,

kpa-la-ra,

n.

hurt, injury.

tlie

neck

IKP
n.

l-kpa-le-ni6,

IMA

45
ikpalem6 oko, har- i-kil-le

jrreparation

a place

n.

i-kpa-na,

my place

art in

ni

a largain as

n.

i-lft,

i-kpar)-ko-ro 9-ino, . a girl.

i-kpa-ra, n. suicide ; rust on metal.
i-kpa-r&, i-kpa-rur),

i-kpa-ri

n.

destruction.

i-la-gur),

an

n.

i-kpe-dze,

11.

2)ath.

invitation to a feast,

a distant

i-kper)-kpe-dzu,

a snare/or

i-kpe-ti, n.

1-kpe,

boldness, courage.

i-la-na, n.

an ordinance :

ia ilana, to ordain.

i-la-ra, n.

envy

beasts.

n.

n.

i-kpe-re,

fish,

okra

leaf.

needle-case ; ilo

bird's nest ; lie iso,

halter for a horse.

one's

i-kpir), n.

leafed fig ;

(ara), n.

good genius

a species of rough-

division, <&c. (See kpii))

a portion of an inheritance

ikpiq

ikpiij

il

r&, his

strength,

a promise, vow

i-le-ru, n.

a furnace.

i-le-to, n.

n.

distinction.

place, stead,

office,

which
se

is

strong.

ileri, to

1^)

il5 ini

a burying ground

kingdom;

it is

il

promise.

or nini, a pos-

session ; il| oku,

i\h

m6,

aiye, the earth ;

i-lS-dti, n.

rank, condition

; fold,

n.

2>lace

ilS

oba,

daybreak ; ile iu, it is dark ;

il5 biri, a small
piece of ground,

the greater part, majority.

n.

i-kpor), n.

thickness

i-kpor), n.

irony

rai)

a wooden spoon.
ikpoij

si,

to

i-lo-ri,

Sec kpoij.

a porch.

a using, use : ohug ilo, a

a whirling round.
n.

an

i-lo, n.

accusation, a charge.

See

i-lo-lo, n.
n.

i-kpo-ri, n.

the great toe.

i-lo-S9,

scorn, contem2H.

i-lu, n.

squatting posture.
a gimlet ; a town. See

i-lu, n.

a drum.

i-kp9-si,

n.

i-lo-ra, n.

end, termination.

i-ktl, n.

death.

i-kCl, n.

the gable of a house,

i-kti-du, n.

a clay

i-ku-dza-re

(die), n.

i-ku-gbu, n.
i-ku-ku, n.
n.

pit.

the gathering

presumption.
the fist.

**

delay

cloud, fog.

of locust fruit.

se ilora, to delay, tarry.

**

i-lu-ke-dzi, n.

end of a box.

See

lu.

111.

a small

village.

i-ma, aux. part, a sign of continued

ma.
i-md.-do, n. a kind of wild boar.
i-ma-le,

?*.

a Yoruba inoselyte

i-ma-ra-du-ro (mu
straint.

lo.

fetidness ; lukewarmness.

i-kpor)-dzu,

distress, adversity.

vessel.

See l9h.

speak ironically i-loh, n.

of

toad's eggs.

a door-shutter.

i-lo, i-lo-ro, n.
i-16, n.

abundance, clteapness.

i-kp5-dzu,

black soil, manure.

a bead : ileke okp9l9,
a grave, tomb.

the beginning.

i-le-se, n.

mingled people.
i-kpo-rur), n. a parasol.
n.

i-le-ke, n.

of the dead, hades.

i-le-kpa, n.
:
mixture
mingling,
ikpom6 enia, i-le-kui), n.

ikpo ok6, the

i-kp6-ni6,

i-ku-ku,

a field.

i-kpir)-ka, n.

i-ku,

stable ; ile oku,

village.

ground, earth (see

i-ld, n.

share.

^se,

an inn

the bladder ; ile

ero,

ilo ato,

a pistol.

i-le-ko, n.

i-le-ri, n.

n.
young people.
i-kpi-lS, i-kpi-le-se, n. foundation, beginning.

i-kp5,

eiye,

a small shell: ikpe- i-le-ra

i-kpe-re,

double

the
n.

tomb.

bailiff: ikpSfoi) igbese, ^ciiy (ieSis.

i-kpe-kpe, a scale, as of a
kpe okuij, a sea-shell.

i-kpo,

se ilara, to envy.

of maize or Indian com ; a fish- i-le, n. a bird snare. See also le.
a flat stick on which raw cotton is wound.
which is above, an upper garment.
i-le-ke, n.
i-lg-ko.
See ileto.
entreaty : is ikpe, to beseech.

i-kpS-for), M.

nini,

freedom

a king's herald.

a kitchen ;
ile

a kind of herb.
a house : ile abere, a

i-l, n.

forcible impression.

the shoot

n.

scale ;

i-kpe,

relation.

small snail.

the

n.

i-kpe-re,

of the season.

n.

i-la-ri, n.

the eye-lash.

n.

ap-

circumcisimi

tattoo ;

i-la-ka-ka,

i-kpe-dzi, n. an opening, interval, interstice, as be- i-la-sa, n.

tween the teeth, or between threads of cloth.
i-la-sa-dd,
i-kpe-le, n.

cleft ; salvation, escape ;

condition ;

first fruit

i-lai-ya, n.

a change, exchange.
i-kpa-se (ese), . a foot-])rint, a
i-kpe, . a trumpet. See kpe.

cleaving,

ila onii), sunrise, the east.

n.

i-kpa-ro,

n.

pearing, state,

baldness.

(ori), n.

nearness.

oJcra.

i-la, n.

to price.

ointment for the body.

(ard), n.

n.

i-ku-sa,

abdomen

the belly,

ikpana mi, thou i-kur)-ra

manslaughter, murder.

n.

i-kpa-ni,

l-kpar)-ka,

iwo mbS

or seat.

of a house.
; a cavity, bowl.

the gable

m.

(iI6),

i-kur), n.

vest.

ara),

n.

to

action.

See

Mohammedanism.

continence,

self-re-

IMA
an instrument for drawing

n.

i-ma-ti-ko,

the bow-

IRO
hearted ;

ino badie,

string.
idleness, indolence

i-me-le, n,

se imele, to he in-

dolent.

dung.

no-bi-bi, n.

i-ml, n.

a breathing.
a shaking : imi

n6-dz(i, n.

a shaking of

i-mi-lS, n.
i-mi-si, n.

ed5i), sighing,

n6-le

sigh.

the earth.

n.

i-mo-ru (imu
n.

imoru

heat of the sun:

oru), n.

intellect,

fi

im5

sokai), to agree together.

n.

i-mo-dze,

i-in6-dzCl, n.
n.

i-in5-dzu,

rai)-wu,

sujterior knowledge.

ra-"wo, n.

dawn.

-re, n.

i-in6-le, n.

light : ie imole, to enlighten.

i-in5-le, n.

a conspiracy.

i-mo-mo,

n.

i-mS-ni-no,

i-mb-te-le, n.

i-mu,

m.

re-de

n.

i-mu-le,

firmness, as to standing.

i-mu-ni-bi-no,

,-re-ri, n.

re-ti, M.

a cause.

a flea.

i-mu-re,

n.

i-na, n.

a flre ; a blossom ; a

i-n^

louse.

See na.

stripe or stroke with the whip.

See na.
a plant which

i-na-ki, n.

the chimpanzee, ape.

i-na-kH-na

(ki), n.

i-nar), n.

i-nl, n.

n.

ini

freedom

i-n6, n.

mind, womb

the inside,

se in6 d8r)

si,

o good

ino didoi), pleasure (of mind)

to he pleased
with, delight in ; ino

disposition

ia ino

rfere, to

re.

ri.

he kind-

sight,

spectacle.

iron

a kind of rat-trap.

walking,
hatred,

See

<fcc.

experience.
telling, d:c.

n.

stirring, <kc.

ro, n.

rii).

irina.

rd,

See

an abomination.

-ro, n.

See

ro.

See

r6.

the chimpanzee.

ro-bi-n6-dze, n.
ro-gba,

n.

dampness, moisture.

rir), i-rio-le, i-rir)-ini, n.

ri-ri, n.

an indentation or

See

nausea.

n.

-ri-rai), n.

difilcully, strait, need.

remembrance.

bowl (Ex. 25, 34)

rere,

See

sight, <&c.

-ri-ra, n.

oppression.

i-ni-rai), w.

<&c.

corn-tassel.

rir), n.

i-ni-ra, n.

time.

hope.

rlr), n.

ih kpc>, his possessions are

greatness.

i-ni-la-ra, n.

hence.

a being past harvest

ri-ndo,

great.

i-ni-la, n.

a scrap or remrmnt of cloth.

pride.

-ri-na, n.

extravagance.

over.

transgression.

dew, mist.
ri-dzti, n. a steward.

sides of the doorway.

possession

gait of a horse.

ri, n.

blisters the skin.

sight, vision.

i-ne-dz-dzi,

an urging

re-na, n. candle-snuffers.
-re-ni-dze, n. a cheating, fraud.
ri, n.

i-na-bi, n.

curse,

curse,

a passing

n.

friendship,

-re, n.

a whipping, a

n.

re, n.

four days

re-ra, n.

the fire-fly.

activity, in

n.

a provocation.

n.

n.

sugar-cane.

n.

re-kpe,
re-ni,

a trap

revelling, revelry.

abuse,

,-re-kpa, n.

taking ateay.

i-mu-na-mu-na,
i-mu-nO.,

See mu.

as

off,

(ode), n.

re-k9-dza,

means, instrumentality.
n.

i-mu-ku-ro,

cotton-spinner. (Pr. 44.)

star,

goodness ; well-wishing

,-re-ke, n.

foreknowledge.

sharpness, severity.

i-inu-'b&, n.

re-gur), n.

a having sold out.

t^), n.

n.

plaff.

-rh, n.

a wise man.

i-mo-ti (mo

servant.

a going
forward, haste.

conscience.

i-mo-rai), n,

r6, n.

the grass-nut.

n.

; re-

successive generations, genealogy.

rai)-dl-rar), n.

drunkenness.

the

sight, seeing ;

semblance.

rai)-se, n.

n.

redemption.

a propitiation made for the dying.

a generation, a race

the water ordeal.

i-ni6-dzu-in6,

n.

evening.

n.

-TB.T), n.

knowledge, interpretation, decision

ra.

lathing, laths.

ra-le, n.

ra-na,

See

compassion.

-ra-le, n.

See moye.

understanding.

the nose.

i-ni6, n.

foot-towel.

a hand-towel.

-ra-kpa-da,

odio, the heat or middle of the daij.

i-mo-ye,
i-mo, n.

n.

ra-do,

gratitude.

inside the house.

a morass, a bog ; a kind of horse.

ra, n.

the fore-finger.

n.

in6 yo,

a handkerchief.

towel for the face,

n.

n.

n6-'w6,

a kind of rat.

w.

i-mo-dug-dzu-o, i-mo-dzu-o,

displeased ;

fretfulness.

(ile),

Ii5-se, n.

breathing on, inspiration.

i-mo-dzo,
i-md-re,

be

pity ; ekog
12); ni in6, in, within ; ino midSq, I am pleased,
happy ; in6 d6r) mi, / am pained, grieved.

i-ml, n.
i-mi, n.

to

in6, the Julness of a thing (Ps. 50,

to

grief, trouble.

an assembly of

the elders.

IRO
an

i-rd-ktl-rd, n.

i-ro-na,

n.

i-ro-n6,

n.

evil thought.

a going in quest

i-sirj-kii-sir), n.

i-ro-ra, n.

n.

offruit

repentance.

i-ro, n.

i-r6, n.

a Jib

relating, interpretation, <&c.

texture, the

See

ro.

warp of cloth.

an equal, a companion.
i-rg-gbo-ku, n. a couch.
i-ro-kp5,

i-ro-n6, n. abstinence
the stomach.

i-ro-nu, n.

hair

i-roi), n.

prayer by

i-r6r), n.

a being

n.

ti

fe,

such as (bi

the tail ;

i-sa, n.

kind, species, such

he loves.
.
ti)

i-rfl-ke-rii-do,

n.

<kc.

a gadfly.

corn-silk.

goodness of a proposition or act.

former (time or state).

a flint and steel.
a kind of hibiscus.

okra

i-ru-lu, n.

a tumult, an uproar.

seeds.

seed, offspring.

See

<&c.

i-sa, n.

flight,

i-S&, n.

a grave, a

vein, artery.

a sauce-pan.

See ^e.
custom,fashion, character, etc.
kindness : iionr) ife, loving kindness.

i-se, n.

work, trouble, distress

ase, a miracle
\i&

; ise ikpa,

torment; loh

oro,

i-se-n9, n.
i-si, n.

slackness, as of a rope.

i-sai), i-sa-ni, n.

i-sS.r), n.

nine days hence.

sinetv.

harvest.

deserter,

i-s3.-se, w.

a feast.

i-sh-hi, n.

confection.

an earthquake.
a new invention, a new

i-si-mi, n.
i-sir), n.

rest, the

service.

i-SO-ra, n.

i-SU, n.

sabbath.

i-ta, n.

concord.

watchfulness.

an

offence,

an

offender, evil doer.

enmity, rebellion, sedition.

i-su-ra, n.
era.

its fruit.

patrol, jiolice.

i-SO-kai), n.

a lump

; the yam, dr. (see su)

isu okpe, palm-cabbage.
treasure.

ball,

ode, wild

i-se-le, n.
i-si, n.

i-S9-de, n.

i-S9-te, n.

a runaway.

and

tree

a fault, error of action.

i-si-si, n.

i-s6-rar), n.

i-sfi.r)-dur( (odfii)), n.

i-sar)-sa, n.

See sa^.

to

a kind of indigenous fruit,

peevishness.

retaliation, dtc.

go

appetite.

i-s6, n.

i-sar), n.

ise,

paleness, fading.

i-SO, n.

the lower part, bottom, below.

sibi

abortion, miscarriage.

i-sa-ga-da-gba, n. a regular
a siege.
i-sa-ga-ti, n.
i-sa-le, n.

i^e

a hem.

i-se-ti, n.

i-sir), n.

set-to in battle.

i^e isi^, duty,

a wicked work.

an attempt, <kc. See si.

an outer yard.
i-sa-bo-ti, n.

i-sh, n.

ami, a sign

toil ;

a fold, a double.

n.

i-se-kpo,

i-si-nu, n.

pit.

He

small fire-wood.

i-si, i-sir), n.

sa.

hard

work.

i-se-kpe, n.

a variety of kinds, any kind.

an emetic.

i-ni-ya, n.

a flood

i-sar), n.

i-se-ki-se, i-se-ku-se, n.

waves.

i-ru-ru, n.

M.

i-sa-kpa,

service;

vexation ; vigorous growth.

n.
(91110),

supper after the long

i-se-ur), n.

i-ru-la, n.

n.

Mohammedan

ebb-tide.

i-sa-sur), n.

a tumult, insurrection.
a badge.

n.

to be.

a fountain.
n.

i-sa-dzCl, n.

i-se, n.

71.

i-ru-ke-re, n.

i-ru-mo

bi iru

cow''s tail carried as

i-ru-kpe-kpe,

i-ru-mi,

seed for sowing.

i-ru-gbir), n.

iso

silly or evil talk.

the

n.

i-su-"wa,

a bud.

i-ru-di, n.

i-ru-ke,

is made, or caused
a kind of bird snare.

i-sog, n.

a fountain, an uproar,

seed of plants

i-ni, n.

which

i-sa-na, n.

town

fast.

ru.

i-ru, m.
eyi

i-S9-nu,

bolster.

rising,

marriage.

place, station, quarter of tbe

i-s5-kil-S9, n.

rote.

a pillow.

i-ro-xi (ori), n.

i-S9, n.

i-SO-ka, n.

sick.

i-ro-ra (am), n.

hanging, a curtain.

'^

i-SO-di, n.

bristle.

the beard.

i-ror) -gbor), n.

See

pain in

barrenness.

i-ror)-g4r), n.

a coupling.

**

4gba, meeting-place of the elders.

gauqgaui), a

vtoii

a mooring-place.
a hard knot.

n.

i-SO-3^-gi, n.

tenderness, compassion.

i-ror), n.

i-ru,

solemnity,

while. (Gen. 24,

55.)

little

i-so-ko, n.

i-SO-r9,

from food,

a giving of law, a prohibition.

i-SO-lu, n.

acting for an absent person.

n.

iso melokai),

i-SO-fir), n.

i-SO-kpa,

i-ro, n.

now.

a tying ; an emission of wind ; a producing

i-SO, m.

pain, groaning.

superstitious worship.

this time,

i-si-si-yi, n.

of.

consideration, thought.

i-ro-n6-kpi-wa-da,

ITA

47

i^u

yam ;

street ;

setting sail, d'c.

i-ta-do-gur), .
i-ta.-fo (local), n.

woof of cloth
See

ta.

seventeen dags.

table.

pain, pungency ; a

ITA

a worm which comes up from the ground i-wa-dze,

i-ta-le, M.

and

attacks people

when

n.

ancestors.

i-ta-mo-ra,

n.

accoutrements for war.

the thigh,

i-tai), n.

See

pletion, d;c.

which

i-'wa-ra, n.

ulcer caused by small-pox.

poured on

is

1-te-le, n.

of a

of a roof; a tenant. Seeiho. i-"W,

a private sign

a nod, wink, &c.)

to attract attention.

timber,

i-tl, n.

a bundle,

two.

i-ti-dzu, n.

shame, modesty.

i-ti-se, n.

a foot-stool.

i-to-ri, n.

a share : so

itori, to

nearness

i-to-si, n.

share.

therefore.

nitosi, near.

See

See

urine, dx.
n.

i-to-dzu,

oversight,

perseverance:

i-t&-k9,

an

n.

oar,

an

i-to-'WO, n.

the present time, now.

thou.

overthrow, eradication, dr.

i-tu, n.

n.

i-tCl,

relief:

\i\S.

tn.

n.

cdo, consolation

1-111-116, n.

io

itii

meaning.

comfort, consolation.

71.

distribution. (1 Pet. 4, 10.)

being, origin,

life,

disposition, nature of

9)

iwh ikpa,

iwa

tito,

iwa

ibi,

duration of

an assembly,

together,

a pawn

servant.

those.
<fcc.

a long neck, as

a measure of quantity or distance, sise :

a piece of silver, as money; ni iw5i)

bi, so long as ; iw5i) linia, as many people as.

the igxiana ; a bundle.
i-'WOr)-'WOI), n.

n.

life,

conduct,

tiltn,

meekness

ika, mischief; iwa mimo, holiness ;

iwa ara, brotherhood ; iwa Olorui), the Godhead
;
oAio odftij iwk r6, th<- years of his life.

these.

greediness.

contempt, spite

ic iwosi

a ball of thread,

i-'W^O-SO, n.

si,

to insult.

wound up ready

for

weaving.

choice, preference, dc.

i-"WTi'-ka-ra (akara), n.

a thing, presence (Gen. 43, i-'wnr),

iwa

a fish-hook.

scarcity of food,

i-'WTi, n.

violence ; iwil buburu, wickedness ;

integrity, honesty ;

iwa

See

entering, dr.

i-'wp-si, n.

ease from 2)ain, refreshment: ituraodi6,

the cool of the day.

i-vrS,

form

a gathering

n.

'w6r), n.

i-'wa-ra,

i-tu-ra, m.

i-'wS, n.

suitableness,

i-'WOl) -yi, pron.

interp>retation, sense,

husk of certain

iw6i) fadaka,

ard, to rest.

i-tu-mb,

poison put in food

n.

crowd.

See

spiarroio.

ease,

the navel, crookedness ;

a horn.

of a gourd.

earnest, anticipation.

i-tu, n.

idolater.

i-'we, pron.

i-'WOl), n.

recovery of sight.
a gift : itore fmu, alms.

of grain or of threads.

foresight, 2irovidence.

i-'wb-ni, j)ron.

i-tor)-ri-rar), n.

i-to-re, n.

n.

i-'WO-fa, w.

a rudder.

; fineness

a eunuch.

i-'WO-yi, n.

se

itodzii, to persevere, to ovfrsee.

se iwere, to be foolish,

a head-band.

i-"WO-dzo,

care,

tress.

a ford.

i-'we, .

to.

folly

the thrush in children.

i-'w6, n.

t5.

curl,

a heathen, an

seeds ;

spittle, dbc.

leading ;

silliness,

i-'WO-ro, n.

i-to-ye, n. merit, value.

i-'w5,
i-to n. straightness ; a creek; old age, endurance,
wo.
i-t5, n.

a comparison.

i-"W"6-do, n.

truth.

I-to-t6, n.

struggling, agony.

a horn.

n.

i-"WO-ye,

the cause, reason ;

I'-to-rl, n.

the menses.

a wrinkle.

n.

i-'we, n.

wisp ; breaking, snapping in i-"w6,

sheaf,

n.

book,

n.

a frog

i-"we-fa,

log.

excuse, extenuation.

to act foolishly.

i-"we, n.

the treadle of a loom.

i-ti, n,

n.

i-'we-ri, n.

the lintel of a door.

i-te-ri-gb, n.
i-te-se, .

an

i-'we-dze, n.
i-vre-re, n.
(as

ie iwara, to hasten,

the kidneys.

i-Ave-dze,

beast.

foundation.

i-te-le-se, n.

powder, fine grains

n.

i-wa-'wi,

saddle-cloth.

the leg

i-te-le, n.

haste, impatience

i-Tva-se, n.

the head.

i-'we, n.

the underside

i-te-hir), n.

hurry.

throne, d;c.

i-te-bo,.

child,

a smithU poker.

n.

i-"wa-na,

a cloth stretched or hung asacuriain. i-AVa-ya i-dza,

n.

i-ta-S9 (a^o),
i-te, n.

kinship, tradition, com-

haste, hurry, zeal, anxiety.

i-ta-so-ri, n.

the front, presence, before, brow.

son.

taij.

an

i'tarj-kpa-ra, n.
i-ta-ra, n.

ham ;

gain, profit, seeking for food.

n.

i-'W&-ku-'w3, 71. bad behavior, caprice.

a digger ; figuratively, a man
i-"wa-le, n.

a flower, blossom.

n.

n.

i-'wa-dzu,

asleep.

i-ta-le-mo,

i-ta-na,

lYA

48

i-ya, n.
i-ya, n.
emirii)

n.

Sec wu.

leaven.

a thing.

the armpit.
loss,

pmtrrty, suffering

die ni ko to

lya, the bite

die

lya, to suffer ;

of a sandfly

so shar]) as poverty.

i-ya, n.

mother, mistress of a servant.

is

not

lYA
a queen, mistress of a house,

i-ya-fii) (afiq), n.

i-ya-gb^

n.

i-ya-ko,

i-yo-n6,

re.

separation, a

i-yo-nu,

n.

sect.

a grandmother.

a female

i-ya-l&.-se, n.

i-ya-nu,

to.

i-ydr),

of the house (that

roll; to fail.

yam pounded.

See

a question in

dis-

to

V.

kS, adv.

exhortation, perseverance, constraint,

Sec

i-yar)-fe, n.

k&,

place upon.
ka (ki a), adv.

yai).

i-yar), n. famine.
i-yar)-dze, n. a cheats imposition,

i-yar)-dz<l, n.

around^ on ;
count, to read

k&, prep,

denial, contradiction,

ka-ba-ka-ba, adv.
ka-bi-ye-si
(ki
mation

i-yar)-gbe,

dryness, that which is dried.

i-yan-gbo,

m,

chaffs.

kd.-dui) (odur)),

an

ka-fo,

i-yar)-rar), n.

sand

i-yaq-rii), n.

the

oven.
:

body

ibi-iyawo, a wedding.

i-ya-Twd,

a bride

i-ya-AVU,

to.

a sledge-hammer.

TO.

i-y6,

TO.

i-ye,

TO.

number, value, price

a reed

in

See iyekuru.

i-yg-ku-ni

(iye),

i-ye-me-dzi,

so iye, to value, set a

composition, mother,

which

i-ye-ni, n.

i-ye-n6,

to.

sense,

ie iyemedil, to doubt.

to curl, to twist,
to be stiff.

a pen
(li),

stiffly.

to.

to write with.

to enfold, entangle, as

v.

(li),

to

v.

to set

V.

pull a tooth

down,

a net.

of.

to deposit, to establish ;

in6,

to

v.

us go

let

v.

surround,

a crow.

re.

re.

to follow !

to enclose.

sling.

harsh.

k9.-n6,

V.

to be cruel,

ka-nu,

V.

to be sorry, to grieve,

mourn.

i-ye-fuQ,

n,

-flour.

i-ye-gbe,

w.

a kind of trowscrs.
kar), adv. at once, quickly.
to be sour, morose, painful, opposed
the very branches, natural branches of kar), V.

i-ye-ka,
a

re.

i-ye--wd,

n.

DivestigatMn.

i-ye-"WTi,

TO.

a chamber,

to.

i-yi-SO,

k&Q, num.

praise.
TO.

i-yo-dzd

a pin
(iye),

to
re.

turn the weaver's beam,

the

natural face.

1-yo-kui),

(James

n.

the remainder, the rest.

one:

awoij

kai), others ;

owo

the last action

kaij,

kai), certain

the last

to

to

kag-dzu,

knock upon,

v.

ones;

cowry

niirai)

ise

kaq,

adv. precious. (Ps. 22, 20.)

to drip, drop, as water

k&r), V.
take off, as a ring.

k^, V.

23.)

to ;

bore.

tree.

i-yir),

around, abroad.
{ki k loh),

a feathers akpa-iye, a ka-na-ka-na,

dust of worm-eaten wood.

add

to

V.

le-hiQ
(ile),

strongly,

V,

ka-na-k.-na,

TO.

presumptu-

abroad, wanderingly.

V.

k6r),

k^-le

ka

wing.
i-ye,

ka-16h

understanding,

adv.

is intelligible.

black pepper,
fitness, comeliness

TO.

i-ye,

ka-ko,
ka-ko,

ka

i-ye-re,

as,

k&-la-ni6,
ka
la-ra

relative.

otherwise

of,

a muscle-shell.

re.

the very dust,

doubt

n.

in,

a military generaL

n.

n.

ka-ka-ra-ka, adv.

great price, 2>reciousness,

a mother's
to.

of a year.

to he the space

v.

instead

adv.

kS-ka-ra,

kfi.

i-ye-bi-ye,
i-ye-kai), n.

king approaches.

kfi-ki-ri, adv.

iyekai).
w.

an excla-

ously.

mind, understanding.
dec.
See yh.
life,

price on ;

roughly, unevenly.
let us reverence!

4),

tight-legged pantaloons,

ka-kar)-fo,

i-ye, in composition, this, self, very.

i-y,

as the

re.

kd.-ka,

difference, separation,

or

kair)-kair)-ka, to. chaff of millet,

kfi-ka, re. which is strong., stiff.

vivacity.

i-ya-to, n.

to set

ITO.

quicksand.
ka-gba, v. to hang or be entangled
ar4 iyara (eyi ard), ka-hur).
See kauij,

itself.

i-ya-ri, n.

around.

to regard, respect ;

iyaijrir) dide,

activity, nimbleness

to.

adv.

See Gram.

not.

n.

i-ya-ra,

to fold, to

presumptuously.

ayaijfe.

pull a tooth

to gather, to reap, to

V.

kS,

wonder, astonishment.

(tc.

pute,

trouble.
coral, pearl.

is,

a wise woman.

n.

i-y4l), n,

iyo oibo,

K.

boiled

i-yfi.r), n.

about eight o'clock in the forenoon.

i-ya-le-ta, n,
n.

yo)

compassion.

tlie first
wife),

i-ya-lo-de,

tide (sec

cook.

the mistress

(ile), n.

the flood

salt,

sugar.

a mother-in-law.

n.

i-ya-lft, i-ya-nlft, .

i-ya-le

i-yo, n.

a midwife.

n.

i-ya-kpa,

KAN

49

nail, touch ;

to hasten.

to

pluck, nip, to

to gore,

as an ox.

KAN
a

n.

kar)-ga,

ke-gi (igi), V. to cut or chop wood.

ke-ke, n. a stick on which carded

well.

to be difficult, callous.

kar)-gi, n.

to be the last, at the end.

kar)-gur), n.

kar)-kar), adv.

kaj)

. .

to nail or

v.

in6,

knock at the door,

to pierce, as

v.

k6-k6, adv.

tight pantaloons.
to

words,

to stick fa^t, as in

kag-mo-le,

kai)-inu-kar)-niu, adv.

kar)-ra
kar)-ri

to be

(ar4), v.

sweetly (flavored).

touch the head with a sacrifice.

kar)-ri, kar)-ri-kar)-ri, adv. far distant.

a long

loudly.

ka-ra-wor),

k.-ri (ori),

kd.-sai), n.

ka-si,

dirty, to be filthy.

to

(irora), v.

cry out for pain, to groan.

to visit.

V.

to be

v.

benumbed,

asleep, as

the

to call

V.

upon, to cry

to.

to read.

V.

ke, V. to indulge, cherish, as a child or wife

a snare.

leisurely ; to terminate.

kS,

to extend,

V.

to

grow

worse, as a sore

to set

to be

hoarse ; to glow.
place upon, to impute, to respect :
6ro' Olorug si, he docs not regard the word ke-dzo, num. eighth.

kee-do-gur), num.

thing amiss ?
i)kai), there is

ka-sa, adv.
kd.-sa, V.

kd

ka-ta-ri,

si

n.

ijkai),

the matter ? is any-

there is nothing ! 6 si

something.

to recite the

to be in the zenith,

overhead.

(not) at all, (none) ivkatever.

trona, carbonate of soda (from the Great

kfi.-"we, V.

adv.

to

sweetly (scented)

quietly.

to read.
to

count money.

abstain from things prohibited

ka-'w6 (owo), V.
to assort ; to grasp, rule over.
to

ka-'W9r).

See karawop.

k3.-"W<i (ow<i), V.
ke, V. to cry out
v.

to

(ode), v.

ke-de-re, adv.

ke-dze, num.
ke-dzi, num.

v.

to associate with.

ke-hirj,

v.

to be last, to follow.

to

walk

to cut, chop.

unfrequenf.

proclaim aloud.

to

ke-ke,

n.

a wheel of any kind, a

k-ke,

n.

profound

kS-ke, adv.

gently.

ke-le-ke-le,

n.

ke-le-kll, n.

ke-re,

kfe-vya, num.
heatlien.

distaff.

study.

a spy, vanguard ;
calico.

a kind of mat.

n.

ke-ta, tzvm.

to forsake.

a black squirrel.

silence.

to learn,

(k9), v.

ke-le, adv.

the second, the next.

unbeliever,

slowly, gradually.

ke-te-ke-te,

an

hen

cackling, as of a

a simpleton.
k6-re,
and fro. ke-re-de, v. to be weak, infirm.
ke-rir), num. fourth.
ke-rir)-lfi, num. fourteenth,
ke-sai), num. ninth.

clearly (seeing).

n.

turn the back on,

to

n.

seventh.

k6-fe-ri (Arab.),

v.

ke-ke,

n.

to reel, roind ;

to be scarce,

to despise.

v.

ke-gbe,

ke-ko

wind.

k.--we (iwe), v.
k.-'w6 (owo), V.

twenty-fifth.

sixth.

ke-ke-kpa, v. to be dumb, quiet.

ke-ke-ru, n. a wagon, cart.

Desert).

kaug-kaui),

ke-fa, num.

ke-hig-da-sl,
scatteringly, staggeringly.

fifteenth.

kee-d6-g'bor), num.

ke-g9.r) (ko),

proudly (walking),
to introduce a new fasMon ;

v.

ka-ti, adv.

whafs

si),

names of the gods.

ka-ta-ka-ta, adv.

ke-d6

grow

to

(ko), v.

to

V.

k3.-si-r)kai3 ? (ki

ke-de,

cotton-seed.

ke-ri

ke-vni,

of God.

kauri,

to be little.

ke-re-o-"Wtl, n.

ke-to,

to be stale.

V.

ka ... si,
kd ka

the head.

fifth.

walk

a bird.

foot.

sarsaparilla.
to

kd.-se, V.

on

little one.

smallness.

ke-ti, ke-ti-ii,

a conch-shell.
to set

v.

is full-breasted, as

ke-si,

ka-rfi, adv.

ka-rur), num.

ke'-ro-ra

time.

a gland.

n.

ka-ra,

struck.

a custom-house, a

ke-kp6, V. to call, to call upon.

k
le-g&-ke (li), v. to tickle.
ke-lo, adv. how many?
a lion.
k6-ni-<i, n.

mud.

morose, peevish.

kar)-rui)-kar)-rur)-f, n.

which

n.

agbe- k6-ke-re, n.

nail a cut-off head to a tree ; to ke-re, v.

to

v.

(ori),

when

lots ;

play of

littleness,

ke-ke4u-ke,

to : kaijin6

fasten

<fec.,

clamorously.
n.

ke'-ke-ke,

lebu, to crucify.
v.

child's

or check.

ticket

kar)-ki, n.

ring of metal,

n.

ke-ke,

soft fibres used instead ke-k, n.

of sponge.

kai)-kur) (ekuij), v.
la-ra (ar4),
kag

wound

cotton is

for spinning.

hastily.

k3.r)-ri-kar(, n.

kd.r)-kar),

KEY

50

ke-y6r),

n.

third.
n.

an

ass.

tenth.

the toe itch.

adv.

gently.

KI
ki ? pron.

what

? ki

li

eyi

KOT

51
?

what

is this ?

odi6 ki

ko

odio, any day whatever.

that

ki, conj.
to, ki

iwo ki 6

ki

16h, that thou

go ; ki

. .

ki 6 to 16h, before he goes

teni, hefore ;

mourn ; ko irira, to hate ; ko fu, to

ko woi) to mi wah, bring them to me.

iinu, to

liver to ;

ki a to loh, hefore we go.

to he thick, as oil or bushes
ki, V.

to meet,

V.

ko,

may

ram,

to

not

ko'

to salute.

ki,

V.

to press, load, as

kl, adv.

a cart.

. .

ko

not.

in a small compass.

ko-dzu-dza,

in a large compass.

k6-fi-ri, V.

bo-mi

to

(omi), v.

quivering.
n.

a kind of coarse

ki-gl3 (ke),

v.

to

ki-k6Q, n.
a food.

that which is full

ki-kur), n.

which

. .

. .

ni-be-nde,

ki-ni-ki-ni, adv.

to strike

no

a very

fist.

to

V.

is it f

wander,

See

ki-ri-bi-ti.

about, wanderingly,

ki-ta,

a very

ki-tir), n.

ki-we-dze,

ki'-ye-si,

v.

ki

ko,

. .

V.

y6,

days.

l&-na
lo-no

hand

into.

a lawless person.
take away, carry

to

(li),
(li),

to meet, encounter.

V.

to discourage,

the

ko-nl-ba-bfi,

n.

a fatherless

.ni-be-nde,

. .

See ki

v.

ni-dza-nu,

to

v.

alarm.

child.
.

ni beude.

hold in with a bridle.

one ivho

v.

ko-ni-gba-gbe,

lead captive.

muscle between the breasts.

n.

off,

v.

ko-mo-kur),

kor)-ko-tO, n.
(ere), v.

is

not forgetful f also

to gather, to reap.

grass.
the hyena.
to hate,

v.

abhor.

to be bitter, spiteful.

V.

M.

a play-god of children,a kind of dove.

very, entirely
tlte

okuta la dzalekoro, the

very bottom.

a smelting-pot, crucible.
a small brass bell.
n,

ko'-ro-AWO, n. a ditch.
ko-SO, n. a kind of drum.
ko-sur) (kun), v. to paint
ko-ti,

cram full.

to strike

lamp-filler.

to confront.

V.

ko-ro-ko-ro,

to notice, look, attend to : kiyesi ar4,

grow hard ; to take up,

two hard substances together :
to

or plunder a house.

to despoil, to rob.

v.

n.

V.

16h,

k6-ro,

to thrust the

to gather, collect ;

as a load

dio.

from

to stutter.

stone split to

wrinkle.

V.

o\v6, <Ae

to be feeble, infirm.

v.

(li),

(li),

V.

ko-ro, adv.

at once.

to

k6-lo-lo,

. .

a mattock.
an oil-pot, a

lo-dzfl

ko-ro,

nine days.

take care of yourself.

V.

ko'-ri-ra,

little.

to

v.

ki-'wo-bo (owo),
ki-yax), adv.

to be

isaij), v.

to be three

V.

n.

to steal

(li),

kd'-ri-kd, n.

which
dry and hard.
to pray by rote.
V.

ki-ror) (irog),

ki-sar) (koq

le-ru

press one, to insist on, to apply k6'-ri-k6, n.

is

w.

. .

ko-re

closely to work.

ki'-ri-kpa,

koko

a proper name.

stroll.

kibiti.

to

v.

ki'-ri-m6,

portion.

curry.

ki-ri, ki-ri-ki-ri, adv.

k6-lo-b&,

ko
ko

to twist, entangle, as thread.

v.

ki-re-dze,

the ankle.

Sec ko

k6-lo-bo,

ko
ko
ko

! not at all !

little

to rub, to

kir)-rir), v.

to see.

to inherit, to take pro^jerty.

v.

e-se, n.

kp6.

kd-lo-fir)

with the

neatly, accurately.

what

pron.

kiq-kir), n.

ki-ri,

ground.

See keniu.

ki'-ni-tl.

. .

n.

ko

a carpet.

ki-ni-si, n.

k6

a thing, something.
v.

a freshet, ko-16 (ile), V.

kd-le-ra (ar4),

hardly, loudly.

to press to the

V.

kl-ni-dze-be', adv.

ki-nla

kikoi) omi,

ko

warn, caution, threaten.

mo-lS,

ki-ni, n.

ki

ko-ko-se

hard, loud.

is

ki-kuQ-ki-kur), adv.

ki

withstand.

happen

k6-ko, adv. very much.

kd-ko, n. the tania, root and plant.
k6-ko-r6, n. a worm, an insect.

cloth.

cry aloud.

ki-ki, n. salutation.
ki-kl, adv. only : kiki wura, pure gold.
ki-ki-ni, n. a small particle or bit.

to

no doubt !

heap up.

to resist,

v.

to espy, to

press into the water, to ko-gur) (ogun),

ki-dzi-kpa,

V.

to collect,

ko-ki-ki, V. to magnify, extol.

tremulously (shaking), with ko-ko, w. a knot, protuberance, wen
knuckles ; koko ese, the ankle.

immerse.

ki-dzi-ki-dzi, adv.

ki-lo,

no wonder

V.

dzo,

kl-W-ti, adv.
.

suppose that.

if,

up and throw away.

to take

dl-n6, V.

k6-d-de, adv.

kl-bi-ti, adv.

^e kp6,

thickly (breaking out).

riding shoes with spurs.

ko'-bi-ta, n.

V.

ki

ko

press ko-bi-ko-bi, adv.

down.
kl,

bl 6 le k6, if possible, if it

be.

k6, adv.
to

confront

de-

V.

n.

to collect

ko-to,
the stomach

red.

around;

hole, pit, ditch

;

to encounter.
:

koto aiya, the pit of

; koto

koto diigorjrog, a deep ravine

6ke, a valley, glen.

KO

lay one thing on

into heaps; to
earth
;
dig
to flash ; to call, crow, shout ;

to learn, teach ;

V.

ko,

to build, to

another (Gen, 21, 14)

tattoo, write ;

mark,
to

ko

entangle

to

make a

okuij, to

k6, V. to be not: omi k6, it

k6 ? art thou not a king ?

is

k6, V. to
k5, adv.

to

refuse, reject, rebel;

not

I;

li

iw9

hungry

to

of a royal palace
be

by, to omit, to

pass

soke odzii r| kodia rere,

it is

kpa
kpa

beyond

kpa
kpa

. .

to face, to

V.

attend

again, in return.

to shut, close ; to

to

come in

to

meet together.

kpa

kpa-f^

to

(ago), V.

n.

make a

to

rope.

ko-l&,

V.

to tattoo, to circiimcise.

k5-la,

71.

the

ko-le

(ilc), V.

ko-le,

V.

k5 ... 15

kpa-kpa,
kpa-kpa,

small goorah-nut.
to build a house.

make

to

hills or beds
to

V.

(ile),

ko-lo-fir), n.

ko-lo-ko-lo,

n.

n.

ap)rairie,
self.

kpa-kpe

a beast commonly called

the fox,

kpa

to assault, to smite.

kpa

to. teach.

kpa-ku-ta,

kor), kor)-rir),

k6t),

to dread, to

V.

(ono),

mi,

to

V.

kbi), kCir),

v.

ko-ri-si,

to

kd-ro.

See

ko-se

(ese), v.

ko-se-ba,
ko-ti, adv.
V.

ko-'we,

kpa,
ing

to

koi)

oruq k6i)

v.

to

v.

of palm-leaf.
of a stream.

. .

meet by chance.

by no means.

a fork, as of a

n.

la-nu

to write.
;

to

upon, as rain

peel off bark

a parable

cut in two

; to

. .

or between the

stick,

la-ra
la-rS

(li),

(li),

la-se,

to set

kpfi.-le-ni6,

to

kpa
kpa
kpa

Ie-nu-in6

.le-rir), v.

71.

lids

(li),

v.

to

put

make one

to prepare.

to silence.

laugh.

to outwit, deceive.

of a book.

lo-dzo,

V.

lo-kpe,

v.

lo-se,

to plaster.

a house in order.

prepare ground,
to

le-tar), v.

orders.

command, give

rub a dirt floor,

v.

wound.

to hurt,

to fatigue.

v.

sorry.

rough, as a road.

v.

to

is

v.

to

v.

make

which

n.

(ile), v.

crack kpa-li,

to rub, as in
polish-

beat in playing a
;
game ;
to break up fallow land
to set
;
to

. .

to

v.

(li),

kpa-le-in(5,

kpa
kpa
kpa

heavily, reluctantly.

extinguish

kpa-le

stumble.

effort.

separate from, divide.

fingers.

kpa
kpa
kpa

sieve

to trip, to
to

a stnall stewpan.
with difficulty or with much

n.

(ila),

kp.-la-ka,

kpa

k9i)roi).

to beat

to relate

owo

or pounce upon.
move towards.

to kill,

V.

a nut

confound or confuse;

to kill.

kfl, V.

kp3.-la, adv.

kpa-lS.

of.

to fall

V.

kor)-sa,

heavy

heavy (Ex. 17, 12)

the bed

k5r)-ror), n.

hum, murmur, grumble, begrudge. kpa-la-kpa-la,

a

k6r)'-ko-SO, n.

kpa-lai, adv.

be full, to feel

my hands are
1 am sleepy.

mi,

a betrothed bride.

stand in fear

to sing.

v.

to fill, to

V.

to refuse

r.

nl-ya-\v6,

clap the hands.

to mingle, to

V.

very abundant.

to be
.

to

(akpe), v.

kp6,

V.

violently (trembling) ; slammingly.

in a shrivelled state, from
drying

or parching.

renounce, forsake.

secret place, closet.

V.

a jMsture.

kpS-kpa-la, adv.

k9-ni,
.

gnash.

to thresh corn.

h.

ko-lu,

ko-no

tent.

to

(ehii)), v.

to adjust one's
wrapper.
adv.
very (sound in health).

kpa.-kpa, adv.

of earth.

the casra.

k6

pitch a

kpa'-ki-tl, n. a kind of mat.

kpa-ko. See akpako.

green color.

n.

k9-ktl,

to take the air.

wallow in mire.

to

(afo), V.

kpa-ka-dza, v.
kpa-ki-kpa-ki,

See koqkoso.

collision.

devour, destroy utterly ; to for-

(afefe), v.

a hook, a key, a bird's beak : k9koro kpa-hir)-ke-ke

k9-ko-ro,
the
iron
pin %oith which a weaver turns the kpa-ka (oka), v.
gai),
toarp-bca7n.

help.

a butcher's bench.

n.

kpa-go

; to

battle.

month.

the

day of

kpa-fe-fe

kpa-fo

to

v.

dze,

get the

to.

meet with

meet in

to

(oguij), v.

n.

ko-kui),

to lose.

v.

v.

v.

ko-glia (ogba), V. to build a fence.

koi-koi, V. indirectly, suspiciously.
ko-kar), num. one.
k6-ka-rEi, v. to howl aloud.

k6-ko-so.

make one

to turn, return.

da-n5,

kpa-d-ru,

ko-dzu-si,

to

wonderful

del, v.

above far out of his kpa-de-lil, v.

to resist, oppose.

v.

hatch

to

at once, suddenly.

interj.

de,
6 fo kpa-de-gni)

sight.

ko-dzu-dza-si,

betray

cease, knock off : ebi kpa mi, / was

kpa 6diobo, to make a loop or button

oba kpa, adv.

to deter.

hang up,

hence, a projection.

ko-dza,

to

kpa-dS,, adv.

tall projecting gables

V.

up a tent
drunk ; to
hole.

rope.

not.

w.

ko-bi,

KPA

52

v.

to intimidate.
to fool, to
to

puzzle one.

paint, color or stain.

KPA
kpa
kpa

propose riddles.

to sail

V.

16h,

to convince

.
(li okaij),

kp,
kp,

along the coast.

16-kar)-dS.
change or convert him.

to

kpa

to

(alo), V.

kpa-lo

KPI

53

one;

that, to wit.

conj.
to

V.

kpe, the

complete, perfect ;

money

last

to

is perfect.

ni6, v. to keep, preserve ; to hide : kpain9, kp6, V. to call, to invite, to assemble : fi

hid ; kpa enu m6, to he silent ; kpa oko mo,
ijkai), to esteem.
to call an assembly, to assemble.
a
to
V.
in
. . . m6
withhold
kuro,
;
kp6-dzo,
crop ; kpa
gather
.

ow6

long

iwa r6 kp6, his character

is right ;

. .

kp^

to he
to
fi

ar4 kpamo,

to restrain oneself, refrain.

kpa-mo-le, n. a viper.
kpa-mo-ra, v. to endure, hear.
kpa-ndu-kfl, n. an uncut gourd.
kpa-ni, kpa-ni-a (enia), v. to kill a

kpe-na

kpa-ni-kpa-ni,

kpa
kpa

ni-ye,

to

v.

ro,

(kpa),

kpa-nsa-ga,

n.

adultery,

kpe-ka

an aduUress.

kpar)-hur), adv.

at one bloiv, at once.

kpa-ra

(ara), v.

to

kpa-rS.,

n.

hurt oneself ;

to

the plate or timber laid

anoint oneself.

on the top of

the

with a sudden noise.

V.

kpe-kpe,
kpe-kp,

adv.

to

dft, v.

turn around

to

change

to

keep

close,

to

humble.

to

an end.

slip of wood,

shelf,

an altar ; a

bird-snare ; a shell.

kpe-le, adv.

kpe-le-be,
to restrain oneself, to

v,

streaked, speckled.

gently (striking).

n.

is

come

to terminate,

kpe-kui),

n.

sea-shell.

a duck.

kpe-kpf i-ye, n.

disguise oneself.

kpa-ra-in6,

which

n.

kpe-kpe-kui) (oku^),

piazza posts.

kpa-r&, adv.
.

shoot forth branches.

to

v.

(kpa),

kpe-ke-kpe-ke,

a bramble.

n.

kpS-nti-ri,

line,

to intend, to thiiik of doing, devise.

v.
at a place, to last long.
stay
long
kpe,
to turn the back on.
kpe'-liir)-dd. (kpa), v.

See kpandiiku.
a grave.
n.

n.

kpa-nsa,

form a

to prepare.

v.

to

V.

kpa-nsa-i-16,

to say.

to drill soldiers, to

V.

change one^s kpe-te (kpa),

; to

mind.

kpa-ra

. . .

kp6-se

persuade

to assemble.

a bank of earth in a room to sleep

n.

kpe-re, adv. only.

kpe-ri, v. to mean,

kp6

to confuse.

ni-ye-dS,

proper.

an assembly,

on.

person, to

a murderer.

v.

to call

(ena), v.

kpe-kpe-le,

murder.
n.

to be right,

v.

kpe-ge-de,

gently.

v.

to be fiat.

a kind of wild dog.

n.

kpe-le-kpe,

prep,

with, in : kpelu ayd,

with joy ; kpelu e^e, in sin.
fade away, put out, destroy.
to finish, come to an end ; to conclude
v.
kpe-lu-kpe-lu, adv. moreover, besides, yea.
from premises ; to be bald-headed.
kperi-sai), n. a crushing : ic kpeqsai), to crush.
he

kpa-re,
kpa-ri,

v.

kpa-ri,

n.

the jaw-bone.
v.

turn a thing about, to change

to

its

course.

kpfi.-ri-'WO (ariwo),
to

V.

to

v.

make a

barter

exchange,

kpa-ru-TjO,

to

change

the

to kill

v.

to

v.

rub

a commotion or a storm.

n.

out,

to

destroy,

consume,

an

to command, enact.
(ase), v.
kpa-si-kpa-ro, v. to exchange, barter.
kpa-ta, V. to prepare, make ready.

kpa'-ta-kd,

n.

n.

kpa-ta-kpa-ta

shoe,

(9toto), adv.

kpa-to, kpa-to-to

(atoto), n.

a hoof.
entirely, altogether.

violently.

to

make a

gently.

gently, easily.

gentleness of conduct or dispo-

n.

to

v.

(kpa),

restrain the feet, slacken

one's pace.
level

n.

ground, a plain.

adv.

comfortably.

(idaij), v.

to

perform

sleights

to

of hand,

juggle.

to be forcible, violent.

kpa-ti-kpa-ti, adv. forcibly,

kpa-ti-re, n. a sioitch, twig.

adv.

sition.

kpi-dar)

tohich is chief, principal.

a wooden

kpe-te-kpe-te, n. mud, mire.

kpi, adv. entirely, wholly.

kpa-se

kpa'-ta-ki,

kpe-se, adv.

kpe-te-kpe-re,

oyster,

a whip.

kpS.-sar), n.

to he soft ;

suddenly.
kpe-re-kpe-re, adv. (tearing) into rags or piieces

kpe-te-le,

kpa-sa, kpa-sar),

kp9.-ti,

kpe-re, adv.

kpe-se-in6

sacrifice.

abolish.

v.

v.

kpe-se-kpe-se,

to still

v.

rp-ro,

kpa-rur),

kpe-re,

also

very much.

noise.

character ov purpose.

kpa

conj.

to

kpa'-ri-d&,

kpa-ro,

kpe-lu,

kpi-dze (kpa), I/, to piull ox cut grass for feed.

kpi-kpa, n. which is to be slain.
kpl-kp6, n. perfection.
kpi-kp6, n. much, abundance.
v.

to

kpl-mo

(kpa),

v.

kpi-nu,

v,

kpi-le-se,
noise.

commence.
to counsel, suggest.

to bargain,

purpose, conclude, resolve.

KPI
divide ; to terminate.

to share,

V.

kpir),

kpir)-hur)

kil, to

to divide, separate.

v.

kplr)-i-ya,

conclude a bargain or

to

v.

(ohuij),

fast or tightly, closely,

to relate

v.

kpi-tar) (kpa),

traditions,

kpo-kpo-ndo,
kpo'-kpo-rd,

to

v.

cry aloud, bewail,

a corn-stalk.

to

n.

kpo-si,

to be

o kugbe

may you

corn-cob.

n.

kfl-ku-ru,

ku'-ku-te,

n.

ku-mbu,
ku-in6, V.
kCl-mo, n.
ku-na, V.

coffin.

tunic.

the sweet potato.

n.

shortness.

n.

talkatively.

very busy.

rather.

smelt iron ore.

kpo-ro-kpo-ro, adv.

loudly shouting.

ku-ku'-ndu-ku,

a nut of which snuff-boxes are made.

kpor)-se,
kp6-ri, kp6-ri-ri (ori), v. to whirl around,
v.
(irii)),

bush

charge furiously ; to be presumptuous.

to

ku'-ku-ni6,

n.

kpo-rir)

to die in the

n.

kil-ku,

a large wild bean.

n.

V.

ku-kpa, V.
ku-ku, adv.

n.

bean-

braggadocio.

to perish.

ktl-hu, adv.

to smelt.

kp6'-hur)-re-re,

n.

V.

ku-gbu, v.

plunder.

knead.

to

form ; bread of

die in the bush !

change the mind,

to

(kpa), v.

ku-gbS,
ku-gbe,

to reform, repent.

da), v.

. .

to

v.

kpi'-ye-dd,

kpi-ye
kpo, V.
kp6, V.

the globular

n.

ku-fe-ku-fe,
recount

to

old events.
kpi'-'wa-dfi, (kpa

peaty earth,

flour.

to divide, separate.

v.

kpir)-ya,

thunder mutter-

to be fond of, to love.

V.

ku'-du-ru,

to terminate.

v.

(il|),

a blanket

n.

ku-bu-su,

there, to

throw dust.

kil ekuru, to

ku-d5r),

kpir)-kpii), adv.

run here and

sift, to

ingly

agreement.

kpirj-le

LA

54

stem or boll of a tree,

a coney (hyrax).

n.

to cleave to, as dust.

a cudgel.

to be smooth, fine, as thread or meal.

kpo-tu-tu (kpa), V. to feel cold.
to bum, to enkindle.
kpo-'we (kpa), v. to speak a parable.
kui), V.
to remain, to lack ; to daub, paint, anoint ;
kpo, V. to vomit.
ktir), V.
V.
to
be
:
to
be
kp6,
abundant, great, common, cheap kp6
busy here and there : kill) si dide, to be near,
si,

multiply or increase.
to turn from, to separate, turn away.

to

kp5,

V.

at hand.

(Gen. kur)-kur),

in

kp5, adv.
kpo-ko, n.

common,

together.

a kind of calabash.
to be

V.

kp6-in6,

mixed, mingled.
to

sharpen, whet

; to

kp6i)

to

be

to be red, to be ripe ;

V.

kp6r),

to

v.

purr.

kur)-kur), adv.

14, 8.)

much

make

flatter,

of:

rusurusu,

loudly, aloud.
to

v.

kur)-le

(ile),

kur)-le,

V.

kur)

si-1^, V.

. .

to get

V.

ku-ro,

n\n6, from, from

brown.

plaster a house.

to kneel.
to spare, to give

out of the
in ;

up.

way : kuro

6 diade kuro ni

Ile,

ni,

kuro

he went

out of the house.

kp5r), V. to carry on the back; to dip up.

ku-ru, V. to be short.
kporj-gfi, n. sticks placed across a grave to prevent ku'-ru-ba, n. a pail, a bticket.
the earth from falling in.
ku-ru-hil, n. the cry of a hen when she sees a

kpor)

16-dzu

kpor)-nii (omi),

kpoQ-mu,

V.

to afflict, torment, (yppress.

v.

(li),

to

v.

draw or dip

water.

ku'-ru-mti

to whet,

sharpen.
kpor)-so, V. to ripen, as corn.
kpor)-ti (oti), V. to brew.

kpo-si,

V.

and

ku-sa-ta,
to be

busy in

out.

eyii), the

make a bold

n.

mire.

mud,

precipitately.

to

torment.

to

find dull

V.

to

be

red

w.

V.

ku-ye,
redness

attempt.

a compound or block of houses.

n.

kil-tfi, V.

sale, to sell

a thing slowly.

very early in the morning.

to be forgetful.

kpukpa

yolk of an egg.

kpu-kp5. See kpikpS.

kpu-ro (kpa iro), V. to fib.

IS, V.

kpu-tu, adv.

ISl,

kti, V.

to

fog, mist, cloud.

adv. no, not at all !

kii-tu-kill-tu, n.

kpo-tp-kpo-to,

kpu, adv.
kpu-kpa,

V.

ku-si,
ode), v.

(ile,

v.

ku-sa,

to increase.

kpo-si-16, kpo-so-de

hawk.
ku'-ru-kti, n.

foamingly lathering, as soap.

wither, to terminate, to come short

well,

to die, to

to be blunt or dull.

to lick ;

v.

to

to

split ;

dream.
to

wade

through, escape, be safe

devise.

to

to

appear

be rich

to

\h,

inio,

pass
to

LER

LAB
a leathern hag,

li.-ba, n.

la-ba-la-ba, n.

la-ba-mo-le, n.
la-be (li), prep,
under a

slept

igi,

we la-ra

i.

to reconcile, to

v.

to settle

v.

to split

la'-go-go (W),

V.

to

lal, lal-lal, adv.

people.

into boards,

us without money.

ever,

ever.

for

ilo lailai,

farm
ow6

lati

la-to-ri

to be free

lal-lo-vrS

from

safe, secure.

la-yd

of money, money-

and prep,

lai-ni-dl

in need

went without
adv.

(idi),

of,

without

6 lob

peace f

to he strong,

above, overhead

gbe nibS

n.

hardy, healthy

mu

is

money

mi

living animal.
to be

make me

le,

three (cowries)

more than,

owo
much : 6

strong ;
too

idio mewa, he stayed there more than

16 ni

ten days.

shoes.

without cause

lainidi, he

is it

roomy.

to be alive ;

le eta, the

laini bata, he

wa ?

very (white).

V.

(li),

1, V.

less.

lil-ni, adv.

by the angel.
See nitori.
of.

it

because

to be spacious,

v,

la-ye,

sin, sinless.

to he destitute

V.

(li),

maleika, he sent

(lati ori), conj.

it is.

lawu,

(li), v.

odo, from, when the object is a

owo, by the hand of, by ; 6 ra^ k

lati

lati

la-"WTi, adv.

soon, quickly.

lal-ku-ku, adv. not rather.

lai-le-"wu (li), v. to be without danger,
lai-16-se

the

person

la-'wa-ni, n. a belt, a girdle.

a very old la-vru, adv. alVs well : alafia ko

house.

lai-kpe, adv.

from, often followed by a pleonastic

mu u lati oko wAh, he brought it from

as,

to cause infection, to be infectious.

V.

la-ti, prep,

verb

bell.

oldness, ancientness

lal-lal, n.

make

to prove,

la-ke-TdX),

saw

to

wood,
ring a

ai gb^), he gives to

(li

to be tiresome.

v.

(li),

trifling

bridle.

la-gur) (ogui)), V. to sweat, perspire.

lai (li ai), a prefix, implying not having, without :
as, laiberu, toithout fear, fearless ; i ma fi fu ni lai-

gbowo

of body, bulky, fat.

manifest.
in the midst of, amongst : lariq
See leriij kaj).
kiij, once, before or previously.
in vain, vainly : enia l^sai),
Ift-sar) (li), adv.

to be strong.

v.

ld.-gi (igi), V.

to be stout

la-rir) (H), prep,

bridle.

brow-band of a

the

lara ota

lara igi tutu, in the

the castor-bean.

Ift-ri, v.

a horse-whip.

la-gba-mo, n,
la-gba-ra (li),

mi

gbesai)

gbe W91) lara mi, take them from me,

v.

(li),

la-re

dispute.

brow-band of a

the

n.

on, in, from :

me on my enemy ;

tree ;

Ift-ra, n.

pacify.

to propose, decree.

deliver me.

e.

la-ra

pass through, traverse.

open a road ;

to be merciful.

prep,

(li),

green

prove.

beer-strainer.

ld.-dzo (edio),

la-gba,

labe

a large earthen pot.

ld.-dza (idia),
to

sAij

fresh ashes.

n.

ld.-dzfi, V.

yesterday.
to

v.

mi, avenge

to explain, to

la-di-ro, n.

la-ga, n.

under, beneath

adv.

(li),

ld.-na (5na),
la-nli (li), v.

tree.

ld.-di (idi), V.

la'-du-gbo,

la-na

satchel.

butterfly.

robbers, kidnappers.

n.

la-bu-14-bu,

55

me

6 ba mi wi

without cause.

to

16, V.

lay upon

to

appear

to drive,

pursue

to blister.

reproached (ba
wi)
lal-sd (is, to sin), adv. without sinning or being in 16, prep, cm, upon : fi 16 1I&, put it on the ground.
fault : nwoi) kpa a laiiS, they killed him without lb, V. is able, can, may.
le-bi (li, to have), v. to be hungry.
sin, i. e. without his being guilty of offence.
.

to strive to

v.

lS.-ka-ka,

to

lfi.-ka-lfi.-ka, v.

. .

do a thing.

hop on one

le-ke
le-ke

patience, clemency.
however.
Ifi-ki-s6, adv.

Tik,

adv.

(li),

punctually, at the time

lakoko

then.

la-ko,

V.

finally, in short.

gain a prize, to win a race.

a kind offried cake (masa).

to

Ifi-kpa-ta, n.

Ia-kul-e-gb6,
la-la, n.

la

161l, V.

to

to

15-na, v.
Ift-md (imo), V.
.

la-in.5-rar) (la
pose.

6ke),

(li

dream.

go through.

to ordain, decree, enact.

ftrai)), v.

adv.

beat back

up.

to be

prominent, ex-

alted.

le-kpa

an

n.

(ikpa),

on

the

with

egret.

to follow, piursue.

v.

to be satisfied, at ease ;

le-16, le-il&, V.

ground

kd

6kar), heart,

le-ra

(ara), v.

le-re

(ire), v.

16-re

(li),

le-ri

to devise.

imo

to be above,

v.

to

Icle,

or

to be

ara,

adv.

down,

troubled, pcr2ilexed,

body,

for the

nomina-

tive.

trouble, annoyance.

la-lfi (aid), V.
19.

a kind of rheumatism.

n.

above

6ke), prep,

(li

le-ke-le-ke,

Ifi-ko-tai), adv.

prevail in battle,

the enemy.

la-kl-ri, n.

Ifi-ko-ko

to

V.

16-gur) (ogui)),

leg.

to

plan, advise, pur-

to be strong, healthy.
to hasten,

urge forward.

to be profitable.

v.

to promise,
v.
with
the
(forehead,
hand).

le-ri

(Ivl ori),

(li ori),

prep,

on, upon.

lit.

to strike

the

head

LES
le

16

se,

me
le-ti

le-ti

do

to

to

V.

compel

6 le

theft.

^o

e,

it.

(li,

to have), v.

(li,

on), prep.

le-vru

away in
mi

to drive

v.

S0-n6,

. .

lo-dzH-karj-nfi, adv. immediately.

he compelled lo-dztl-rS-re, adv. favorably, graciously.
16-ke (li), adv. above, up, on, beyond.

to be sluggish, lazy.

le, V.

to be

lo-ni

other, to engraft, transplant

al& le, it is evening

(nearly dark).
to be elastic, pliable ;

to replenish, to

IS, V.

patch ;
to be strong, as the wind.
down, on the ground.
15, for nil6, adv.

le-ba

(li),

by the side

by, at, dtc. ;

prep,

new

If-bu-lf-bu,

lo-ru

(li),

lo-SO,

V.

to

16-ti-t6

(li),

16,

well, thaCs right.

le-hir) (li), prep, and adv.
after, behind, outside
mhb lehii) wa, he is coming behind us.

dii, twice ; lemeta, leketa,

which

16-1&, n.

V.

le-ru

V.
(li),

lo-do

cry lost goods

to

; to investigate,

lo-gar)

adv.

(li),

daily.

(li),

used adverbially in the sense oioff, away :

e
gbe loh, take it away, pleonastic after dzA, very ;
to go,

16h,
ibi yi leru t6

among. (Gen. 24, 40.)

yearly.

early in the morning.

adv. instantly, immediately.

15-fe, adv.

Isk&ij.

adv.

(li),

lo-dzo-dzo

transplant ; to wring, to grind ;

contrary ; to wrest the mean-

by, with,

prep,

(li),

leme- lo-do-dur)

as air.

to be terrible,

pregnant.

compare.

to be skilful.

le-ro,

truly, verily.

ing of one's words

&c.

is yielding, elastic,

See

le-rir)-kar).

backwards.

once, first: lOkedzi, secondly;

crouch.

to be twisted, crooked,

le-he, adv.

le-li&i), adv.

to

to conceive, be

V.

to engraft, to

V.

16.

play a stringed instrument.

be lukewarm.

to

lo, V.

See

v.

by night.
squat like a dog,
adv.
truly.

adv.

(li),

to

lo, v.

ashes.

le-hir)-le-hir), adv.

to-day.

adv.

(li),

applied lo-ytir)

anything narrow and flat, a fin.

n.

for straining

prep,
on, upon.
to whirl.

(li),

16-rl, V.

16-t6
of,

to tilings near the ground.

le-lje, n.

adv.

(li),

Id ... nl-inl-in6,

lay one thing lightly on an- lo-ri

to

vessel

jMtash.

le, V.

evening

a false-bottomed

lo-ki-ti, n.

to be obedient, docile,

by.

to be grey-haired.

V.

(li),

LUK

56

dreadful
as, dara dzil loh, very good.
place !
in
oradv. yonder.
in
a
adv.
lo-hur)
le-se-se, le-se-e-se,
row,
regular
(li),

how dreadful

is this

lo-ko-kar)

der.

le-se-kari-nfi., adv.

le-S9-le-SO, adv.

lo-lS.

carefully, strictly.

down

le-"WTi, .

at the foot of

palm

euphonic for

11-1)1-81 1

11-1)0 ?

(ibi),

adv.

li-li-ll,

adv.

16, V.

to
;

16

by

days ago.

which

use
.

littles,

to

ni

is

lo-SO

hard, violent, strong.

bend, to
to

16-do

(li),
(li),
(li),

adv.

(li),

V.

(li),

V.

to be timid,

to be distinct, separate, different.

(li),

from :

yi 6 b5re re

it

oral)

mi

lil

Ill

knock

a drum,

to

tofiee against.

I9W9 ^yii), he will

lowo mi, it was

se e

n.

lukewarm-

to be discovered.

dza,

V.

to

to

make a move, as

in chess

play a stringed instrument

(Ex. 14, 27.)

to beat

l)0-le, V.

good condition. lu-ha, V.

lu-k6-ro,

before, in the presence of.

a,

mingle, adulterate.

to strike,

111,

lukewarmly

to bore, to scuttle ;

ICl, V.

cowardly.

be attentive, observant

adv.

to

to beat

daily.

lodzfi, 7ny affairs are j>rosperous, in

lo-dzH, prep,

V.

l<i, V.

suddenly, abruptly.

to

v.

lu,

below.

lo-dzo-dzu-in6, adv.

lo-dzH

to be

ness.

contrarily.

ado.

adorned, wnamented.

V.

of or from you
be elastic : 16 gbo, to wear
done by me.
See lolo.
use sacredly, to sanctify. lo-"WO-10-"WO.

outside.

adv.

by day, at noon.

adv.

lo-'WO-WO,

lo-dzi-dzi, adv.

lo-dzo

(li),

to be eloquent.

V.

(li),

demand

the physic-nut
(curcans).

16-l)0-t'Q-dze, n.

lo-di

(li),

to be rich.

V.

lO-AWO, prep,

(Ex. 20, 8.)

lo-de

lo-to

scatteringly.

mim6,

(li),

lo-sar)

a kind of porcupine.

11-li, n.

15-rO

for, instead of.

prep,

lo-ro

three

11-le, 11-le-ll-le, n.

out

have, to say.

where ?

where

adv.

(li),

(li),

ni, to be, to

adv.

(li),

li-dze-ta

li-kpo

used for I0-I6, adv. lately.

to strangle, choke.
lo
lo-ror), V.
lo-ra (li), V. to be slow, to linger.
See ni.

leaves,

tinder.
11,

to.

grow, fill up, as an ear of corn.

to-morrow.

to

V.

adv.

(li),

towards, opposite

prep,

(li),

lo-kpo-k6,

immediately.

down, destroy.

break into, as a house.

to be difficult, abstruse.
V.

to

hint or insinuate against one.

sk

LUK
111

lu-le

lu-lu, adv.

Iu-in6,

to be hid.

V.

powder of dried

leaves, for sauce.

M.
auxil. particle, conveying the idea of con-

tinued action.

li

oruij), n.

sical person.

to consider, meditate.

a drop- me-dze-dzo, num. the

me-dzo, num. eight.

me-fa, num.

ma-do-fur),

n.

white leather.

mft-dza-la,

n.

flakes of burnt grass which fly me-fe-fa, num.

through

ma-dze-re, ma-dze-^we,
ma-dze-si, n. a child.
m.fi.-dze-mu (m4h),

m&h,

an

n.

ma-ga-dzi,

not

adv.

ma-ha-ru,

a forked

71.

n.

16 ^e

mah

of a wild

wi,

mfe-ro (m6),

beast.

ma-ltl', n.

a bull

mS-'wa

to be rancid.

v.

(mu),

three.

(mo),

which

n.

me-te-ta, num.
me-'wa, num.

ma-ka-ri,
ma-la-dzu, n. a kind of rat.
ma-lei-ka (Arab.), n. an angel.

to guess, conjecture.

v.

ten.

ma-na-ma-na,

n.

a kind of snake.

mi,

n.

lightning.

ml-e, pron.

to restrain oneself.
ara), v.
in a bright dazzling man-

ma-rarj-ma-rai), adv.
ner.

si,

to

V.

shake

ma-ra-nii), num.
ma-ri-ma-dze, n.

the

to

n.

cleanness, purity, holiness.

mi-mu,

M.

sharpness.

n.

a mosque.

ma-se-gbir),

n.

a kind of antelope.

mo-ye

a smith's hammer.

ma-te,

n.

a kind of snare.

ina-t6,

n.

which

is sacred,

not to be

touched

Imnds off!
^wo),

v.

to

assume

the form or nature

to be inattentive,

v.

n.

to con-

v.

(mu),

v.

(m5),

v.

to be sultry.
to be

perceiving, intelligent, discreet.

suck

mo,

('.

to

mi6,

V.

to be light (as day),

drink, to

clean, holy ;

m6,
m5,

adv.

a sash,

belt.

a hunter's ba.gfor

bullets,

dc.

strong.

to be grateful.

(mo),

to

build or form of clay.

to shine,

to

be clear,

to adhere.

again

after a negative, more.

m6 si is employed
mean ; as, ki li 4 16
mo eyi si ? wliat does this mean ? 6 g6 mi bi d ti
ba m6 eyi si, it puzzles me as to what this means.
V.

to

know,

to

understand

as a substitute for the verb to

of.

n.

to

another, other.

moi-moi, n. a kind of cake.

mo-kui) (mu), v. to receive strength, grow

ma-sa-la-se,

ma-ya-fi,

hele,

nive at, to impute not.

md-re
mo-ru

ma-ya-mi,

mi

swallow.

miO, 2>ron.
five, by fives.
a person who has no regard for mo-dzu-ku-ro (mu),

n.
strips of palm leaf, a garland.
ma-sa, w. a kind of pancake.
ma-so, adv. only, even.

ma-vrd (mu

I.

ma-ri-'wd,

ma-ta-kS.,

inspire

Iiu-m6,

whole

kinds of food.

7i.

to

See mirai).

mi-rar), ml-re, pron.

inter].

a judge of beauty.

to be

v.

pant.

ma-na-ma-nfi.,

m&-ra-du-ro (mu

is triune.

the three, by threes.

an animal of the cow kind : ako malA, mi, pron. me, my.
abd malil, a cow ; omo malil, a calf.
ml, V. to breathe : mi

ma-ni5-dza,

by fours.

to be skilful.

v.

me-ta-lo-kar),

compasses, dividers.

the four,

four.

me-ta, num.

stick.

eights.

a kind of broom-grass.

me-rir), num.

/ must speak. me-se-ri

an

the six, by sixes.

a mealy yam or potato.

me-re-rir), num.

heir, especially the first-bom.

the hotel

n.

ma-kfi-lu,

me-gbe,
me-ne, n.

saddle-girth.

a covenant.

n.

emi ko

n.

by

eight,

in

six.

n.

the air.

iye

how much more.

mfe-lo-mfe-lo, adv.
Tcxh-xo (mu ero), v.

to reflect, consider.
mft, adv. very, truly, well : o m^ seui), you are me-te (mu), v.
very kind ; esiij ma sare, the horse runs rapidly.
me-do-gui), num. sixteen.
ma-de-ko-so, n. a strolling beggar, who tells news me-dzig-me-dz^p, adv. with a spring,
elastic manner.
for a living.

mft-di-mi-lo-rur) (mah di mi

soine, certain ones.

m-lo-kfi.r), pron.

ma, an

sevens, the seven.

me-dze-dzi, num. the two, both.

me-dzi, num. two : mcdii medii, a pair.
mS-lo? adv. how many ? many (Acts 24, 10)
egberui) melo ? how many thousands ?

swim.

to bathe, to

V.

there.

mbi, conj. or.

me-dze, num. seven.
me-dze-dze, num. by

entirely (burnt up).

lll-ru, n.

lu-'wd,

mb^, V. to be.
mbS, adv. for nibe,

to strike

V.

(ilB),

smite fatally, to slay.

down ; adv. down,

to

V.

kpa,

MO

57

MOD
mo-di

mo-dze

build a wall.

to

(odi), V.

mo-du-mo-du,

n.

marrow.

brains,

in5-dz(i (odi6),

v.

mo-dzu-mo, v.

to be light in the

ino-kar)-l&, num.

mo-kpa-ra
mo-kur),
mo-le, V.

mo-lS

(ile),

niO-16,

V.

ground.

na-na,

to shine.

na-ni,

closely,
to

v.

near

know

to

to one.

spirits.

the

drunkard."

m6-ti-in6-ti, adv.

mo-tI-y6,

closely joining,

hard

by.

drunk.

to get

v.

to be careful of, to

to drink, to suck, to absorb.

n.

rice.

make much

(ow6),

to

v.

down from

n9.-'w6 (ow6), v.
hand to hand.

spend.

extend the hand, to pass from

to

See

not.

ndau, nda-vro,

above, to lower.

a spendthrift,

n.

na-^wo-na-'wo,

of.

eh ?

a Christian.

n.

to let

Sl-lS, V.

ndai), adv.

V.

naij.

adv.

no.

nde, V, to arise, get up.

mil, V. to catch, to hold ; to be sharp ; before an ndze, adv. then, therefore.
accusative and verb, to cause ; as, 6 mii mi duro, ne.
See na.

me

he caused

he upheld

to stand,

me ;

mu

ba,

to fit

V.

ni,

disappear, as in a crowd.

to sink, to

V.

Tfxa

or adapt to ; to employ as a

make

afraid.
to devour, as a wild beast does.

v.

dze,

to heal

dzi-na, v.
dzti-td (odiu),
go,

. . .

to

v.

Tje-ru,

to fool one.

V.

to spread, as

v.

ka-le,
k6r),

a wound.
to see to,

v.

kpa-dS,

to

v.

to.

(li),

mu-l&

(116),

miu-ntl,

mu-ra

(ard), v.

mu

ro-16,

stand firmly,

to

v.

v.

to

prepare

se,

to

V.

. .

"wfih,

vrb,

V.

V.

bring

to

n.

make

ready.

a Mohammedan.

pass, to fulfil.

to bring, to fetch.
to

bring

in,

guest.

v.

to say.

nl,

V.

to

ni

(cnj),

load a canoe or ship.

pron.

one, person, us, that, the.

ni-b6

(ibe), adv.

n, adv.

See nn.

na, adv. already, now.

oA, pron. that, the satne,

where, whence.

ni-bu, ni-bu-bu, adv.

crossvnse.

ni-dfi.-ye-dfi.-ye, adv.

now and

introduce, entertain a

ni-dze-fa, adv.

six

then.

about, concerning.

days ago.

ni-dze-rir), adv. four days ago.

ni-dze-ta, adv. day before yesterday.
ni-dzo-gbo-gbo, adv. every day, daily.

ni-dz9-kar)-lo-gbor), adv.

seldom.

when, while.
ni-gbS.-tI, adv.
ni-gba-gbo-gbo, adv. always.

ni-gb^

ni-gbS.-nfi, adv.
ni-gba-nl, adv.

ni-gba-"wo

? adv.

ni-gba-yi, adv,

at

any

tinu, often.

then, at that time.

anciently, in old times.

ni-gbar)-gba, adv.
the.

yonder.

elsewhere.

ni-gba-ku-gba, adv.

N.

there,

there.

ni-dl, Tii-dii-M, prep,

oneself,

to tranquillize.

mu-su-lu-mir)' (Arab.),

mu
mu
mu

to confirm.

to be active, fiery.

V.

nl,

ni bi, whereas, that whereas.

own ; must.

ni-bo-mi-rar), adv.

to

V.

. .

to have, to

ni-bo, ni-bo-ti, adv.

to

v.

v.

nl-bi-kl-bi, adv. wherever.

where, whence.
ni-bi-ti, adv.

bring back, restore.

to

nl,

was.

here, hence.
ni-bi, ni-bi-yi, adv.
famine or pestilence. ni-bi-kax), adv. somewhere.

save.
mu ...l&^v.
mu la-ra-dft
heal.
mu 1,
strengthen,
. ,

in, on, at

ni-bai, ni-ba-jd, adv.

attend

to fill.

v.

to be, it is, it

V,

ni, prep,

means.

mu
mu
mu
mu
mu
mu
mu

See naga.

mfl 6na ne-ga.

kpoq, go your way.

mii,

is

madam.

n.
v.

na-vro

a drunkard ; a gnat called "

n.

mo-ti-mo-ti,

drink

a ring with which the bow-string

n.

law as to disputes, na-sS.-ra (Arab.),

the

nfl.
v.

extend the voice, to speak

to

(ohui)), v.

nar), dar) ? interrog. interj.

na-ro, v. to stand erect,

to be wise.

mo-tl (mu),

reaching up.

a kind of trowsers.

n.

drawn.

the grape-vine.

(ar4), adv.

to stretch in

aloud.

na-mai,

to the

adv.

to trade, traffic.

v.

(5dia),

(iga), v.

na-hur)
drunk.

to get

to conspire ;

mb-rar) (mo),

mu,
mu,

fiog ; to stretch, extend.

build a house.

m9-16-"WTl, n.

mo-ra

spend money.

to

dawn. na-g^-dtl,

to

morning,

lame.

to be

to

to

niL, V.

na-ga

eleven.
v.

(arA),

v.

tame.

to be

nfi, V.

na-dza

by water ordeal.

to try

(adie), v.

NIG

58

publicly, openly.

when

now, at this time.

NIG
afterwards, hereafter, at last.
by and by, after awhile.

ni-gbe-hii), adv.

nl-gbo-se, adv.

nwor), pron.

ni-hir)', ni-hig-yi, adv.

nyir), prmi.

alone, singly, only.

ni-ke-hir), adv. at last, lastly.

ni-k6, adv. See qko.
ilI-k9-ko, adv. in private, secretly.

(ese),

to

instead

in the

near, close

la-ra

room

of.

to

on

ni-l9-16, adv.

ni-ni, adv.

to.

take

interj.

hark ! hear.

the

to be not

{he saw

quite (cold)

tutu nini, to flourish, as a

to

to be

among,

after

before,

of,

formerly

O-bi,

in that, for that, for, con-

from.
as

ni'-ti-kp, cmtj.

to,

in regard to that.

because, for, for

ni'-to-ri, ni'-to-ri-tl, conj.
sake of ; prep, for, concerning.

ni-to-ri-nfi, adv.

ji.

the

ni-"Wor), adv. moderately ; at the time

nl "wprj-bl, adv. inasmuch as.
(iye in6), v.

to be intelligent.

to be praised, honorable.

great

igi nla,

pudendum

nd

to be lost ;

nd,

noQ-yi,
ns6, V.

to

v.

v.

to

wipe

adv.

off, blot out,

wipe

to rest

go

to

little.

on, jrroceed.

tree.

a female, of

o de {I

cuttle.

goorah nut.
a woman.

muliebre.

roller for

ginning cotton.
a rotten egg.

is insipid, stale ;

a breaking down

o-de, n.
o-de, n.

the outside, out

o-de, n.

a parrot.

O-di, n.

se odale, to break

malice,

a small

of doojrs.

bat.

wrongfulness

odi

si,

opposition,

perverseness.

a town

wall, breastwork ;

a dumb person.

See ode.

o-di-de.

0-di-n6,

away.
brush away.
off,

li

down.

o-dl, n.

a large

emi

hint, private information.

which

n.

o-di-di, n.

nlfi-nla, n. greatness.
nn, adv. no.
V.

of.

6-bo, n.

O-bu,

disposition.

as,

o-bo-tu-dze, n.
physic-nut (curcans).
0-b6, n. a foster-parent, a nurse.

O-da-le, n.

amiable, of a good
nl-"wa-dzu, prep, and adv. before.
ni-wo-yi, adv. now.

particles

shall, will.

in truth, truly.
to be

used without the tone-mark

6-bi-ri, 6-bii)-ri (obo 6nia), n.

ni'-t6-t6, adv.

n6,

y/kh, come here ; O, yes,

I came.

0-b6, n.

ni'-to-si, jyrep.

(ni), V.

that

the kola or

0-b5, n.

therefore, wherefore.

it,

a parent

near.

to be

r)k6

not.

6-bi, n.

mi

to

and other

6, aux. jtart.

now.

(ulv.

he, she,
li, ti,

6, adv.

concerned about, to care.

ni-ti, ni'-ti-tl, prep,

v.

you.

that came),

it-is

beloio, beneath.

nl-sa-dzu, adv.

ni'-ye-n6

ri

/ will.

6, pron.

in.

remember.

ni'-si-si, ni'-si-si-yi,

cerning, in,

See nio.

pron. thou.
a word of assent
or

inside, within,

ni-sa-16, prep,

O,

6,

property, possessions ; an owner,

ni-n6, prep,

V.

o.

hail-stone.

v.

he

or did-he-^not) did he not see

lately, recently.

ni-ni, n.

nlfi, V.

i)k6, it is not

is-it-not

it

thing, something.

trifling thing.

ground, down.

ni-yir),

a
a

it?

annoy, vex, press, as a job r)s6.

ni-ni, n.

ni-AvS.

it !

(ohui) kaij), n.

v.

r)k6,

plant. (Ps. 92, 14.)

ni-si,

interj.

extent, extension.

ni-nft, n.

ni-rar),

r)yir), pron.

adv.

(ni),

Jjta, lie is selling.

r)kai)-ki'-r)kar), n.

of work.

ni-1^

r)gb6
r)kfi.r)

a board.

as,

I.

pron.

T)gbh.

anciently.
ara), v.

(li

an auxiliary prefix, denoting an action which is

or was in being at the time alluded to in the proposition

to be large.

ni-lai-lai, adv.
.

of,

to be thick, as

v.

nl-ku-sa, prep,

by (means of).
have an end, to terminate.

prep,

v.

Hl-lfi (nl4), V.

acT),

ni-kp6, prep,

ni

to,

to.

ni-kpor),

N.
r),

by, concerning, as

ni-kpa, ni-kpa-tl, prep,

ni-kpa-se

you.

naked.

to be

v.

ni-kar), ni-kai) so-so, adv.

ni-kpe-kui),

these.

here, hence.

ni-hd-ho, ni-hd'-ri-ho,

cording

they.

n-wog-yi, pron.

near, aloiigside, about.

ni-ha, adv.

ODD

69

n.

a bunch, cluster ; the whole.

a passionate person.

o-do,

n.

0-d6,

n.

a mortar

6-do,

n.

water in a body, as a river or pond.

division, section, party, district.

for

pounding things

O-do-di, O-do'-ro-di, adv.

in.

never, not at all.

ODO
n.

truth, riffhteoumess, justice.

O-dzu-mS,

w.

scarlet color.

O-dzu-nlfi., n.

O-do-do,
0-do-d6,

O-do-gl, n.

6-du,

n.

companion of Ifa.
heaven and earth

the god-

i ^i,

earth, two large calabashes shut not to

n.

0-dz,

n.

O-dzi,

6-dzi, n.

n.

n.

n.

sufferer,

one oppressed.

n.

n.

0-dz6-ye,
;

at play, a cheat.

0-gbo-ni,

a jealous person.
ruler, officer.
:

elderly

the road, the road,

came

n.

ancientness, old age.

a sort of free-masonry

71.

a respectable

man.

O-ge-de, adv.

an iron mace.
a sore, a scar.

only.

0-ge-de-gbe, o-ge-de-mgbe,

n.

headlongness

li

ogedemgbe ; adv. headlong falling.

as of a O-gi, n. an old dog, an old bachelor.

the eye, face, appearance, edge,

O-dztl, M.
knife or sword ; an opening : odi(i ona, the middle

of

a daring man.
a mallet.

n.

n.

O-gbu-fo. See ogbifo.

ondie odi6, daily O-ge, n. a fop, dandy.

n.

n.

all.

n.

o-gbo-16-gbo,

inheritor.

of a day
comp. odio.

0-dz9-ro,

a kind of owl.

an

firmament, space.

interpreter.

gbogbo, pron.

O-gbo-dzu,
o-gbo-gbo,

who cheats

tale-bearer.

old age; a kind of wildcat.

O-gbo-do, n. a young or green yam.

every day, daily.

the space

n.

an

n.

O-gbi-gbi,
for

the

n.

M.

a kind of scorpion.
one

n.

O-dzo-'WU,

a kind of squirrel.

O-gbi-fo,

every house.

n.

O-dzo-gtir), n.

O-dzo-ro,

6-fo-ro, n.

O-ghQ,

n.

calamity, emptiness, desolateness.

loss,

O-fu-ru-fQ,

ale.

a swinger.

a busy-body,

ague.

O-dzo-dzu-mo,

O-dzu,

of a house.

lit.

forgiveness.

0-f5-fo, n.

O-gbo,

o-dzo-dzfl-le,

n.

6-fo, .

n. suddenness.

debtor.

a loop.

n.

O-dzo-gar),

6-fir), n.

cmcardice, a coward.
rain : odio oti, new weak

0-dz6-dzo,

bread

three o'clock in

a law, prohibition.
a pit.

O-fir), n.

a shadow, shade.

the outer corner

n.

O-dzo-bo,

0-dz5,

n.

O-dzi-gboi),

6-dzo,

by forties

n.

o-dzi-gbe-se,

n.

a loom,

O-fi-dzi, n.

gum,
an electrical fish.

morning star ; about

the

morning.

O-fi, n.

resin.

6-dzi-dzi, mwrn.

O-dzo,

the

adultery.

o-dzi-dzi, o-dzi-dzir),

n.

partiality.

shame, modesty.

0-fe-re, n.

O-dzi-a, n.

o-dzi-ya,

0-dzu-ti, n.

lead.

forty

O-dzi-dzi,

n.

O-dzu-sa-dzu,

sap of plants.

a reviving, revival.

n.

eye-witness.

O-dzu-'wfi, n. a sharer, distributor.

0-fe,n. a parrot ; a dexterous fellow.

be opened.

O-dze,

envy, greediness.

a fountain.

d-dzu-sor),

vision.

favor, grace: ^eodiurere, to /ator.

an

n.

O-dzu-ri,

O-du-a, O-du-du-a,
dess, Nature : Odudua, igba nla medii d de

and

dream, a

K.

0-dzu-r6-re,

boiler, caldron.

n.

Jieaven

morning, dawn.
a covetous person

n.

O-dzu-rar), n.

scrofula.
the

n.

O-du,

OGU

60

a gate

odifi re

wdh

il|,

he

starch of maize.

6-gi, n.

a leopard.

O-gi-dar), n.

a kind of drum.
himself (after being insane)
al4, a O-gi-dl-gbo, n.
dream; odifi aiye, the sky ; oAHl ow6, tlie principal O-gl-ri, n. a yard wall.
(money), as distinguished from interest; odz6 orur), O-gi-ri, n. a gallop), a rush of a crowd.
to

sleep ;

odzfi. ori, the

a wide

street ;

to

grave

odiu

oAiix agbara, a gutter,

odiii sama, a cloud

cock a

gun ; gbe odz<i abo, to

O-dzu-gba, n. a companion, an equal.
o-dzu-g9r),

the shin.

n.

0-dzu-kar)-n&,

n.

0-dztl-k6'-ko-ro,

immediateness.
n.

covetousness

n.

glory, vaunting.

0-gO-do,

the

n.

king takes the

O-dzu-kpor),

O-dzu-la-fe-ni,

n.

n.

6-gO-ti, n.

O-gU-fe, w.

trouble, perpleimy.

(ile), n.

O-dzu-lu-m.6,

the palace ivhere the

air.

n.

calf, colt.

the ostrich.

o-gor)-go, n.

a skylight in

0-dzu-kpo,M.

young of cattle, a

0-gO-du-gb6, 71. dropsy.

O-go-dze, num. one hundred and forty.
in odzukokoro, o-go-dzi, num. forty.

to covet.

O-dzu-le

0-g6,

gbe odi<i ako, 6-gO, n. a person sitting at one's door daily to shame
him into the payment of a debt.
half cock a gun.
;

a time-server, an eye-servant.

O-gu-lu-tu,

O-gu-na,

a doorway.

O-gur), n.

an acquaintarwe.

O-gGr),

n.

n.

See dgo.
a wether.

a clod of earth.
a coal of fire.
war, an army, a battle.
n.

the

god of blacksmiths and of soldiers.

O-gtiQ, n.

an inheritance

6-gtir), n.

a chair.

6-gtli), n.

perspiration.

num.

0-kp6,

twenty.

O-gilr), n.

O-gn-ro-do,
6-gu-r6,

n.

0-gu-s5,

n.

the

a standing upright.

n.

to

a salutation.

a word of exclamation.
a thing : ohur)
O-hxLl), n.
O-llO

See

6.

ilo,

utensil ;

vessel,

property, possessions ; ohur) ona, a

; ohur) 9sig, a domestic animal.

ini,

tool,

instrument

n.

6-ke,

n.

o-ke-16,

6-ke-16, n.

mountain

height,

oke orug, 6-la,

refuse

n.

one dull of memory.

n.

the cloth-moth.

n.

roof.

thief, theft.

bit,

n.

o-ke-le-ndze,

a morsel.

rat.

advantageous,
0-lo-b6, n. one

renunciation, forsaking.

a kind of

n.

failure

to

cut (as a

hardness, difficulty ; a knot.

n.
the area of a circle.
O-kl-ri-bi-ti,

O-ki-ri-kpa,
dryness and hardness,
an
old dog.
adia,
okirikpa
n.

a whitS-ant

O-16-dzo,

n.

o-lo-dzu,

n.

hillock,

o-lo-gbo,
a 0-16-gb6,

n.

the king's traditionist or chronicler.

0-16-go, n.

one

the lock of

s,

a puzzle, ignorance
o-kpe-kpe, n. a youth.
n.

an

0-kpir)-lS

(ile),

who duns, a dun.

a sparrow.

o-16-hur)

(li),

a physician.
a man of
n.

who

influence.

is famous.

which has strings ; a rope-maker.

a sick person.

O-lo'-ku-ror), n.

a simpleton.

boundary of land, ends of

a professional

6-I0-I6, n.

a
See

o-lo-r)ka.
the

earth.
n.
the place of audience in the palace
raised place to sleep on.

0-16-14, n.

o-lo-ni.

end, boundary.
n.

o-lo-gur), n.

o-16-kur), n.

gun.

cat.
is honorable, glorious,

0-lo'-gor)-se, n.

o-lo'-ki-ki, n.

a kind of snail.
a name.

O-kpir), n.

cat.

n.

ofofo.

who

liar.

See

n.

o-lo-go, n.

hill for planting yams, corn, d-c.

O-ko,
ale, afternoon's farm work j
oko eru, bondage, slavery.
0-k6, n. a stone.

n.

a one-eyed person.

n.

a potash-strainer.

a farm: oko

n.

n.

a lawgiver.

O-lo-fir), n.

O-lo'-gi-ni, n.

O-ko-to,

a caution.

walled, fortified.

o-lo-fo-fo, o-lo-fo-ro.

heap.

a eunuch; a

tohich is

a stranger.
oneself, an owner.

O-lo-dzu-kai),

as of leather

a summerset, a headlong fall.

o-ki-ti a-ro, m.
O-ki-ti 6-be, n.

hints, or gives

God.

O-ki-ki-ri, n.

6-ki-ti, 6-ki-ti O-gtlr), n.

is

to Ifa

a righteous person.
the Ever righteous, a name of

O-lo '-do-do, n.

O-lo-du-ma-re,

6-ki, n. flattery, compliments.

o-ki-ki, n. fame, rumor.

o-k6 i-bog,

who

which

0-lo-di, n.

lizard.

a gun), or

to fire
(as

which has or pertains

0-li-fa, n.

dull knife).

n.

vats.

a boulder.

6-le, M.

0-k-hir)-d^

0-ko-b6,

from dyeing

stone,

6-ke-td,

O-kpo,

worn-out land.

n.

that which saves, saving, salvation.

a bale of goods, a wallet

n.

ill-natured person,

n.

o-kpe,

an

ale of millet.

n.

6-l, n.

distance, far of, aloof.

6-ko,

illness.

n.

0-1&, n.

n.

6-ki-ti, n.

attraction, encouragement.

a package of salt.

o-ke-re,

O-kf, n.

anything rotten.

o-ku-y e,

the breast, chest.

hill,

heaven.
n.

o-kur)-ra, n.

O-ku-ta,

tiijriq, tioine.

darkness.

an

O-kti-su, n.

n.

top,

a string : okiiq

rope,

0-kur)-fa, n.

0-ku-sa-le,

ring.

6-kar)-ai-ya,

the ocean.

o-ku-sa,

one cowry.

6-kfiri, n.

6-kur), n.

O-ku-ru-ro,

o-hur)-k6-hur),
any thing whatever.
a white man.
o-i-b6, e-i-b6, a-mb6, n.
n.

6-ka,

strength, ability.

O-ktli), n.

o-kur)-ror), n.

a sound.

the voice, speech,

6-llur), n.

0-kui), n.

6-kur), 6'-kur)-kur), n.

ohuq

woof of cloth.
an old overgrown road.

0-ktl-n9. (5na), n.

palm-wine.
a tobacco-pipe.

usual reply

the

n.

o-ku-ku,

leaf.

a post ; a widow : okp6 oko, a mast.

an avenue outside a town gate,
n.

n.

O-kpo-kpo,

0-kpo-ro, n. which is common, usual.

a corpse, the dead, state of death, insipidity.
a
charm.
O-kQ., n.
medicine, poison,
a round pole, foot-stalk of a wine-palm o-kli, for alkfl, n. a salutation.

6-gur), n.

6h

OLO

61

OGTJ

O-ldre,

n.

stuttering,

tattooer.

stammering.

oni.

See

oijkEi.

a benefactor

ol6re ofe, one

cious, benevolent.
;

O-lo-ri, n.
O-lo-ri, n,

a head man, chief, captain.

a great man's wife.

who

is

gra-

OLO
a

O-16-rir), n,

all sorts, variety.

an

O-lo'-ri-sa, .

O-lo-ro, n,

which

O-lo'-ru-ko,

w.

which

n.

O-lo'-su-ma-re,

curved.

is

O-16-ye,

n.

O-16-ye,

n.

an

O-loyo,

n.

the yellow

O-lo, n.

powder of any kind.

a chief, an owner : old

0-l<i, n.

officer,

a hammer.

O-lu-bO,

n.

0-lu-"wd,

monkey.

O-ml-rar), n.
ofig,

a lawgiver or

or feeds ;

who

beats

o-nif-rfl.r),

who

o-lu-da-re, n.

who

O-lu-fe, n.

o-lu-fu-ni,

a helper,

who

0-lu-gb6,

n.

n.

o-lu'-ko-lo.

O-lu'-ko-re,

n.

food.

this day, to-day

oni, h

li

n.

the oth^r

a murderer, an

n.

exe-

one

n.

o-lu-kpa'-ra-in9,

who

is long-suffering.

a sharer, divider.

o-l<i-kpor)-dzti, n.

one who

is

poor, distressed.

olu'-ku-ltl-ku, pron. each, every.

o-lu-ni6, . a builder.

a wise man.
a helper.

o-ltl-rar)-16--wo, n.

o-lu-rar)-se, n.

a comforter.
a

O-lu-sir), n.

o-l(i-sa-r6, n.
n.

O-lu-se, n.

a proud person,

a sheep-shearer.

n.

who

n.

is

o-ni-ka, o-iii'-ka-n6

a surety.

poverty-stricken.
(in6),

n.

one

who

is crtul.

hater.

olu^o agutai), a shepherd.

a gardener.

a wanderer.
one

(iko), n.
n.

a small person.

o-nl-ke-re, n.

O-ni-kpa,

victor, conqueror.

0-lu'-s6-gba (ogba),

idol.

debtor.

(gba), n.

o-ni-gb9-"wo
O-nl-ha-le,

n.

o-nl-gbe-se,

O-ni-kO

U catechumen of an

0-nI-gfl.r), n.

a thoughtful person.

an enemy, a

boaster.

o-ni-gb&-dza-m6, n. a barber.
o-nI-gba-gb9, n. a believer.
o-ni-gba-ni, n. a helper, savior.

o-nl-ki-ri, n.

a watcher

stipporter, backer.

imitator, emulator.

a washer.

server, worshipper.

doer, actor.

O-lu'-se-tar), n.

an

o-ni-ke-ke-re, n. one who has little of a thing

little faith.
eijyii) onikekekere igbagbo, ye of

a sender,

o-lu'-re-ror) (iroq), n.

n.

n.

o-ni-fa-ra-Tve,
O-ni-fo, n.

a beginner, author,

O-ltl-kpi-le-se, n.

a tempter.
a child who has one parent free and

(fi),

o-nl-fe-fe, n.

o-ln-mbxai),

blesses,

slave.

o-nl-ffi-ra-ro

teacher.

a preserver.

n.

n.

oni oloni, this very day ;

creator, maker,

o-nl-di-kar), n.

<

cutioner.

O-lu-kpir), n.

who

one

w.

n.

to-day.

owner of a shoe, a shoe-maker,

a custom-house officer,

n.

o-ni-dar)-"wo, n.

believer.

a reaper, crop-gatherer.

o-ld-kpa-mo,

came
the

O-nl-ba-ta, n.

o-ni-d&,

tied to the body,

a parrot,

o-nl-da-dzo, n. a judge.
a smooth round block on which o-nl-da-la-re, n. ajustifier.
an adviser, proposer.
0-ni-dfi.-m&-rar), n.
a cudgel.
O-ni-da-nde, n. a redeemer.

o-lu-kpa, o-lu-kpa-ni,

0-lu-s5, n.

an amulet
n,

up, or raises.

lifts

o-lu-ko, o-lu-ko-ni,

o-lu-rS, n.

broth.

a free person,

the grass-nut.

o-nl-bu-sl,
deliverer,

See abiku.
n.

m.

M.

n.

cloth is fulled.

O-lu'-gbo-ro,

savior.

other, another, the other.

the throat ; swallowing with ease,

o-nl-bo-de,

0-lu-gb3.-ni, n.

o-lu-gbCg-gbo,

6 de

giver.

n.

n.

o-ni, n.

a devout or devoted person.

0-l<l-gba-l&, n.

O-lu-gbe,

n.

o-ndze,

is beloved.

accuser, plaintiff.

0-lu-f9'-kar)-sI, n.

or

O-mu,
O-nde,

O-nde-re,

is justified.

loves,

an

0-ltl-fi-s5r), n.

n.

adds, or blesses.

giant.

pron.

a om-ni-ra,

a redeemer, ransom^r,

n.

o'-mi-d&i), n.

mud floor.
o-lu-da-nde,

omi

kikai), foul water.

a young chicken; a maiden.
o-mi-dze, omi-odzti, n. a tear.

O-mi,

o-mi-to-ro,

who

one who respects persons,

n.

water

n.

keeper,

an individual, a person.

O-lu'-'wo-dzQ,

noble.

who maintains

O-lfl-lju-koi), n.

child,

a priest.

n.

o-mi-rli), n,

O-lCl, n.

up a

brings

lord, master, owner,

o-lu-Ava-re, n.

otvner.

O-lu-se,

O-lu-'wfi, n.

famous.

a just person,

who is rich,
who is wise, prudent.

0-lo-'w6, n.

who

a guardian, a

O-lu'-tO-dzti (od^fi), n.

is distinguished,

0-16-t6, o-16-ti-t6, n.

a kinsman,

relative,

director ; one

a nurse.

venomous.

is

O-lu-to, n.

idolator.

who

o-lu-tar), .

singer.

o-lo-ri-o-ri, n.

ONI

63

one

who

who

is

troubled with a cough.

takes part in

a transaction, a

participator, sharer.

o-nl-kpe-ld,
O-ni-kpir),

of events.

n.

n.

who is gentle, courteoti*.

who appoints our lot, the disposer

one
lie

ONI
one who

n.

O-ni-ku,

o-nl-ku-kpa-ni,

who

0-ni-l&, n.

mortal.

is

betrayor, traitor.

is tattooed or

O-nl-le-ra, .

wJio is healthy.

o-nl-lo-ra, n,

who

O-ni-na

o-nl-re-ra,

who

O-nlre-l^,

o-nI-r6-bi-n6-dzf

a persecutor.

O-ni-roi), n.

who

is

hairy.

o-nl-ru-ru,

n.
n.

o-ni-sa-dzu,

n.

office,

O-nl-se-gTir), n.

is

O-ro,

n.

O-ro-mbo

anyone,

lit.

their person.

or),

pron.

OX), conj.

bitterness, gall.

6-ru,

who has a good memwy.

O-ru-gu-du,

he, she,

who

thirst

or)-gbe, n.

O-ru-ko, n.
0-ru-l (ile),

it.

O-rui), n.

sleep

O-rur), n.

the

sun

sets ;

/ am

or was

013-ld, n.

counts,

O-se, n.

paint.

that which saves,

saver.

0-s6, M.

the

or)-ro-ro, n.
Ol)-se, n.

himself, that.

one who

is austere.

6-sir), n.

0-se, n.

O-re, M.
6-re, n.

goodness, kindness

O-si, n.

o-re, n.

o-re-re.
o-re,

n.

Sec okpokpo.
the porcupine.

omij

lam

la, the

sun

sleepy.
rises ;

orui)

w6,

south.

a purchaser.
a bulrush, a mat of rushes.
a watch-tower, a watching from a tower.

0-r4, n.

lie-goat.

hippopotamus.
which is tamed, a domestic animal, cattle.
the left, the post of honor : osir)
yama, the

O-sil), M.

a messenger.

roof,

^e-oruq, the large red setting sun.

a smell, a scent.

O-rtlr), n.

who

bottle.

orug kor) mi,

sun

counter.

pron.

or)-nfi,

the

n.

is charitable.

oqgbe gbe mi,

midnight,

a ring.
a name

one

n.

yai), to anoint.

is tender.

a short thick

it.

ami ororo

oil-pot.

n.

n.

n.

o'-ru-ka,

thirsty.

or)-ka,

an

one

one

fi

night.
n,

o-ru-ga r)dzo,

6r), jyron.

lime, lemon.

face.

a pitcher, jug,

n.

a greedy person.

or)-fe, n.

Hie

heat, steam.

n.

him, her,
and.

the indigenous

an orange,

pimples on the
oil

o-ru-ba,

prehension of danger, dread,

n.

torture, torment

luck, fortune.

o-r6-ro, n.

O-rCl, n.

a preacher.
o-nl-'wa-si, o-nl-'wa-su,
which
n.
O-nl-we-re,
wriggles, a wriggler.

0-n6,

good

morning.
a O-ro-nu, n. which

n.

n.

provo-

6-rO, n.

ditions.

O-ni-ye,

reptiles ;

O-ro-ro, n.

O-ni-'wa, n. who has a disposition or character ;

circumstance : oniwa iwa, all circumstances or con- O-ru, n.

O-nl-'WO-ra,

government, the executive

(oro ambo), n.

o-ro-re, n.

trader,

a jailor.

O-nl-tu-'bu, n.

civil

the erect posture, erectness ;

O-ro-bo,

doctor, physician.

0-m-ti-'wor),^ro?i.

with

mango.

thing.

a mechanic.

O-nl-SO-na, n.

stick to stir ale

god of

venom of

6-r6, n.

a powerful or eloquent speaker.

0-nI-s6-"W0, n.

oro, to be tormented.

a worker.

O-nl-BO-gui),

the

n.

o-r6, n.

partial,

an author or inventor of a
a

honey

of the state deified.

doctor.

0-ni-sl, n.

n.

priesCs work, the priestly

cation, difficulty, hardness, fierceness.

modest, bashful.

O-ni-se, n.

o-nl-si-ti, n.

the farm-god.

a name o/"Obatala.

priesthood.

O-ro, n.

similarly endowed.
variety, various kinds.
is

idol.

O-ri-se fi.-lu-fa (ise) n,

who is
who
who

tune.

stall,

an

o'-ri-sa, n.

the

a tying-up place.
a spring, a fountain.

o'-ri-sor), n.

is broken-hearted.

which

o-nl-sa-dzu,

race, nation, tribe : orile 6de,

a tooth-brush made of a root bearing

O'-ri-sa-nlS., n.

pained, in sorrow.

one

end of the finger.

0'-ri-s&-ko (oko), n.

is

O-ni-ru, n.

a family,

0-ri-so, n.

humble.

n.

butter :

a^oiM^ of the limbs.

same name.
a song, a
6-rir), n.

who

n.

O-ni-ro-ra,

is

the

(ika), n.

O-rir), n.

is fiery.

loho is proud.

n.

amo,

a kind ofpigeon ; shea

a nation.

0-nl-n6 dl-ddr) (ino), n. a good-natured person.

o-ni-n6 fu-fu, n. a pure-hearted person.
0-ni-n6 ti-te, n. a meek person.
n.

n. butter.

O-ri-lS, n.

a possessor.

o-ni'-no-ni-bi'-ni, n.

the head, top ;

ori

o-ri-ke, n.

is slothful.

which

(ina), n.

0-ni-ni, n.

O-ri, .

o'-ri-ka

circumcised.

a peace-maker.

0-nI-13.-dz3, n.

0^1

63

ore o(e, grace.

a smacking of

of Saijgo.
0-se-se, n.

o-sise,

See

the lips for sorrow ;

the club

osc.

meat of

the first quality.

misery.
n.

wretch.

a poor or miserable person, a fauper, a

oso
a

O-SO, n.

0-S0-n6,
O-SU,

witch, sorcerer : ie oio

an

n.

to bewitch.

9-ba-le, n.

n.

o-su-me-re,

n.

thicket

kpa oAu^u,

to

form a 9-b&,

O-td., n.

O-te, n.

the corner

truth

O-to-si.

See

6-t6, n.

truth.

green scum on loater (lemna)

o-bo, n.

a baboon.

of a house.

9-b6, n.

coarse white cloth.

otito idi, the true cause or reason.

a filthy person, sloven.

an umbrella ; a beetle
9-b9r)-b9r)', n.

a hind of antelope.

O-to-lo, w.

sauce, hash, soup.

n.

n.

5-b9i),

which

9-bo-r9, n.

osise.

one

o-tor)-kpar)-yar),

n.

O-tu, O-tu-tu, n.

cold,

who

creates disturbance.

a cold in

the head.

plain (not marked).

O-dfi, n.
drought, dearth, need ; old ale
do you need anything ?
nyii) ?

o-dai), n.

an

O-'we-re, n.

struggle, effort, wriggling, writhing.

9-dfi.i3, n.

o-v?"i-"wl, n.

an owl.

6-dar), n.

a horn.
a boil.

0-'w6, n.

cowries,

O-WO,

n.

6-"WO,

trade,

-wd-bo-de,

make money.

n.

prey.
9'-de-de, n.

ta^,

we

fog, gloomy weather.

that which separates, a comb.

n.

shameless.
talker.

of fig-tree.

a prairie.
to

hunt for; oLui) ode,

a piazza.
n.

a lamb.

g-dg-dvLT), n.

morning.
n.

is

a vain

wages.

O-'WU-SU-'WU-su,

od4 da

a remnant of cloth in the loom.

li odo, si odo, ti
a
o-Ag,
living being
9do ; see lod9, sodo, todo lati odo, from.
9-d6, n. the young of domestic animals : odo agu-

cotton, thread ; jealousy.

S-AVU-rb,

one toho

n. presence of

the bosom.

n.

species

9-di-a-kpa-sa,

tax, customs.

n.

(ise), n.

-"wCl, n.

O-ya,

id owo, to

se owo, to trade.

traffic :

o-AVO-kaQ-ai-ya,

-wd-se

n.

inconsistent story ;

a hunter: de ode,

q-de,n.

money

wax.

n.

6-da,

9-da-dz<l (d4 odiu),

n.

(insect).

is

0-tu-ni5, o-tu'-di-md, n. a covenant-breaker.

O-Ave, n. a proverb, a parable ; plumpness.

0-"W0, n.

hence,

green color.

seller.

O-ti-tO, n.

n.

O-be-do,

a measure, a weight.

6-su-'wor), n.

god (an androgyne),

o-ba-ra, n. cord, pack-thread.

9-b, n. a knife.

stand in a grove.

grove, to

Lord, the Almighty.

the generative principle.

lily.

a grove,

the

the origirmting

O-ba-ta-lS., n.

rainbow, semicircle.

a,

prostration.

0-bfi.r)-gi-dzi, n.

moon.

the

o-su-kpa, n.
O-su-ma-re,
O-SU-SU,

si,

ill-natured person.

new moon, a month.

the

n.

OFO

64

every year, yearly

li

od9duri

li

ri

i,

see it every year.

cloth of palm-leaf fibres.

g-Agi), 9-dur), n.

melo ? how often ? nwoij 9-dtlr), n. a year.

O-ye,
a band, a girth ; that which is broken off.
k6 li oye gba, tkey set no number (of times).
9-dzfi, n.
a market, merchandise,
n.
intellect
:
I
unn.
5-dza,
understanding,
0-y6,
oye ye mi,
derstand ; k6 li oye, he has no sense.
o-dze-hur), n. a glutton.
d-ye, n. a title of honor, office : die oye, to hold an o-dz6, n. time, a day : odi6 ale, afternoon ; odi6
ibi, n. birthday ; odio idio, assembly-day ; odi6
office.
n.

a number

O-yi, n.

giddiness

li ariij

oyi r)kpa

mi

loh,

/ am

dying

0-yi-b6, 0-i-b6, n. a white 7nan.

a honey-bee, honey : oy'iri
O-yirj, n.

\gax),

O-yQr),

pregnancy ;

"n.

6dzo,

li

oyuij, to

6-fe
thou.
lie,

O-ba,

n.

she,

it.

shall, will.

a king

O-ba-kar),

n.

father, sire

Oba Ogo, Ood.

1, 17.)

and

twenty.

a paion

the stale of

those

who carry a

corpse

the street.

gratuity, gratis.
the

9-fii), n.

. . .

pawn.

b-fe, n.

o-f5, n.

so

days, old times.

pledge,

9-f, n.

O-fe-re, w.

a father's kinsjKople.

many

n.

an exclamation of

through

not.

, aux. part,

the

every day, daily.

an arrow, a

being in

o.

5, adv.

n.

noon.
con- g-dig-'k.a.-rii), n.
one hundred
o-fa, num.
b-fL, n.

6, pron.

or place. (Gen.

9-dz6-dz9-dz6,
a hand-saw

ceive, to be 2)regnant.

O, ])ron.

a place of settlement, lodging-place

to set

9-dz9-dz9,

a small owl.

n.

li

day of being, the creation, beginning of

odi6 isi, a notable day, an epoch.

n.

5-dzo,
wild honey ;

oyiq alugbe, bees in a hive.

O-yo,

iwa, the

world

of vertigo.

dawn, a gentle

breeze.

the being nearly, the being almost.

a pit to catch a thief or beast,

a squabble, palaver.

pit-fall.

OFO
6-fo, n.

O-ga,

the dead.

mourning for

n.

High

is exalted,

oga

orisa, the

a hero

Most O-ke-re,

the

Oga Ogo,

jo

ogai),

to

71.

a husband

put 0-k6,

n.

a hoe;

forth spurs.

an instant

5-gai), n.

the large
n.

of the white ant. 6-ko,

the hilloclc

wild hoar

midnight

a^vain boaster.

vexed ; ogbe in6, internal he-

n.

dare, defiance, challenge

wisdom, cunning

interj.

fi

9gboi) ^e

e,

the

n.

O-kpe,

n.

trough, shuttle

O-kpS,

n.

n.

the direction totvards

a married man.

n.

a banner.

ensign,

subtlety, dis-

vial.

dispute.

da 9kp, ^e okpB,

abundance.

n.

n.

o-kpo-'wom,
an

an innumerable swarm.

insect (Tiilus)

O-la, n.

to-morrow.

a stupid person.

n.

the cassava.

5-lfi, n.

honor, authority, majesty.

O-gerd,

n.

which

9-IS., n.

wealth, safety.

O-ge-yi,

n.

cold

gloomy weather.
a rod ; a package

club,
o-go,
o'-go-do, n. a clay-2nt, a pit.

one hundred

o-go-fa, num.

num.

o-go-rir),

o-go-ta, num.
O-har), adv.

O-he,

5-h.ur), n.
there,

0-k&,

twenty.

9-lo-gar)-rar), n.

sixty.

g-lo-ghdt),

place, the place beyond

li

61iuij,

yonder.

n.

Guinea corn,

the large red millet (sorghum)

any kind of corn.

d-ka,

n.

name of a

disease

oka

ikfi,

the death

0'-ka-ndz<l-a,
9-kai), num.

re.

avarice, a miser.

one, the

same

ie okai),

coincide.
the heart, reins. (Vs. IC, V.)

O-kaiJ-lfi, nu}n.

executioner.

a kind of cricket.

n.

a wise person.

which has, or pertains

9-15-kar),
olokai} niirao, one ivith a holy heart.
n.

9-l9-k9,

71.

9-16-k9,

71.

to,

a heart

9-19-kpa, 9-lo-kpa-ga,

eleven.

O-19-la,
to

agree,

71.

a spearma7i.
a master or owner of a ship.
n.

staff-bearer,

bailiff,

policeman.

struggle.

6-kar), n.

is lazy.

a gardener.

9-lo-gb3., n.

yes.

tJiat

an

9-lo-dz3., n.

one hundred.

a stupid person.

who

a foetus, embryo.
a kind of cake.
O-le-le, n.
a mill-stone.
0-I9, n.
O-lh, n.

eighty.

o-go-rui), num.

laziness, one

9-le, n.

and

an envious person.

o-la-ra, n.

one hundred and sixty.

o-go-dzo, num.

a peace-maker.

0-19.-dza, n.
(of salt).

thank.

a boiol.

n.

0-ge-g6,

is gentle, soft.

to

a frog.

n.

6-kur), n.

the banana.

bottle,

squabble,

abundance, a multitude, much.

n.

o-kpor),

wisely.

honest dealing.

a messenger of Ifa.
a canoe, a boat.

o-kp6-lo-kpo,
n.

thanks

o-kpo-16,

o-gb6r)-ko-gbor) (ogboq ki ogboi)),

n.

went by ship.

the oil-palm.

o-kpe-le,

gauze.

n.

O-kpa-lai,

he O-kpe-re,

thirty.

o-gb6r)-gbor), adv.

5'-ge-de,

an

n.

n.

n.

wisely.

6-gbor),

ship,

loh, they

staff:

0-kp6,

0-gb6r), num.

oko

one by one, each one.

0-kpS.-la-ba, n.

O-gbor), n. a precipice, a depth, a deep ditch

extreme end ; bristles of a turkey-cock.

it

stir-

dry-land
mouth, a riddle, meaning a gun.

did

ara ogbel|, iku abenu 0-kpai-mb6 (okpe ainb6) n.

the pine-apple.
death with a wide o-kpa-ko, n. a pole to push a canoe.
thunder,

dry land

n.

gbdro,

p-gb6r), n.

asa,

a maii.

o'-kori-ri, n.

O-kpa-gui),

(ile),

d-gbo-do,
no !

oko

0-k6-se, H. one roho refuses to do a thing.

a staff, a pole : okpa ikpo, a travellingde
ino,
they O-kpa, n.
gba, ogbe

wound : nw9i)

to the heart,

boat,
ti

o-ko-la-ya, 6-ko-lo-bi-ri,

morrhage.

O-gbe-le

to.

O-ko-kai), num.

a straight course.

a garden, a fence.
n.
equality, a balance, an equal.
5-gba,
a hand-bell.
O-gbarj-gar), n.
g-ghSi, n.

ij^awo, a bridegroom.

the direct line ;

ogaqdzo medze, great o'-ko-kai),

canoe,

nwofl ba

or oiyposite

0-gar)-rar), n.

were cut

n.

s]war

darkness.

n.

oko

the shoulder-blade

rup.

O-gfir), n.

O-gbe,

a proper name of a man.

the squirrel.

n.

O-ko,

chameleon.

a thorn, a cocFs spur

o-gar)-dzo,

a sack.

n.

P'-ke-re, n.

who
n.

O-gar),

O-ke,

the neck.

O-for), n.

OLO

65

an ho7iorable or

official

person.

e-ko (omu), 71. a maiden nearly grown.

9-19-na (9na), n. a mechanic.
9-19-inti

9-16-na (5na), n. the otvner or overseer of a road.

a giver.
9-19-re, n.

OLO
a rich man, an eloquent man.

O-16-ro, n.

O-lo-rur) (6

or
plied to tlie inferior gods,
O-lo-sa, n. a licensed roller,

e.

a land privateer.

euphorbia.

a kind of rope.

n.

0-r6, n.

equivocation., deceit.

a seditious man.

O-Td, n.

loealth ;

5-r9, n.

a word,

O-lo-ti, n.

a Irewer, a liquor-dealer.
a rich or distinguished person

O-lo-to, n.

6-r6,

citi-

zen.

omo

ces ;

a kernel:

child, servant, offspring ;

agbo, a lale

omo

a lastard

ale,

qmo

alade, children of a king, prin-

omo

eliiq,

a follower, a

clay; a ghost, a fairy.

conversation : oro ikoko, a dark

saying (Ps. 49, 4)

a bow,

9-rur), n.

hades

or9

idiiijle,

a mystery.

the sky, heaven, the invisible world,

orui) akpadi, hell ;

num.

o-rtlr),

the neck.

o-r9r), n.

O-mo,

edie, dysentery ; Sriq^se

biiij

sick of diarrhoea.

e, Jie is

O-ro, n.

orisa.'

i.

O-lo-te, n.

relel,

ap-

relative.

a distant

O-lo-tai), n.

'

diarrhoea:

5-rir), .

name never

God, a

oruij), n.

li

OTO

66

oke

orui), heaven.

one hundred.

omo 9do, a lody-scrvayit ; omo ogui), a 9-rur)-la, n. dried okra.

omo kewu, a scholar, school-child ; om9 O-sa, n. name of the lake at Lagos.
odzu, pupil of the eye ; omo ok1i, an orphan ; omo O-Sfi, . flight, retreat : sk osk, to flee from.
own, a smithes hammer ; om9 odo, a pestle ; omo 5-sa, n. a space of time : 6sa agogo kag, the

disciple ;

soldier ;

O-mo-d&r),

n.

o-mo-dd,

o-mo-dd,

9-S&, n.

daughter.

child.

0-in6-kor)-ri (okoqri),

O-mo-le (ilo),
O-mo-lo-dzu

a loy, a son.

n.

(li),

midday.

the straightforward direction,

0-sar)-hir), n.

the

a holy-day.
very wide cloth.

an

n.

9 -sir),

god of medicine.

the sabbath,

o-se-ge, n.

a grand-child.

n.

esculent fruit,

0-sai)-har), n.

O-se, n.

the house-lizard.

n.

an

9-sar)-gar)-gai), n.

a potter.

n.

daytime.

q-ShX), n.

tender leaves of a tree.

n.

o-mo-ko-ko,

robbery.

n.

9-Sfi.r),

a rivulet.

n.

O-mo-dur),

girl,

the little finger, little toe.

n.

o-mo-dir),

a young woman.

n.

space

of an hour.

a keg.
6-ni5-bi-ri (6biri), n.
4ika,

osprey.

domestic animals, cattle.

5-sir), n.

another person, another.

0-s6, n. much talk, exaggeration, complaining.
a
sister
the
n.
brother
or
a common pot-herb.
by
o-mo-no-ya (in6 iya),
6-SUl), n.
same mother.
a
n.
bow-string, a cord : oikxi enia, a long
o-h&X),
n.

o-m9-ni-ke-dzi,

O-mo-rl
0-xa.o-ti,

n.

(ori),

o-in6-se

n.

lid, as

(ese), n.

of a pot.

lean person.
soap
o-se, n.

toe.

drunkard,

tippler;

kind

of O-si-gi,

ant.

n.

o-sii), n.

O-mu,

m.

the female breast,

udder ; breast milk ; a 9-S9,

n.

; a kind of crane.
grains of maize boiled.
one who makes a mistake.

show

decoration,

ie li 959, to adorn.
thorns in a pitfal.

b-sg, n. an iron digger ;

mechanic's work, carving, decoration.
a rat-trap ; a hard kind of wood.
0-S0r)-S0r), n.
a
dea
channel
a
.
n.
;
5-na,
road,
president of any
drippings of rain from the eaves of the
0-s6-ro,
:
the
5na
:
a
cascade
Iwefa,
chief of
partment of government as,
osor9 adire, a young chicken ;
house,

fat

stick to divide the woof.

n.

9-na,

Eunuchs

the

5na

Isokuij, the chief of the

Coun-

cil

of Twenty-two.
O-ni, n. a crocodile.

0-n9,

n.

0-X&, n.
5-rar), n.
to

marrow.

a purchase, a jmrchaser.
a matter, a cause, an affair

fi

5rai) loh,

n.

an

executioner.

enmity, rebellion.

O-te, n.

a private informer.

o-te-se, n.

O-re, n.

a friend.

9-tI, n.

ale, beer, spirituous liquoi:

0-r, n.

a switch, a small whip.

a gift, present, offering

g-\,g, n.

difference, separateness

5re anu, charity,

alms.

n.

6-re-re, w.
O-ril),

men

are different

ya

si

enia 4

ma ya

It

qiq^

9t9, separate or withdraw

from.

O-re-ke-se,
o-re-re,

o deadly

a bullet, shot,
9-ta, n,
adv. all right, very well.
9-tfi.r),
9-ta-o-l9-dza,

appeal.

5-re, n.

6kai),

foe.

apprehension, fear of results.

fat, fatness: ora egur)gufl,

o-r&, w.

enu 9^pr9, eaves of a house.

9-ta, n. an enemy, adversary: 9ta

nvm.

n.

a small cowry-bag made of grass.

the whole population.

holy water in the idol houses, &c.
the right hand side or direction ; second,

9-t9'-k9-lu, M.

salt.

O-tor), n.

convulsions.

9-t6r), n.
as to rank.

eighty.

OTO
the

0-tor)-lS., n.

ra-na

after to-morrow.

which

n.

O-Ava-ra,

is

scattered,

ra-nti

shower

rain.

to

a trembling.

o-'wa-ri-rl, n.

ironically

a company invited to do a piece of work,

to
b-Ave,
an accomplice, abetting : 6 die ole li 6we, he aided xhX),
the thief.

rar)

a kind of perch.

rar)

rai)

19--WO

rag

lu,

O-'WO,

n.

a broom.

0-'w6,

n.

the

owo

hand

fame ; owo

ina,

h-'vro, n.

n.

hand

n.

time (for

n.

0-"W9-le,

9-W9r),

tB, to

attain

to.

hand, tradition.
doing a thing), opportunity,
to

retaliation, recompense.

a black snake, said

n.

le-ti

rar)

rar)

scarcity, dearness, as to price

a pillar, a column.
hire,

O-ya,

M.

the

o-ya,

n.

a creature

O-ye,

M.

the

wife of Sai)g6).

a hedge-liog.
harmattan-wind.
like

the elders of

n.

0-y9-im-si,

(tlie

rar)-se,

v.

to

raij-so,

V.

to

at

xSl, v.

to

rfl, V.

to

rub upon

V.

to

shed

r,

v.

to

spring or go

rS,

V.

to

go

to

ih
ache slightly.

to

ra-di,

v.

a piece of scarlet

ra-d9

(edo),

ra-d9-b6,

ra-dzo

to hover, as

a hen

to

re-ra,

to

v.

ra-hur)-ra-hur),

v.

to pity.

to shelter.

re-ri,

re-ni,

so rahuqrahui), to

be perplexed.

ra-ko, ra-ko-ro,

ra

ku-na,

v.

to craiol,
creep, as

v,

to

an

crumble.

v.

to

break a law.

to cross over, to

pass beyond,

much, surpassingly

to be

re

to

mi kodia,

proud.

far, at a great distance.

adv. in a goodly
goodness ;

to be

v.

manner,

to expect,

insect.

out of sight, gone.

hope

to

pick the

ear.

skim milk ;

to stick

or adhere,

to suit, agree.

to be weary, heavy of heart, humbled ;

to
V.
comfort or quiet ; to shed leaves, fade, withe?; to be
red ; to increase or multiply.

xh,

rh, pron.

re

ra-le

(al5), v.

to be evening.

re-ge
loudly,

past harvest time, entirely gathered.

to be entirely

v.

to cut, shear, to

to lath.

(crying or roaring, as a lion).

ivclL

to dye, to soak.

(ile), v.

adv.

efii)),

v.

adv.

v.

V.

ra-le

ram-ram, ra-mu-ra-mu,

as a trap.

adv.

smoke, as a chimney.
in a high degree.

to be friendly ;

murmur, grumble.

perplexity

well.

re-ti,
go a journey, travel.
a child bom after the re, V.
r2.-gar)-bl (ro agar) bi), n.
mother has been long barren.
r, V.

r8.-hur) (ohui)),

rS-re, n.

to

(re), v.

off,

good

pass by me. (Mat. 26, 42.)

to kill, as a trap.
v.

r6-k<l,

cloth.

or

k9-dza,

re-re, adv.

to be peevish, sp>lenetic ;

>.

..

tie

recompense, retaliate.

v.

to

crawl, to struggle.

soar around, to hover near, as a hawk.

ra-lji-tfi., n.

moult.

to journey, travel.

ofiij

to

surpass

lay one thing on another, to

lath a house ; to rot, to moulder ;

together, to

to

off,

to be

re-ke, adv.

to

buy ;

entirely.

re,

re-de-re-de, adv. foolishly.

re-dl (idi), v. to wag the tail.

Oyo.

to

spin cotton.
all.

loudly.

re-l)i (ebi), v.

R
to perish,
dissipate ;

remind.

send on business.

to linger in sickness.

v.

re-fir), v.

V.

to-

send a messenger.
sew cloth.

to

v.

re-fir) (ru

ra,

to
to

v.

rau-rau, adv.

wages.

Niger

wa, send

sew small pieces of cloth

to

ni-se,

ra-re,

n.

help ;

to help.

v.

(li),

V.

a wicked ra-rfi, adv.

person.
(i-'wgi), n.

rai) ni si

to

to dazzle.

(li), v.

ni-rai), v.

venomous rarj-Avu,

to eject

spittle.

O-ya,

ikpo, to speak

remind.

to

v.

(li),

lo-dzu

ra-ra, adv.

0-'w6r), n.

appoint

send

rai)

gether.

honor, respect.

0-"WO-d6-'W9,

O-'VJ'qx),

a flock, caravan, assortment

to

communicate, as fire or infectious disease,

burn ; to cut, wound.

to

V.

the small intestines.

n.

to

raq loh,

sew

endure

to

us.

to shine,

-we-re, n.
o-"w-re,

remember.

to

fire.

look sternly or fiercely.

to twist, to spin, to

grow slowly

n.

to

(ni odzii), v.

(ni cti), v.

v.

of rar),

ivarm or dry at the

to

(ina), v.

ra-ndztl

the foot-stalk of a ^vine-palm leaf.

n.

9-'wS,

day

the whole, totality.

11.

0-to-t9,

REL

67

his, her, its,

dze,

v.

(re), v.

harshly r6-kp5,

v.

thy

to cheat.
to set

a snare.

to agree, accord.

re-le, for ra-le,

v.

to lath.

him,

thee.

REL
re

16

...

abase

re

relS, to he

re-re, adv.

bend down, decline

humble.
cut doicn,

to

v.

mo-lS,

to

v.

(ile),

closely

Ic

humble, ro

to

mow.

re-roi)

xe

to

laugh

re-yir)
ri, adv.

pursue

rere

trim the hair.

16.

honey from the

hive.

to see, to seem, to

to be

tree

or a

find

to sink, to

to hide, to

drown,

post in the ground

plant a

threads through the

to piass

understand or ascertain the nature

to

(idi), v.

of a matter.
ri

to

plot against, to conspire ;

to be nauseated.

V.

rl-ki-sl,

v.

ri-nd9,

ri-ndo-ri-nd9,

to

to

laugh.

ril), V.

to

walk, wander, sail ;

press

to the earth, as

to tickle

Ie-d9

to

v.

(li),

ri-rar), f .

make

sick at the stomach,

brightness.

to see, to see

See

See

turn from a course or position, to yield or

give place, to bend or break at the edge ; to gush

to cool, ease,

V.

to

ro

which

is seen or to be seen,

ro-kpo

See

ri.

ro-le,

ri-ro, n.

ro-in6,

(weighing) heavily.
See the root^ ' re'

issuing forth

clock

riru onii, waves.

to flee from, to

V.

to

tell,

to relate;

cut weeds

to

shun.

to

from

the

ground,

to

till ;

to

ro-dzo
ro-dzu

intend ;

account

(edzo),

v.

to give

(odiu),

V.

to delay.

of, to

rd-dzu,

V.

to

look sad, to be perplexed.

TO-guV),

V.

to

drain

ro-hii) (ihiq), v.
ro-ki-ro-ki, adv.

ro-ko
ro-le

(oko),
(lie), V.

to trouble.

ansxoerfor^

off, distil.

to tell news, to relate.

brightly (red).
to till, to
farm.

V.

to

succeed by inheritance to the head-

ship of a family, to inherit property.

to

sprinkle

a watch for

to

pro-

to take the

to be pale.

into, to sop.

dip
chew,

to

to be sick :

r9-nd9i)-r9-nd9r),

n.

to be

r5r)-gfl.r), v.

V.

(ara),

careful ! a
road.

r6-r9, m.

ru,

rbx)

is sick

of palsy.

jyaleness.

barren from disease.

to be easy.
v.

to be gentle,

common

go softly

salutation

ma

rora, be

on meeting

in the

the bearded sheep.

to rise, swell, to

smoke,

^gba, he

the beard.

rox)-gbgi), n.
Tgi)-Tgx),

solemn.

to fast, to be
to

r5r), V.

V.

place of another.

mix, mingle.

hang or lean upon.

to
v.

V.

V.

r5-ra

active preparations for some

make an uproar or tumult.

to

to cease, to be tranquil.
V.

r9r), V.

sound, to strike, as a r6r),

to stir, to think, meditate,

V.

to

to rebel.

V.

V.

ro-no,

drip or drop, as water ; to pain, to throb ; to stand

erect ; to excite : ro kal, to publish abroad.
id,

si,

to relate traditions.

(ikpo), V.

a swelling, a sprout of a vegetable, an ro-ndor),

ri-ru, n.

sfi.,

rodio

surround, beset.
on the elbow, recline.

make

to

v.

V.

ro-kp5,

rir)-ril3, adv.

V.

or ivory.

to lie in wait, to set

V.

v.

ro-koi),

ro,

to lean

V.

public enterprise
ro-kir),

slightly (trembling).

rain

to

duce, as yams.

ri.

a sinking.

to

gba-kfi., V.

greatly (trembling).

to be soft ;

explain at length, by relating the

to

v.

rb-M, V. to travail.
r6-dzo (odzo), v. to rain

rl-rl, adv.

mitigate

suspend on a thing, to lean ; to urge,

on ; to fabricate from any raw mate-

to

swing,

rt-ri, adv.

ri

to explain, to translate.

out, to rush, to sprain ;

ro-ke-ke,

seeing, sight ;

rl-ri, n.

scrape together, to col-

to

V.

ro-gui),

rai).

a vision or wonder.

re.

See

sight.

to

a mass.

lect into

ro-gbo-kH,

'a sending

ri-rar), n.

ri-ri, n.

harsh.

wither ;

ro-dzo, V. to loither.
6ko na m^ r6-dzu (odzu), v. to persevere, to bear patiently, to try.
r5-dzu, v. to be tame, gentle, as an animal.

to nauseate.

ri-re.

solemn.

facts of the case.

riq, that ship sails well or rapidly.

.

meet by

to

water on.

rll), V.

to be austere,

to slacken, to

V.

a plot. r6-be-re,

a weight.

a door -mat of twigs.

V.

rial, as iron, leather,

n.

strength .of stomach.

n.

to water, to be ivet ;

rir), V.

rir)

n.

press, insist
to receive.

V.

gbk,

spy

to repent.

ro-ro,

r5,

sley.

ri-di

to

to meditate, to be

(ino), v.

r6-ro,

r6,

defiled.
ri, v.

ro-n6

TO,

have

open a road,

to

v.

(&na),

or seem difficult.

to be

V.

lo-dzu,

ro-n6-kpi--wa.-da,
ro-re, n. a pustule, a pimple.
ro-ro, adv. with a fine red color.

smile.

heretofore.
to be, to

ri, v.

to take

v.

(oyiij),

reriij wesi, to

See re

v.

to shear, to

v.

(iroij),

... si-lS.

appointment.

to

rere,

r6-na

odzu, an eye-servant.
re-rir), v.

RU

68

spring up, as a fountain

to be elevated, to be

angry,

to

boil over, to stir up, to sprout, to flourish, to

out, to be exposed ;

to

mingle.

to

be agitated, to

break

RU
to bear,

rtl, V.

a thing

ril-bo (ebo),

carry

lean

to be

rCl

16h, to

remove sai),

n.

ru-du-ru-du,

sar), adv.

Utile better ;

pay, recompense, beneflt :

retaliate ; 6 sai)

esai), to

woij, they prosper

sar)

aiya

loudly, vividly, straight forward.

around

to gird, to tie

Sfi-I), v.

break the law, transgress.

to

to

sarj

in the world.

confusion.

V.

(ofii)),

prepay

die, he is

to sacrifice.

v.

health

to be in

V.

sai) tele, to

ru-bu-tu, M. a writing, a manuscript.

ru-di (idl), V. to bud.
ru-fir)

SI

eb9, to offer a sacrifice.

ril

69

to

to crack, to split ;

thunder.

a cloud.
sar) -ma, n.
rd-gu-du, V. to be thick and short.
ru-ke-ru-d6 (6ke odo), v. to make a tumult.
sar)-ra (ar4), v. to be healthy, to be fat.
ru
make
in strips or sVqys.
v.
to
one
vomit.
sar)-sar), adv.
lai-ya (li),
ru-lu (ilu), V. to stir up the town, to cause sedition. sar)-yai3, n. silk.
sa-ra (si), prepi. on, in (after a verb of motion).
ru-lu-ru-lu, a-ru-lu, n. a seditious person.
ru-n6 (iiio), v. to be vexed, indignant.
sa-ra, sa-ra-hfi, n. alms (Mohammedan),
.

to

rtir), V.

consume, destroy

break

to

to pieces, to

to stink ;

rClr), V.

with a

chew a

to

stick, to

rub

the teeth

ru-ru, adv.

dig into a house, as thieves.

Mohammedan meal

prep,
of motion).

s.
where

adv.

before

day during

sa-ru-ba,

n.

Sfi.-se, V.

to

among

(after a

verb

cigar.

a border sewed

to

a blanket or sheet.

make a feast.

sa-ta, n. a household, a group of buildings under

one head man.

to run, to flee, to fear ;

sfi, V.

in the midst,

Sfi-rir) (si),

sa-r6-ta, .

sa ?

who

society,

together.

the fast.

to put forth leaves,

flourish.

v.

of a

the messenger

n.

members
the

sa-ri, n.

confusedly.

(ivve),

run.

the square of a house.

the

calls
to

to

v.

(ire),

sa-re-kpe-gbe,

stick.

i\ii)-lh (ile), V.

ru-'we

sa-re

Sfi-re, n.

perish.

kuro nin6 or lod9,

adv.

dry in

to

the

sun

sa

to flee from.

S&-"w6

V.

s6,

behold ! look !

interj.

to

shut a door,

to close

up

to be

barren, to

now, only : s4gb6! hear now!

miss, in shooting.
S^ V. to aim or point at, as with a gun to attempt, s6, V. to cook, to dye cloth or leather.
to make : st\
se-bo (ihq, feeding), v. to grow fat, to be gross.
akpere, to make a model or pattern.
a
adv.
a
se-d6 (odo), v. to dam.
time.
sfi,
lohile, for

for;

8&,conj.

sfi-ba

sa-di

to sit, as

(sill)), V.

to take

(idi), v.

a hen, to incubate.

tection.

sa-ga-da-ga,
sfi.-ga-ti

to

v.

to

v.

(aga),

become a close conflict or

works before a town,

sa-gba-ra-ka
cially

sa-gur)

to

(ogui)), v.
the

n.

sa-kpa-mo,

n.

sa-kpe-re,

v.

sa-ku-sa,

to

make a charm.

make a

(li),

sa

19-dza,

its

song.

mark

or seal on.

a privy.

sa-lar)-ga, n.

V.

to slip from the

memory.

run away, desert.

sa-16h,
a sandal.
n.
sa-ltl-bfi-ta,
V.

to

sa-ma, n. See
sa-mi (ami), v.

mo-16,

mark,

V.

shut up, imprison.

to shut in.

the stinging bean.

n.
(so),

bear fruit.

to

V.

se-si, adv.

perhaps, haply. (Acts

dide

se,

he

really coming

s6,

is

V.

5, 39.)

emphatic and nearly expletive: as, i) 6

/ will arise (Luke 15, 18) ; 6 mb6 se o,
('

milk

to strain, as

V.

to

to distil, as

'

pleonastic).
to

deny

6 s6 Oluvta

r6,

make a

sign on.

dew, or water from the ground

quake, as the earth

to interrogate, inquire.

a kind of bead, ancient Egyptian beads

from
the earth at If and other places.
dug

se-gi, n.

behind, outside ;
prep,
backward (after a verb of motion).

se-hir)

(si),

se-m.i (omi),

v.

to

sS-mi

v.

to

(sir)),

riors).
to

to

V.

Obrui) semi

sarjma.
to

m6,

se

s6,

a kind of apron.
to set

v.

he denied his Lord.

pattern, sign, or token.

a bird noted for

n.

la-mi

dried provender.

abscond, hide.

sa-la-hfi, sfi-la-lfi, n.
.

espe-

barren land.
to

se, adv.

liay,

v.

sa-kpa-ra,

to fortify,

surrounding neighborhood.

sfi.-ka-sfi.-ka, n.

se-SO

v.

barren or unfruitful.

to be

v.

se

up se-se,

to besiege.

with stockades.

sa-ka-ni,

sfi.

against, to cast

encamp

agbara ka),

(so

battle.

to be chilly.

(sa), v.

se-gi-ri

refuge under a persorCs pro- se-kpor),

sl, V.

to be.

rg,

adv.

back,

drip, to filter.

preserve one's life or breath :

preserve thee! (said to supe-

God

si,

prep,

go
k ye

against, of, at, from, in, into : 16h si il6,

; 6 dide si mi, he arose against me ;

to,

house

to the

SON

70

SI

SO

lo-ror)

so-m6,

hang a person.

to

v.

(li),

to tie to.

V.

; mo y6 si i, / SO-ri (si), jJrep.

on, upon, on the top of.
wa, they are far from SO-r6, V. to hang up so as to swing, to suspend.
to marry persons, unite in marriage.
us ; bo si yara, go into the room.
SO-yi-gi, V.
to
V.
and.
SO,
throw, to leap ; to move a thing ; to sew
Sl, conj.
where
?
?
a,
wound
or broken calabash, to mend ; to cause
?
adv.
sa
si-a
up

are ivorthy of death

si ikii, %oe

nwor) diina

rejoice at it ;

it is

si-ai), SU-ar), v. impers.

si-b6

adv.

(si),

si

good,

there, yet, still,

or make, (see so

it is well.

more: 6 wa

sib|, he

is yet alive.

si-bi

(si),

si-ha

prep,

(si),

si-kpa

shoulders
here.

hiccup.
towards, unto, in regard

prep,

con-

ndze,

interj. simi

Jmsh /

into,

to string, as

to serve, to

to

tame or pet,

to

domineer over,

to

worship

bury

to

to sneeze.

accompany,

to raise cattle, <fcc.

to

to cease ;

to
to

lead ;

See

sir)-ka-fa, n.

prevent from doing.

to transmit from town

sir)-ku (oku),
sii)-sir), adv.

Slr)-slp, n.

siqwiij.

to

bury.

closely.

to be silly, crazy.

si-SO, n.

a speaking, which

is

who speaks fluently.

si-Tva, adv. forward : siwa
backwards, to and fro.

spoken

eni 6ro siso,

V.

to tie, to

b6,

v.

to

prep,

sebiij,

before ;

(idi), V.

to explain,

di, V.

hang

the

mu

s6-fir) (s6),

Sd-ke

(si),

V.

adv.

before, mor,

to

bear fruit.
to

break wind.

Guinea worm,

appraise.

to enact, to

v.

so

. .

prove.

do

be or to

to

to

annihilate

di

mimo,

so

so

dl ^saij,

di nl4, to

sanctify ; so

to

di

(si),

SO-fa

(9fa), v,

prep,

(si),

to,

to

unto a person.

pmt in pawn,

to

pledge.

yonder, used after a verb of mo-

adv.

tion to.

so

. .

to

V.

ka-lS,

come, put, or bring down.

to

lay a foundation, to

pound.
a child's play, a sort of dancing

n.

lo-fir)

lo-dzo

to pirohibit,

V.

(li),

lo-ku-ta

to locate

v.

(li),

forbid a thing.

to stone.

v.
(li),

in a place, to assign

to

to pelt.

SO-na-sI

a solitary yellow monkey.

n.

ina

(soi)

si),

irritation, excitement : ie

n.

(so eni di), v.

to

make, appoint, or con-

stitute one, as to a purpose.

prohibit.

prep, and adv.

above, up.
to tie into a hard knot.

SO-kpa,
SO-kpai)-kpa,

to

speak against,

to increase.

forwards and SO-ni-di

sodzi, to receive into favor. (Ps. 85, 6.)

V.

naught,

SO-do

SO

value goods for the market, to

throw away,

to

V.

n5,

to

lose

kc S9n5,

to

off.

SOr), sur), v.

to broil, to

s6r). Stir), V.

to

move,

burn. (Mat. 3, 12.)

to shove, to filter ;

to plough;

send forth water, as a fountain.

to accuse, to sue ; to point or aim
s5r), siir), v.
to

sd-de (si), adv. out of doors, out.

SO-dzi (si), adv. near, into the shadow or presence Sor)-ki,
of:

cause

to

to

bring

cut

break out aloud,

s6-bi-a, n.

to

si,

sonasi, to excite against.

space.

so,

come

head or

the

to pollute.

so

SO-ini-do-19-to,

one

(si),

to

to desolate.

v.

(di),

dai-in6,

so-lii, V.

service, religion.
I',

little

down from

name

or

to call

to lodgings.

sirj-'wii),

si-"wa-dzu

s8 odi

so-dl

SO
SO
SO

burial.

sir)-sir), n.

the

from

'doll.

pewter.
v.

shoot forth

pronounce,

ox put

to let

dfi-ho-ro

SO-16-dze,

siri-hui).

to

quarrel, scold, complain

dun ; so-kur) (ekuij), v. to weep.

to dash down,
so
IS, v.

town.

for a

SO-hur)

to piut in pawn ;

;.

silj-gbfi,

beads

s6 asodSi), to exaggerate ; s5 itunift, to

make great ;

before; preceded hj
siq mi, he came before me.

sir), V.

kpikpS,

among.

Sli), V.

. .

to

tete, first or early:

6 tete do

di)

v.

mock.

a tyrant.

si-n6, prep,
sir), adv.

SO
SO

pewter.

si-ni-si-ni, n.

to

pause

to imitate,

v.

sl-ni-kfi, n.

ground, down.

to the

to rest, to

V.

si-mi,
Sl

adv.

(si),

gainsay.
to,

cerning.

si-1^

talk,

to

expound, explain

sl-ki-sl-ki, n.

(si),

3)

down, descend,

motion.
si-hir), si-hir)-yi, adv.

sik-sik,

6, 1

(Luke

towards, dx., after a verb of

by,

to speak,

V.

s5,

verb of motion.

here, after a

adv.

stem, as leaves.

V.

to shrivel,

contract y

to

at.

shrink from,

shun.
sor)-k6r),

to

f.

sorj-mi (omi),

drip full of water.

v.

to filter, drip.

to ajyproach.

SOr|-ni6,

v.

s6r)-m6

(im6), v.

cold, to sniff.

to

snuff the nose, as one with a

SOE
s5-ro

talk, converse

to

(&ro), V.

or comnizme with

soro

rere, to

iii

soro odi

sjKak well

ba

si,

to

s5ro, to speak

speak against

to

v.

talk

to

whisper,

privately.

so

SO-y e,
StL, V.

to

SOW, to retail

move from

a price

on.

liquid, as beer

any

or handle ;

the socket

to re-

to perplex, to

break out, as measles ; to be weary

puzzle ;
fall lame, to coat with metal, as in gilding
diade, to bring forth herbs, as the earth.
to

to fail in cutting

sil, V.

instrument

to

v.

or wounding because the

Sti-a, adv.

good,

well

nice,

siiar),

to coat
v.
ife),

su-ni6.

See

with metal.

sui),

See

thick on cooling, to coa-

grow

su-re

to cease.

v.

(so

to bless or call

sfl-re {sk

ire), v.

to

n.

patience

a blessing upon.

sa-h6
sai

mu siiru,

to be

patient ;

a contemptuous pouting of

the lips ; con-

tempt.

sa-ki, m.

See

su--wa, su--wor).

sa-kpe,
.

awhile.
to smite, hack,

adv.

ah,

V.

only

loound

pick up, collect

See ^afiij.
to

(so), V.

sd.-dzo

(se),

sa-dzu,

V.

V.
to

to

snap a gun.

to

pick out,

select.

sa-nu

sa-fa,

See sakpere.

to chance, to

v.

to

v.

happen.

wound, by striking with a

iafa

elevates; fortune;

title

o/Adie,

sar), adv.

to

daub

to

anu woi) ie

twinklingly, as stars ; uprightly, erectly.

strike against something hard ; to cut

to

V.

doubtful, uncertain.

pity : mo ^anu wojg

sorry for them.

I am
V.

to be

v.

(^e),

(^e) V.

to eat

to be loose ;

dry bread or yain.

to flow, as

to

burst forth, as thunder

is

dragging on the ground.

the

a stream

aso ijsaq

to be profitable,

v.

(so),

n.

1|,

to

burst,

the cloth

advantageout.

god of thunder.

sS.r)-gbe (igbe),

v.

to

cut bushes,

sfir)-gb6 (igbo),

V.

to

cut

to clear

land.

down a forest.

to die in the

sar)-ku-ta,

v.

saij-lfe, V.

to

prime of life.
dash against a stone.
dash down.
to

to strike the feet

v.

together in walk-

ing.

to

go forward,

kpukpa, yellow

color.

saij),

sfi.r)-'w6 (9W6),

s3.r)-"w6,
tree

have dominion

to strike fire.

(ina), v.

sa-ni-a-ni

sar)-sar) (see

anxious, apprehensive.

before, precede ;

a kind of

k di

clap the hands.

(li),

sar)-se (ese),

commit lewdness.

to be

go

advance.
V.

to control, govern,

who

sar)-ktl, V.

by all means.

to

sa-ba.

sa-d6

fail in

small-pox.
in a disorderly manner.

to

sa-r)fa-nl

to fade.

V.

n.

V.

Sa-r)g6,

Sfi.,

to

occur seasonably, to be oppor-

to

v.

(so), V.

15-gbe

bushes

suai).

s.

S&,

a morass, a bog.

paunch, tripe.
to miss fire or snap, as a
gun

god of money.

s4r),

V.

entirely, wholly.

cutting, to be naught.

SfiJ),

sa, adv.

to be sick.

(se), v.

sa-ka-tfi, n.

mi,

5, 10.)

sa,

to despise, to ridicule.

of contempt or defiance.

interj.

sai-sar)

borrow.

to beg, to

V.

(sc),

sS.-na

se suru,

suru imu, taking patience, or being patient. (Jas.

sil-ti, n.

guilty

to be old.

sfi.-lu-ga, n.

run.

tricks, to be

weapon.
a short nap.

ire), v.

Su-ru,

sa-gb6,

V.

s3.

to doze, to take

v.

sur)-ye,

(so), v.

sa-la-bS.-kpa-de,

soi].

Sur)-ko-nu,

play

sa-kpe-dzu-re, sa-kpe-re.

soi).

See

to

saucy, insolent,

S&-kpa-sfi.-kpa, adv.

gulate, as oil; to freeze.

siir).

sa-gbe

sa-ko-SO

to

the

tune.

soijino.

to sleep ;

siHr), V.

to pilfer.

sfi.-ko-k6 (se),

to whistle.

mouths (when speaking).

Stir).

to be

v.

li
over.
(looking) with surprise : aditi wo rii
the deaf look with surprise on people's sa-kpa-nfi,

sur), adv.

enu

v.

(so),

sa-ki-sa-ki, adv. unevenly, raggedly, badly

a logbe saki^aki, he was badly wounded.

universally.

su-bo, V.
su-fe (so

(se),

sa-fo--w6-ra

sSi-ln, V.
is

impers.

well ; very well, all right.

it is

sa-fo-dztl-di

sd sa-ka, adv.

is dull.

sH-a, su-ai),

an iron chain or ring worn on

of double dealing.

explain, to value, set

to

to seek.

(se), v.

sa-fir), sa-la, n.

sa-gfi.-la-in&-s9. (so), v.

prophesy.

miss, in throwing at.

to

ti, V.
V.

to backbite.

v.

to predict,

V.

so-te-le,

sa-fe-ri

arm.

of.

so-ro-dze-dze or ke-le,
so-ro-le-hir),

AN

11

V.

to

v.

adv.
to

in splits or strips.

swing the hands in walking.

be emptty-handed,

presents in hand.

i.

e.

having no

SAR
s3.-rar)

be silly

to

v.

(se),

SET

72
from

in oneh

age, he

sa-re

(se), v.

sa-re

v.

(se),

an old hroom

n.

sa-sa, adv.

se

thoughtful.

complain.

to cast

sd.-tl, V.

V.

sa-ti-kpo,

to set at

Sk-'WO

(so),

sa-'wo-tai)
sa-"wor)

se,

(so),

a hack

elede, he has

not ours

k6

make

awa

^e

like

ti

to ail

a hog

kl ise

loe serve

Oloruq,

come

s6,

ti

wa,

God

to pass, to

a stick

make a

the rope into

to sin ;

seiii),

thank

noise

bo im6

se okui)

a noose on the horse's

e4ii),

nose.

commence.

to

make a sacrifice.
make into a noose on a

to

V.

bo,

happen, to be fulfilled.
to break up or subdue as

to

(se), v.

good

greatly.

to break, as

Be
6 ^e ehig bi

serve.

to he kind,

V.

v.

to, to

pertain

to

se-bo

of.

complete, to be completed.

to

to

V.

sS,

to he ;

mal-

to ridicule.

se,

make

to pick out, cull, select.

(se), v.

v.

se, adv.

to heal, cure.

to stink.

to do, to

V.

to

punish.
as a steward.

go in search

to

v.

a town ; to

to he stingy.

(se), v.

s4-yar)

to jest, joke.

V.

(se), v.

sa-yai)

wa

to plot, conspire.

V.

to,

to

to serve

se-ur) (olmi)), v.
you, well done !

naught.

sojourn, emigrate.

(se), v.

do violence

to

v.

(ise), v.
v.

(esiij), v.

se-sir)

se-tar),

saur)-saur), adv. ivell, thoroughly: 6 gbede

sauij^aur), he understands our language well.

s5.-"wa-da

ni-se

se-tl, V.

away,

to

se-ro-na,

scars left hy small-pox.

tlwroughly ; scatteringly.

entirely,

se-ri-dzfi,

mud, mire.

sa-ta, n.

nl-dzam-ba,

. .

to the price.

treat.

to limit.
to dispute,

v.

sa-ro-ye,

se

right, to he right.

to he older than.

v.

sa-ro-kpii),

sa-sa,

make

to

to meditate, to he

V.

sa-r6,

add

tions, to

exceed or go beyond one's instruc-

to

V.

s6-ni-sl,

dotage.

thing.

See

"sf

it is se-da, n.
bata se-dS. (se),

silk.
to create.

v.

gug
good
up se-dzti (odiu), v. to wink the eye.
a rock ; nwoi) se oduq, they are keeping new year's se-fe (se), V. to jest, mock, ridicule.
ori okuta, shoes are not

se

^e e ki 6 mole,

day ;

make

it

what

him

ails

i)^e mi,

I am

must

avva

iba

sorry for

ko

shine

made

ni tit9, the crooked shall he

ko

climb

wiwo Had

straight

T)se, fever ails

him

mih dia

le se

to

him

\h se

^e

ki i^e

and

m^li (or

(or aidza), loe

rS
ai)

se-be,

se

to

suppose, to do as

dzi-na,

se-fe-fe,

se-gS.-fa-ra,

se-i-ro-na.

se-ke

hrag.

to tell

Ifi-le-dzo

se-la-ra

he

se

Id-m5

se-le-ri

(li),

dishonor.

to entertain

a guest.

to

promise,

5,
se
.

to

to

vow.

V.

to
to

V.

kui),

open the door.

diminish or remove a part. (Exod.

8, 11.)
.

to

le-ti, V.
(sc),

hem.

n.

to despnse,

v.

se-o-rui), n.

ike setting

to

to

se-sir), v.

to ridicule, to be

se-se, se-tor), adv.

s6-se,

sd-ni-a

to trouble,
{id),

v.

annoy.

to be

kind, accommodating.

n.

se-tar)

se-te
V.

sun when

it

appears large.
another

to take

direction.

se-ni,

double.

miscarry, to suffer abortion.

turn into another course,

to

se-ri, V.

contemn.

in a flickering manner.

se-mbe,
se
ni-kpo,
se-n6 (ino), v.

nish.

Indian corn.

wither.

to be double.

(si),

se-le-ya

to treat coldly.

se
to communicate the
le-te (li), v.
leprosy to.
se
to beautify, to decorate.
IS-AWa, v.
lo-fo (li), V.
to bereave.
se
se
lo-re (li), v. to befriend.
16-re (!i), v.
to confer a
se
favor.
se...lO-SO (li), V. to clothe, to adorn, to fur.

V.

to

fetters, shackles.

beer of maize or

adv.

to chill.

v.

v.
(li),

(ileri), v.

to

to envy,

(ilara), v.

... Ig-gi-ri
.

(li),

v.

se-kpo,

tickets, to cast lots ;

a calabash-drum, tambourine.
n.

v.

se

lie.

se-kpe (se), V. to swear.

he ... la-bu-kfir) (li), v.
se

conquer, prevail over.

behind or last,

to rebel, revolt.

v.

se-kpe,

se-ku

See Verona.

(eke), v.

to be

v.

(se),

se-ke-te,

to excuse.

v.

se-hir) (se),

se-ke-se-ke,

to perish, to he lost.

v.

se-gbe,

to he vain, to

v.

to

(ogiii)), V.

se-gur)

se-ke-re,

if.

to deepen.

v.

a kind of grass, broom-sedge.

se-ke-ke, v. to reckon by
give an account.

a black snake.

se-Tbi, V.

to associate with.

(se), v.

se-ge, n.

must se'-i-ye

fight.
n.

se-gbe

which

(se),

(^c), V.

is

ashamed.

nearly, recently.

broken.

to be deceitful, to deceive.

v.

to

conquer, to gain the victory in a

dispute.

se-tu

(ie), v.

to be speckled.

SI
make a

to

si, V,
to he

pale

off from the shore.

push

si-bo, n.

the papain.

si-dl

V.

(id)),

to

to

si-fi-sl, V.

to

shade, to overshadow.

to

(ogui)), V.

si-vro

go forth

abo siketa

as,

to

n.

si-ka,

half.

lay open, expose to view ;

to

v.

to dis-

si-kpe

to entreat, to

(^e), V.

See

si-kpo.

si

to

knock

lai-ya

a curved grass-knife, reap-hook,

si-lo, n.

si

. .

lo-dzu

wLen

V.

to he passionate,

sd,

V.

to he

si-16h,

to start, depart.

V.

si-mbo

(iai

n.

amb6),

thepapaw,

the white Tnan's

Hi.
to counsel,

(se), v.

ki-rab-rax)

to take into consi-

deration.

si-na

miss the way,

to

(5na), v.

to err.

In Pa. 78,

50, for ie 6na, or s5na.

.

ni-kpo, si

si

ni-ye

sl

si

BIT), V.

to

ni-di
to

v.

(ni),

V.

n5,

wash,

remove.

remind.

to he

guilty

to lend,

sir), sir)-sii), adv.

adv.

piercingly, keenly.

a kind of sauce.

siQ-sir) 6-b6, n.
!

inter] .

si-ra (ara), v.
si-re (se), v.
si-re-gur)

pshaw !

tut !

to he quick, to
to

(se),

play.

v.

to

to re-

10

a stalk of corn or

rice

with the grain on

it.

to be partial.

suffer

loss

of property,

(se),

to be offended, to forsake.

narrow, as a room.

s6-ko-t6,

trowsers, pantaloons.
to be simple,

(se), v.

v.

so-kur), so-kur)-kur),
a rivulet.
SO-16, w.
to

v.

dark.

to rule over.

the point or tip ;

a pinnacle ; a small

a particle.

(^e),

so-ro,

V.

so-r6

(^e), v.

s6,

command,

ignorant.

to be

to be peevish, surly.

V.

s6-re

V.

he

to glory, to exult, to act valiantly.

V.

so-kpe

to

to tattle.

V.

s6-ko-to,

so-yi
rebuke for ingratitude,

proach.
si-ri, n.

to he gracious, to favor.
v.

to be small,

(^c),

SO-AvS
s6-"W0

hurry.

in play.

V.

so-so

9.)

hesitate.

to waste, to feel bereaved.

to

v.

do good.

to be difficult.

furious.
so-so, adv.

a porcupine quill.

sir)-sir), n.

si6

uprightly, steadfastly.

time

to covet.

v.

to

(se), V.

item,
;

to cheat

v.

V.

sor)-so, n.

to borroto.

sir),

empty,
so-fo-fo

S0-n6,

rinse.

run precipitately

to

to

is

io.

(io), v.

(se),

so-lo-ri,
v.

(ni),

n\v9r) siwo,
si, it

to hint.

See

v.

SO-ke-hir)-dfi., v.
lit.

slackened or loosened.

(se), V.

so-go

weary.

to stop loork ;

very slightly (touching).

morose.

s6,

so-dzu-r6-re,

sickle.

to stimulate or revive, as

V.

(li),

remove the hand,

away (Exod. 8, 31)

work ; owo to

so-dzu-ko-ko-ro,

to alienate.

v.

(li),

darkness.

off.

so-dzo-ro

to

error.

they have knocked off

s6-fo

labor,

to be before, first.

to

V.

si

is possible.

to he in distress

to he silly, insane.

v.

so-dzu-sa-dzu,

an

(se), v.

(sc),

so-di-n6,

beg pardon.

nikpo.
v.

which

rapidly (boiling).

open the door.

(ekui)),
to remain^ after some has been taken.
si-kdr), V.
si
la-dze, v. to condemn for witchcraft.

sl-kuq

to

dark

is

remove, drive

SO-b6

close, reveal.

ih.

an exclamation of defiance.

so, adv.

under way.

to get

V.

See

ikig.

and a half; abo si--WOr) (se), v. to weigh. (Ps. 62,

si-ye-me-dzi (ie), v. to doubt, to

key.

si-ko (oko),

si-kpa-yS,

(eta), three

and a

^ikaruq (arui)), five

which

sl-"w6 (ow6),

sik, a contraction of sc ikoq, to make a fulness, or to

fill up, employed as a prefix to numerals after abo,

a half ;

See

he done,

work,

which errs

si-'we-re

to hattle.

&c.

collection,

sise oro, to be in torment.

the physic-nut.

si-gni), n.

to

(se), v.

si--wa-dzu

See silgudu.

si-gi-di.

which can

si-SU, adv.

and thick.

to he short

sl-gi-di, V.

mistake, to do amiss.

to

si-se, n.

si-si, n.

misplace.

thefobt, to hasten.

collects,

which flows, &c.

si-su, n.

See ^ugb6q.

8i-gb6r).

sl-gnr)

v.

move

to

si-se, n.

si-se

eyes, to be daring.
look upon, to regard.

to

V.

si-dzu-"w6,

remove.

open the

to

V.

si-dzti,

to

pluck up,

si-dzi, si-dzi-bd (se),

v.

which

n.

si-s^

to reckon, calculate.

v.

(^e),

si-s3.r), n.

a spoon.

Bi-bi, n.

si-ro

si-se (&se),

open, to remove, to slip out of the hand, to

to

hi, V.

mistake, to miss ; to fade in color,

to rinse.

^OF

I'd

to be

sharp pointed

singly, only.
to bewitch.

V.

(so), V.

(se),

V.

to

to be dizzy.

(se), v.

to watch, to

SO-de

(ode), v.

so-fo,

V.

to

make money.

to trade.

guard.

to patrol.

mourn for

the dead.

to be spiteful,

SOF

V.
to be persuasive : k iofoi) bi alakara, he
as persuasive as a cake-seller.

BO-foQ,
is

SO-gba
sb-kar)

(sc),

S9-kpe

(se),

SO-1&

boot.

su-ra,

to treasure

su-ru,

V.

to be in

su-su,

V.

to be

to

to

coolly, calmly.

BOr), adv.

precipitately, with a plunge.

to abstract

B6r), V.

m4h

asowo

by

to be

V.

Bog-gor),

little

long

and

a canoe, which
the owner goes

slender

a.iox]gqr) obiri

long slender

at the landing-place

i.

e.

when

into the market.

kick; to sting, to bum, as pepper

or shed, as blood ; to open a boil ; to pour,
anoint ; to cast, to fall on ; to spread, as a sail ;
;

is

BO-re

ta-dzu

commit an

offence.

ta-fa

to

v.

(se),

be friends, to associate:

to

v.

(se),

oneself, be careful.

See soijgoq.
so-rom-bi-a, n. See sohombia.

BO-s5
b5-SO
SO-te

(se),

(se),

V.

to

V.

to

SO-"w6

(se),

a foe,

hand

to

V.

(se),

BO-Wor)

complain,

to be

(se), V.

to cast out, to

v.

much.

to revolt.

over, send over, deliver.

to intrust ;

blacken, as clouds: il6

&ii.,it is

to

dark ; su

to

okui)kui),

dark, obscure, difficult to be understood ; ^u

dzikana, to make bricks ; sd si, to care for or no-

what
to

Bil, V.

amiss.

is

swarm

to

knead,

round as a

of bees

into balls or loaves ; to be

to collect, as

v.
(so ibu),

to

fall: bi subu,
as a crowd.

to

push down.

an image made of clay.

BU-kp6 (okpo), V. to marry a widow.

sCl-gu-du, n.
SU-kfl, n.

a Utile hand-basket.

le-se

16-h.ur)

su-lo-kp6

(li).

to

V.
;

(li),

to

V.

(li),

V.

paper.
throw a summerset.

to

v.

stand aloof.

a knot.

to tie

ta-ko-ko, V.
ta-ko-ta-b6

ta-kpa
ta-kpe

one side.

to

v.

a pair, male and female.

(ate), n.

v.

(ikpe),

snatch away.

to kick, strike,

(ikpa), v.

(okui)), v.

to shoot

or

to stretch

put forth

ears, as

n.

ta

lai-ya

to,

n.

ta-mkpa,

?;.

besmear with paint.

ta-ndzu,

v.

tS.-ni-tfi.-ni

ta-nd,
to

as bees.

purge.

press upon, in a tar),

V.

V.

tfi.r), V.

fectly.

on

the breast, to be

is poor,
to

a poor person.

give a gift

to.

young fruit.
to

v.

tfi-ma-ha,

to strike

v.

to censure, to abuse.

to

(li),

as the wind.

ta-la-ki, n. which
lo-re (li), v.
ta
.

rope.

white cloth, whiteness.

tfi.-lfi,

v.

gather around,

(ino), v.

ta-kur)

tS.-ndze,

See sukpo.

to settle on,

ni-n6

to

suppose, to hope.

the breast-bone.

t3.-n& (tag ina),

a partridge (the akparo).

sd-ku-rfi., n.

indifferently, insolently.

snap the fingers.

t9.1u-bo,

but, yet.

conj.

to stagger, to decline to

v.

(ika), v.

contrary

to collect,

v.

SU-gb6r),

sCl-m6,
crowd

to be disagreeable to.

su-bu

su-dzo,

make

See siim6.

V.

to set sail.

v.

maize.

ball, to be cylindrical ;

sCl-b6,

archer.

ta-ka

ta'-ke-te,

to be

tice

an

tai, tai-tai, adv.

ta-ke-te,

grow dark,

anxious.

bote.

to hasten.

v.

tfi-kar-da, n.

evacuate fceces.

to discourse ;

V.

talk

to waste.

v.

ta-gbo-kur),

to be scarce, dear, precious.

v.

to shoot

ta-gbor)-gbor),
to

shed blood.

to be in haste, to be

v.

(ofa), v.

ta-ge-re,

adorn.

to

awake suddenly.

to

ta-fa-ta-fa, n.

BO-ro.

go

or, indeed.

(odzu),

6 b^ mi ta-fa-la,

my friend.

spre kp6, he loas

to

to fine.

(edze), v.

watch over

shoot

tobacco.

V.

ta-dzi,
to

(ara), v.

s5-rar)

t3.-ba, n.

long and ta-dze

slender.

so-ra

to sell ;

tfi, V.

to

ta ire, to imprecate evil upon.

from place to place :

ta ? pron. who ?

ta-bl, adv.

which

n.

sor)-gor), soq-gor)-sor)-gor),

plump.

greatly, utterly.

to shine ; to produce, as
yams or potatoes,
forth roots or branches ; to sound aloud

time.

never reaches the market,

left

is

at

a
(a riddle),

de odza,

wonum who

trading

SU

up.

a heap or bunch.

to shoot, to

V.

ta,

su
SU

as the bowels.

to spill

BOX), adv.

811,

off,

T.

jog-

su,

run

to be loose, to

honor.

to

lo-SO (li), V. to garnish, adorn.

SO
80-na (se), V. to work at a trade, to carve.
to strike with the elbow,
BO
nI-gbo-"W"6, V.
.

(ino), V.
V.

thank.

to

v.

su-n6

SU-SU, adv.

in concert.

to be one, to agree, act

v.

V.

(^e),

n.

so-hom-'bi-a,

keep a garden,

to

v.

(se),

TAN

74

to light

v.

lamp or candle.

to cheat, to deceive.
to look

so-ko,

stem.

n.

a centipede.

away, cast out.

akin to ; to run a canoe aground.

to throve
to be

to be finished, perfect ;

to

cure ;

adv. per-

TAN
a lamp
molB or imol5, to

to shine, to light, as

til), V.

ceive, scatter

taij

tar)'-ga-ra, n.

tarj-gbo,

to

v.

a lamp.

a yam-vine

to

push

tin

ta-se,

v.

to miss.

ta

si-1^, V.

V.

to

ta-S9,

V.

to

wood

t6, adv.

the

te-dzu,

See

on

and

graced

edzi

one

t&

t6
tS

to

v.

ba-lS,

bS-re,

bo-mi

to bend,

v.

to dip,

to

bow,

to he fiat, insipid, dis-

to

push forward

(omi),

to

v.

te-ru,

(ta), v.

yours.

of ivhich lime

te-ru-tS-ru,

te
te

to

made.

long

and narrow.

to hoiv, to

bend the head down.

deal in slaves.

a slave-dealer.

See

si-le.

se,

is

his, thine.

to

w.

quietly.

ivhite cloth, sheeting, shirting.

te-ru

v.

an

te-tu, n.

ti,

to

adv.

tele.

compel

to

do a thing.

carelessly,

to

who,

hang up on a

to tie,

from, of, by

to

to be patient, to act

to

encamp,

to

habit, to dwell.
be fiat,

smooth

to fix

and : a

ti

oko de, we

ti

strike against ;

to lean against, push, prop,

ti

imprison

subu, to

to

fade, as to

support

ti

leliiij, to

to lock or

sustain,

push down.

ti,

to in-

ti-ar), adv.
v.

oro

adv.
heavily, vehemently (beating upon, as the
sun or waves).
6 kole
ti, an adverbial particle denoting/a/^wre ; as,
in his attemjtt to build a house.
aso tedin, plain
-ti, he failed

settlement

cloth.

te-dzu-m6,

conj.

vfk nib&, he

ti

consume.

strengthen ;

calmly, leisurely.

found a

go.
to

thump,

Oluwa, the word of the

mi, stand by me ; emi ti r6 k loh,

the farm ;

Lord ; duro ti
I and thou will

tl, V.

bind.

which, that,

already.

color, to
to

to receive, accept.

v.

have, has, had.

gnaw

came from

ap-

awkwardly,

executioner, sheriff.

how, where, lohen, already

is there

to

dip into water.

V.

at.

compel.

to be slender, be

ii.

level.

immerse

v.

tS-dz<i,

comfort.

tele.

a kind of vulture.

fasten, to lock up>,

to

to

v.

pron.

pron.

v.

tread down,

glory or triumph over,

See

lime, shells

(ti),

to

si-lS, v.

abject 2x>verty, distressed condition.

(ni),

n.

(ti),

te-re, n.

bend, to bow, to be cast

te-d6,

v.

already.

ti, ti, prep,

te-do,

t^-dzu,

to satisfy, to

v.

m6-l&.

nl-kpa

tl, v.

. . .

ti, 2^^on.

first.

spread out ;
beat or outdo ;

bo, V.
hook or pin.
.

ti, v.

down.

t6

to

v.

(li),

ti, aux. part,

with a quick pace.

trample ; to bend ; to castrate

proach, to be near : te si, to agree to.

tS-bfi.,

(li),

tS

spread out, prepare food.

te-"w6-gbd. (owo),

to

v.

t6,

tere,

as a tent or an altar.

erect,

lo-go

te-te-r, adv.
tere

early, soon, first ;

to

to

lo-ror)
.

le-se,

. .

a game of chance ; the name of a weed.

te-te-gUr), te-te e-gtlrj, n. a kind of cane.

to lay, to

v.

pacify.

pursue.

te-te, n.

there.

te-te-k6, adv.
t,

the top.

the leg of a beast.

n.

tS-re,

Sec tonitoni.

te-te, adv.

in wait, as

criist.

te-ri, tf-ri-ba (ori), v.

wholly, entirely.

te-re, n. a wave of the sea.

te-re, adv. scatteringly : cni

te-te,

igi

toni.

te-ni-te-ni.

..

te-re
yi

of me, mine.

te-mi, pron.

here

worry ^

worship, propitiate.

th-fe-th-ie, adv.

te-ni.

'

called

game

look after, superintend,

to

th

te-nte-re,

a kind of piarrot.
v.

lie

beforehand, previously.

t|

ter)-yir)

very light.

(sitting or alighting)

n.

te-de,

play
is

array, to

t6-n6 (ino), V. to he meek ; adv.

tS-nu-in6 (enu), v. to affirm.

very (light); sadly, gloomily:

to fondle,

V.

to

v,

fere tatu, this

te,

te

te

imprecate evil on.

war]} thread for weaving.

ta-tu, adv.

1&,

tS-ni-t6-ni, n.

to spill, to shed, as blood.

ta-AWO, ta-yo,

expand.

to soothe,

v.

(li),

tS-na, adv.

violently.

to kick.

v.

ta-se,

trample on

or pewter.

n.

(|se),

te-in6, te

ta-sa,

ta-se

tS

n.

to follow,

t'.

tS-le, adv.

left to rattoon.

ink.

(ori), V.

.lai-ya

te-le,

ta-ra, n. gravel.
t&.-ra, adv.
straightforward, hastily.

ta-ri

to

v.

set in battle

to

te-hii)-gbe-sa,

te

(stretching) to the full extent, vioin

as
convulsions.
lently,

tar-dft, n.

V.

an array.

tar)-tar), adv.

tar(-ta-si, n.

consult Ifa.

gbeg-gbe,

te-gur),

spread abroad, promuhjate.

to shine, as

v.

...

to

V.

te-fa,

te

to ulcerate.

v.

tar)-kpa-ra,
tar)-sar),

to entice, de-

shine.

to take root.

V.

tar)-ka-le,

a plate.

tin,

TIB

75

the eyes on, to gaze

ti-be, adv.

ti-b5,

V.

distant,

from

far

off.

there, thence.

to kindle.

ti-dzti (odiu),

to stand or plarx in a row, to set in order, to

or
keep
ponder in the mind ; to lay up, to be re-

ashamed.

to be

v.

tl-ka-lfi, tl-ka-rfi, n.

ti-ko, adv.

by,

by means

ti

to be

to

V.

ashamed

tl-na-b5
ti-n6

to

(ina), v.

ti-n6-ti-n6, adv,

within, from out

a book.
ti-rS

(ti),

before ; ki a tcni do, before

erf,

to-ri
look doianwards

to stoop, to

tiri si,

to.

opposite

kAg, Osa kilq, 6 kdi)

there remain the Ogun

okui)
tiriij

twine ; Ogar)

tirii),

k6 kpade

(river), the

(a riddle),

Osa

which you have not met

the slender,

(i.

(lake),
e.

crossed)

v.
to stand firm,
(ti iriri),
stand
on
ti-ro,
tiptoe reaching upward.
with consideration, advisedly.
tl-ro-ti-ro, adv.
ti-sa-dzu, n. which is former or foremost.

which

ti-t3.r),

See

is for sale, dkc.

which

ti-t&, n.

is

lowly, <tc.

See

continually, for ever, till

ola, he will be better by to-morrow.
. . .

ti, adv.

toholly, altogether

titi

which

ti-t9, n.

ogo

ti

ogo, all

ti-"wa

(ti),

to, adv.

t5

t6,

See

to ;

fi

t6 bl, as
as ; a^e

odifi to, to

much as ;
Oluwa to,

are right

agogo

the eye

it

clock to strike ; 6 to bi eni odui)

years old.

to

reach

all, totally,

ni t6t6, truly,

of equal value,

to be meritoriotis.

considerately, discreetly,

V,

to

mi

loh, tO

mi

\t\i\ij,

to

follow me; tbmi

(ti),

many

as

to, to

attend

is

the

time for the

mewa, he

is ten

adv,

(ti),

to

(tu), v.

t5-kpa

(ikpa),

with

all

paddle a canoe,

the

heart,

to steer,

to follow, trail, trace out,

v,

td-kpe-re (akpere), v. to copy,

t6
kp5, v, to bring up together,
.

to-kug
t6
t6
to

to guide, direct,

(okui)), V,

la-ra

v.

le-hir)

(li),

16h,

v.

to

(li),

that one yonder.

pron,

freely.

how much to-ko

commandments of
li>,

(never again) at

touch ; to urge, trouble, enrage ; to taste,

to follow, to approach, resort to, arrive at

to

to-hur)

16 behe, so much, inas-

to

at p>eace.

is

See togbe.
clearly, without clouds.

t5-kar)-t5-kar)

put

the

country

V.

without clouds.

& to ogorui), they are as

big it is /

a hundred ;

much
Lord

to,

well ! very good !

how

coat.

as dirty water; to be tranquil:

t6-dztl (odz6), v, to look after, take care of.

to-ho, adv. well, very (employed in commending)
iwo seui) tgho, you have done well.

enough, sufficient, capacious ;

kd to Bk4i), few, not much ; 6 kp5 t6
or

. . .

to be

v.

teui,

to guide, lead, bring up, educate ; to watch

v,
over or take care of ; to be straight, right,. true ; to

theirs.

by drops, as water

interj.

t8, to cry to,

wah, come to me ; ke
v.
to
t5
bring up, as a child.
da-gba,
to-do (i\), prep, from, from the presence of

for ever.
on account of.

ours,

pron.

ti-'VTOV), pron.

settle,

to be

V,

urinate

neio or young.

is

to

V.

ile toro, the

td,

is straight, true, dtc.

which

ti-tor), n.

correct ; to be long, durable ; to split into strips ;

ti

tremulously, violently (shaking).

because,

t6,
yi 6 sAq

ti-ti-ai-ye ti-ti-lai, adv.

ti-to-ri, conj.

ki

narrow.

to-ye-to-ye, adv,

t^i).

glorious, (Ps. 45, 13.)

ti-tl, adv.

we come,

an upper garment, a

to-ro, n.

to-ye,
See

t&.

ti-ti, adv.

ti

a turkey.

on.

from

to be

V.

to-ro,

thoroughly.
truth
t6-t6, n.

td.

ivho is cheated, or deceived, etc.

J?,

e.

fall to one^s share, to pertain to

to-to, to-to-hur), adv.

to

ti-tS, n,

to

V.

to-ro-gbfe,
to-to, adv.

ti-rir)-ino-16
V.

(ti),

and to-ro,

the nose.

meaning

\.

tori odili, to satisfy, satiate,

to-ri, prep,

to be slender

ti-rir), v.

is wattled,

tom-bfi^ . a sort of club or cudgel.

till to-day
to-ni, te-ni (to oni), adv.

thine, his.

pron.

tl-ri (ori), v.

come tumhling down.

till now,
to-ni-to-ni, te-ni-te-ni, adv,
anything written, to-ni-to-ni, adv, cleanly, nicely.
to-nto-ro, 71, a small bit, a particle.

heartily.

Mohammedan charm ;

ti-ra, n.

which

to-16-to-16, n.

sef on fire, to kindle,

from

(ino), prep,

of,

slumber.

to

to-ge-dr)-gbe,
a loattle.
to-16, n.

towel.

into.

pry

to doze, to

V.

9\vo), n.

to

V.

to-dzti-bo,

v.

lo-dzu,
abash,
ti-ni6-ti-in6, adv. closely (adhering).
tim-tim, n. a pillow, a cushion.
.

to-bi-n5-'w6 (n5
to-gb6,

to sustain, strengthen,

v.

le-hir),

towel.

to be large.

V.

td-bi,

not that, not because,

.

a napkin, a

to-bi, n.

of.

with all the house.

ti-16-ti-16 (ati ile ati ile), <idv.
ti-lS, adv. from the ground, even : ko til& sc kpd,
ti

to dzo, to lay up, as

treasure.

to cast off, reject.

ti-ktl-ro, V.

a broken limb

stored, as

self.

sluggishly, unwilUnghj.

ti-kpa-se, prep,

V.

t6,

from.

ti-ha, prep.

TOL

76

Tll)k

v.

go

to

touch one.

to follow.
to, to follow.

a.s

children.

TON
t5-na

to

(6na), v.

the road, to trace the

go along

run, as a melon-vine.
adv.
again, once more.

tp-re

t5-se

t6
to

complete

"Wd,

V.

to taste.

w6

(ti

owo), prep,

to

throw out,

to

to

to

pluck up

break

to unfold,

pull a paddle or oar

to

tidings that the bearer's friend is

to cease from

ttl, V.

a horse

td 9f9,
dead.

to

(Arab.),

tu-dzu-ka

tu

ka,

to

tu-ko,

to take

V.

to trouble.

"wa-hS.-la,

n.

trouble, affliction.

wa

courage, be cheerful.

to scatter.

v.
(ile),

tu

la-SO

tu-lS

tu
tu

misfortune,

to

V.
(ile),

le-do

(li),

lo-dzQ.

. . .

break

(li),

up

to tame, to

V.

tu-md,

n.

V.

. .

ni-no

to be

n.

milk.

to baffle

a plot

to

See tu

tti-ra-ri, n.

tu-to,

tu-tu,

v.

. .

comfort, console, to

nino.

perfumery of any kind,

iii

to end, to abut.

nimble.

epilepsy.

divide or share; to do

homage,

"wa-rl-ri,

v.

to tremble.

"wa-ri-ri,

v.

to

coldness, greenness (not dry, as plank)

:

(9r9i)),

to

v.

the

stiffen

neck,

to

wa-si, "wa-su,

o die wa-"Wa, n.

'wa-'wi,

wa-'w6,

entirely.

V.
V.

v.

to

preach.

a leaf of maize.
to

make an

excuse.

to cease, abate.

to come to a close contest.

"wa-yfi.-i-dz&, v.
wa-yi, adv. now.

w.

we,

we
"wa ?

adv.

where

iwe mi

wa ? where

is

my

to

tremble greatly.

obstinate.

tutu, he ate it raw.

t<l-tu, adv.

a house.

n.

"wa-rorj-ki

raiontss, lohich is wet ; fres/mess {not salt)

slate.

a counsellor, one of the cabinet.

wa-ri-ko (ori), v. to sit head to head, as two persons leaning forward in conversation.

to spit.

n.

a canoe-paddle.

worship.

naked.

to pacify,

(ino), v.

n.
to

v.

wa-ri-fa,

to strip

end

V.

propitiate.

tu-n6.

to be

V.

charm, as one does w9.-ra,

"wa-ri,

a secret,

v.

cheese,

n.

home.

wa-ra,
w&-ra,

expound.

nl-ho-ri-ho,

. . .

to

array.

to

V.

wa-ra-kpa,

explain words,

tu
tu

to be at

a shower.

the silk-worm.
to disclose

avenge a

taken for a wife.

to write on,

oar,

n.

a serpent.

tum-bu,

woman

to search

V.

(ile),

"wa-kpd,

the earth, to plough.

to console.

V.

to

dig the ground, to dig,

war)-rar)-"war)-rar), adv, irregularly, foolishly,

evil.

to strip one.

V.

(li),

an

n.

W3.-16,

tu-la-sil), .

to seek for.

v.

a board

n.

"wa-la-mi,

to refresh.

v.

(li),

to

time, season, hour.

n.

ki-ri,

wa-la,

wk-lh

la-ra

to set in battle

wa-hfi.-la,

tu

or seize food, to forage ;

come.

to

W&rle

into, to scrutinize.

butter.
(ogui)), V.

tu-kpu, adv. precipitately.

tu-ku, n. a wild hog.
.

laye or

hurriedly.

w.-ka-si, "wa.-ra-ka-si,

to navigate.

V.

examine

"wa-ha-ri, n. a slave
See wayi.
WEii.

again.

v.

imo,

a package of kauij.
mush.

n.

wa'-ka-tl,

(odid),

V.

pull an

wa

investigate a cause

to

M.

wa-gug
wSh, V.

a jail.

n.

tu-bu,

to try

V.

(till)),

to dig, to

blue dye or color.

n.

n.

wa-gl,

bring

to ease, to reconcile ;

paining,

to

V.

n.

wa-gari,

to scatter, to

to perceive ;

wrong.

to repent.

v.

to find

ri,

us, our.

(idi),

wa-ga,

be cool or cold.

tu-ba
tu-bb

wa

loudly.

wa-dzo,

blossom, to break up, as a

to

wa

wa-du-wfi-du, adv.
to seek
wa-dze, v.

to fail.

loose, as

out, to gush, to tap a barrel

pour

plunder,

to live.

aye,

wa-di

examine.

adv. fully.

respectfully, reverently.

to spit ;

to untie, to loosen ;

crowd

(bound) hand and foot.

t6-'WO-t5-'W9 (owo), adv.

tfl, V.

li

by (means of).
gain.
dip thehand in (Mat. 26, 23). "wa-dzi,

to

(te), V.

tO-'w6-te-se, adv.
V.

t9re ann,

"Wa, adv.

to trace out, track,

to be whole,

V.

to-AVO-b9

tu,

to offer

"wa., pron.

(5se), V.

t6-to,

oar or paddle

to borroio, to beg.

V.

tremble

to

endure, stand

to be, live,

V.

wft,

alms.

to give

t6-ro,

give a present,

to

(ta), v.

share

to

out, discover.

to

t6r), tfir),

to seek ;

v.

wft,

footsteps, to take the lead,

tor), V.

WEL

77

to twist, to curl, to fold ;

V.
.

kp6,

book ? we-le, adv.

I

V.

to twist

or

wind

to

wean a

child.

together.

wavingly, as grass in the wind.

be

WEM
we

wind upon.

to

V.

in6,

we-re,

v.

to be silly.

"WS-re,

V.

to be

we-re-"we-re,

w6,

nimbly.

wS,

to sport or be

to

V.

swim

to

diado,

wS

ewe,

for

"WS

wS

lS-"wa

adorn, decorate

to

to castrate.

V.
.

(ara),

"we-re, we-"we,

we-w6
Wl,

wash

off,

cleanse,

to

V.

(9W0),

small.

wash

the hands.

to speak, to say, tell

V.

they say,

i)wi,

it is

said.

wl,

wi-ndi,

an

V.

re.

w^I-ri-^wl-ri,

wi-"WO,
wi-'WU,

which

is

which

is swollen,

V.

to doze, sleep lightly.

wS,

V.

to fall ;

w6

down;

to be

esiq wo, the horse

look

wait on the sick

behold

to

superintend, search

to look, seem.

at,

break a thing down,

to

V.

ba-16,

to

WO-du,
.

to look

V.

abate a

dzl-na,

w6-dztl

(odi4),

WO-fi-ri,

v.

to

to

glance

w6

(oke),

to fall

v.

v.

(ilo),

to

look at stealthily.

at, to

to

look here

and

there.

look upwards.

See w6

kpa-lS.

W6-1S,
"Wd-lS

to fall

V.

la-lS

la-S9

V.
(li),

wd-le (ilc),
wd-le (ile),
WO-ndd, V.

down.
look at the

wo-rar),

WO-ro,

n.

'WO-'We,

wd-ye,

v.

n.
V.

to enter into one.

to clothe.

go into

to

('.

the house, to enter

a,

place.

sink into the ground.

to take soundings.
to

v.

those.

go or come

to enter,

(ino), v.

in.

them.

to be scarce, dear, precious, stingy, to catch

v.

to

to

to

to

ground

to

measure,

aim

descend on, as a curse

weave, plait, knit ; to

prune,

to

pick

these.
to enter into one.

make

to

v.
(irii)),

to

V.

(aso),

draw

to

V.

to

weave.

to

(aso), V.

wo-ro-'WO-ro, adv.

WO-ti,

weigh

or point at.

(ara), v.

wo-rir)

w5-^w6

(ew6),

W9-W0,

V.

"WTJ, V.

to

ti

as

it

wti,

V.

nails.

lukewarmly, as water.

put

on, to wear.

aside, as for conversation, to sit

wu

a common

copious, to be lukeioarm.

please one by

4 io

ki

may, by

to wither, to cast the leaves.

v.

to be

all

{as

its

you

please that

it

be that
be),

bread

to increase, to stir

to look

gloomy ; to impend,
he was frightened.

ori re w{i,
n.

appearance or character

means.

to swell, to rise as

up sediment
ger

a pi-ophet.

re.

"WC-lCl,
.

(li),

embark.

v.

as dan-

a virgin.

wu-ra,

n.

gold.

wu-re

(wi

ire), v.

to bless.

'wu-ru-'wu-ru, adv.

w6

to

(oko), V.

WU-ndl-a,

balB.

salutation.

"WO-ll,

bi 6

regard.

v.

to

v.

heal a loound.

to

V.

w6-hir) "wo-hur),

wd-ke

black or dark.

v.

gather together.
to look or see there.
(Luke

ohui)), v.

by.
to

nuisance.

wd

w6-so

to

v.

to

V.

la-ra

WO-ra
or push

to break, cut,

down.

to cast

v.

WOr)-yI, pron.

dead.

w6r)-SO

a swelling, a tumor.

dead, applied to large animals

visit,

off ;

crooked, crookedness.

"WO,

to be suitable, convenient.

blame, to retaliate.

quickly, hastily.

n.

abide in a

to

greediness, lasciviousness.

re.

'vrhX), V.

twilight.

n.

any thing thrown to one

to wean ; to sprinkle ;

borrow.

W^i-ri-'Wi-ri, adv.

"wd,

w5-ko

'w6r),

near a place.

to be

v.

wiri-rir),

is

to distress ;

"WOT), pron.

difficulty.

tinder garment.

to lend, to

V.

of a

publish about.

to

V.

to complai7i

v.

(edz9),

wl-kl-ri,
wll),

a burden

w6-n6

to singe.

wi-dzo

to

fowls

WO-ni, pron.

V.

;
;

to

;
put on clothes ; to
as
an
disap>pcar,
eruption ; to go
to shed leaves, to press down as

to roost, as

wd
w5

oneself.

to be

v.

to enter into ;

excavate

to

17, 23.)

wash

to

v.

nb,

to

v.

lodge

wo-hur) (wo

(li),

be hollow,

to

we ? whafs w6-dzo-kp6,

e se

purify.

"We-ra

drag out.

"wd-dza,

now

again,

m6, "we

to

wo w6-bi-a,

out.

adv.

now

the matter

swim

to

wash,

playful with each other.

drag,

as the sun

set,

chew, grind,

to

to

v.

house,

we-AVU (wo), V. to enter into danger.

wf, V. to be fine, as grains or fibi'es to
mash

V.

diado,

the stinging bean.

adv.

at this time (to-morrow or next

year).
to crawl, as a snake
to flock : wo

"wo-yi, adv.

'wd,

quick motioned.

n.

we-re-kpe,

YA

IS

(ilS).

"WU-'WO,

upon from a
See

wo

v.

to be

confusedly (mixed).
heavy, dull of action.

height.
.

balg.

look on, to look.

(Luke 23, 35.)
a grain or seed.

Y.

to

hail.
to perceive, to observe.

ya,

V.

to hasten, to

of performance
hold in pawn;

be sprightly, lively ;

to select

to tvarrn,

to be

easy

an image to worship ;
to be warm.

to

YA
to tear

YON

T9

to rejoice.
comh, adjust ; to pluck cr& yfi.-y6 (ayS), v.
a well
to depart, separate ye, V.
to lay eggs ; to be pleased ; to cease
doing a
from company, give place in a crowd.
to be comprehensible : 6
tiling
ye mi, 6 ye W91), /
understand it, they understand it.
yi, V. to be : 6 yh aro, he is a cripple. (Acts 14, 8.)

yd^v.

of corn

to

apart ;

to cave in, as

ya-di

to

v.

ya-lDO-de,

ya-dzu

(agai)), v.

ya-gbe

(igbe), v.

ya-htl-di (Arab.),

couj.

lo-to

ya-ma,

the

ya

ya

to step

(9na), v.

ndze,

ya-nu

to

(enu), v.

gape or wonder

See yor)m9ti.
to open a road.
(ona), v.
change one's position,

to

v.

v.

to turn, revolve,

yi,

to be tough, fibrous.

to

turn

yi

open

at.

tloe

mouth

d.-n5,

yanu

si,

to

yi-gi, n.

overturn, spill.

dull or slow in hearing or believing.

marriage.
to prevaricate.

(oliur)), v.

yi-hur)

to

v.

to be

V.

yi-gbi,

move, pervert.

this.

yi, pron.

to be beautiful.

to chagrin, to mortify.

v.

turn out of place, change, postpone.

to

V.

yS,

indulge, praise.

of,

lightly (sleeping).

little,

V.

v.

(ni odzu),

ni ha,

make much
a

out of the road, to get out of yi,

to cheat.

v.

to

y, adv.

ye-tu-ye-tu, n. a blossom,
yfe-wu, n. a chamber.

at the fire.

way.

to be fit, ivorthy, suitable.

V.

aside, to dei)art.

warm

to

V.

y,

yfe-ra (ara),

S9t9.

a musketo.

n.

sound in health.

ye,

ye-na
.

! alas !

to live, to be

ye-mo-ti.

the west.

(ina), v.

ya-ndzu
.

to err.

separate from, avoid, slum.

See ya

V.

(li),

n.

yam-yam,
ya-na
yi-na

go astray,

whether.

ya-la,
.

Iloriq).

to leave, clear out, to be absent.

v.

ya

to

si-16, v.

ya-ku-ro,
.

to seimrate, to

(ikpa), v.
.

a Jew (so called at

71.

oh

interj.
V.

ye'-me-dz4, n. the goddess of streams.

ye-ye, n. mother.

evacuate fceces.

to

yd,

saucy.
to be barren.

ya-g&l)

ya-kpa
ya-kpa

dumb.

to be

v.

(odin),

ye

smuggle.
to he

(odi), v.

to encircle, to surround.
tohake,fry,parch ; to loalk leisurely, proudly. yi-ka, v.
yi
yar), adv.
ku-ro, v. to avert, to cross the hands in salubrilliantly (sliininjr).

yar),t.

yftlj, V.

to gape, to

yS.r), V.

to

among

yar)-gar),

yai>gi,

take out

from

to extract

(Exod.

(ohui)), v.
v.

to

kpa-mo,

yar)

ni-kpa,

yar)

yai)

yar)-yar), adv.

of one's knowledge,

to be

v.

n.

ya-ra,

n.

to

be

as a

young

bird.

ya-ra

(ar4), v.

to

hasten, to be active.

yft-ra

v.

to

warm

(ara),

V.
(si),

v.

YSi-ySL, adv.

lo-go

ni-b9r),

to

or set apart to a

to be different, to
differ.

mew ;

n.

cat.

nimbly, briskly.

to eject

a gun,
break a law.

to fire
to

(li),

suddenly.
to shoot.

yo,

to extol, glorify.

V.

which

cessation, failure, healthiness.

ivhich is rough, scaly.

with food.

deeply (red).
to

V.

shoot at.

to shoot, to

v.

to be full, satisfied

V.

y6,

pull

out, to

draw, as a sword;

escape ; to

put forth young

as the new moon.
y6,

to melt,

V.

avert.

hail.

pron.
V.

slippery, to

to feel

walk

compassion

stealthily

to deliver,

leaves ; to appear,

mq

to slip,

mi yo

si i,

to

be

I pity

him.
to rejoice, to be glad, to

V.

yo-dza-de,

yb-dzH

(9t9), v.

ya-ur),

. .

y6,

oneself

to separate,

purpose.

ya-to

ylt)

to

entirely.

roughly, unevenly.
a room : yara okc, an upper room.
a ditch around a toion.

ya...so-to

admire

(ib9i)), v.

yir)

yd, adv.

plump,

lay eggs, to

yi-yi, n.

y3.r)-yS.r), adv.

ya-ra,

yi-yS,

obstinate in one's opinion.

yar)--we (owe),

yi-si

at naught.

kick (applied to beasts).

boast

to

v.

to set

to

v.

to praise,

yir)-yir), n.

money.

to set at variance.
v.

to

kpa-da, v. to turn, convert, pervert,

yi-kpo, V. to turn aside, to pass away.

cat.

to lay up, as

v.

ni-kpo-si,
ni-tete,

yi

select things to.

v.

shake slightly,

to

move,

attract attention, excite covetous desires.

ylr)-fir) (ofiij), v.

to threaten.

add

yar)

to

ylr), V.

yir)-bor)

a bundle of emeries.

yar)-kor),

yir), V.

5, 14.)

maize.

yar)-hur)

tation.

to kick.

clay stone cemented with iron.

M.

yar(-rar),

buy food from a cook,

yarj-hai), ya-ur), n.

neigh

yar) le, to appoint over.

n.

yar)-gi-di, n.

to

choose, select, appoint, to

several, to

a thorn

yawn,

yo

yo-nu

(odzu),

le-nu

to

v.

blesome.

over.

protrude.
to be

v.

v.

(enu),

(enu), v,

triumph

conspicuous, to appear,

to

to toash

harass, annoy.
the

mouth

to

be trou-

YON
y6r),

V.

ydr),

V.

with force
to

cut or saio

of

tall

minent.

grass

(falling)

in a swarm.

off.

to raise the head, as

;

to

yo

vermin on fowls.

su-ti-sl,

V.

to

thrust out

the lips at,

to

deride.

sesame, the bene plant.

yoQ-mo-tl, n.
yo-ri (ori), v.

n.

yo-ro,

to itch.

y5r), adv.

YUN

80

yo-y o,

from the midst ydr),

appear, to be conspicuous, pro-

fro.

V.

n.

a group, a JlocJc, a constellation.

to conceive,

to be

pregnant

to

go

to

and

APPENDIX.
[Some of

tlie

ABA
a-bai-ye-dze
maker, a

ba

(a

dze

A-b9-do-rir)

a mischief-

aiyc), n.

a kind of egret.
de orii) ?), n. a jiroper name.

a house or

settle-

the

n.

(ori), n.

killed

a king's servant.

of honor.

a running plant.
n.
a climbing, a riding, which
See gui).

n.

Sec the root

'

ha.'

n.

See the root

'

he.'

who pro-

a-dza,

a jerking; one toho jerks, which

is

jerked,

See dza.

d-c.

See

heso.

a-ho,
a-hu.

See adSq.

rides, is rid-

a newsmonger, a smattercr,

n.

a-he-so,

insurrectionist, one

motes rebellion or enmity.

n.

officer,

title

a-h.a, n.

a-he,

a-dCir), n.

etc.

dtc.

den,

fowl of propitiation,

grape-shot.

an

a petty

.-gO-ro, n.

a-gur),

jnst as a person dies.

a-do-te-si-lS, n.

a kind of antelope.
a forest bird.

a-gn-m5-na,

A-de-rlr), a proper name of a man.

A-de-gb6, a proper name of a man.

a-di-re i-ra-na,

n.

a-gbu-bo,

igara, snatching re-

thinks of) robbery.

(lit.

a-ge, n.

an island
a-dfi.-d6 (da odo), n.
ment in a retired situation.

agboqgbcre kpete

a-gbor)-yi, n.

?t.

See abowogai).

a-bo-gS.!), n.

children

sembles

(abi)

a cawing,

n.

a-hu-so,

which

n.

See h9.

dr..

See the root

'

hu.'

a falsehood, a false re-

is false,

port.

a fighting, a fighter, c&c. See dia.

ai-ba-de, n. unsuitable, unbecoming.
not fiat, uneven.
a-dza-SO, n. a flying report, hearsay.
ai-be-le, n.
a town in Yoruba.
(broken by war), a town west of Ba- Ai-bd, n.
A-dzd.-se, n.
which does not refuse, which consents.
dagry.
aX-dSX, n.
a-dz., n.

a-dze,

n.

the water ordeal.

a-dze-fo-"WO,

n.

A-dzi-bo-kpe,

See the root dza.

ai-dza, n.
ai-dzo, n.

a jMt-herl.

n.

(^pahn-ioorshipper),

ai-he,

son.

a-gar)-rar), n.

a-gai)-"WO,

n.

which

is

sowed,

d:c.

the green parrot.

a-gba-kar)-kar),

A-gba-ma-ya,

tree

not saluted, dc.

a forest

n.

the

n.

bird.
belotv

Abe- al-kbr),

oknta.

a-gba-Tvd,

n.

See

See ko.
See ko.

a-gba-yor), a-gba-yoQ-kor),
hausted, used up.
the
sweet"
taste
of
which
remains
in
unsaved ;
the
berry,
ai-19, n.

mouth
a-gbe,

for a long time.

n.

a-gbil), M.

ai-la-di, n.

one who takes,

which

d'c. (see

is 2'lanted,

a-gbir)-yi-ka-gba,

n.

gbc)

a planter.

a cockatoo. ai-19.-dza,
See gbii). ai-la-dzo,

a hedge or fence around a ai-ll-fa,

garden.

a-gb6,

n.

which

a-gb6r)-gbe-re,
11

is

heard

n.

the

a hearer.

unmurmuring.

See

kftq.

free from stumbling, void of offence.

which is not remaining ; finished, ex-

n.

miraculous

the

n.

untattooed, uncircumcised.

ai-kilr), n.

agbasli).

ki.

not hard.

ungathered

ai-ktir), n.

ai-ko-se,

See

uninstructed, ignorant.

ai-ko-la, n.

name of a town

See he.

not warned, unadmonished.

ai-ki-lo, n.

al-ko, n.
ai-ko, n.

used for timber.

See dio.

not indebted, not owed.

n.

ai-kl, n.

a sower

n.

not lacked up or gathered.

not visited, unvisited.

n.

an ungrateful per- ai-ke-si,

a-fQ-re-si-bi, a-fd-re-si-gi, n.

unlike, dissimilar.

a proper ai-gbe-se,

name.

a-forj-ru-gbli), n.

AIM

tattler.

a-ba-ku-lu-dze,

a-di-ri

work which

following words have been supplied from memory, and others from Crowther's Vocabulary, a
was not able to procure for a long time after my return to America. T. J. B]

See gb6.

snatch-game, played

n.

invisible,

dc.

See

la.

unexplained.

n.

unreconciled.

n.

unsettled, as a dispute.

disadvantageous, unprofitable.

name of a plant.

ai-lu, n.

the

ai-lu, n.

not perforated, imperforate.

bv at-mS-te, ai-mS-ro,

n.

inconsiderate, improvident.

AIM
ai-me-le,

not lazy, industrious

n.

&e almele, to

which

n.

ai-mo, ai-mu,
mu.

See

<t.

unshaken,

ai-mO.,

n.

Ai-na,

n.

a proper name.

ai-rfi, n.

unhouyht,

ai-re, n.

unshorn,

al-si, n.

al-tS, n.

a-ka,

See

dec.

See

ra.

fi-ri-ya,

^i.

a-ki-sa-lS, n.
a-k6r)-ror), n.

thread

is

a roll of tobacco.
wliicli shoe-

a resinous

the majority,

abundance.

See the roots

'

la

'

and

'

(ala

ba ni

a^e), n.

a name

of Obatala.

a-la-ba-wdr), n. a sprinkler ; one who has a stain

on his character.

a kind of bird

a kind of

wood of which is very elastic.

a coming again, a returning.

tree the

See at9gse.
a small climbing animal which barks

a-'wa-'wa, n.
like a dog.

the name of a town.

n.
a washing, cleansing, that which cleanses.
a-'wS-de (ide), n. an herb used for cleaning brass:

a-"w6,

n.

onibaba ni itodiu orombo, onide ni itodiu awede,

the owner of copper looks for a lemon, the owner of
brass looks for awfede.

a-"w5r) e-kur),

a-"wu-ka-ra

a refuser.
a lover.

a-y6r),

ay

n.

lit. leopard's tongue.

leavened bread.

nettle,

(akara), n.

a-ya-m5-kp6,

a charitable person, a philanthropist.

a-la-gba-da, n. a maker or dealer in the garment

a-la-fe-ni, n.

tassel ;

A-wa-ye,

la.'

the oracle ;

a youth, adolescent.

plant.

a-tur)-se.
leaf of

tree.

disease in fowls.

(ati ile), n.

a-tOr)-"wfi.h, n.

the shea-

possession, attainment.

a-to-ri, n.

a-la, a prefix equivalent to oni,' implying the owner,

the actor, Ac. (Gram. 52, 1, 4).

a-la-fe, n.

a-ta, n.

a-ti-0-ro, n.

a fibrous plant, of

'

a-la-dii, n.

the batten of a loom.

a-ti-nl, n.

tree.

a-Ia-ba-lase

asia.

^-sa, n.

a-ti-16-nde

a-kpog, .. a king-fisher.
a-ku-ma-la-kpa, n. the young
a-la, a-ia., n.

interj.

a seditious person.

See

a running plant.
a closet.

made.

a-kp5-dzCl,

merriment.

a dwarf.

a-t3.r)-ko-ro, n.

n.

n.

n.

{only honor), a proper name.

a-kpa a-sa-ra, n.
a-kpa i-kd-ko, n.

a dishonest person,

a small bird with red feathers,

a previous agreement, a bargain.

a-ru-kpe, n.
a-ru-lu (ilu),
Seeke. a-sa,

a crier; a cutter, which is cut, i&c.

a-ke,
a hater ; a saponaceous plant.
K.
a-ke-ri,
n.
a
a-ke,
climbing plant, used for ropes.
n.

dishonesty,
n.

a-ru-gbo-ru-gbo, n. a very old man.

a-ru-ko, n. a hoe-handle.

the armadillo.

tree ;

bird,

a small bird with blue feathers.

a-ro-si-16, n.

ri.

K.

A-ki-o-la,

n.

&ri-y6,

h.-XQ, n.

re.

ro.

name of a

the

at all.

a carnivorous

n.

a-re-re-gbo-sur),

See
unopened, d:c.
unsold.
See ta.

n.

See a-ra-ra, adv.

people of the world,

th

aiye), n.

a-re-ke-re-ke,

See

<S;c.

etc.

unseen,

See root

ai-r9.

d:c.

a-ra-AVO,

not sharp, dull.

ai-ri, n.

ani.

not drzmk,

is

a fashion, custom.

i-ra, n.

a-rai-ye (arA
mankind.

be industrious.

al-tnl, n.

BIB

82

otherwise, unless.

conj.

a saw, a

Cir), n.

file.

agbada.
a-la-gur), n.

a-la-h6r),
a-la-ri, n.

a-le, n.

n.

a king's spy or policeman,

name of a plant.

the

A-II, a proper name.

the fig-eater, a bird.

a-19-ke-le, n.

al-ma-ga-dzi, n. scissors,
A-lu-lii, a proper name.
a-lu-kl, n.

b5\vo fu

shears.

ba-bo, n. a tree with a broad leaf.

ba-na-ba-na, n. a kind of insect.
ba-na-ba-na, be-na-be-na, n. a

ba-uq
be-dzi

b6-ke

(ba

(and leaves

it

uiiburned).

a-lu-ma-ga-dzi, n. See alraagadii.

a-mkar), a-mu-kar), n. sorrel plant.
a-md-dze we-Ave, n. a medicinal plant.

a-mgba-du,
the

n.

the

name of a pot-herb,

name of a

bird.

oi)),

(bi),

(bii),

hood.
a slender prickly plant : bi ina dzo, ^
b6-ro-fu
it
the
burns
when
aluki,
fire
(the woods),

respects the aluki

a-rfi, n.

B.

a perspirer.
which has a tongue, tongued.

adv.

V.

to

bear twins.

v.

to

give a false reply, to utter a false-

to refiect

(bii), V.

upon,

to

think about.

a town in Yoruba.'

Be-se,

n.

bS-mi

(bil),

v.

to give life to.

bi-a-ti-Q'Wi, adv.

just now, at once, immediately.

bi-ba,

n.

a meeting,

(tc.

See ba.

bi-bd,

n.

a bending,

eSc.

See ba.

bi-bi, K.

narcotic plant.

so, thus.

that ivhich is pushed, dc.

Sec

bi.

BIB
that which is fed, a feeding, d'c.

n.

bi-bo,

83

is

given, dx.

.die), v.

to sjwil

that ivhich

bi-bfl, n.

bi-fe-dze (ba.

See bo.

breed together

to

V.

love, to

mu

cause en-

bi

kpo,

to cross

breed.

(f God

n.

Bi-o-l9-rur)-kpe-lu,
name of a town.
Bi-ri, n.

a proper name.

(if he does not die),

Bl-d-kfl, n.

be tcith us), the

bl-yo-sl

bo-mu-bo-mu,

tree.

of which curdles

tree the leaf

bo

la-so

oil-jar.

(li),

to strip
off the clothes.

V.

nearly, almost

a creating, creation.

e-de, n.

slackness, as of a rope

n.

e-dzu,

casting,

se, or 6 bu

tai), it is

V.

any

the

(igba), n.

soft

the locust

pulp of

fruit.

See egake.

e-ha,

n.

e-he,

n.

a gathering or picking up, a

scraper.

to cease

bu-16,

da-kur),

leoparcTs claw, a prickly shrub so

n.

ku-ro,

to

n.

of.

into hanks.

mlii(is,(i,lhe

redeem.

the

n.

e-ku-se,

e-le-ri, n.

See

e-16-si, n.

one

name of a

who

to

V.

V.

encamp

the rain

dza-na-dza na,
dza-ndu-kti,

dza-6-ke,
dza-ta,

n.

dzu-dzu,

n.

(i.

n.

n.
tlie

to be

v.

awoi), the tortoise), n.

appearance of the atmosphere in hot

to

v.

n.

a kind of white bean with a black

eye.

e-ro-dzi-ka-si, n. a kind of sweet plum,

a kind of tree.
e-sir), n.

a kind of antelope.

e-su-O, n.

mention by name.
: sakati ni ida

shut in

marsh shuts

e-we

e-ti, n.

lower the voice.

ear-leaf,

i.

e.

convolvulus, so called

because the juice of the leaf

heal sore

themin(t\\(iiciviw

paint, color,

a running prickly plant.

a small species of white ant or termes.

n.

e-tu-tu, n.

to

is

mixed with

oil

to

eai-s.

n.
fire-leaf, an acrid poisonous shrub,
the leaf of which blisters the skin.

e-'we i-na,

thoughtful about.
cause war.

E.

against, besiege.

do-te-si-16 (da), v.
to cause enmity.
du-du, adv. blackly, gloomily, darkly

dudn,

mistaken.

dilatorily.

do-g^Q-si-lS (da),
d6-ti,

is

for m&,jire;

to be careful,

v.

di-yar) (da),

to

V.

disease.

olori.

e-we-re,

e-su-su,

of) Bese.

de-htli) (obuq),
di-le-di-le, adv.

winding up or end of the

that which is full.

6-se, 6-se, n.

condemn, censure.

to enclose,

V.

"wbx),

woi) woi)

lay down.

to

soldiers.

da-o-ru-ko, da-ru-ko,
.

down,

make a jest

to release,
acquit,

v.

v.

le-bi,

dar)-ka-re,

da

lie

make yarn

to

v.

the

dtir), n.

'

to sneer at, to

da-ktlr) (okuq),

a prickly shrub

dry weather.

to cease.

v.

claio,

that ivhich is bitter.

n.

e-ko-ro,

e-re,

to cease.

coming,
to cause to

V.

v.

da-kpa-ra,

da
da

haiek^

called.

the flickering

D.

collection of

things.

e-na a-vror) (ena

V.

is cast.

length.

e-k6r), n.

sand, soft peaty earth.

bu-su-gba

da

which

year.

springy substance, loose heavy

soft

ripeness.

a height.

n.

e-k5, e-k6 9

See Buruku.

n.

twins.

e-dzi-e, e-dzi-re, n.

e-kar) e-kur),

6 bu

nearly finished, completed, all gone.

Bu-ku,

da-bd,

off.

e-d&, n.

so called.

to enter, enter into.

bo-sl, V.
bu, adv.

bu-su,

e-bo,

e-kar) a-"wo-di, n.

milk.
.

an

a peeling

e-gui), n.

See ibodzi.

n.

n.
n.

e-ga-ni, n.

to salt.

bo-dzi, bo-dzir), n.
bom, n. a kind of

e-ba,

e-ga,

(darkness), the slave of Sarjgo.

(bii), V.

E.

See bu.

mity.

bl-kp5,

EIIU

e.

e-de, n.
:

name of a

disease.

a wicked person.
name of a shrub.

unconcerned about,

n.

odzo ^u e-do-fo-fo,

the clouds) gathers darkly.

the

a kind of

The

liver is

hence gbod9 (gba edo,

rageous,

a confused mass, chaos.

irascibility ;

to

lit.

liver

to receive

liver),

e-hil-ru, n.

to be

cou-

dare.
n.

a kind of palm-bird,

e-go, e-go-r9, n. a kind of plant.

water-melon seeds, the oil
-gu-sI, n.
e-hi-ri, n.

of foam.

supposed to be the seat of the passions

e-ga a-kpa-SO,
to be careless.

tree.

a poisonous plant.
a kind of large bird.

made of

them,

EIY
a pigeon

(ilc), n.

ei-ye-le

house-bird.

lit.

e-ka-do-rir), num.

the seventieth.

e-ka-do-rur), num.

e-ka-do-ta, num.
e-ke,

tlie

e-ke-dzo, num.

the ninth.

e-ke-ta, num.

e-ktl-ku,

e-le-TJU, n.

kiln for

the eleventh.

is

n.

an

f9-nu,

n.

fp-nu

(enu), v.

to

v.

to pieces, to

smash.

brag.

hand on

to place the

to

under-

a kind of beer.
il|,

See

fura.

for the earth), adv.

freely, co-

piously.

fu-15-f9-l9-rui), fur)-le-fu-l9-rur), adv.

(lit. for
the earth and for God), of one's own accord, freely,

discharge mucus.

to

v.

when the

(to catch insects)

G.
a person with proga-ga-dz6,

pop-eyed.

eyes,

wood used for bows,

to boast,

V.

(fi),

break

to

v.

elastic

burning.

e-le-yii)-dz<l (eyii) odiu), n.

minent

y9.r)-yai),

of choice.
house, or a
or burning earthen-ware.
fur)-kur), f9r)-kur),
companion of fire, a bird which

liovers over the fire

prairie

oil

making

e-le-gbe i-na,

fu-lS-fu.-16 (fu

a very viscous j^lant.

one who owns or occupies a

n.

fU-la, n.

a running plant.

take.

the tenth.

e-ko-kar)-la, num.

fo-'w6-l

the third.

e-k&-"wa, num.
e-ku,

iq

fiftieth.

the fourth.

e-ke-sar), tium.

destroy entirely.

the eighth.

num.

e-ke-rir),

kpe-te-kpe-te, v. to destroy.
tu-tu,
rau-raio, fo
ru-ru, fo

...

fq
fo

the ninetieth.

the cheek, the jaw-bone.

n.

IDZ

84

a mouse.

e-li-ri, e-lu-ru, n.

gbft,

to

V.

n.

wrap

tree

which grows near

the water.

up, to envelope.
to take
(lit.
prayer),

e-lu i-'wa-se, n. the small-leaved indigo, an her- gbfi. a-du-ra, v.

to pray.
baceous plant much like the American indigo.
to
take
exercise
or
v.
recreation.
gb9. i-da-ra-ya,
e-lu o-gbo, n. the broad-leaved indigo, a small tree gbil i-kpe, v. to take comfort, to be comforted.
with very long virgate branches. The fine indigo gbe (to be), a pleonastic particle much used after

Sudan

of

e-mo,

num.
6-rir)-di-16-gb9r), num.
a kind of

71.

E-ru-mu,

n.

k6 ara wa
met

sixteen.

e-rir)-di-16-gur),

e-rtl,

adverbs and nouns of place

is the
product of this plant.
a kind of brown rat.

w.

nsed as medicine.

{caught by

a town east of

deceit),

a medicinal

bark

is

n.

grain,

of boiled

e.

i.

com and
a

e-"WTl-ru, n.

met

igi),

n.

the

name of a jdant.

I.

i-ba-dd (odo),

beans.

int-fall covered tvith earth.

that ^ohich protrudes or is prominent.

I-ba-ra (ba ra

the eyeball.

n.

the water's edge, coast, shore.

I-ba-dar) (iba odag), n. {the meeting of the woods

tvith the pirairie), a large town fifty miles east of
Abeokuta.
?),

n.

a town near Abeokuta.

one of the Yoruba

I-ba-ra-kpa,
west of Idzaye and south of Isaki.
n.

F.
adv.

f6-ri-bo,

See

fi-la, n.
.

V.

to

put

to, to listen attentively,

a cap.

mind

(fi),

to.

i-du-kpe,

n.

I-dzS.-kfl., n.

se-sir), v.

fo-ri-si

See adodo.

i-dd-do, n.
the car

V.

toions
to

to

put

pay

to

shame,

to

attention

shame, disgrace.

to,

to

apply the

living

{hunting), a large town east o/"Ibadar).

{camping), the name of a town.

I-d6, .

foriti.

tribes,

I-b6, n.
{who is peeled), a proper name.
one of the Yoruba tribes, in the N. E. of
I-bo-l9, n.
the kingdom.
I-d, n,

hearken.

to

fi

(fi),

fa.

See foribale.

See foribo.

f6-ri-ti, V.

fo-ti-si

See

freely, leisurely, greatly.

V.

we

corn of any kind ; a mixture

charcoal.

6-11-1)4-16, V.

a gbe

evil spirits.

away

e-ylr), n.

f3.-ti,

li

selves our),

fumigation of the

e-yir), .

e-yir)-dztl, n.

as, nihiijyi

bean.

a kind of leopard.

e-t9., n.

S-"wa,

to drive

employed

tree.

to-be

here.

gbd-do-gi (gba odo

Ibadajq.

e-rur), n.

we

gbii)-gbi-nd6 (gbiijgbii) odo, planted by the water),

a tree growing near streams which bears an esculent

twenty-six.

spice,

{here it-is

a thanking, thanks.

kauke

name of two
Idzakokc or Idik-

{a fighting around), the

on the Yeriwa

river, called

(oke), upper Idzaka,

and Idzakodo (odo),

lower Idzaka.
I-di8.-16,

71.

a town in Iketu.
{a fighting for home),

IDZ
I-dza.-y6, n.
[fiyhting for
miles JSf.E. of Aheokuta.

n.

I-dze-sa,

tribe in

85
a lanje town fifty

life),

the

N.E. of

the

Yoruba

country.
n.
(Ifa helped me), a proper
children in honor of Ka.

I-fa-gbe-mi,
given

to

I-f6, n,

(enlargement),

name

and a town of Yo-

tribe

ruba.
tribe

east

of

Yoruba.

(entangled loith bushes?), a toiun on a

mountain west

^. W. of Yoruba,
cuit but now much

ioien in

formerly twenty miles in

reduced. Lander's Bohoo.

the
cir-

i-hu-l&-hu-16,
i-ka-nu, n. See iko infra.

I-ke-tu, m.

ru-ke,
sa, n.

sfi, n.

a sharp

(a cutting loose?),

tribe

and town of

an animal

i-ki (ikki), n.
erect ears,

luith large eyes

which feeds on the kola or goora nut

iwo

le

(art

always eating) kola nuts

dze

o so

obi,

iki

bi

thou art able

to eat

art thou an iki

a large town

the act

of feeling a

near Igboho.
n.

the act

of gathering

iko anu or ikanu, a pitying, a

See kajHi.
feeling compassion or sorrow.

mental emotion

the name of a plant.

i-kpai)-ko-ro, n.
a proper name, a town on the Niger.
I-la-de, n.
1-16 O-de, n.
(the hunter's house), a village near

Idzaye.

a very large town, the capital of Idiesa.

The syllable ^a in these two wards is a contrac-

I-le-sa, n.

ground.
(i-se-i),

sir)-ku

(okii), n.

tion of a proper

name.

a town in Ibarakpa.

(a going to loalk ?), a large town in the

north of Yoruba, a proper name of persons.

I-ra-"WO,

n.

name of a town.
a carpenter's compasses.
(star), the name of a town in the west-

the

i-na-ki-ri, n.

ern part of Yoruba, the head-quarters of Orisako.

i-ra-"WO i-lS, n. (ground star), a medicinal plant.

o-kpa i-kp5

(walking-staff, abundance), n.

rapid journey, a forced march.

i-r6-dzu, n.

(a doing or

farm

labor, tilling ;

an

i-ro-ko, n.

a kind of okra or esculent hibiscus.

a fine timber tree, called sassa wood

esculent

toion near

Aibo.

an

the twinkling of

se-dztl, n.

an

eye,

instant

of lots, a lottery.
a kind of tree, a kind of grass.

the casting

n.

n.

a prairie shrub with aromatic

si-gur), n.

a moment, instantly.

ni isedzii kaij, in

si-ko, n.

si-se, n.

a wrong

species of

tree called also isi

isir).

a misdeed.

action,

a doubting, a doubt, a

n.

si-ye-me-me-dzi,

roots.

or

scruple.

peevishness, surliness.

n.

so-ro, n.

severity, provocation.

sd-ro, n.

SU,

difficulty.

the act

n.

of casting out, emission, evacuation.

the state of being dark,

sQ., n.

SU-bu,

n.

a fall,

t&, n.

the

name of a

gloomy ; darkness.

the act of falling.

tree

much used for fuel.

(shaded by the itd

t.-b6, n.

tree?),

a town in

Yoruba.
the act

n.

ta-gbo-kur),
under sail.

of setting

sail,

a being

ta'-ma-ha, n.
ta-me-ta, n.

hope, hoping, expecting.

of three streets or roads.

a
a
See te.
te,
worshipiping.
fondling,
a
town
west
n.
te-ro,
of Igana.
tS, n. a trampling on, d'c. See t^.
the meeting

tS-do

(te ed9), n.

the

te-le-di, n.

composure, patience.

under garment, worn around the

hips.

te-"WO, i-te-"WO-gb&,
tl-le-hir), n.

acceptance, reception.

aiding, abetting, support of a person

in his cause.

"wa-ri,
n.
ra.

n.

a town in Iketu.

homage

the tree

to a king.

which bears the

bitter kola-nut.

a falling ; a pushing do^vn, a felling.

wd,
in

re.

y&, n.

a
a

See

appearance ; a raven.
with broad leaves.

look,
tree

ye-m9-dza (om9
patience, 2>erseverance.

n.

w6.

running plant.

Liberia.

i-ro-dzu, n.

?)

large town in the west of Yoruba.

w6,
w6,

a farmer.

i-rO-k6, n.

i-rd-ko, n.

an opening beneath

of Yoruba.
a heap or height?), a
n.
sa-ga,
(the making of
town west o/"Abeokuta.
sa-ki, n.
(a snapping, as of a gun, a failure), a
the west

-t6-bo-lo, n.

perplexity, vexation, sadness of coun-

tenance.

i-ro-ko, n.

n.

I-lo-rir), n.

I-lu-ku, n.

town in

a town west of the Oguij.

burial, a funeral.

re.

'

'

I-le-sai), n.

stick or bar for digging holes in the

se-hir)

so-n6,

?),

(an opening of the thicket

I-ki-si, n.

and small

a running plant.

rat's hole ;

se-kpo-lo-hui),
a hem.
se-ti, n.

Yoruba.

i-rir)

See irukere.

se-ke-ke,

See ihul5.

n.

YE

a tumult, an uproar.

n.

n.

sa-la, n.

q/"Iloriij.

(the noisy forest?), a

n.

I-gbo-ho,

See

a considerable town in Jbarakpa.

n.

Igana.
I-gbe-ti, n.

i-ko,

ro-ke-ke,

s3.-be, n.

a semi- Yoruba

n.

I-ga-la, I-ga-ra,

I-ga-na,

fishes)',

edza),

re.

(the

one of the Yoruba idols.

mother of young

lYE

LER

86

the seeds of the African locust.

ko ko, ko-ri-ko, n. grass.
an unI-ye-'Wa, n.
(our mother), one of the Yoruha ko-md-re-kd-mo-ra (m^ ore mh ova), n.
idols ; a small river which falls into the Osa west
grateful ^^erson, lit. he knoivs not goodness, he knows

i-ye-re, n.

not the purchaser of the

thing which he enjoys.
(ni, to have ; ile, a house ; 6na,

of Badagry.
i-y e-y 6, n. a kind of sour plum.
i-yi-kp9,-da, . a turning, conversion.

k6-ni-lg-k6-15-na
a road),

a vagabond, a vagrant.
ra.
the name of a plant.

n.

ko-ro-kpo-ma,

K.

k6-si-r)kar), n.
k., k'S.

an

(ki a),

may you

shall

k'a bere,

let

us inquire

; k'a kpe woij ?

shall I ride ? k'a

built in this

salutation on retiring to rest at

night.

wound.

kai

See kabi-

and kaloh.
(introd.

from Ilausa),

coffee.

dispileasure,

ka-nfi. (kai) na), pron.

'

ko-SO-ko,

n.

(ko

pin on which thread

i>'07i

is

a kind of bird.
si
a proper name.
oko), .

adj.

a kind of gnat called

ka-nti-ka-nti, n.
drunkard ;" a kind of ant.
kar),

V.

to ache.

k&l),

V.

to reach, to arrive.

kar)-ga-ra,

pose a riddle
to he

^'

the

law

kpa

kar)-rir)-kar)-rir), adv.

far

out of sight, dean

off,

kpa-16

to

proclaim a

a bird so called from

a kind of bird.

cover.

a small kind of lizard.

cut down ; hence akelS,
dropsy in

kpa-nti,

k6-gi-o, kS-gi-ro, n.

ke-ke-le-ndze,
to

n.

the

chest.

ki-kar), n.

sourness,

dc.

(see

kar));adv.

nestly, strenuously.

a dropping, dc.

kl-kar), n.

ki-kar)-ki-kar), adv.
ki-ke, n. See ke.

ki-ke, ki-k|,
ki-ki, ki-ki,

n.
7i.

ki-ko, ki-k6,

n.

ki-ko, ki-k5,

n.

ki-k9r), ki-k5r),

ki-ku-na, n.
ki-ye-sa-ra

See

ear-

n.

a kind of bird.

n.

a kind of dove.

burning in a flame.
See kpimS.
a large calabash with a lid or

n.

See kpantiri.

a coarse grass used in thatching.

kp6-kpo-l&, n. a tree with scarlet flowers.
kp3.-si, n.

Ku-mi
ku-ru

(koi) omi?), n.

a proper name.

an outcry of women

to drive

away hawks.

kaij.

earnestly, strenuously.

See ke and k5.

See ki and

kl.

la-gba-de-me-dzi

See ko and kb.

See ko and k().
n.

See

koij

and

(li),

adv.

lal-be-ru, adv.
k6i).

lai-bd, adv.

in

is

middle or

without fear, boldly.

not enough

state.

innocently, without

\h... 16-na (li), v.

to enact, ordain.
koito La-si-me-dzi, n.
a proper name.
le-ri (li), V.
to have filth, to be
filthy, unclean.
.

it

the

an uncovered or unsheltered

smoothness, fineness.
lai-dze-bi, lai-lS-se, adv.
to take care
(kiyesi), v.
or guilt.
of oneself, to

not yet, lit,

not time to go.

in

7nidst.

be careful.

k6-i-t6, adv.

(imo).

kpa-nsu-ktl,

its cry.

to cease

(alo), v.

kpa-m6

it is

command,

purpose

form a grove ; asori kl ikpa osusu, the

never
upas
forms a grove, only one tree being found
in a place ; kpa odio die, to miss or
forget the

gone.

V.

ase, to

osusu, to

a kind of bill-hook or pruning knife.

day.
See kagba.
kpa-kpa-go-ri,
to he far
kpa kur)-re-te,
off.

v.

ka.-ro, n.

kpa

ete, to intend,

kpa imo, to consult, suggest, hint ; kpa iye, to forage in the farms ;
kpa osu die, to miss or forget the month ; kpa
;

n.

v.

kar)-gba,

loh,

way.

**

K5-so-k6
sometimes of k5-t6,

same person.
ka-ndzti (kaij odiG), v. See kaijdzfi.
ka-ndzQ. dzai-ye, ?. one who makes haste
rich, a covetous person.

ke-l|,

prelections, like

n.

wonder.

kaq-rii),

many

walls of royal cities only are

not straight or right, crooked, wrong.

Additional
kp8i,
phrases to those already given
the same: enia kana, the
are, kpa agbo, to form a circle, as in dancing
kpa
al6, to cease burning in a flame ; kpa alo, to pro-

an exclamation of

n.

with

The

castellated wall.

customary ^9"^9"S^9i

yesi

there is nothing.

so called from its cry.

k5-bi-k5-bi, adv.

shall toe call them ? k'4 ge^ir) ?

de be li alafia may we reach there in peace f k'a
sill) 1-6
may you sleep well ! a very

ka-fe

lit.

nothing,

much used in k6-t6. See koit6.

we? shall I? ynay we? ko-'we, n. a bird

it is

optative particle

MS

Ze/

conversation,

not good,

ko-si-a, ko-su-ar), kd-su-'wa, adj.

not proper.
See sua.

sitt.

LEB
le-bi

(li), V.

l|-se

(li),

0-lu-ko-nto,

to he
sinful.

which

li-14, n.

condemned.

to be guilty, to he

V.

is split

O-ni-se,

See

or to he split, Ac.

1^.

O-ra,

a going, a departure.

li-16h, n.

OMO

87

n.

Mfih-kti,

71.

n.

mal-ki-ri,

Ma-ma,

a kind of wild pigeon.

6-ri, n.

a large f7-uit si7nilar to the black haw.

ma-na,

n.

rah (emi

me

e not), in the

/,

me-dzl-lfi, num.

/ will

o-ri

O-ri

Egba

/ will

dialect,

not

not buy cloth again.

in5-hur)-gbo-gbo

n.

si,

to

v.

well

lively, be

feel

they are delighted,

lit.

their

O-ro-gbo,

a kind of wild pigeon.

a kind of kola-nut.

make earthenware.
to

the

a kind of
n.

i-"wefa,

useful for timber.

tree,

hand eunuch), a eunuch

(the left

of the third rank.

See modum9du.
v.

name of a bird.
name of a tree.

the

O-ro-re, n.

(oliui]),

ya,

custom, habit, fashion.

O-ro-fo, n.

6-sir)
to

almns.
v.

0-r6, n.

tweli'e.

mo-ko-ko (ikoko),
mo-nu-mo-nu, n.

"wu, V. to be delighted with the conduct or

words of an inferior who is much beloved to yeai-n.

me-dzi-me-dzi, num. two by two.

O-ru-kpa, n.
me-yar)-me-yar), adv. in small pieces, (broken) O-ru-wo, n.
to

tribe.

a ki7id of hedgehog.

head opens.

embroidery.

dehir) ra aso,

ori W9r)

pleased

a proper name.
a kind of bird.

n.

tree.

O-ri, n.

O-ri ... si,

a proper name.
a proper name.

Ma-dfi.-ri-ke, n.

apro2}er 7iame.

doei-),

a medicinal

71.

O-ri e-ya, n.
o-ri O-ya, n.

M.

a proper name.

n.
(ci

(a wise woman of the

next to that of ot9r)-i3'alode.

0-sir) i-ya-lo-de, m.

know

all things,

hand), a

to be all-wise.

title

n.

i-ya-ma,

6-sir)

[the

left

hand of

west),

left

the

south.
'

name of a tree.
name of a tree.
O-si-kpi, n.
0-se, n.

o.
a

n.

o-bo-ni,

seci-et

society

of great

power and O-SU-SU,

influence, connected with the religious and

government of Yoruba. See ogboni.

0-dz6,

a dancer

n.

dicinal

d-Ave,

a kind of pi'ickly bush.

71.

n.

young leaf of

the plant ewere.

d-Ave a-wpr), n. a trailing leguminous plant.

O-Ave-re-dze-dze, n. a kind of trailing shrub.

; a proper name.
O-WU a-ke-se, n.
a proper name.
a kind of kola-nut ; the name of a me- O-TVU 6-gO-do, n.

n.

O-fi-ki, n.

O-fu-a,

civil

a kind of cotton with small pods.

a ki7id of cotton with large pods.

tree.

0-gbo-m9-SO,

n.
(the toild cat caught the sena large town in Yoruba.
O-gbo-yS., n. a small carnivorous animal.
O-gbu-gbu, n. a wild duck (?) a kind of grass ; o-bai-ye-dze.

tinel ?),

See abaiyedie.
0-ba-kar)-bI-ke-dzi, w. a first cousin on the fa-

dyed cotton

loool.

O-gu-ba-na, n. a proper name.

0-gu-b6, . a proper name.
0-gu-du-gb6, n. Sec ogodugbS.
O-gu-mo, 71. an esculent herb.
O-gu-nto-ro,
n.

O-gu-ro-do,
0-ki-ti-kp6,
O-ki-yar),

[standing

erect),

name of a

??.

n.

thers side.

Oba

always

and

for that reason

o-ba-ni-dze,
a kind of

bird.

tree.

O-ba 0-g6,
9-dar)-ko,

a small aTlimal which lodges under O-dze-re,

O-fa, n.

a bird

n.

7ohich is said

to

o-lo-gi-ri,

71.

O-lo-gU-ni,

a kind of banana.

n.

O-lo-fe-re, n.

n.

O-lo-kpi-ri, n.

Shango

be

almost 6-ka,

n.

was

deified.

See abanidze.

n.

n.

King of

Glory, a

title

of God.

species of wild fig-tree.

a medicinal plant.

n.
n.

a town in Yoruba.
the

name of a plant employed

to

cure the

disease called oka.

asleep.

6-kpo-kpo,

of

a king of Kuso or Koso in Yoruba, at

which place he descended alive into the ground,

7-ocks.

O-kpe-re,

King of Kuso, a title

the

n.

Ku-so,

who was

a proper name.
a kind of tree.

7i.

0-gur)-gur), n.

o.

name of a
a

O-kpe-re,

bird.

species of oiiole.
a small gregarious

7iame of a bird.

the pepper-hird.

n.

O-kporj si-b6,
bird.

O-kpo-to

ki-ti, n.

O-lo i-n6,

n.

O-mo-lft-la, w.

the piine-etpple.

a kind of wild

the kidneys.

a great-grandchild.

fig-tree.

OMO
O-mo-ri o-d6, .
o-mo-ri O-lo, n.
9-mo-t6,

of the finger.

the tip

n.

o-mo-ri-ka,

s.

pestle.

to he

taken

sa-sa-ba-ku,

by hunters.

to be contentious.

(se), V.

See sakpana.

sar)-kpa-nfi., n.

the north.

the wrist

a beggar.

n.

sa-gbe-sa-gbe,
sa-gor)

with the pains of child-birth.

O-ta, n. a toion and tribe south q/"Abeokuta.
0-t6iJ ga-ba-si, n.

an iron ring worn on

Sfi.-fa, n.

the U2'>per millstone.

{child bends or prostrates),

V.

TOM

88

the coffee-tree.

n.

se bai-bai, v. to grotv dim, to be obscure.

a eunuch of the second rank.
0-t6r) i-"we-fa, n.
se
second
a loise woman of the
gbe-de-gbe-yo, v. to interpret, act as
o-t6r) i-ya-lo-de, n.
rank.
tS, V.
{hand bends or
come into possession of: owo

0-"w6

f/rasjn), to attain to,

re tB ol4, he attained

honor.

to

n.

O-yai),

o-y,

n.

grey color

Oyo,

n.

the capital of

one

n.

who

Yoruba.

rejoices,

0-y5-g6-ho-g6-ho,

motions are sup2>osed

rejoicer.

a bird so called because

n.

after all ;~v. to complete.

se-da e-le-fil), n. purple-shaded silk.

se-da yo-ri-yo-ri, n. white silk.
se-kpo-lo-hur), n. name of a prickly shrub.
se
lo-dzu or le-ka-na, v. to wink or beckon by

9ye, a grey horse.

esii)

name of a bird.
n.
se
ru-bu-tu, v. to write.
se su-na-si, v. to j^rovoke.
se-ne-'WO,

se-tfir), adv.

a bird which lodges in holes.

name of a tributary of the Ogiii).

n.

0-'w5-'W0,

o-y6,

inter-

preter.

way of giving a

its

hint.

name of a

se-ni-fir)-rar), n.

to indicate joy.

se

to suit ;

ni-ffil), V.

to

thorriy shrub.

rub or scratch the body

of another.

se
si
n.

raij-hur),

perplexity

adv.

confu-

rar)-kpo (il<po), v. to speak

me-yar)-ine-yar), v.
rf
.

rir)

ironically.

or le-gi-ni

la-ga-ke

to

crush

(li),

See

a going, dx.

the act of forging iron ;

le.

withering,

lo-dztl

to

V.

(li),

so-siij.

See

broken to

a cooking,

si-sdr), n.

SO
so

de-ru
di-di,

(^e),

li-11, V.

Sec

to

dl rar)-hur) rar)-hur),

do-mo
do-r6

SU-na-si,

suu-ru,

n.

H.

to

(dl), V.

(dl), V.

se.

an

so-fo-dir), n.

su-rii.

make a great

esculent herb.

sti-ru,

V.

to be small,

stl-ru,

V.

to

applied to a leaf or buncb.

bunch or any-

he large, applied to a

thing expanded.

ken

to care for, to notice,

V.

to

reply

when

spo-

to.

ta-ki-ri, n.

clemency.

ta-ma-hai),

v.

v.

adopt.

ta-r

tS

See tS.maha.

name of a bird.
a running plant, the
dressing morocco leather.
the

to

\,h ...tL, V.

to

monkey.

perplex.

to

(ire), v.

nfi, adv.

come already

sur).

play a game.

to enrich.

provocation.

See

See

so.

the solitary yelloiv

n.

to

T.

to enslave.

(ili), v.

so

to

v.

tar)-gi-ri, n.

cooked, (tc.

Sec

sleeping, dc.

SO-di-mi-lo-to,

SO
so
so

to be

tying, d:c.

a proper name.

n.

used in

cause one to

pieces).

s.

si-SO, n.

to

si.

tar)-ga-lfi., n.

si-sS, n.

nise.

tame, domesticate.

utterly (destroyed or

rQ.-rtl, adv.

struggle,

be con-

to

le-nu, v. to open one's mouth,

open the mouth.
.

su-si,
is

SO-AVe-ra

<f.T.

r9.

a consuming, that which

ri-rtir), n.
sumed, (kc. See rui).
.

See

effort.

ra.

ri-ro, n.

rd

atoms.

See se

v.

ni-se,

So-fi-mi-de, So-a-nde,

to tickle.

v.

ri-r6, n.

See

to

that which is bought or to be bought, <tc.

ri-r, n.

See

sli), v.

sedly.

se-sir), v.

E.
rar)-hur)

ti-a, n.

See

imprecate evil upon.

:
iwo t6 de na

already

SO-de

which

is

hast thou

put under, submerge

hide, suppress.

tira.

ti-ar)-ti-ar), adv.

ti

fniit of

(si),

abundantly.
to

v.

push

out, to exclude.

a wart ; the name of a bird.

ti-"WOr)-ti-'WOr), n.
toin-b6, an unnieaiiing word used by children at
play, while

hopping on one foot

hop along tomb6

lakalaka tonibo

TOR

td-ro, n. a kind of rat, noted for its fatness.

t6-fo (tu), n. to tell mournful news, to brine/ news
that a friend is dead.

tu . dz6
.

w6-hir)

an assembly

'tuAio, to disperse, adjourn.

to be

(ehii)), v.

or hunch-

crook-backed

backed.

wbxy-dd
dismiss

to

v.

(odi6),

YOR

89

to

(odo), v.

measure

the depth

of water,

to

sound.

'wg-kg-'wg-so,

the

n.

name of a

bird.

u.
him, her,

{x[;''pron.

it,

a verb ending in

after

lal-ya

(li),

to

v.

encourage,

Wa-kpa,
wa-kpa-kai)
n.

wdlS

(wah

See warakpa.
(w6),

il6), to

(his eye

came

v.

come
to the

"WO-lu-ha,
prayer,

12

leather
n.

purchase images of the

mi-mi

(ere),

v.

lawless.

or yi-yir)-rix), n.
quicksand.
to make or purchase an image

to

worship.

ground : odiu r ya-rir), n. a disease in fowls.

to dress greens for
ground), he came to him- yi-fo (yi, to turn), v.

worn by males.

among

to

to the

being drunk or crazy.

we-re-"we-re, n. a dwarf.
n.

v.

yai)-rar)-yai)-rar), adv.
brilliantly.
embolden yag-ril), n. an esculent herb.

y&-re

to squint.

self, after

wi-li-ki,

yfi-be-dzi (ibedii),
god of twins.

yar)-riQ

strengthen.

"Wfi-lS

u.'

y.-ha-na (ahana), v. to be wild, wicked,

yar)-k5-to, n. an esculent herb.

w.
"wk

'

the

to yield

yir)-rir), v.

yo

16-h.ur)

(li),

v.

or give

way under

to seek to

the table.

the feet.

entrap in conver-

sation.

Mohammedans, family y9i)-yor),

yg-ti,

n.

n.

a plant used for washing horses,

name of a

bird.

PART

II.

ENGLISH-YORUBA.
ABA
abaft', adv.

aban'donment,
abase',

abash',

n.

ifisilS.

rele.

v.

abase'ment,
n.

abas'er,

a'bly, adv.
abode', n.

fisilS.

v.

abo'llsh,

n.

arel, irelS.

ti

lodiu.

absorbable,

V.

a.

abate', v.
abat'ed, a.

idodiuti.

n,

mu ... fa, wawo.

fa,

afa.

abate'ment,

n.

ifa.

ab'dicate, v.
abdiea'tion,

ii

oye

n.

\%.

n.

abduc'tion,

ti

ikuq.

igbel6h.

See aid, help.

V.

lb kparui).
ti

akpanii), ikparui).

abo'minable, a. akorira.
abo'minate, v. korira.
abomina'tion, n. irira.
iseno

mu.

16

absorb'ed,
absorb'ent, n. agbemu.
absorp'tion, n. amu.
fd,... sehii),

v.

abstain',

ron6.

arono.

abste'mious, a.
abste'miously,

ab'stinence, n.
ab'stinent, a.

to suffer

adv.

li

arono,

v.

abstract',

aron6.

n.

irono.
iron6.

gbe

16h,

mu

. . .

16h, soq.

abortion, ieng.

abor'tive, a. ^saij.
abstruse', a. diinle, luha.
abound', v. kp5. See multiply, abstruse'ly, adv. diinle, luhaluha.

about', adv.
about', prep,

kiri, niha.

above', adv.
above', prep.

leke, loke, soke.

abstruse'ness,

nidi, niditi, niha.

dzA, leke,

loke,

soke.

abet'ting, n. bv/e.
abet'tor, n. 9l6we.
abhor', v. korira.

ti

amu.

abste'miousness,

atetedelS.

n.

n.

abor'tion,

a.

r9noron6.

increase.

ifoyelS.

abdo'men, n. ikuij.
abdo'minal, a. ikui),

&

akparug, eni

kparui).

abori'ginal,

abbre'viate, v. ke kuru.
abbrevia'tion, n. ike kuru.
abbre viator, n. ake kuru.

ti

v.

a.

kparui).

aboli'tion, .

abash'ment,

abet',

absorb',

ebu, ibudioko.

abo'lishable,
abo'lisher, n.

arel|.

dodiuti, lodzuti,

li

mo, mu.

aluwala, iweno.

agbara.

n.

ablu'tion,

lehiij, sehiij.

v.

abaii'don,

ACC

abreast', adv.

abroach',

a.

lokaqkai), niha.
atu.

adilnle, idzi-

n.

nle.

absurd',

ko dzana.

a.

absurdity, n.
absurdly, adv.
abund'ance, n.

aidzana, ait6.
laito.
ifo,

okp6, okp6-

lokpo.

abhor'red, a. akorira.
abhor'rence, n. ikorira.
abhor'rent, a. li irira.
abhor'rently, adv. li akorira.

abroad', adv. k^kiri, kale,

ab'rogate, v. See repeal.
abrupt', a. odiidzi, ogkt).

gbe, dioko, w6.

abi'dingly, adv. li agbe, ni ikpe.

lohui).
abrupt'ness, n. odiidzi, ogdq.
abscond', v. kpamo, sal6h, sa- abuse', n. binablna, ebu,ireg6i).
abu'ser, n. alebu.
kpamo.
abscond'er, n. asaloh.
abu'sive, a. ebu, li ebd (li, to
ab'sence, n. alsi, ehiij.
have).
ab'sent, a. kosi, aisi, lehii).
abu'sively, adv. li ebu (li, in,

abide',

v.

abil'ity, n.

ab'ject,

agbara, ikpa, okui).

at|ni, arele.

a.

ab'jectness,

n.

abjectly, adv.
abjura'tion, n.
abjure',
a'ble,

a.

itfeni.

atSni.

egfiq.
ie eguij.

v.

abjur'er,

tSnitSni,
li

n.

aseguij.

16, lera.

a'ble-bodied,

a.

alagbara, alera.

abruptly,

absent', v.
absentee',

adv.

lodiidii.

fakuro, yakuro.
n.

alaisi.

absolu'tion, n. afidii.
absolve', v. Mil.
absolv'er, n. afidii.

lode.

abund'ant, a.
abund'antly,

kpikpS, kp6.
adv.

li

9kp5-

lokpo.

abuse',

v.

bu,

fi

bu,

with).

abut',

V.

wakp5.

abut'ment,
abyss', n.
accede', v.

n.

iwakpS.

ibu, ibubu.

See a^ree.

su

. .

ACC
ac'oent, .
accent', v.
accent'ed,

aekno-w'ledge, v. diew6.
adorn', v. ie... lo^o,
ackno-w'ledgment,n. idzew6. adorn'ing, n. o^o.
acquaint'ance, n.
adugbo, adrift', a. fo, afo.

iwil6.

wi

16.

awil6.

a.

AFT

92

aladugbo, odiulum6.
accept', V. gba, gbike, tew6gb^.
kuro.
accept'able, a. atew6gba, da. acquit', v. da
accept' ably, adv. li atewogba. acquit'tal, n. idakuro.
acquit'ted, a. adakuro.
accept'ance, n. itew6gba.
across', adv. li ebu.
aceept'ed, a. atewogba.
.

accept'er,

n.

n.

ac'cess,

act,

atewogbi.

isum9.

access'ible, a. ti a le sumo.
ac'cident, n. ab4kpade, csi.
aceident'al, a. akoseba.

adult',

act, n.

ase, ise.

ac'tion,
ac'tive,

n.

ase.

a.

munu,

acute 'ness,

bade.

aecom'modating.a.

a^euq (ap-

aye,

n.

wo.

ibi,

n.

accom'paniment,

asii)16h,

ibiloh.

b4

accom'panying,

a.

adapt'edness,
add', V. bu

. .

16h, slq.

fi

ti

ba w4h

^eni

or loh.

accora'pUshment,
b4

accord',

v.

accord',

w.

n.

akpinu.

ibade.

bl.

account', v. rodio.
accountabil'ity, n.
account'able, a. ni

si,

idii^e.

odzi, kpansaga.
fi

afisadiu,

ifisadiu.

advan'tage, n. aqfani.
advanta'geous, a. se aqfani.
ad'vent, n. atibb.
ad'versary, n. ota.

See

adv.

consi-

derately.

advi'ser,
alak6q.

adamSrar), onida-

n.

morai).

se obu.

a.

sadiu, korisi,

advance', n. iwadzu.
advajice'ment, n.

advi'sedly,
abum6,

^ni, ibusi.

v.

gbimS, lamSrai).

abuk6r),

a.

^adiu.

ad'vocate,

obu.

fu,

sikpe

v.

gba

wi,

bebe

fu.

da...kp6m6, da... ad'vocate, n. abebe, alagbaso,

m6, faramo, m6, r6.
asenu, elebe.
adhe'renee, n. awamu, idakp6, adze, n. ake gboro.
mo.
li okere.
afar', adv.
t.

adhe'rent, a. am6.
adhe'sion, n. imo.
adhe'sive, a. amo.
adhe'siveness, n. im6.

idiiie.

n.
v.

ad'verse, a. odi si, ^e odi si.

bum6, busi, adver'sity, n. ikpoijdiu.
ka
koq, advice', n. adamSrag.
advise', v. b4
ro, damSrag,

abukoij.
n.

additional,
ad'dle,

advance',

abade.

n.
koi),

. .

olubuk6i).

add'ing, n.
addi'tion,

. .

ki.

V.

kpan^aga.
alado
onise

a.

n.

adhere',
mo, fa

accord'ance, n. ibadc.
aceord'ant, a. abide.
accord'ing to, prejp. gege

fi

koi),

ad'dled,

de, rekp9.

si.

add'er,

aceom'plice, n. 6we.
accom'plish, v. kpinu, ^etdij.
accom'plished, a. akpinu.
aceom'plisher, n. akpinu.

accost',

V.

acconi'pany,f.

amii,

agoggo,

imu.

adapt',

accommoda'tion,

n.

bade.
muba, mu
amuba.
(room), adapta'tion, w.
adapt'ed, a. barekpS.

plied to persons).

n.

kpan^aga.

adul'tery,

yara.

, . .

. . .

ado.

n.

adulterer,

adul'teress,
adul'terous,

ac'tively, adv. munumunu.

li
adv.
accident'ally,
abakpade. acti'vity, n. imunfi, iyara.
acclaina'tion,. ih6kilr),ili6Ie. ac'tor, n. ase, oluse.
accorn'modate, v. mu
ba, acute', a.
goijgo, mu.

mu

agba.
. .

se.

V.

ti.

w6.

adul'terate, v. biila, da
lu, lu.
adul'terated, a. abuld, adalu.
adul'teration, n. abula.

iSoso,

aflFair', .

affect',

6rai).

V.

kpa, d6i).

affec'tion, n.

afe, ife.

For affec'tionate,

onife.

a.

other roots, see adhere.

accou'trements, n. itamora.
afffec'tionately, adv. li afe,
dio.
ife.
acou'mulate, v. ko
adieu', adv. See farewell.
accu'mulated, a. akodio.
affirm', v. tenum6.
adjoin', v. faram&, gb6.
itenum6.
afaram6, ifaramo. affirma'tion, n.
aocumula'tion, n.
agbasi, adjoin 'ing, a.
.

akodzo.

ka.
adjourn', v. tu
adjura'tion, n. afibi'i,
.bu.
adjure', v. fi
.

ac'curacy, n. akpe, ikpe.

ac'curate, a. kpe.
ac'curately, adv. kinikini.
accurse', v. See curse.
accusa'tion, n. af&ragmo,

adjust',

efe,

esoi), esvli).

accuse',
fi

fS

v.

.sbx),

acous'ed,
accus'er,

lefe,

f&ratjmo,
n.

fi

olufis5i).

v.

ache,

V.

fo,

a'cld,

kay.

i-a.

16.

suq.

afisSq, elefe.

n.

aceus'tom,

s6i),

fi

bu,

V.

afflict', V.

ifibu.

kpakadza, ya.

ad'mirable, a. ni iyiq.
ad'mirably, adv. toho.
admire', v. yig.
nile.
admit', v. gba, gba
admit'tance, n. ighk.
admo'nish, v. kilo.
admoni'tion, n. akilo, ikilo.
admo'nitor, n. onikilo.
ado',

ariwo.

n.

adopt',

V.

gba, gba

affu'sion,

se.

lodifi.

ikpoijdzu,wali41a.

n.

ib6miw6q.

li afb.
afloat', V.
afoot', adv. hk ti ese he went
on foot, 6 ba ti ese 16h.
:

afraid',

a.

aiyaf6, beru.

afresh', adv.

after, adv.
afternoon',

titoij,

tog.

lehii), sehii).

n.

odzo

ale,

aro-

mole, idzisokpale.

afterwards,
.

olukpoqdzu.

afflic'tion,.

. .

foro, kpoi)

afflict'ed, a.

gbehii).

adv.

igbeliiij,

ni

AGA
again', adv.

|we, kpada,

dehiij,

aloft', adv.

are called, agbari-gba, agboijrii),

loke, soke, lekc.

a.

alone',

wl.

tor),

AEM

93

ma-

egbiij, ekulu, era, etu, gala,

nikai), uikaijsoso.

against', prep, si, ti.

alongside', adv. nilia.
segbin, otolo, esuo.
okere
to stand anti'cipate, v.
age, n. ogbo.
aloof, adv.
budza, daba.
a'ged, a. arugbo, ogbo.
aloof, takete.
anticipa'tion,n. abudza,itowo.
a'gent, n. adiele, asehiqde, aso- aloud', adv. ku^kui).
an'tidote, n. akporo.
dzu.
alrea'dy, adv. na, ne.
anxi'ety, n. adze, aniyarj, idaro,
itara.
al'so, conj.
aggress', v. firaij.
kpelu.
aggress'or, n. onifiraij.
al'tar, n.
anxious, a. alaniyaij, tadiu, ^e
idzebo, kpekpe.
soke.
a'gitate, v. ru, ru
altoge'ther, adv. kpatakpata.
adzo, dziyar).
a.
ru.
a'gitated,
am,
al'^ways, adv. nigbagbogbo.
anx'iously, adv. fi adzo.
:

. . .

kodza.

ago', adv.
n.

a'gony,

bade, bare, dimS,

am'bush,

re,

rekp5, 45kar) tesi.

agree 'ment, n.
de

alukawani, iba-

secret agreement,

aground', adv.

adimd.

aa.

interj.

ahead', adv.

iwadiu,

si

lowe, gbe,

raij

aid'er, .

elegbe, olurai)lo\vo.
e ^e o ? what ails
se, dSq

ail, n.

thee ?

afefe, efufu.

V.

air'y,

akin',

a.

alarm',
alarm',

onifefe.

amount'

to,

v.

a'mulet,

n.

onde,

ba
n.

idagiri, ididii.

an'gel,

n.
oti.

tdij, t4i).

afir).

a'lien, n.

adzedzi.

a'lienate,

v.

V.

alight',

^i

alike' (be),

laiya.

aiyato, bakana,

dabi, dzo.

alive',

an'ger,

v.

bi

n.

\govi.

alaiye,

alayfe,

aye,

anni'hilate,

all', a.

n.

alkurani.

gbogbo, dede, ogbo

al'legory,
alli'ance, n.

at

all-see'ing,

oni.

n.

allure 'ment,

Almigh'ty, n.

n.

an an-

v.

n.

awo,
tu

isinu.
liokuij.

ihokui).
fi si.
fi

. . .

to

se,

ap-

a.

ayag

appointed

v.

n.

ilana, ifidze.

sokpaijkpa.

apprehen'sion, n. ono, on6.

yo... apprehen'sive, a. sadzo, ^on6.
approach', '. sor)ra6, sumo, tft.

kpara,

ta,

fi

alayekai), ibante.

a'pron, n.
ar'cher, n.

akporiki,

akpofii),

tafatafa.

yai).

eni to 4

n.

fi

ororo

ar'gue,
arise',

yai).

ano'ther, pron.

elomirai),

mi-

rag, mire, omiraij, oinoiiikcdzi.

.

v.
v.

diiyaq.
dide,

nde

to arise he-

fore day, dadzi.

aristocracy,

n.

fada.

BJitece'dent,
n.

n.
\he.

a^adzu.
various kinds

. .

to

arms !

016!

armed',

ikai), ota.

an'telope,

day, adadio.

it9re anu, ore anu, sara,

fi

die,

loLuij. ark, n.
an's"wer, v. diibui), da
q\o.
.
esi, idahui).
arm, n. akpa.
an's'wer,
|tai).
hamora
Obaqgidii, Baq- ant, n. eruij different kinds are arm, v, di

fere ofere.

nino.

. . .

loh, S9nidi, yai)

odifi.

di asar).

idzaba, lala.

kuij,

la,

tori.

appoint'ment,

called, era, esa, idzaloh, ikaudu,

almost', adv.
saraha.

ila.

tu,
v.

n.

ap'petite,

appraise',

so

}?. yodzu, yori.

appoint'ed,

ariguijgbogbo.

gidzi.

n.

ororo

awawi, isikpe.

point a day, dadzo.

nin6.

da..', lara,

v.

anoint'ed,

akawe.
ibare.

al'ligator, m.

sikpe, wawi.

appearance, n.
appearing, a.

rai)

lenu.

anoint',

all, rara, arara.

n.

. .

v.

annoy'ance,

]ay6.

Al'coran,

dehiij.

kokose.

n.

annoy',

a.

n.

applaud',
applause', n.
apply', V. fi,
appoint', V.

ogbologbo.

si, ati, ti,

an'gle,

an'kle,

v.

ni-

ibin6, idin6.

n.

olukuliku.

ffi

v.

appease', v.
appertain',

an'gry, v. bin6, ru, runo

gry man, abino.

ba,.

inaki, iro.

nigbani,

n.

akpakai).
vara.

appa'rel, n. aso, ibdra.

appa'rent, a. hari, ti o h^ij.
appari'tion, n. arididzi.
appeal', v. fi oraij loh.
appear', v. fara
hag, bar),
le.

maleika.

n.

an'ger,

aa, dsia, ye.

interj.

ale, n.

n.

v.

an'cientness,
and, conj. oi),

si.

tira, ogui).

lailai.

deruba, dagiri.

dia

dSkoduro, dokoro.

v.

apart'ment,

apology,
lariq.

italemo, baba.

n.

an'cestor,

\i

n.

apo'logize,

atoijse.

larig, nino, sarirj,

v.

albi'no,

alms,

n.

apart', adv.

apiece', adv.

^e.

an'eiently, adv.

kpafefe.
a.

an'chor, n. idok9ro.
an'cient, n. igbani.

%k, s6p, sili), w6r).

air, n.

eni.

a.

a'ny-one, pron. eni kai).

a'ny-thing, n. ohuijkohui].

ape,

amii).

tog

siiio.

aji'chor,

V.

alas',

abamole, adena.

among', ^rep.

aid, V. die
lowo.

air,

am'bush, n.
amen', adv.
amend', v.

a'miable, a. niwa.
amid', amidst', p/rp.
iwa- amiss', a.
sise.

diu.

aim,

bamolS, dena, ro-

v.

gui).

amend'ment,

gurj, to.

odzodzo.

n.

a'gue,
ah',

buba, iba, ide- a'ny,

n.

na.

awayA iwayd-idi^.

v.

agree',

ambuscade',

ie awayd.

v.

a'gonize,

armlet,
saba.

a.
n.

hamora.
adzude,

dziifu, safiij,

ARM
ihamora.

n.

ar'mor,

arm 'pit, n.
ar'my,

atone 'ment,

n.

arraign',
arrange',

v.

bi

v.

to.

arrangement,
n.

arri'val,

attain',

ledio.

attain'ing,

n.

ito.

atide.

b5, de, d;iasi, t6.

n.

ofa.

ar'tery,

n.

isaij.

a.

as, adv.

ti.

ascend',
goke, gori.
aseen'sion, n. igoke.
ascertain', v. ridi.

ashore',

sesiq, tidzn,

ti

. .

eru, labulabu.

a.

guqle.

aside', adv.

akpakaij.

bfere, bi, bi

V.

ask,

11

lebi, bi

lere.
a.

ass', n.

ketekete.

da

. .

n.

. . .

akiyesi,

afiyesf,

di

olfikpilese, onisi.
n.

o\k.

v.

fi

dio, gba
Aio.
dzo, dio, kpe, kpe
. .

ola le.

n.

avert',

v.

dL
assem'bly, n. adio, akpedzb
an assembly for a feast, adio- avoid',

wadi9.

kuro, yi

assent',

v.

balobui).

assist',

V.

hk

rai)

awake',

... ic,

gb^,

gbe,

lowo.
ibase, ira^lowo.

assist'ant,

v.

asso'ciate,

kegbe,

awe,
n.

alabadie, egbe.

kaw6.

V.

assure',

or

fi

mu

asto'nish,
.

lenu,

enu

at, prep,

ya, yanu,

leba,

\o\.q.
li,

ni, si, ti.

o^gbe gbe.

iw, di

n.

li

osu.

{wine-

9kpagui),

palm) akpako.

bana'na, n. ogede.
band, band'age, n.

odia, agba-

dza, eka.

kuro

le

v.

ba'nish,

n.

err

diade.

itb9uii.

v.

t|b9mi.

v.

dehui), kpinu.

n.

adehu^j,

v.

arosilS,

gbo.

n.

ekpo.

n.

ahere.

li

agba.

n.

a.

bar'ren,

|ru.

bar'renness,
bar'ter,

base,
base,

n.

ba'chelor,

back,

n.

akiti,

ehii)

nace, dagii).

a.

kpar9, kpa^ikparo.
adiadie.

n.

isale, idi.

a.

onisadiu, olodinti,

fitr-

v.

koto.

agbSij, ivkn.

n.

bas'tard,
baste, v.

bathe,

awo

n.

bas'ket,

obo.

akpo^, ogi.
back of a

See barren.

n.

v.

tidifi.

9m9-agbo, omo-owo.
n.

ase-

akpara, sakpara.

olu.

B.
baboon',
ba'by, n.

sagai),

of land) a^ale,

gai), aseno, {said

ake, akeke, edSij.

ya

agaq,

kp9q, seno, yagaij, sekp9i), irog-

sa, sa.

bash'ftil,

ha, iyanu.

iw9^u, 9ta.

i^u,

V.

ba'sin,
n.

yakpa.

adv.

a.

avrl, n.

axe,

6ket6.

n.

bale,

{to pack),

okete.

li

bar'rel, n.

deniba.
a.

^e.

astray', adv.

athirst',

dadzu.

yag.

'

a'w'ful,

alafere.

asto'nishment,
asun'der,

bark,
bark,
barn,

kuro, 16h, n5.

fere.

n.

v.

h^

wo.

arotele.

avrk'-ward, a. gig6, go.

a-wk'"wardly, adv. tetere.
a-w^k'^wardness, n. gig5.

dadiudadzu.

assu'redly, adv.

asth'ma, n.
asthma'tic,

di, diij,

awake sud- bsir'gain,

bar'gain,

rah.

a.

avT'hile', adv.

assort'ment, n. ow6.
assume', v. maw6.
assu'rance, n. igbekele.
v.

V.

to

adzi, aisili).

a^way', adv.
segbe, avre, n.
|ru.

sore.

asso'ciate,
assort',

a^vare',

a.

aba^e, abanise.

n.

denly, tadii.

a"wake',

n.

assist'ance,

dii

v.

barba'rian, n. alaigbede.
bar'ber, n. onigbadiamo.
bard, n. akuijyuqgba.

durode.

V.

kpa- baptize',

. .

sa kuro.

V.

a'wait',

v.

bap'tism,

dzekp6, adz6inokp8.

lehiij-

lehii),

ikpef9i), 9lokpa.

fi

bamboo',

aife.
.

yi

ball,

olugbesai).
okpokpo, orere.

n.

aver'sion,

V.

ball, n.

gbesfiij,

adv.

ba'ker, n. alakara.
ba'lance, n. ogba.
bald, a. kpari, akpari.
bale, V. {water), gboij

oi)roro, roro.

v.

bai'liflfj n.

bake

ere die, diere.

V.

fa...seliii).

z;.

bad, a. buru, bubuni.

bad'ness, n. bubuiTi.
bag, n. abo, akpo, 14ba.
bag'gage, n. eru.
bait,

kuijfa.

austere', a.
au'thor, n.
author'ity,
au'thorize,

diamba, da, aveng'er,

.

isii).

attrac'tion, n. okuqfa.
at 'tribute, n. iwa.
au'dible, a. ti d \h gbo.

a'venue,

dari

v.

v.

avenge',

ainolekpa.

ni

nigi, kolu.

assem'ble,

kodiusi, mudzuto.

a'varice, n. okandiua.
avari'cious, a. olokandiua.

asiiii, ijsilo.

da, fodzuto, fodzusi,

n.

abelnq.

a.

lehii), sehii).

igb6.
adza.
at'tic, n.

avail',

asleep',

assassina'tion,
assault', V. ba

isa.

eburu.

n,

backed,

back'ward,

ifetisi,

attract',

lodzii.
n.

n.

atten'tion,
.

v.

ash'es,

kusa, sa.

alenini, as9r9le-

back-door',

backslide,

atini.

fiyesi, kiyesi,

alayidayida.

a.

tB.

n.

sorolehiij.

hii].

atten'dance, n. ibal6h,
atten'dant, n. am6ra.

ba, bi, bienikpe, bi

ashamed',

afim6.

n.

v.

v.

attend',

v.

m6.

o\v6

v.

attempt',
attempt',

arrive',
ar'ro^w,
art'ful,

lehiq, sehiij.

back'bite, v.
back'biter, n.

d^aW, kolA.

V.

attack',

dide, diinde.

fi

attachment,

kale.

V.

attach',

agbaguij, ogui).
\k.
prep.

etutu.

n.

adv.

back,

se etutn.

v.

atone',

abeya, abiya, iya.

around',
around', adv. ka,
arouse', v. dzi

BAT

94

n.

9m9-ale.

gai).

luwe.

bath 'house,

n.

baluwe.

BAT
bat 'tie,

n.

beach,
bead,

ri,

shell bead, akoij

palm-nut bead, alagidigba fossil

old Egyptian glass bead, segi.
;

beak,

n.

beam

{of a

bean,

eke.

house), n.

n.

awudie,

ewe,

v.

so,
Til

to

bimo

bl,

seso

to

bear with patience, to en-

dure, ru, kparamo.

beat,

V.

erar), eraijko.

bo, te,

Ill,

a.

beau'tifu.1,

dze.

kpe.

n.

aga-kposi.

big, a. tobi, lara.

bill '-hook, n. ada.

kuwa.
lori, beri.

. . .

bird,

leliii), sehii), seliiij.

kiyesi, saw6,
v.

wo.

fu.

ye

tere, inimi.

n.

de,

n.

didi, ebo, edi.

eiye

bird'-cage,
bird'-lime,

ile-eiye.

n.

ate.

ahariya, awaya.
n.

bird'-snare,

belch, n. ife.
belch, V. gufe.
belief, n. igbagb6.
believe', v. gba
gb6.
believ'er, w. olugbo, onigbagb6.

bird ofprey, akosa.

n.

n.

bird'-shot,

iwa.

demo, dern.

di,

n.

bind'ing,
be

loke.

adia-akpa, ige-

kpa, is9ka, kpekpe.

n.

birth,

ibi.

birth'day, n. idio ibi, odi6

birth'place, n. ibi-ibi.
birth'right, n. oguij ibi.

bilil,

li

bell,

kpa.

arlwa, dara.

16wa.
bit'terness, n. araijkai),
bel'ly, n. ikuij.
beau'tify, v. se
dze
se
ororo.
n.
idara.
V.
tori.
ti,
ti,
belong',
beau'ty,
|\va,
because', conj. nitori, nitoriti, belov'ed, a. ayaijfe, ayo, oliifc. black, V. (]<i.
adii (b9l9di9).
latori.
isale, black, a.
below', prep, and adv.
v.
nisale.
beck'on,
diuwo, fowokpe,
lodo,
black'ing, n. edii.
.

belt, n.

n.

bed,

See

da, di.

v.

akete,

ibustlij,

suit.

bend,

okpo,

bed'-bug,

idoi).

n.

bed'-fellovr,

abanisAij.

n.

ba,

teba, te

be'nefit,

da,

bale, te

bere.

asore, olore.
. . .

ifeni,

anu

ofe.

olore ofe, olanu

a.

benumb'ed,

keti, ketiri.

a.

heavy mallet), bereave', v. gba

(an insect),
alubara, bambam
14), se.. .lofo.
(a

. .

li

(Gen. 43,

bereav'ed,
ba.

hefore', adv.
larii) kai),

a.

niwadiu

niladiu,

siq,

siwadzu.

V.

besides', adv.

besiege',

v.

kpelukpelu.
doti

ka.

^e

v.

befriend',

adv.
.

tele.
.

li

ore, ^e

bestOTv',
.

lore.

beg,

blbe, sagbe, toro.

bfe,

beget', V.
beget'ter,

beg'gar,

bi,

n.

n.

kpani.

obi.

betroth',

dekoso.

beg'glng,
begin',

v.

v.

agbe.

beresi.

diebi,

v.

S9

egai),

V.

asor9

egai),

n.

egai).

fif9i).

n.

ow9-ina.
sedie gbadie, gba

v.

. ,

igbadie

ledie.
n.

isedie,

a bleeding at
bless,

V.

bless'ed,

bilsi.

n.

the nose, aniur9i).

bilk9i), bvlsi, sure,

wure.

alabuk6i), ibuk9q ni

a.

oltihukoi), onibusi.
n.

abukoij,

ibuk9i),

ibusi.
v.

betroth'ed,
bet'ter,

n.

olus6r9 egai).

fu.
bestovr'er, n. alabilsi.
v.
fi
..
bless'er, n.
betray',
da,
haq, kpa.
betray'er, n. onifihaij, oniku- bless'ing,

bimo.

alagbe, a^agbe, nia-

aibdwi.

blasphem'er,

V.

fi

alakiba, kubusii.

blaspheme',

bleed'ing,

prep,

before'hand,

wi,

. .

a.

n.

blan'ket,

blaze,
bleed,

ofo.

19... gbaka.

iwadzu, lodiu, bespeak', v. ba.

niwadiu, siwadiii, ^iwadiu.
best, a. dara diu gbogbo 16h.

before',

ba

WOI).

blast,

fo.

bereave'ment,

ki...to,ki...teni, beset',

(of grass), elm.

v.

blas'phemy,

be'fa'u', V.

ile ato.

soro egai).

ofe.

oboijboi).

blame,

dudu.

n.

n.

blad'der,
blade, n.

blame 'less,

lere, saij.

'

bene'volent,

t|,

labe, nisal.

da

v.

rel6,

16,

bene volence, n.

bee, n. oyii), olugbe.

bee'-hive, n. ile-oyiij.
beef, n. eraq nialil.
beer, n. otf, sekete.
bee'tle,

black 'ness,

lawani, mayafi.

v.

beneath', prep,
benefae'tor, n.

kpekpele.
n.

ikoro,

sakpere.

become',

ibi.

n.
ago, agogo, korokoro, bit, n.
gai)gai), kikini, okele: a
saworo, gbaqgaij.
bridle-bit, idzanu.
bite, V. bu
saij.
die, bu
^wa, yandiu, bell'-ringer, n.
alagogo.
koro.
bel'loAvs, n. ewiri.
bit'ter, a.

bi eraijko.

a.

taij, tai)

iioqgboi).

bid,

V.

bier,

kSij, kAij.

kiyesi.

bewil'der, v. damn.
beyond', prep. k9dza,

beguile'ment, n. itai)die.
bil'lo'W,
behave', v. hii, liilwa.
beha'vior, n. hihil, iwa, iwa- bind, v.

bear fruit, be'ing, n.

bear a burden, carry,

to

beard, n.
beast, n.
beastly,

v.

behoove',

kpondo.

bear,

v.

begrudge',

behead', v.
behind', a.
kpo- behold', V.

k9k9ro.

atikpilese,

ikpil6, ikpilese, ilese.

beguile',

atetese,

atetek9se,

ebnte, ibado.
ileke

akose,a^eseko^e,

begin'ning,n.

dze.

n.

n.

v.

begin'ner,?i. alakose, olukpile^e. be'ware',

idzakpati, ogni).

bat'tle-axe, n. gamugamu.
baAvl, V. kigbe.
ba-wl'ing, n. ikigbe, ifo.
be, V. mbe, wa, ya, ni, gbe,
si, se, di,

BLI

95

a.

fe
a.

. .

fn, fe

s6na.

afesSna.

ftiye, sap.

bet'ween', prep, lariri, nin6.

be'wair, v. kpohugrere.

blind,

a.

kdid

a blind person,

afodiii.

blind,

V.

f9

lodzd

to

with brightness, b9diuyai).

blind'fold,

v.

di

'.

lodid.

blind

BLI
n.

blind'ness,

bore,

n.

(of houses), kusata.

V.

d'lna.

blood, n. edie.
blood'guiltiness,

bloom,
bloom,
blot,

Sse edze.

itadzesile.

bo'som,

igo, afogur), 9kpalaba.

V.

ior)

fe,

to

ifow

off,

boAvl,

akpako, kpako.
se

dzanu,

fefe,

fudia, halS,

n.

abale, onifefe.

bob 'tail,
bo'died,

n.

n.
a.

atuko, olokS.
akeru.

abara, alara.

b6, bo, ru,

V.

a.

odu.

adv.

boldly,
bols'ter,

n.

irora, timtim.

bond, n. edi, ide.

bond, a. onde, oloko-eru.
bond'age, n. fewoq, ide,

bri'dle,

n.

idianu.

bri'dle,

v.

ko

brim'ful,
bring, v.
w4h.

iwa omo.
fudza.
kufekufe,

afudza.

a.

n.

mu

ba, diroij.

m9dumodu.

bris'tle, n.

k.

tmhei/s

braTwl,

See hold.
akara

n,

breadth, n.

iwofa obiri.

out,

v.

variojis
okilrii,

kinds

kilduru.

igboro, awe, aye, ibo.

to
bu, da, dza, se :

dzakuq, tii ; break

hreak to pieces, rui) ;

loose,

ru

break down,

wo

break up, tu.

break'fast, . ase-owur9.
breast, n. aiya, ige, 9mu.

breast'bone,

n.

breast'plate,

w.

breast'work, 7i.
breath, m. 6ini.

tanikpa.

awo-aiya.
odi.

iri

. . .

9gb9g.

n.

ege.

nibo.
ni gboro.

sog, sug.
a.

bro'ken,

alikara.

m.

V.

broiled,

s6, dia.

gauggaug

broad'cast, adv.
broil,

gbe

elege.

broach, v. tu.
broad, a. gboro,
si.

w4h,

j'aya.

bristle,

brit'tleness,

ide.

V.

. ,

vcoti

brit'tle, a.

alami, onisami

a.

bebe.

m.

igbe.

di eti.

k6g

a.

v.

egbo, eta.

yag.

eti.

n.

brink,

. .

rag, yag.

brisk, a. yara.
brisk'ly, adv.

71.

idianu.

li

brilliantly, adv.

omokoijri.

w.

eg6i).

n.

iwofa 6koi)ri.

amona.

n.

bril'liant,

w.

oko-iyawo.

afira.

bridge,

brim,

brag, V. scfefe,
braggado'cio,

n.

bride'groom,

akpoti, ago, bata.

n.

9l9ti.

bre-w'ery, n. ebu-oti.
bribe, n. abetele.
bri'bery, n. abetele, ibetele.
brick, n. dzikanu.
bride, n. iyawo, adelebd.

n.

breaJc,
hreak

sobombia, sorombia.

n.

brevr'er,

osaij.

are called, sukaq,

bond'-servant, n. iwofa.
bond'-service, n. b(a.
bone, n. cgui), egui)gui).
bo'ny, a. elegui).
book, n. iwe, tira.
n.

bread'-seller,
ideni,

afefe, ategui), 6fo.

bright, a. dag, fofo.

dag.
bright'en, v. dag, mu
bright'ly, adv. rokiroki.
bright'ness, n. idag, rirag.

ifoij.

bo^w'string,

bread,

eru.

boot, n.
boo'ty,

bale,

okp9i).

brave.

aiberu, aifbya.

bond'maid, n.
bond'man, n.

n.

See pantaloons.

kpoqti.

bri'er, n.

n.

bov^'els,

brass,

laiberu.

n.

orui).

brand'ed,

gbodin, laiya.

bold'ness,

branch, w. See hough.

brand, v. sami si.
brand, n. ami, isami.

owo.

boil'er, n.

bow'knot, Ji. awotiri.

boAvlegged, a. aw61ew5ri.

braji,

akoro.

a.

71,

brake,

|re, ira, sakata.

boil, n.

bovT,

braid,
brain,

bo'dily, adv. taratara.

bo'dy, n. ara.

bog, n.
bog'gy,

aini-

allokpiij,

foribale, teba, te

V.

boy 'hood,

boast'ing, n. fefe.
boat, m. oko, okpere.

boat'man,

okpiq, okpiqlS.

teri, teriba.

box,
boy,

yai)rai).

boast'er,

ni dide.

bound, a. ide,
bound'ary, m.
boundless, a.

board,

V.

eka,

akpa,

kpekui).

fifoi], ife.

n.

aketoq,

71.

kpeka.

etoi)

ailemi.

a.

:
alakpata ko
bere oruko, the butcher does not

breeze, n.
brevr, v.

lenu.

bough,

bO'W,

oko

medzedzedzi.

yo

femi,fe, gbii).

imi.

enquire the breed.

owokaijaiya.
ati,

... \v6i), kparuij.

bende, ese.

bold,

n.

atfiro, onitor9.

ina, itana, yetuyetu.

bloAv'ing,
blue, 71. aro, ayinrir), wadzi.
blunt, a. kii.
bo'a-constric'tor, n. ere.
boar, n. ako elede a wild boar,
5gai), amado, igaq.

boil,

toro, wii), siq.

n.

mi

mi,
w.

breech'es,
breed, v. bi.
breed, n. oruk9

n.

boast,

v.

bot'tle,.

abawoi).

v.

n.

n.

hi

breathe,

breath'less,

bot'tom,
isale, gboqgbo.
bot'tomless, a. ainisale.

a.

lu.

riru.

both, conj.
both'er, v.

6/ow away, feloh.

blOAV, m. id^a : a Mow with the
fist,

a.

bor'ro'wer,
m.

bibi.

dife, tu.

blot, n.
feti6

okpiijlfe,

V.

V.

blO'W,

da

lu,

bor'ro"w,

edie, eledie.

a.

V.

born,
borne,

eledie.

bloodiness, .
blood'shed, n.
blood'y,

samba,

breathing,

a.

See stupid.

block'head.

w.

bor'der,
odzu-ile.

>vu.

V.

bloat,
block,
block,

ifodid.

airiiaij,

le.

v.

blis'ter,

BRU

96

sisug.

dida, ^ese:

a.

broken

the bottom, adzadi.

bro'ken-hearted,

a.

onirobi-

iiodze.

brook,

abetu.

n.

broom, n. 9W0, sasa.

broom'sedge, w. bere, mene.
broth, n.
bro'ther,

oinitoro.
n.

ara, arak9gri, abilro,

egb9g.

bro'therhood, n. iwa ar4.

brovr, . iwadzu: brow of a hill,
geregrre.

bro"wn,
bruise,

a.
v.

kp6g rusurusu.
ba.

BRU
bruis'ed,
brute, n.

a.

bru'tish,

a.

calabash,

hilia, fif6.

eraijko.

kuruba.

V.

ke,

n.

build'er,

bulb, n.
bulk, n.
bulk'y,
bull,

abo,

camp,
camp,

idi,

iwoi)-

iti,

bur, n. emo.
bur'den, n. en\.
bur'glar, w. abole, bolebole.
bur'glary, n. ibole, ifole.

burn,

dioriir), kui), rarj, soi), sui), ta.

mu

bur'nish,
burst, V.
bu'ry, iJ.

v.

bush,

igbe, igbdro.

w.

daij,

daq.

cap 'tain,

n.

iwakuwa.

v.

da.

n.

n.

ofoforo,

ofofo,

^ugboi), biko^e.

71.

butt'-end,
but'ter, n.

but'toek,

idi.

ori

n.

n.

labalaba.

care, w.
care'ful,

idi.

ra, da.

buz'zard,
by, ])rep.

n.

fi,

lodo,
ti-

nikpase, siha, niha,

kpase.

by-and-by',

adv.

ewo, ow6.

nisi,

aniyaij, itodzu.
a.

diyar), nani, S9ra.

adv.

care'fulness,

leti,

nigbo^e,

di-

gbo^e.

care'less,

lesqleso.

n.

a.

esq.

aitqdiu, aikiyesi.
care'lessly, adv. tetere.

car'ry,
cart,
olele.

lewa.

catching fire,

cat'tle, n.

cause,
cause,

kokoro.

Ssir).

V.

da

edi,

sil^, sq,

sodi.

idasilS, idi, itori,

8rai).

causeless,

a.

cave,

caw,

iJ.

ainidi, laisS.
kilo.

olobo.

n,

ya.

V.

hSi).

v.

d4, dab5, dake, dase,

ye.

aidd.

a.

adza

??.

ceiling over

adiailfi.
fSfe, f

lefe, fesi,

lohur).

cen'tipede,
cen'tral,

cen'tre, n.
cer'tain, a.

tanitani sokq.

n.

a.

ariij, ti ariq.
arii).

danilodifi

certain

awoqkai), m^lokaq.
cer'tainly, adv. dadiiidadzd.

cer'tainty,
cessa'tion,
chaffy

ra.

chaffy,

n.

aisiyemedzi.

n.

ekuq, yiye.

afeno, ekpo, iyaqgbo.

a.

elekpo.

niha.
chagrin', v. ya
caress', v. nani.
chagrin', n. abdnio.
car'nal, a. ark, ti ara.
chain, n. ewoq.
carne'lian, n. esu.
chain, v. di
lewoij.
cami'vorous, a. eraq abekana. chair, n. aga, ogdt).
car'penter, n. gbenagbena.
chalk, w. efuij.
car'pet, n. kinisi.
cham'ber, n. iy6wu, y6wu.

car'rier, n.

cackle, v. gbe.
cackling, n. keke.
cake, n. dkara, moimoi,

catch fire, gbina,

ca'terpillar,

c.

ones,

care'fuUy,

gunugunu.

leba,

adzorai).

se aniyai).

amo, wagi.

mu

V.

ceil'ing,

card'ed, n. aburaij.
care, v. bodiuto, bodzuwo,

agboti.

wS

catch 'ing,m. imu:

^u

ero,

. . .

ese, ologini, ologbo, yaij-

wawo,

ikoguij, ikol6h.

n.

ti

balfe,

dekui), kpa, rqle, siq, suqkonu,

olori.

n.

caravan',

v.

kekeru.

carve,

alarii.

rd.

v.

gbe.

abakpade.

loh.
cap'tivate, v. ko
grave ov pit,
n.
cen'sure,i'.
cap'tive,
(male), igbekui);

capti'vity,

alakpata.

n.

but'terfiy,

13

to.

(female), igbesij).
n.

. . .

adqno.
th,

a.

cease'less,
.

. . .

ta

hni), yaui).

cease,
gbagba,

n.

v.

cau'tion, n.
cau'tioner,

oko, okpere.
abeti, aramori, dzoa.

t&

ba,

ta,

diorai).

fatele,

fila,

cas'trate,

catch,

agbaboi).

ji.

but, conj.
but'cher,

nikpa,

n.

can'non,
canoe',
cap, n.

cast'away,

cat, n.

can, aux. V. le.

can'did, a. awimahyihug.
can'dle, n. atqqkpa.
can'dlestick, n. okpa atqqkpa.
cau'dy, n. oyiri.
cane, n. ikaij, teteguij.
can'ker, v. dakpara.
can'nibal, n. adzenia, dzenia-

airodilj, airowo, kilr),

olofofo.

V.

tedo.

d6, tedo.
budo, ibudo.

n.

caprice',
capsize',

bu'sybody,

buy,

iqj),

ibakasie, rakumi.

V.

draq.

ise,

kposile.

butler,

adv.

n.

w6dia,

kuro.

ca'sual,

capa'cious,

siijku.

n.

bu'siness,
bu'sy, a.

idakedze, ida-

folo.

be, saij.
sii),

idake,

Tib,

dieiiia.

isiq, siijsii).

dio, dzona, dioniruij,

iJ.

eko, kai)gi.

n.

ike.

oraq.

tile, dzil, sati, su,

dakedze, dakeroro.
mu . ddkedze.

V.

ca'mel,

odidi.

n,

a.

n.

case,

akesi, ikpe.

a.

carv'er, n. ibuke.
carv'ing, n. ibuke,
cascade', n. qidiq.

cask, n. agba.
cassa'va, n. ogcge.
cast, V. gba .. .lit, gboq, did

kpe, kekpe, ko.

V.

calmly,

woi), yaijgidi.

bu'rial,

iirb.

keroro.

lara.

n.

v.

calm,
amde, dumo. calm,
calm,

ako malA.

bun'dle,

igba.

egbftro malil.
n.
kelekti.

mo, mole, callous,

kole,

bullet, 11. Ota.

bul'rush, n. ore.
bul'-wark, n. odi.

bunch,

cal'culate,

call, n.

gbiqgbiniki.

n.

6fq.

calico,

akole,

a.

n.

call,

eta.

n.

akoto,

cala'mity,
calf, n.

bud, V. rudi.
bud, n. idi, irudi.
buffalo, n. efSij.
bug, n. kokoro.
build,
modi.

n.

kpok9.

bi eraijko.

n.

buck'et,

CHA

97

chame'leon,

n.

agemo,

oga

oi'isa.

chance,

n.
abAkpade, ak6sebii,
alablkpade, ariijko, ik6seba.

CHA
chance, v.
change, v.

kpalSkagda, kpa- choke,

kpa,

rada, y|, )|ra.

iwu.

n.

choice,

ialab4kpade.
di,

COL

98

V.

fe...lodiu,

foi)

f9i),

foq-

charge,

v.

kngbu

f5rai)m6,

to

charge for, diyele.

n.

charge,

a.

ol9re

oijfeni,

agada.

n.

idaro.

cha'rity,

charm,
charm,

n.

cir'cular,

a.

tii

n.

ade, ogui), tira.

chase,

v.

de, le, tokpa.

cheap,

a.

kp6, ko woq.

cheat,

re

V.

ndie

to

dzoro.

a.

the horse, 6

ereke.

da

clap,

laraya.
daraya, tiidzuka.
n.

arayd,

ida-

raya.

cheese,

cher'ish,
chest, n.

che'w,
chew

wakasi, warakasi.

n.

V.

ke.

v.

aiya, ige, okaqaiya.

fi

roi), ror),'

we

to

tobacco, di.

chick'en, n. adire, adie.

chide, V. bodium6.
chief,

a.

kpataki.

chief,

n.

olu, olori.

chief priest,
child,

n.

akpini, idzigbo.

n.

ewe, madiesi, omo,

9m9de.
child'hood, n, ewe, iwa omo.
childish, a. bi omode.
child'ishly, adv. diegbedzegbe.
childless, a. ailomo.
chill,

V.

^e

legiri.

chilliness, n. egiri.
chilly, a. segiri.

chimpan'zee,
chin,
chip,

n:
n.

agboi).

asagi.
chi'sel, n. iko.

inaki, iro.

n.

esiq

fi

n.

clum.'sily,
iwa,

as9.

ti

kpe

n.

arfj).

a.

clum'sy,

class,

cla"W,

n.

ekaij,

ola"W,

V.'

dza.

gbogod6.

ebute, ibado.

n.

n.

(of corn), girigiri, kuku.

akuk9 cock of a gun,
:

cocked,
eock'roach,

lekana.

wl

adv.

aluko.

n.

cock'atoo,

ako.
n.

ayag.

eo'coa-nut, n. agb9i).
cocoon', n. akpolukutu, ekuku.
coffin, n. kposi.
silq.
cohab'it, v. ba

awemo, awend, m6.

w|,

di, siiij.

ageni9.

ekana.
.

abdnise.

v.

esena, oguna, ed<\.

a.
aikuna.

n.

cock,

oi'9, efuij.

cleanly,

coal, n.

cob,
k6ke.

abekaiia.

a.

cla^wed,
clay, n.
clean, a.
clean, v.

gbogod6, gboij-

odidi.

a.

iru.

gudegude.

coast'Avise, n. ibubu.
coat, n. ak4so 6wu, toro.

r6.

akpe.

n.

sai]-

toto.

oniwa, coadju'tor, n.

kpakpe, sakpe.

clap'ping,

19^9,

gb9r) gb9i)gb9i).

ikara.

V.

. .

clo'ven, n. ela.
clo'ven-footed, a. elese elL
club, n. adz9r9, 9go, tomb^.

he claimed coast,

ela'mor, n. ariwo.
cla'morously, adv.

cheer'ful, a.
cheer'fuhiess,

coarse,
.kpe

clam,

ilu.

checked,
cheek, n.

ar41|, aralu, ol9to.

fi

I9S9.

coa'gulate,

in play, odzoro.
check, n. keke.

v.

k9

onikpa.

se

da^9b6,

cloudiness, n.
cloudless, a.

k9la,

cir'cumstanced,

ci'ty, n.
cheat, n. ayandie, irenidie.
a
cheater
n.
arenidze
claim, f.
cheat'er,

cheer,

V.

clus'ter, n.

ci'tizen, n.

abila, etu.

clothing,

ikpa.

a.

vib

cloud, n. aw9sama, ikuku,

ma, sama.

cir'cumcised, a. onila.
circumci'sion, n. ila.
eir'eumstance, w. aiye,

.
die, tandze, ya
cheat in play, so-

ak9r9i), k9l9fii).

alas9.

clothe,

alayika.
v.

giri,

aso: dealer in cloth,

n.

cloth,

nila.

gre anu.
lodzu.

ifeni,

n.

kpir),

clo'set, .

agbo, ayika.

cir'cumeise,

anu.

. , .

n.

cir'cle, n.

ilo, ase, ise.

cha'ritable,

cim'eter,
cin'ders,

buruburu,

m9ra, mot.im9ti, kpigrere, siijsir), tim9timo.

girigiri,

sarota.

cigar', n.

edu,

close by, dede,

closely, adv.

I9r9i).

choose, V. yag.
nyidk.
change,
chop, V. ke, kegi.
change 'ahle, a. alaiduro.
n.
awowo, ibu, ibubu, chop'per, n. akegi.
chan'nel,
cho'sen, n. ayarife.
ikpa, kdijrog, kSro, 6na.
Chris 'tian, n. nasura.
chap, V. la.
chro'nicler, n. ologbo.
chap'ter, n. oii.
n.
ise.
church, n. adi9, akpedi9.
cha'racter,
n.
iwa.
churn, v. mi wara.
characteris'tic,
n.

itosi

nitosi, nikusa.

n.

char'eoal,

a.

close,

n6.

tonitoni.

coil,

n.

cohabita'tion,

abasuij.

See wind.

V.

clean'ness, n. aileri, mim6.

coin'eidence, n. atibd, iba.
cleanse, \ i'3,-w|...m6,w|...n5. colander, n. adigbaro, adiro.
cleans'ed, a. awend.
cold, n. amudi, otu, otutu.

cleansing,
clear,

^aijgbe

clear,

a.

n.

if&.

ia...

II.

clear

cold,

mo '.to clear land,

as clouds, t6.

off,

. .

cle'mency, n.
climb, V. gui).
cling,
clip,

n.

n.

close,

mo,

di

lakiri.

V.

owoko.

col'lar, n.

idiroij

m6.

ago, agogo.

akpala, ogultitu.
di,

kpade,

se.

n.

col'lar-bone,
ia

collect',

V.

a dog's collar,
eka.

gba, ko, kodi9, 19,

sudz9.
a.

collect'ed,

collec'tion,

re.

V.

clock,
clod,

V.

kpotutu, tutu.

nini,

co'lic, n.

mo.

clearly, adv. kede, toto.

m6,
cleave, v. bumo, di
mo, faramS, kum6.
.

a.

akot^i).

n.

n.

akokp6,

iiik.

asisa.

coUec'tor,
coUi'sion, n. ikpade lil.
coloniza'tion, n. ido, itedo.
co'lor,

n.

co'lored,

ase, ase, ese,

a.

alaw6.

awo.

COL
omo
co'lumn, n.
colt, n.

n.

eoml),

comple 'tion, n.

esiij.

bwoi).

oya

V.

n.

idikpS.

come,

pass, se

come

v.

dawokpS.
to come

de, w41i

V.

come down,

in,

s6,

101-91),

td

s6kale

r6, te

concem'ing, ^j-f/).

command',

b6, bfiw^h.

atibft,

v.

kpa

kpase,

lase, solori.

eommand'er,

n.

. .

anu.

n.

a^e iko.
le

ikpinu.

de

lebi,

fi

death)

fi

bi,

com'mon, a. okporo, kp6.

commune', v. ba
s6r9.
eommu'nicate, v. raq.
.

. .

compact'Iy,

adv.

gbimgbam.

compin'ion,

n.

egbe, elegbe,

compan'ionship,
adium9.
eom'pany, n. egbe, ewo.
we.
compare', v. farawe, fi
compar'ison, n. iwe.
com'passes, n. inakiri.
compas'sion, n. anu irado.
n.

ironu, iy9nu.

compas'sionate,

a.

. .

diebi,

widzo.

v.

saroye, s5s9,

ebi,

diebi.

a.

n.

wuru-

ruru,

5mu, adamu

n.

idamn, awudiii, rudurudu.

conglo'merate, v. su.
conglomera'tion, n. &in, \in.
con'gregate, v. kpedi9.
congrega'tion, n. adz9, idi9,
congru'ity, n. abade.
conjec'ture, v. mamSdza.
con'jure, v. kpidaij.
connect', v. dikp6, sokp5.
connive', v. modiukuro.

con'quer, v. da, ^eguij, sete.

eon'queror, n. olusete.
con'science, n. im6nin6.
consent', v. gba.
n.

v.

igbehii).

m^ro,

gbero,

gbimS, meto, simSraq.

adv.

consi'derately,

tiiotiro,

toyetoye.
n.

ero, igb^ro,

irono.

consist'ent, a. ibadc, abade.

eonsola'tion, n. itu edo, itun6.

ebi, idadz9lil.

eondemn'ed,

dzudidzudi,

considera'tion,
dida

n.

v.

console',

aiye, ila.

tu...nin9,

tu...

conduct', V. hilwa.
Ied9.
con'duct, n. biliii, iwa, ihAw^. conspi'cuous, n. y9diu, y9ri.
co'ney, n. agara, kumbu.
conspi'cuously, adv. li gbaijn.
confe'deracy,
adakp5.
gba.
confe 'derate, a. dakpd.
conspi'racy,. abam9l|,im61|.
confedera'tion, n. idakp5.
conspi'rator, n. amoIS.
ba...s9kpo,dam9rai).

con'ference,

n.

kale,

fi

mul|, mule.

confirma'tion,

imule.

n.

con'fiscator,m.
conflict',

V.

abole,boleboIe.
se odi si.

rikisi,

kp6.

n.

con'stancy,

dirikisi,

itirir)m9le.

con'stant, a. aida.
con'stantly, adv. li aida.
constella'tion, n. yojo.
con'stitute, v. sonidi'.
constraint', n.
ifiyaqdiu^e,
iyaijdzu.

con'sul,

adzele.

n.

consult',

bamd, baro, daij

v.

wo, gbero, gbimS

wo.
oracle, da
.

v.

consult

an

consulta'tion,ra.

idawo.
con'fluence, n. abad6.
lamu, kpa consume',
confound', v, da
.

se am61|,
^awo.

v.

conspire',
mol6,

ibad9kp6.
die wo.

confess', v.
confes'sion, n. idiewo.
confidant', n. ore 9kai).
confide', v. gbekele.
con'fidence, n. eke.
con'fident, v. dadiu, gbodiule.
sanu, confine', v.
di, do.
confirm', v. dielesemulfe, di

s5,

^e.
compel', V. le
compel'led, a. alaigb9do.
com'pensate, v. saij fu.
compete', v. didie, dudie.
competi'tion, n. idie.

complEiin',

{to

^i

. .

. .

ladie.

confer', ?;.

enikedzi, ir9, odzugba.

ru,

consi'der,

diewo ^ye,

con'sequence,

sokaq.
ale.

dadz9h\, da

v.

condi'tion,

]9wo.

kpinu,

is9kai).

coneord'ant, a.
con'cubine, n.

yiq, buyiq fu.

v.

n.

condemna'tion,

idasilS, ikpilese.

nidi, niditi,

kpari,

awudz9.

kpiijbuq.

condemn',

olori.

commisera'tion,
commis'sion, n.
commit', v. fi

nitoriti, sikpa,

v.

confu'sion,
.

karaw9i).

conclu'sion,
con'cord, n.

eommand'ment, n. ase.
commence', v. kpileie, ^5.
commence'ment, n.
ib|re,
commend',

n.

conclude',

eom'forting,
com'ing, n.

adiiijsirisii),

niti, nititi, iiitori,

atuninino, olur|.
a.
atitunino.

lamu, damn,
kpa
niye.
confu'sedly, adv. dzagbadza.

wuni.

conceive', v. loyfii), yuq.

concep'tion, n. iyuq.
concern'ed, a. nisi.

kpere.
w.

fi

m61,

da

v.

confuse',

gba,

ibonwlS.

ti.
com'fort, n. domdomaiye, ituno.
com'fortably, adv.
kpete- conch,

com.'forter,

n.

conceal'ment,

iiin6.

. .

di.

sir).

by,

wole, won6.

come'liness, n. iye.
come'ly, a. li 6wa,
lara,
com'fort, V. de
.

de

v.

conceal',

combine',

a.

com'pliment, n. 6ki.
comprehen'sible, a. ye.
idaw9kp6, com'rade, n. See companion.

ya.

combina'tion,

itai).

roof-ridge, ata.

comb,

akodza, a^etdg

da

comb of a house, com'plicated,

CON

99

adi6r6, ibaro,

die, diokpa, dio-

niniQ, dzorui), kpanii),

rui), t6.

complaint', n. os5.
con'summate, v. kpari, ^et&i).
confound'ed, a. damn.
a.
n.
a.
abudza.
con'tact,
complete',
kpo, setai), 1619. confound'ing,
agbako.
complete'ly, adv. kpatakpata, confront', v. ko, k9diusi, ko conta'gious, a.
rkz),
oniraij,
,

tai).

lodiu.

gbe.

CON
contain',

v.

ieleya.
.

Igai), eya, ibukAi), igag, ikposi,

CO 'pious,

siiti.

iwosi,

contemp'tible
abese.

contemp'tuousness,

igaij.

dia.

v.

contend',

content 'ed,

a.

co'ral,

content'ment,
n.

con'test,

sa-

itosi.

eontigu'ity,
egbe,
con'tinence, n. imaraduro.
conti'nual, a. ie iwadzu.
conti'nually, adv. titi.
contract', v. soqki to contract
:

words, dakpo.

oontrac'tion, .

isoi)ki,adakpe,

n.

gbo

adehuij.

ba

v.

dia,

diakoro,

lenu,

diiyai),
.

nikoro, di\ja,j).

contradic'tion, n. iyaij.
con'trarily, adv. lodi.
con'trary, a. lo, odi si,

ta

contri'bute,
diivd,
contribu'tion, n. idawo.
contri'butor, n. adaw6.

con 'trite,

flsi.

n.

contri'tion,
control',

V.

^akoso.

control',

n.

akoso, ik4w6.

See congregate.
conve'nient, a. w5.
n.

6io,

iso-

ro.

converse',
conver'sing, a. adioso.
conver'sion, n. iyikpada.
convert', v. kpa lakaqd^,
. . .

yi-

kpada.

con'vict,

V.

da

ISse.

convince', v. so asoye.
eonvul'sion, n. orere.
cook, V. se.
cook, n. al4se, as4se, asendie.
cool,

V.

feri, r6, tu.

cool,

a.

tu, tutu.

cool'ly, adv.

eool'ness,

00-o'perate,

in6

a.

cos'tiveness,
a.

COSt'ly,

li

hk...

iye rS

di,

how

ow6

li

kpi

it is costly.

in6 r5

di,

he

V.

hnkq.
iko.

iroro.

n.
s4i).

eru.

craft,

n.

cram,

v.

ki

y6.

ose

n.

cra^wl,
w6.

crested

crane,

ede.

n.

V.

r&, rako, rak6ro,

fa,

n.

cra'ziness,
cra'zy, a.

asiijwii),

cream,

ori

n.

crea'tion,
crea'tor,

gb^regbere.
siqwig.

wara.

eda, 9dio \vik.

n.

eled4, onidd.

n.

edk.

n.

crea'ture,
cre'dit,

v.

da...l4wii), gb^...

awiij.

lawii).

cre'dit,

credu'lity, n. igb6kugb6.
cre'dulous, a. onigb6kugb6.

creek, n. itq,
creep, v. ra, rako, rakoro.
creep'ing, a. ti rakoro.

could, aux. le.

coun'cil, M. adi6r6.
coun'sel, v. sim9rai).
coun'sellor, n. warifa.

covmt, V. ka.
coun'tenance,

bodio, lodio.

adv.

create', v. da, seda.

crea'ted, a. ida.

araba.

n.

CO"W, n. niali\.
covr'ard, n. abevukeru, odzo.
co"w'ardice, n. odio.

cravr'fish,

ow6.

n.

crib,

aba, aka, aro.

n.

crick'et,

antete, edolo, olo-

n.

gai)rai).

n.

odiu.

ogka.
coun'ter,
count'less, a. ainiye.
coun'try, n. il, ilu.
alberu,
cour'age, n.
a.

akede.

cri'er, n.

crime,
crim'son.
n.

n.

n.

odiu-

&guf9i).

cotyle'don' w. awe.
cotyle'donous, a. alawe.
couch, n. ibirogboku, irogboku.

course,

obo.

a.

kokoro.

crane,

idino.

n.

courage 'ously,
le.

bo, bora, da^ob6,

cover with a lid, de.

crab'bedness,
crack, v. kpa,

kpe.

elo

iye,

ni9l|

crab, n. akai).
crab'bed, a. oijroro.

crip 'pie,
aifoya,

crip'ple,

|se.

See

n.

scarlet.

ar9.

V.

da...lS8e,

laro.

igboiya, igbodzu.

etu.
v.

kpe.

courage'ous,

ihxj.

n.

to,

a.

n.

cow'ardly,

die;
corrupt', V. ba
corrupt'ed, a. dibadze.
corrupt'ible, a. ni ibadze.
corrup'tion, n. ibadze.
corrupt'ness, n. abadze.

cough,
cough,

s6ro.

v.

v.

cot'ton-tree,

convene'.

conversa'tion,

eko.
ire.

cot'ton, w. owu, akese.

eot'ton-seed, n. kere owfi.

ero.

n.

kpokporo.

is costive.

iron6kpiwada.

contri'vance,

n.

corpse, n. oku.
cor'pulent, a. lara.

cos'tive,

See humble, meek.

a.

ikpaka.

much did it cost ? 6

kpo, or, ow6 re kp6,

la'iya.

v.

ikaqguij,

idiere, irukere.

corn'-stareh, n.
corn'-tassel, n.

cost,

niyawo.

onikpele.

co'vetousness, w. odiukokoro.

corn'-silk, n.

corn'-stalk,

co'vering, n. ibora.
co'vet, V. sodiukokoro.
co'vetous, a. odiunM.
fi
co'vetously, adv.

afere, afoforo.

n.

corn'-floor,

co'vered,

edidi.

correct',
correct',

idakpe.

contrac'tor,
contradict',

de

iyoi).

n.

V.

co'ver,

obara, o^ar).

cork'wood,

a.

dim5, otumft, otudimft.

odzigb9r), ote.

idiadu, idiakpati.
n.

kp5.

corn, n. agbado, oka.

eor'ner, n. eti, \gqri,

ibal6.

m.

n.

cord, n.
cork, n.

bal|.

conten'tion, . asag9r).
conten'tious, a.
asagoij,

wo wo,

a.

co'pulate, V. d6, ^ado.

copula'tion, n. ido.
co'py, v. tokpere.

a.

person,

fe, fe

V.

co'venant, v. dimb.
co'venant, n. adim6, madiemu.
co'venant-breaker, n. atu-

abanise.

baba.

cop 'per, n.

court,

eour'teous,

n.

co-o'perator,

aho,

abukvli),

abase, adiu-

n.

co-opera'tion,
mo.

gba.

contemn', v.
contempt',

CRO

100

alalberu.

adv.

fi

aiberu.

|se, ikpa, 6na.

cro'codile,

n.

oni.

crook, V. See bend.

crook'ed, a. al6, wiwo.

da...

CRO
n.

crook'edness,

alto,

i\v6,

wiwo.
ikore.

crop, n. ere,
crop'-ear, n.
cross,

n.

aketi.

agbelebu.

cross, V. bu, rek9dia.

cross'ljcw, . akatagkpo.

cross'bowman,

n.

alakatai]-

kpo.

cross'wise,
nibubu
.

. .

a.

to

abudia

n.

cross'road,
akedza 6na.

6na,

ebu, ibubu, nibu,

place crosswise, gbe

loso.

V.

oroAW, n.
hobo.
croAV,

kdnakana,

alukaijrii),

ko.

V.

forikpo, gbati,

M.

adi9,

iha-

ifoijkpo,

a.

odo.

gbo, kigriq.

curse, V.
curse,m.

fi

n.
.

oya
fi

bu,

curs'ing,
cur'tain,

da

li

de

adc,

ade

n.

of the head,

atari.

alade.

a.

oro"wn'ed,

re.

eru'cible,

n.

koro.

oni'cify,

v.

kaq

elegui), elekpe

thou

n.

cgui).

&io

tita.

bi osumare.
bi

a.

osumare, olosu-

timtim.

mo

agbe-

bode,ibode,
oni-

lebu.

cru'elly, adv.

fi

n.

cru'elty,

adanikpa,

ika,

. .

lagbedemcdzi
ke
kuro,
.

n.

n.

cy'cle,

cut

89116,

off,

sai),

ayida.

ihaho,

S9kui)

tebirj-

kigbe, kp6hui)rere.
n.

n.

ekuij.

cud, . adiekpo.
cud'gel, V. da
nigi.
cud'gel, n. kdmo, olugboro.
sa

cul'tivate,

damn,

ro, roko.

aroko.

See

farmer.

cvin'ning,

Clui'ningness,

awog,
n.

gboij,

9m9biri.
n.

daylight,

n.

v.

ayamo.

9sai3.

raij

lodiu.

dieredi6re

dead,

a.

ku, dake, okfi, w6.

deaf,

a.

aditi, deti, diti.

deafen,

v.

di

leti.

olufe, ayo.

dearth, w. 9da.
death, n. ikfi, oku.
deathlike, adv. bi oku.
debt, n. igbese, gbese, {ancestral)
adasar).

decay',

v.

ra.

deceit',

n.

agalamasa, arekunda,

su.

a.

deceit'ful, a. ^etai).
deceit'fully, adv. fi

li

etai;,

etaq.

damp,

9-

ogb6qk9-

v.

wi,

decline',

v.

rel|, fi.

v.

se

n.

alusig,

da

v.

a.

li

. .

dzamba.
diamba.

ni

lebi.

deep,

diebi, damii.
irig, tutu.

n.

iriij,

See maid.
dzo.

v.

n.

a.

alariridzo, arigdio

dzig, gboij, dzig9i)r9g,

diinle, ogbog.

diig.
deep'en, v. se
deep'ness, n. diidzig, 9gb9g.
defence', ti. abo, igbidza.
.

iriijmi,

irigl6.

dance,

de'corate, v. w&, se
19^0.
decora'tion, n. oio, ona.
16na.
decree', v. lana, la
.

adiebi.

a.

dam'sel.
dan'cer,

tenumo.

declare',

damp'ness,
a.

n.

daugh'ter-in-la-w,

isedo.

dam'nable,
dam'ned, v.

iroko.

. .

kni), ^ai).

sedo.

dam'age,
dam'age,

yai).

v.

cultiva'tion,
cul'tivator,

fi

1,

sar)I.

deceive', v. tag, tandie, tag

die deceived, atitag.
dab, V. gag.
decei'ver, n. eletag, edale.
dag'ger, n. aAoxo.
daily, a.
idi6gbogbo, odio- de'cent, a. b9kini.
decide', v. kpinu.
diumo, odzodz9.
daily, adv. lidzogbogbo, lodio- deci'sion, v. ikpinu, didadio,
iin6.
dzumo.

dam, V.
dam, n.

igb9wo.
.

cry aloud, bu, ke,

. .

ekpa,

eni-etar), 9ro.

D.

gbesa.

V.

eruq.
.

ery'ing,

to

ida.

11.

cylin'drical,
n.

kuna.
crum'ble, v. ra
crush, n. kpeq^aq.
ni kpeijsai).
crush, V. ^e

crust,

cutlass,

ikan6.

ikano.

crumb,

kano, onikano.

a.

V.

S9

gbe

le,

dear, a. woij, sow6i),

dear'ness, n. 9w6q.

be, ge, ke, kpa, raij, r6,

to cut in two, da .
medii,

okuq,

maraqmarar).

cus'tomer, n. abar^.
cus'toms, n. owobode.

da
ke

daub,

. .

daz'zlingly, adv.

ara, asa, ise.

71.

v.

[down),

daz'zle,
n.

biri, biribiri.
biri, biribiri,

da^vn, V. modiumo.
da^wn, n. afemodiumo, fadiere,
imodium6, odium6, 5fe.
day, n. idzo, odi6, 9dz6.

cus'tom-house officer, TO.

wo
.

su, sisu, sokuij.

adv.

daugh'ter,

n.

cus'tom,

V.

a.

S9IS, ^ai)

mare.

cut,

6gb9do.

dark,

dash

esiq.

ebu, egur), ekpc, gigui),

n.

dasa, gb9d9.

n.

okuijkui).

ire, ireguri.

curs'ed, a.

v.

dark'ness, n.

bode.

crovm,

cull,

isai), isai)

idena.

\\k.

gaga,

lade.

cu'bit,

n.

cur'rent,
cur'ry, v.

dare,
dare,

darkly,

Cus'tom-hous"e,?.

gaga, iwodz9.

cro"wd'ed,
croAvn, V.

V.

M.

cush'ion,

cro'wd,

cry,

curl,

kako, we.
iwedze.

cur'^'ed,

ha

laye.

cru'el,

V.

curve,

V.

cro'wd,

curl,

dan'dy, n. b9kini, oge.

dan'ger, n. ewu.
dan'gerous, a. lewu, di ewu.

art cursed, ire ni fu 9.

lebu.

crouch,

cun'nlngly, adv. fl ogb6i).

cup, V. gbadze.
cup, n. ago, ife.
cure, V. sawotii), tag.
cur'ed, a. awot4i).

currycomb,

ebu.

a.

crossing,

DEF

101

defend', v. dabobo, gbidza

defend a cause in court, gba

defend'er,

v.

to

. . .

ro.

adabobo, alabo.

DEF

102

defence'less, a. aibo, alalbo.

defi'eiency,. obukui),ibukui).
V.

defile',

bukur), di.

a.

defi'cient,

ba

ri,

die, se

diafara, fa

v.

. .

sehii),

rotlzu.
V.

ie didSij in6, ^e ino

delight',

n.

in6 diddij.

deli'ver,

v.

fi

delight',
d5i).

su,

ko

. . .

le

fi

low6,

deli'verer, n.

olfigbala, olugba,

elegba.
die.

v.

tai)

de'luge,

n.

ikoQ omi.

demand',

detach',

v.

lil

die,

n.

ibadie,

te
af9-

w6

v.

a.

soto,

ya

. . .

si

lule,

kpa-

ebilisi.

da

iki.

dil, s,

v.

v.

depo'sit,

deprive',

v.

n.

gba

w.

low6.

dziqdiii),

v.

idiinle,

ral) iru

omo,

(in 'plu-

omo.

descent', n.
describe', .

isokale, gegere.
so or wi bi ... ti

rf.

sal6h.

v.

de'sert, n.
desert', n.

ero, ete, idamoraij.

^su, ebilisi.

ifSkai)

mu

si.

af&kai)

si,

v.

kpa

die.
n.

akpadie, akpa-

b9,
td-

at9diu,

afSnaliEiij,

erupke,

eguriij,

devour'ing, a. adiokparni).
devout', a. f5kar) si, oluffikai) si.
devout'ness, n. ayaba.

dew,

n.

asaloh.

n.

isaijsa,

diere, die.

difficult,

kaqgi, luha.
difficulty, n.

a.

soro,

eri,

seleya.

gigiq, elenini, ele-

kale, tu
V.

deti,

gbe,

di'latoriness,
idile.

da,

da

lara,

v.

v.

ri,

discem'ment,

didii.

woye.
n.

oye,

iye,

iwoye.
v.

da...silg,

raij

...loh.

disci'ple,

n.

disclose',

v.

orao-^mi.
sikpaya.
n.

a^ikpaya.

v.

discoiir'age,

daiyafo,

ko

a.

a.

a%a.

foya,

lu, ri.
asiri, etu.

moye.
toyetoye.
s5 awiye, wadi.

V.

aro iye, aroye,

n.

n.

aisiij,

genegene,

aroq.

fi...8esii),se. ..li

ate, ^e nibukiii).
n.

ate,

ete,

ibukiip,

esir).

disgraced', a. te.
disgrace'ful, a. asesa.
disguise', v. kparada.
n.

dasa, avrokp9k9.

disheart'en, v.
disho'nesty, n.

daiyafo.

ogb95k6gb9Q,

arekcreke.
n.

19119.

dish,

i\val.

diafara.

gene,

disappoint', v.
da
lodiu.

disease',

abadz9, aham9,

dile, ^e

di ofo, se aihaq,

v.

disgrace',^.

ka.

a.

^e

aikpade,

iwadi.

wa, nal|.

dig'ger, v,
di'latory,

aiwu.se aiwu,

discreetly, adv.

diwo, inira, okikirii], oro, isoro.

diffuse', V. tai)
kale, ro .

dig,

luri.

w6.

disgrace',

^e

discreet',

de'solated, a. ahoro, alahoro.

de'solateness, n. idahoro, ofo.
desola'tion, n, ahoro, idahoro.
despise', v. gag, kegag, 4aho,

a.

discus'sion,

ife.

da-

ibu, ibubu.

yato.

fe.

. .

eleri.

v,

n.

disagre'able,
lenu.
y9
disagree', v.

discuss',

v.

dahoro, so

dirt'y,

ofe.

isun6.

desire',

lioro.

keri, se

ku, wo.

desire',

d6kui].

v.

discour'aged,
disco'ver, v.
disco'very, n.

iri.

dex'trous, a.
dia'meter, n.
diarrhe'a, n.
V.

dirt'y,

diselo'sure,

differ,

despised', a.

w.

discharge',
die, dierui),

diFference, n. oto, iyato.

different, a. yat9, iyat9, lot9.
differently, adv. \oio^ li 919.

v.

.kilr),

fi

xovt,

fSnahai), diure,

direc'tor,

discern',

6re, igbese.

v.

v.

disappoint'ed,

hum6, kpete.

agandiu, agindiu.

deserve',

de'solate,

li

devo'ted, a. oluffikaq si.

devo'tedness,
devo'tion,

die,

desert'er,

V.

direct',

disappear',

kai), yi

nidie.

s5, so...kal|, be,

n.

b5, kp9i],
bo.

aire.

dagba, yori.

yisakpa

devour'er,

w6fl.

descend'ant,

v.

v.

v.

devour,

gboqgboQ, 9gbor), ibu, ibubu.

deride', v. yosuti si.
deri'sion, n. iyosuti si.

descend',

adani-

diduro, idaduro.

n.

n.

devise',

igbekele.
gbe ... kale, kale.

t).

adaduro,

k6, daiyafo.

de'vil,

diiyai).

gbekele, gbokagle.

depend'enee,

device',

ya, yera, 16h.

v.

dure.

. .

ona.

ki.

n.

V.
.

dirt, n.

duro.

deter',

iyaq.

a.

ela.

n.

detain'er,
.

se baibai.

a.

kui), to.

r6bere.

v.

detain',
.

^e-

di'mity, n. ge.
dim'ly, adv. baibai.
din'ner, n. ase-9s4ii.
dip,

alakpami).
onibadie.

a.

yd

v.

de'viate,

depend',

gaq.

ko

aisemele,

olut9.

deve'lope,

depart',

aiiemele.

a.

mele, alaisemele, alaidiafara.

di'ligently, adv. gii-i, girigiri.

dim,

aini.

ba

destroy'er, n.
destruc'tible,
destruc'tion,

iho, ibodii.

den'sity,
deny', v.

bu.

bole, kparui), kpare, rur).

n.

11.

desist',

n.

destitu'tion,
destroy', v.

deten'tion,

desert',

alainl.

a.

detach'ed,

ide.

n.

w.

depth,

leru.

detail',

rui).

de'mon,

dense,

ko

die,

n.

di'ligence,

bere.

v.

de'mijohn,
demo'lish,

deni'al,

(ise kaij).

delude',

den,

ba

badie, ahoro.

S9W6, yo.

fu,

gani-

di'ligent,

V.

de'stitute,

delay',

alabukiiq,

gani, elegai).

despoil',

leri.

n.

despi'ser,

DI8

afara,

gene-

disho'nor,

v.

See disgrace.

in... labukAq.

DIS
disho'norable, a.
v.

disinter',

dismiss',

ailol4,ainiyii).

aife.

diowo

v.

dismount', v.
disobe'dienee,

divi'dei', n.

tu.

lowo,

s5, sokale.

n.

afo5gb6,

alaigborai),

disor'der,
I'll

ka,

se aigbo.

'kh,

ba

v.

V.

dispatch',

v.

dispense',

ka

kpiq

v.

disperse',

ni^e.

saroye, diiyai).
^etaq, se eletai).
eletaij,

alayi-

dayida, aseiycsate.

dissiniula'tion,.

et^qjisetai),

ibodzu.
to dissipate

heat, cool, be.

dissolve',

yo,

fi

n.

dis'tance,

idiina,

dziqdiii), okere.
a.

idiina, kagri,

diiij,

rere.

okere.

li

tiaq,

rogui), se.

V.

a.

distinct',

gbaijgba, l9to.

distinct'ly, adv.

li

distin'guished, a.
v.

distress',

w6,

gbaijgba.
Lu, oloruko.

^ise, ^e

ni-

kpondiu.
distress', n.

He, ikpondiu.

distri'bute,

hA... ka,

v.

kpii)

distribu'tion,

n.

ikpiqfu, iw4.

distri'butor,

n.

odiuwa.

dis'trict, n.

aid,

odo.

n.

disturb'er,
n.

ditch,

ot9qkpai)yai).

ekporo, iho, korowo,

V.

11.

medzi,
divide', v. bowo, da
da .lagbedemedzijkpala, kpirj,
.

wari.

ile, ti ile, osii).

v.

sirj,

16

sii),

r6

n.

v.

ri.

n.

n.

sekere.

drum'-cord,

n.

drum'mer,

n.

saniani.

ataba.
nile,

luIB,

lodo.

duck,

n.

didi.

kpekpeiye.

a.

aiinu, go, ku,

ti,

fa
fa

se-

y9, yo, kpor)-

mi.

yadi, odi.

n.

odi,

kekekpa.

V.

elerukpe, elekuru.
isiq-ise, isii).

ararL
dzoko, gbe, tedo.

dvrell'er, n.

agbe.

dAveU'ing, n. ibudioko.
dye, V. re, se to dye blue,
dye, M. aro, ose.
dys'entery, n. bnj).
:

n.

ifa.

dra-w'ing-knife,
a.

dra"wn,
dread, v.
dread, n.

dream,
dream,

a.

dun, V. dogoti, sii).

dun, n. ologo.
dunce, n. oijgS.
dung, n. imi, igbe.

d'well,

kpada or

n.

ifagi.

ofa, fifa, fifay9.

k9n9, beru.
on9, ibera.

v.

laid, \k.

n.

ala, odzii ala,

wuwo.

ainiu.

n.

dust'y, n.
du'ty, n.
d^varf, n.

akokpS.

ft,,
.

dung'hill, n. ataij, ereketi.

du'rable, a. to.
dust, M. ekuru, iyekuru, crukpe.

drag, V. ^6, sai).

dra'gon, n. ere.
drain, v. roguij.

dOAVn, n. (feathers), ihiibu.

doAvn'-ward, adv. sisalS.
doze, V. suijye, togbe, wo.

v.

dry,

lo.rui) or sorni).
dry, V. s&, sk
dry'ness, n. gbigbe, okirikpa.

dumb,
dumb,

biij, fa

to be

a drouth, dk.

siyemedzi, ianiani.

n.

olii-

olubata,

kpinti, &c.

be

agdbagebe,

lele,

okpa.

am9diu.
dry, a. gbe, kirikpa

gbedu, koso, ogidigbo,

gai)gai3,

V.

draught,

different kinds

ilii:

duU'ness,

n.

oda.

n.

aniani, iyemedii.

sil5, iiisalS,

ogodugbe,

idaro.

n.

drum,

dull,

a.

asoi)k6i),

akele.

n.

drafts,

mddimi-

n.

drunk, a. mokpara, motiy6.

drunk'ard, n. om9ti, motimoti,
drunk'enness, n.
ara9kpara,

si.

ikpa

set4i).

dove, n. adaba,
do^wn, adv. 1,

rai).

b9, dza, diasi, dzo, k4q,

are called, akpinti, bata, d9r)d9i),

ekuri, ilekui), ase.

dra-w'er,

koto, yara.

dive,

olddog,ogl; wild

do'tage, n. arai).
dou'ble, a. sekpo.
dou'ble, V. se
nikpo.
dou'bled, a. asekpo.

dravr,

fn.

domineer', v.
done, a. tai),

doubt'ful,

dis'tantly, adv.

adia

doubt,
odiina, doubt,

le, dari.

V.

drovT^n,

adzako.

a.

9m9ti.

kdr), ro, semi, S9i)mi.

v.

drought,

ik9kuko.

iko,

oluse.

n.

aseiyesate.

yo.

keke.

dis'taffj n.

n.

dou'ble-dealer,

v.

oni^oguij,

ologuij,

domes'tic, a.
domes'ticate,

door,

mu, m9ti.

1119,

n.

V.

drip,

dross,

doc 'trine,
n.

kpero.

drink, v.
drink'er,

drop'sy,

leti.

la

v.

dis'sipate,

distil',

a.

lodzn.

aroye.

drill, V.

ro, to.

dzigai).

dispute', V.
disput'ing,

iyangbe, ogbe.

drop'sical person,

dog, V. dedia.
dog'gish, a. bi adza, adiagadi-

{qfmind),ivfL

gedegede.

dried,

lorui).

doc'tor, n.

doff,

M.

distant,

do,

n.
a.

drop,

se.

V.

dog,

fu.

k&.

disposi'tion,

dissem'ble, v.
dissem'bler, n.

5,

(Mat.

divorce', 11. ik9sile.

diz'zy, a. ^oyi.
diz'ziness, n. oyi.

do'er,

display', v. se fari hai).

display', n. aiahki), fSri.
dispose', V. See dispense.
dispo'ser, n. onikpii).

n.

silS

alufa.

sil5.

91)

raq

raij,

tu

v.

dispel',

^akpa^akpa.

ko

ko,
v.

dregs,

drive,

do'cile,

disor'derly, adv.

disovm',

tu

die,

soke.

ko

v.

divorce',
31).

a.

v.

odo.

ikpijj,

olukoti.

disobey',

seaijwo, se alawo.

divine',
divi'ner, n. alawo.
divi'sion, n. iyakpa, idanikpa,

aigbo, aigborar).

dlsobe'dient,

alakpii), ohikpii}.

v.

h(3.

n.

dislike',

EAG

103

E.
odiu

each, pron.
ea'gle,

n.

olukiilu.
idi.

dare,

EAR
eti

n.

ear,

embrace',

ear of corn, eta.

abeti.

a.

eared,
early,

ko, gba

earn,

f6kai)sf.

a.
iti\,

e'minence,

elerukpe.
itura
at ease,
:

lel|.

fa, futefute,

kpese.

odzo.

eas'y,
eat,

a.

ebb,

ebbing,

amuwah,

efffect', B.
V.

effect',

V.

elas'ticly,

v.

n.

adiiijaku,

elevated,

a.

ru.

ru, so

ru.

V.

kpari,

a.

v.

fiq.

to

budo, ibudo,

sil.

taq, tai)

en'emy,

niyaij-

a.

gberi.
n.

igberi,

end of

the

life,

kpekuq.
daqwo.

lulu,

raurau, saka,

v.

be, bSbe, ^ikpe.

entrea'ty, n. |be, ibebe,

enve'lope, v. gba.
en'vier, n. 9lara.
en'vious, a. 9lara.
n.

en'vy,

idiowu,

hee,

hf",

ikpe.

odiunla.
se ilara.

v.

epilep'tic,

oni warakpa.

n.

odio

n.

isi.

e'qual,

a.

d9gba.

e'qual,

n.

ir9,

odiugba, 6gba.

n.

aitara,

egbera,

ogba.
n.

e'quity,

aisegbe.

kpuro.
oro.

n.

ainikpekuij.

ni gboijgbo.
era'dicate, v. tu
eradica'tion, n. itu.
erase' v. r\b ... n6, kparui).

n.

erect',

it9.

v.

gbe

a.

aburo.

kpam9ra, erect',
wa.
erect'ly, adv.
ereet'ness, n.
abin9ku.

foriti,
rai), to,

9ta,

erelong', adv.

fii).

afiij,

afina,

ibuke

ab.

v.

the

n.

n.

ro.

gaijgaij, i&jj.
gai)gai), 6r6.

k6 kpe.

sltia, siie,

er'rand,
er'ror,

yakpa.

ise.

a.

lesi, ele^i.

ei\, isi^e, &iii.

n.

er'rorist,

al4dam6,

oiii),

sisi.

world, diaiye.
t|,

err,

erro'neous,

v.

die.

darudaru,

kpi,

equi'vocate, v.
equivoca'tion,
era, n. isi.

enig'matist, n. akpalo.
die
to enjoy
enjoy', v.
enlarge',

engraver of calabashes, afiqgba.

n.

. .

ni gbogbo, S9kai).

gba

v.

n.

w5, &o...

^asa, tefetefe, tutu, yaijyai).

en'vy,

akodia.

a.

fiij, tai).

n.

enig'ma,

eman'cipate, v. da
woko.
embark',
embar'rass, v. damu.
t.

kpase,

ekui), ikii, ikehii), ik9i)gu,

gbiyandiu,

mu

v.

equal'ity,

endure',

eriij.

W9ra.

lara,

mo.
akai).
e'paiilet, n.
bu
ka.
epide'mic, . adiaka,adiakale.
ko
l&na, koti. e'pilepsy, .
warakpa.

v.

e'loquent,a. Ioro,onisiti,ol5ro. engrave', v.

else'^where, adv. nibomirai).
engra'ver, n.

embel'lish,

16na,

atub6t4i).

end'ed,

v.

e'poch,

end'less,

okaqla, mokagla.

i.

agbara

gbadi, ylka.

endu'ranee,

e'lephant,

ema'ciate,

ka

v.

endea'vor,

ayaijfe.

entire', a.

ilara,

end'ing,

mu

fi

do, gui), tedo

v.

9gb9p, okpiq

akobi, aremo.

v.

to se,

against, sagati.

encour'aged,

gba, egboi).

wo

kpatakpata,

diu.

agba, agbalagba, ala-

ele'ven,jiMi.

la

v.

encoun'ter, v.
encour'age, v.

igborjwo.

entreat',

eneom'pass,

end,

elect', n.

ali4m6.

n.

to
b6, w6, wfino
a house, wole
enter into

entice',

idie.

n.

mu

i>.

enclose',

mediaqme-

one,

kagba, ko.
ali4m9ra, ata-

lia.

entire'ly, adv.

encir'cle,

dzai).

a.

4ai)w6.

we.

n.

di,

deru.

laledio.

ido.

end,

a(^y.

eld'er, n.

a.

enc amp 'ment, n.

esu.

M.

okuijfa.

1, lel, 16.

el'bo'W,

didie, dudie, fara

v.

encour'agement,

elas'tic, a.

eld'est,

encamp

tabi.

a.

aikor), fo, sofo.

encamp',

ase, idie.

iu, yiq.

eject'ed,

nd, yi

sofir).

lekeleke.

conj.

bin6.

v.

entertain',

enact',

eight, num. edio, medio,

eighth, num. kedio.
eight'y, num. ogoriq, orii].
eject',

da

enter

fu.

se.

n.

ei'ther,

bo,

ena'ble,

effe'minate, a. bi obiii.
effervesce', v. bo.
effort, n. owere.
egg, n. 63-115.
egg'-plant, n. ikaq.
e'gret,

emp'ty,

emula'tion,

ifa.

ebb'tide, n. isa.
e'cho, n. gbolmijgbohiiij.
edge, n. eti, odid.
e'dueate, v. to.

en'ter,

ikpe^e.

asar), ofo.

v.

entan'glement,

n.

n.

n.

okpaguq.

a.

m9ra, didiu,

se.

emp'tiness,

enu o^oro, gbagbaro. e'mulate,

fa.

V.

employ'ment,

39

d9r6.

. . .

asia,

entan'gle,
entan'gled,

diade.

kpe

emp'ty,
emp'ty-handed,

die, diehui).
a.
dzidie.

n.

laraya.

mu

t6,

59

v.

diade.

itu

v.

a.

eat'able,

eaves,

cle.

danS.

aqfani, roqroi), ya.

V.

emis'sion, n.
emit', V. tu

employ',

ila oruij, gabasi, atiwa-

n.

to.

en'sign, n.
enslave', v.

satikpo.

isote, 9te.

v.

enrich',

iruya.
v.

da

ole.

n.

e'migrate,

ro, tu.

n.

n.

se ^1616.

v.

v.

enliv'en,
.

eme'tic,

enikpe.

il|,

eas'ily, adv.

east,

mora, fowo- enlight'en,

em'bryo,

tete,

earthly, a. elerukpe.
earth'quake, n. isele.
earth'y,
ease, 71.
ease, v.

mora.

a.

n.

earth,

fa

v.

diere, die.

ki\tukutu,

16fe.

ear'nest,

ni maikira. en'mity, n.
embroi'der, v. ko
embroi'derer, n. aguna.
enough', a.
n.
maikira.
embroi'dery,
enrage', v.

adv.

v.

ESC

104

so

. .

digboro.

escape',

v.

diab6, dial^,

Isi.

ESC
n.

escape',

adiabS,

adiala,

V.

espouse',

estab'lish,
. .

fe

fu, fe

. .

siona.

mul, di

mul&, gbe

. .

di elese

v.

fi

kale,

kale,

kale.

ese mills.

esteem', v. fi
kpe ijkai).
es'timate, v. dayele, diyele.
estranged', a. so iyakpa, ^e
.

lemo,
biifii), ibafirj,

iwefa,

okobo.

euphor'bia, n.
eva'cuate, v.
e'ven, adv.
.

oro.

b9se, su, yagbe.

gege, maso, bi

ani,

e'ven, a. kuna, d9gba.

e'vening, . ale, asale,
event', n. abdkpade.
e'ver, adv.

irale.

a.

S9nasi.

exult',

sode.

eye,
eye,

ko

v.

adv.

ataiye-

olukpani, 9l9dza,
dza, tetu.

9ta9l9-

e'very, pron.

dede,

oli'ikulilku.

e'vidence, n. idieri.
e'vident, a. hag dadzu or

ni-

ibi, tulasii).

e'vil, a.

burn, bubiiru.

e'vil-do'er, n.

exact'ly, adv.

n.

V.

daba,
n.

V.

gbe

aba, afodzusona.

adzina.

expen'ses, n.
expe'rience,
v.

n.

ladi, r6, s9di, soye.

exalt'ed,

v.

t6se, wadi.

exam 'pie,

n.

akpere.

ex'cavate,
exceed',

v.

adv.

exceedingly,

gbale,

except',

V.

fi

le

fa.

or

si

extort',

scbi, bikose,

k&,

afi,

afibi,

bikosekpc.

ariwi, iwawi.

n.
v.

kpa

kpa,

leke,

rurj.

ayaij-

v.

i'k

kokiki,

faith'ful,

a.

deti,

abati,

ada-

eti, ideti,

oki

m6

(action),

inaku-

91-5.

aloto.

a.

n.

otito.

alalgbagb9.

asa.

fal'con,

n.

fall, V.

subu, b9]

to fall

upon,

fall down, wolS ;

fall into, as a hole, dzi, dziij,
dalu, wolil

wo.
false,

a.

li

eke,

eke.
iro,

abuso, eke.

ascleke.

okiki.

n.

fa'mily,
fa'mine,
fa'mish,

fa'mous,

yo, yarj.
n.

se,

adia, ar9ni,

igbagb9.

alonilowogba. fan, n.

n.

extra'vagance,
na.

n.

false'hood,
false 'ness, n.
kpare,

V.

akpa- extor'tioner,

dakii.

faith, n.

fame,
gbe

da

alaise,

n.

ode.
v.

. .

logo.

extract',
conj.

gbilS,

lonilo\v9gba.
extor'tion, n. iredze.

kaq.

except',

a.

V.

extol',

bori.

V.

exter'nal,

yii)

sa,

(weather),

faith'less,

kparug.

se diil.

diij,

n.

V.

fai'ry,

asiijgba.

extin'guish,

w6.

v.

tu.

faith 'fulness,

gbigbe leko, 9ga.

exa'mine,

ti,

to.

tu imS, s6 iturao,

v.

ti.

igbe, igb9r)se, imi.

.

mahlese, asekuij,

akawe, as9ye faint,

tu.

n.

re, sa, si,

isi.

da

fair, a.

exter'minate,
a.

a.

fa'ding,

yiye.

alawiye.
n.

v.

(door), aliigba.

kpare,

fail'ure,

iriri, ini5.

n.

abumo, as9- exten'sion,

extent', n.
extenua'tion,
ga, gbc
.

V.

ka, saki,

na.

daf6.

v.

fa'bricate,

fail, V.

express',
extend',

odzuri.

F.

adzina, idii- fae'ces, n.

n.

a.

eta, iga, nina.

nina.

eleri,

fade,

sodi.

leke.

ifodzufe.

n.

afodzu- fa'cing, n.

aba,

w.

doi), oib.

n.

eye '-witness,

fabrica'tion, n. awolelui.
odzu.
fodzus5na, face, n.
face, V. k9dzusi.

sona.

expound',

alas9doq.

ex agger a'tion,m.

rere odzu.

eye'-service,

explode',
expose', V. sikpaya.
exposed', a. ru.

ge, gbako.
v.
so asod!}i).

exag'gerate,
exag'gerater,

reti.

v.

isorai;.

v.
wo, fodiuwo, fodiuba.
eye'ball, n. eyiij odzu.
eye'bro-w, n. bebe odzu.

haij.

awiye.

e'vilness, n. iburu.
abo agntaij.
e"W"e, n.
exact', v. bere.

sogo.

odzd.

tegbeqgbe.

explana'tion,

e'vil, n.

exalt',

v.

dadzudadiu, explain'er,

nigbaijgba.

explain',

gbaijgba.

adv.

fi

exhibi'tion, n. afihaq.
exhort', v. gba
niyaijdzu.
exhorta'tion, n. iyaqdzu.
exist', V.
mbS, wa.
exist'ence, n. iwa.

11

e'vidently,

idaijrawo.

expeet'ing, n.
gbogbo, expend'iture,

raiye.

v.

n.

excuse', v. se gafara, wawi.

excuse', n. ariwi, awawi, iwavvi. eye'lash, m. ikper)kpedzu.
eye'lid, n. ikpeijkpedzu.
ex'ecute, v. se.
n.
olu,
execu'tioner,
eye'-servant, n.
odzulafeni,
akpani,

expecta'tion,

aiycraiye, alyetitilai.

. .

sile.

expect',

ainikpekuq,

everlast'ingly,

14

or

alasedin,

asedzu.

extra'vagantly, adv. diaiye.

extrem'ity, n. ikaijgni].

excite'ment, n.
exclude, v. ti

expand',

lai, lailai.

everlast'ing,

kpasi-

ro.

v.

exer'tion, n.
exhi'bit, v.

tile, til5.

excel',

excite',

a.

extra'vagant,

kpar9,

kpa,
n.

eu'nuch,

v.

excommu'nicate,
di elese mul&,

a.

estab'lished,
fi

a^cdiu.

n.

kpar9.

siij.

v.

excess',

exchange',

asala, ila, yo.

escort',

FAR

105

n.

arale, orilB.

n.

iyaq.

v.

febikpa.

a.

olokikj, oloruko.

abebe, ate, edzudzu.

fe
to fan away, feno.
V.
fan'cifuUy, adv. b9W9l9wo.

fan,
far,

a.

dzina, okere, rere,

tiaij.

FAR
fare 'well,

n.

idagberc

to

bid

da gbere.

farcivell,

fari'na, n.

FOA

106
v.

fes'ter,

adzo

mu

V.

fetch,

gari.

first, a.

gbinikoij,
n.

fes'tival,

wah.

oko.

fe'tidness,

n.

fajrm,

v.

roko.

fet'ter, n.

adzae, sekesekei,

agbe, aiaroko.
abere.
n.

n.

w.

fash'ion,

alarabara, ara, asa,

ise, oro.

awe.

fast, n.

v.

dimo,

oi-a.

fat, a.

saijra

to

fat, sebo.

laie.

V.

kpa

fatigue',

n.

are, ikoqra.

a.

fatigued',
a.

ebi, isise.

fault'finding,

as6.

a.

a.

fife, n.

flash,

adota.

fig'-tree, n.

aba,

ya.

beru, foya, kono,

a.

fear'ful,

eru, aleru.

li

n.
ikpaiya.
aiberu, alaiberu.

fear'fulness,
a.

fear'less,

aiberu.

fear'lessness,
feast,

n.

as6, idana, isase.

feast,

V.

sase,
n.

fea'ther,

adzo oixu).

fea'thered,
fea'thery, a.
a.

feed,

n.

idze.

feed,

V.

b9

abiye.
kolera.

to

lara.

fel'lOAVShip,
fe'lon, n.

fe'male,

idakp5.

akadai).

abo

female

n.
v.

ferment',

egbii), eri, erii),

egurii),

filth'iness, n.
filth'y, a.

eleri.

lebe.

fi'nally, adv.

akotai), lakotajj.

atiri.

felefele,

kuna, we.

iwe.

ika.:

the little finder,

fi'nish,

bo.
asoro.

oloko.

gbona.

egb9i), imure.

fledged,

a.

V.

flee'ing,

float,

V.

flock,

n.

agbo, ow6, y9yo.

flock,

V.

wo.

flog,

gba.

ua.

V.

flood, n.

isai),

olukpari.

flo"W,

V.

wheat-

gba, gbile, gbo, ru.

V.

soij,

floAv'ing, n.

aiyi, alaiyi.

ofurufu.

a.

flu'ent,
flute, n.

V.

fly,

aiyese, 9d9, imul9.

foam,

esiijsii].

fo.
V.

sai).

sisaq.

danu.
fere.

fly, n.

giri, girigiri.

suq,

eda, itana.

flOAv'er, n.

imunamuna.

n.

kikoij omi.

yam-flour, elnbo

n.

n.

firm'ness,

sembe.

a.

asa, ida, osa.

of fi'riisher,

firm'ly, adv.

sa.

alara.

fliek'ering,

flou'rish,

n.

erai).

a.

taij.

a.

flour, iyefui).

kpari.

fir'mament,

asala.

n.

a.

firm,

guijye.

8a, sal6h, ri

fi'nished,

I',

didoi).

flea, n.

flour,

V.

ekp6r),

io.

V.

flight, n.

ta.

as9d9i),

idadzi.

flesh 'y,

ri.

n.

akuij-

alasodoi),

n.

a.

flesh, n.

asetai).

ba,

kpoi).

bki.

flee,

boi), eleri, 9b9ij.

kogba.

n.

mu

egbii).

tinabo.

a.

kor),

fla'vor,

fire'fly, .

fer'ryman,

flay,

fire,

a.

semi, soijmi.

find'ing,

v.

flaAW, n.

ak6gba, ogba.
v.

fil'ter, V.

find, V.

te.

v.

flat'tery,
fi

k6i),

ina.

fero'cious,

fer'vent,

fire, n.

beasts, obi.

fence,
fence,

om9dir).

n.

n.

asemi.

filth, n.

ate.

n.

flat'ness,

yiitjgba.

ayuq.

fin'ger, n.

fovvoba.

V.

adza.

feed upon, dze fine, a. fele,

fine'ness, n.

olubo.

kpelebe.

fele,

asofeiyedze,

fil'ter, n.

fin, n.

da, k9.

bele,be!ebele, bere, daba,

koi).

V.

flat, a.

flat'terer, n.

bu

fine, V.

feed'er, n.
feel,

guijye, abiye.

liii,

9w6-ina.
kubusu.

al6,

flat'ter,

fi'nal, a.

iye.
a.

fee'ble,

sd.

iforifo.

n.

idza.

fight'er, n.
fill, V.

arui).

dkk.

selorc, sodzurere.

ibade,

eye,

4sia, 9kpagiiq.

flat'ten,

V.

fear,

oladota.

fifty, num.

file, n.

abade,

flaxinel, n.

karui), ekarui).

fa'vor,

lodznrere.

bade, muba.

gbako.

n.

flake,

fiftieth, num.

fight, n.

v.

flag, n.

afoijfere.

V.

. . .

nu7>i.

five,

flame,

fight,

eru, iberu, ididii, idzai-

ba

fifteen, num. edogui).

fifteenth, num. keedoguij.

odzureve.

n.

fit, V.

fit'ness, n.

munfi, oiiina.

n.

fear,

ye.

oro.

n.

fere.

fa'vor,

fa'vorably, adv.

fit, a.

fit'ly, adv.

9dai).

aisS.

a.

fault'less,

ef.

a.

ohiduru.

akpedza.
\v/o.

ikuku.

fist, n.

adzuba.

fifth, mi7n.

abokpa.

n.

fault,

gasa.
ork.

n.

fat'ness,

idaso.

duni.

fi'fer, .

baba.
.

yi.

fierce'ness,
fi'ery,

alainibaba, ko-

fatigue',

fat'ted,

fish'ermaji, n.
fish'hook, n.

field, n.

grow

a,

fa'therless,
11 i

kpuro.

fid'dler, n.

baba, oba.

n.

fa'ther,

fish, n.

fierce,

fat, n.

dedza, kpedza.
edza.

idaf5, ir6.

fid'dle, n.

tl.

V.

fish,

fib, V.

fic'tion, n.

alawo.

fast'er, n.

akoso.

first 'fruits, n.

fib, n.

a.

tcte,

tebi.

adn, die, fefe.

fi'brous,

fast, V.
gbawe, dBiio, ron6.
fast, adv. kai)kai).

fast'en,

a.

fe"W,

ilolo.

iba.

n.

fe'ver,

lerikai),

akobi, arem9, ate-

first'bom, n.

n.

farm'-house,

lekaq,

tetek9.

farm,

farm'er,

ak9kar), siwadzu, tete.

first, adv.

odui).

ho.

FOA
foam,

n.

fofo.

foam'y,

kputu, olofofo.

fod'der,

n.

haha.

foe, n.

ota

a deadly

ota-

foe,

V.

t6,

n.

fol'loAver,

idari-

afidzi,

n.

aglindze

ondze, idze, diidze,

diefedie.
asiqwiq, asiwere.

fool, n.

mu

V.

go, kpa
se hvere.

a.

fool'ish,

foolish

fe-

n.

forsake',
ko
le,
lokpc.
.

iadiu.

ti

fi

fi

le,

se

keliiijdasi,

sile,

ke-

hii)da.

fortifica'tion, n.

n.

foot'step, n.
foot'stool, n.
fop,

n.

for'tify,

ikpase.

for'tune,

nikpo,

fu,

fi,

nitori, nitoriti, sA.

lose, so

force,
force,

da

. . .

ele.

da

lekuq,

. .

a.

w.

a.

for'est,

n.

foretell',

n.

ti

^adiu.

asadzu.
.

tele.

v.

fi

n.

iwoye.

liaq tele.

mu

se.

se.

afose, ase.

re.

koi), yo.

fun'nel,

toto.
ekoi), ik9i).

ero.

re.

soro.

a.

furniture,
fur'row, n.

ebu, idana, ileru.

elo, oliuij elo.

n.

gegele.

fu'ture,

re.

ehii) pla.

fu'ture,

a.

ola, ti
re.

mb6.
mb5, odio

ti

igba

ikpilS, ikpil|^e,

iru, isoij, oAhi&ox),

ga'ble,

re.

ekule,

iku,

ikille,

gall,

re.

free,

V.

da

nide.

gal'lop,

re.

ilara, inira.

gang, n.
gap, n.
gape, V.
gar'den,

n.

axlv.

fa,

v.

tokaqtokaij.

alara,

omnira.

stli).

n.

arukoi), ikoqdo.

fresh 'ness, n. tutu.

inobibi.
fret'flilness, n.
n.

ore, ayaqfe, enikedii.

ftiend'ly, adv.

b4

re, re.

agbe,

igba-

firiend'ship,

fright,

n.

re.

ibare, ire.

adidzi, idid^i, idzi.

si.

dogiri.
oglri.

o\\6.
efo.

yai).
n.

4gbala, 9gbi\.

gar'den, v. 89gl>a.
gar'dener, n. olus9gba, ol9gba.
gar'land, re. marivvo.

gar'ment,

abora

loose f/ar-

ment, agbada, akaso 6wu.

'

n.

sb odi

v.

ororo, idakpa.
t'.

dis-

er6, ire.

re.

gait,

aladcii).

dzere, dze, wadie; (a

gal'lop,

fWend,

kuyo, okuye.

V.

gain'say,

adSi).

a.

iwadze

ifa,

prize), lako.

fa, onira.

fresh'et,
fe,

ete, elsi, erfii).

ere,

honest gain, erekerc.

gain,

elege.

iru.

re.

re.

a.

freeze,

alabalase.

kerii), ekeriij.

gad'fly,

gain,

free,

free'man,

tele.

gbagbe.
a.

forget'fulness,
gbe.

fulfil'led, a.

le.

irenidze.

n.

free'ly,

egai), igbo.

wi

fra 'grant,

free'dom,

lai, lailai, titi, titiaiye.

forget'ful,

n.

frag'ment, n.
fra'grance, re.
fVaud,

foretel'hng, n. afose.
fore'ver, adv. abada, fabada,
V.

n.

a.

fra'gile,
amatele,

akokaq,

foretel'ler, n.

forget',

di, diij, }'ai).

eleri, kikar).

found, v. so
founda'tion,

imoguqdiuo.

n.
ri

v.

dzigbini.

aileso.

ola.

fourth, num.

imotele.

foresho"w',
fore 'sight,

a.

obo.

n.

four, num. erii), merii).

four'fold, adv. ni meriijmeriij.

adiedzi.

n.

v.

V.

fulfil', V.

futu'rity,

agbab9.

kpatikpati.

forekno'W 'ledge,

foresee',

a.

itele.

kpati.

fore'most,
forerun'ner,

foul,

aleso, eleso.

k9bl.

for'cibly, adv.

fore 'finger,

siwa, siwadiu.

sadzu, asadzu.

a.

foun'tain,

le.

n.

for'eign,

se kpe.

lofii).

V.

for'cible,

ti

dekuij.

V.

forbid',

o'godzi, odzi.

fos'ter-pa'rent,

v.

forbear',

bi 6

adv.

forasmuch',

for'"ward,

fedzd.

fe,

eso.

re.

fiir'nace,

adie, orobo, s41uga.

fos'ter-ehild, n.

niti, iiitori, nitoriti, ti.

for, covj.

n.

for'"ward, adv.

b4, de,

ikodzusi.

v.

fu'rious,

sagbaraka.

for'ty, num.

akpoti-itise, itise.

oge.

for, prep.

V.

asadidie.

ninfi,

tiha, tiiio, tori.

ateteba.

n.

ful'ness, n.

olodi.

for'tified, a.

ese.

11.

kuro

ba,

ati,
ti, ti,

ful'ly, adv.

odi, agbara.

daiyafo,

iwadzu.

full, o.

gbedzegbe,

fbot'race,

nititi,

fulfil'ment,

akebiqdasi.
were, se iwere. forsa'ker, n.
(be),
foolishly, adv. botiboti, dze- forsa'king, . okehiijda.
se iwere, rederede, forth, adv.
dzade, loh.

foot,

prep,

iiiti,

fry,

Icru, deruba,

didzi.

fruit'fully, adv.

V.

waijraijwaijrai).

from,

fruitless,
.

nidzi,

iwe, okpolo.

fruit'ful, a.

asado, asagbere.

v.

a.

fright'ened,

fruit,

beru, dii.

frown,

agbere.

n.

for'nicator,

front'ing,

sado, sagbere.

fomica'tion,

fron'tier,

ak6r6.

n.

front,

iiisadiu.

v.

for'nicate,

n.

tree,

ya akaso.
makalu.

for'mer rains,

te.

V.

fork of a

for'merly, adv.

atele.

frog, n.

form, M. iw9.
for'mer, a. isadiu,

bi.

aigboi), awere, iwere.

n.

fon'dle,

fool,

to

leliiq,

omo-ehir).

n.

fol'loAving,

food,

n.

akaso, kpalaka.
fork, V. se akaso,

tokpa, tele, lekpa, ke- for'ked, a.

kaloh, gbeliii),

folly,

t()

fright'en, v. ba
da
giri, da

mu

forgive'ness,
fork,

ka, we.

loll,

liir),

dari...dii,

dzi.

kuruku, owusuwusn.

V.

fol'lo-w,
.

fi...

dzi, ifesedzi, ofidzi.

n.

fold,

onigbagbe.

v.

forgive',

okai).

fog,

n.

forget'ter,

a.

GAT

107

gar'nish,
gate,

n.

v.

so

1930.

ciui 911a, odzfi ona.

GAT
v.

ga'ther,

koro,

ko,

ka,

gauze, n.
gaze, V.

rcii.

n.

atiraqdiraij,

atoniod9ino, irandirap.
n.

ge'neral,

og6.

gra'tis,

glo'ry,

V.

^ogo.

gra'titude,

glove,

71.

ibovvo.

gratuity,
grave, n.

gbina, kB.
n.

glut'ton,

t.

kpaliii)keke.

V.

71.

gna-w,
go,

kaijfo.

iwobia.

gnash,

gray, a.
grease, v.
great,

ti.

16h, re

V.

to

go out, diade

imorc.

n.
n.

9fe.

ibodii,

ilekpa,

isa,

tara.

n.

gra'vel,

motiitioti, kaijtikaijti.
V.

9fe.

odzuori, kpansa-il8.

odzehui).

glut'tony,

gnat,
ka-

arekakai)fo,

n.

71.

V.

more.

a.

grate'ftd,

ologo.

glo'ry,

glovr,

ogboi).

tediu, tedinrao.

V.

geld,

ikodzo, iwodio.

genealogy,

a.

glo'rious,

sd,

wodzokpo, sumo.

ga'thered, n.
ga'thering, n.

GUE

108

ewfi, 9ye.

ora kpa.

fi

a.

gb9ij, ula, kp9.

great'er, adv.

ikpSdiii.

generalis'simo, n. are.
go up, goke, gori go i, wolc, greatly, adv. dzodz9, se, suiu.
v.
lu\.
vv5no.
bi,
great'ness, k. dnruduru, inila,
ge'nerate,
oniko.
riI4nla.
n.
ake,
ewure,
atiraqdiraij,
ekiri,
goat,n.
genera'tion,
God, n. Oloruri, Olodiimarc.
gree'diness, n. iwora, odiunlA,
atomodomo, irai].
wobia.
god'head, 7i. iwa-olorui).
gen'tile, n. kefcii.
a.
roi'a.
n.
biolorui).
gree'dy, a. oniw9ra.
gen'tle,
godlike,
ogero, rodzn,
green, a. k9ku, tutu.
gen'tleman, n. alagba.
god'liness, n. iwabiobnii).
greens, n. ef9.
gen'tleness, n. 5ro, 5so, kpese- gold, n. wura.
greet, v. ki.
gone, V. rem, loh.
kpese.
n.
atosi.
adv.
greet'ing, . ikini, kiki.
diediedio, kele, gonorrhea,
gen'tly,
kelekele, kpele, kpokpe, kpere, good, a.
dara, re, siap, snai), grief, n.
arokaij, edSi), ibadie,
;

.
nin6die, bi
good, 71. idara.
grieve, v. ba
lanu.
n.
kanu,
nin9,daro
akiI6h, agbere.
kpa
good-bye',
good'ly, adv. daradara, re, rere. grieved, a. binodie.

die.

V.

ghost,

w.

gi'ant,

n.

or6, iwii).

alore.
n.

gid'diness,
gift, n.

oro.
n.

idara, didara, ire,

ore, rere, isuwa.

sub5.

sii,

gimlet,

n.

ilu.

gin'ger,

n.

atale.

gos'pel,

gba

lamure,

ha

damuro, di hamora,

lodza,

di

gomrd,

sai),

m6ra.

gird'ed,

n.

gout,

agbadia.
agbadza,

amure,

igbadza, lawani.
n.

girth,

V.

V.

h^, bui),

da,

fi

fu,

mu

v.

dzigi, diidiii).

71.

glean'ing, n. ese, idasi.

glen, n. koto oke, efo.
glit'tering, n.
glob'ulEir,

odzurere, oreofe.
alore 9fe, sodiu-

a.

a.

kuduru.

adiK

V.

da

logo,

v.

guijle, taq.

n.

ground,

il6.

group,
grove,

alnidi.

n.

ekpa.

?i.

y9y9.

n.

abusi, osu^u

a sacred

grove, igbodu, igbofa.

grovr, V.
dagba, darugbo
grow as a plant, fu, rai).

to

gro"wn, V. dagba.
grub, 71. igoijgo.
grudge, n. agoij.
grvim'ble,

v.

se aroye, kftq, kill),

rahuij.

guess,

gbu.

grass'hopper,

tatii.
.

le, 16.

fofo.

gloomily,
logo.

bale.

n.

gra'ciously, adv. lodiurere.

gra'dually, adv. k|ke.
V.

irora.

a.

seb9.

grain, n. woro.
grum'bler, n. skoT)s\n6.
grand'child, n. omolodiu.
gnun'bling, n. aroye, ikoi)sin6.
ban.
babala,
grunt, V. kui).
grand'father,
baiila.
guard, n. cio.
grand'mother,re. iyala, iyanli. guard, V. 80.
grape'-vine, . molewu.
guar'dian, n. olut9diu.
V.
di
kaw6.
nibo, dvl,
grasp,
guar'dianship, n. idele.
grass, 71. ikoriko, koriko, ogbu- guess, . amodia.

y5.

glance, v. wofiri.
gland, n. kara.

glo'rify,

m.

graft,

yd.

glad 'den,

glass,

dzoye, sakoso.

rere.

. .

glad,

akedw).
V.

grace,
madiewc, gra'cious,

madzere,

t9re, fu, f&i), ta . . . lore.

giv'er, n. olufuni, olore.
.

M.

a.

ademo, aha, agbe, agbe- ground'-pea,

go'vernor,

9dia.

fi

go'vem,

ikpai)koro-omo, omobiri.

girl, n.

give,

called

(of beads), ableke.

kerora.

v.

the various kinds are ground'less, a.

71.

wg.

16,

dzimidzimi. grovmd,

rere.

ihii)

dzol9, akpala, ato, igbodze, igba.

n.

gir'dle,

71.

n.

grind'er,

gross,

. .

. .

fehii).

v.

groan 'ing,

gore, V. gu!), kai).

gor'geously, adv.

V.

V.

groan,

eru.

n.

goods,

asub6.

n.

grin,

grind,

good'ness,

ebui), ibilr), ifibur), itSre,

V.

gird,

adzire, aku-

n.

good-mom'ing,

oyi.

6re.

gilding,

oniiraij.

n.

gib'bet,

gild,

irobin9die.

seni).

kpese.

get,

yli)

n.

alatamkpoko,

guest,

ega, eleijga.

grass'-nut,

n.

iniomo, omu.

V.

se amddia,

damSdza,

mamodza.
.

alakpedie.

abanidze,

akpedie,

GUI
gui'danee, n. afiliaij.
guide, V. se amSna, fdnahar),

afSnaha^, amona, ato-

kur).

hand'some,
hang, V. fi

guileless,

a.

a.

ailebi.

oka: red guiwhite guinea-

baba;

bomo.

n.

gvin, .

sobia.

n.

ok6 iboq.

n.

gut,

n.

ifor).

gut,

V.

tuf9i).

ibudioko.

|wo, wowe,

yiijyij), nini.

alliroq.

hair'-pin,

ikoti.

a.

hall, n.

halo,
halt,

n.

V.

ayika.
dese.

n.

ha

ita^.

ereko.

mataka,

olu,

lu

n.

. .

ni6ra.

fi

n.

mfitaka

lu,

ibuatelewo.

n.

ik6i)w6.

hand'kerehief,

n.

heap,
heap,
hear,

dzi-

saij.

yiye.
onilera,

lera,

le,

n.

babe, okiti, ()kitiogai).

V.

be, kodzo, suru.

v.

gbohnij, gbo

news, gbpliii), gbolmi)

to

hear

to

hear

gburo, gborai).
a]afetigb6.

n.

heark'en,

gbigbo, igbo.

v.

deti, detisile, feti,

n.

awigbo.

aiya, okaij.
firo.

tinotinp, tokaq-

aha- heart'--wood, n.

heat,
heat,

kore.

v.

n.

akudiij.

gbigbona, oru.

eruri,

hedge, n.
heed, v.
height,

9b5.
itara, iwara.

ho, se iwara, kaqdzu,

n.

inS-

agbiiiy ik4gba, akogba.

n.

aga, iga, giga, oke

n.

heir,

n,

a rain help,

?iiq\o.

gba

lowo, gb6, kpade,

rar)l9W9.

help'er,
irira.

ti.

n.

abanise, agbani, al4-

basc,

alaraijse,

araijse,

elegba, olugbani,

ardijnilowo,

helve,

hem,
hem,

6, o, oi), oij.

li

ogode-

eru.

n.

n.

iseti.

V.

se

he'morrhage,
hen, n.
hence,

nigbe, okiti.

Icti.

n.

9gbe

n.

olori.

in6.

agbebo.
adv.

nibi,

nibiyi, iiihiij,

iiihiijyi.

hence'forth,ac?f.

ogcdemgbe,

oijedegbo.

olu-

rai)16w9.

idase.
i,

n.

*
rai),

head, n. eri, ori.

head'-band, n. iweri.
head'long, gboijgboi),

head'-man,

heir

n.

help, V.

akeri, akorira, a89te.

a,

agba, agbdse, agbata^,

araqnilovvo, araq^e.

kpa.

n.

aroie

adzoguij,

apparent, daudu, magadzi.

oruQ akpadi.
kaijkari, wiriwiri, hell, n.

hatch'et, w. ake.
hate, V. korira.
ha'tred, n. agoij,
n.

great height, gigagiga, goijgoi).

helms'man,

V.

oya.

gbo.

ikaijdzu.

akata, akete, ate

n.

hatch,

hedgehog,

head'longness,w.
gele,

tokaq.

armor),

(in

has'tily, adv.

omo- haz'ard,

kar).

hand, n. ow6.
hand'breadth,

diu.

v.

ti.

he, pron.

v.

n.

heart'ily, adv.

oye.

have, v. li, ni, ri,

haAvk, n. awodi.
hay, n. sakasaka.

owu, iyawu.

hand'ful,

V.

ha'ter,

ikpere.

ham'mer,

tulasii), aliisii).

hat, agbedzi.

abo, idadzi, idamedii.

baijga, basa.

hamlet, n.
ham'mer, n.

wo

sai)ra.

hear'say,
heart, n.
hearth, n.

kpansaga.

n.

larada,

health'iness,
health'y, a.

dakpara, mii hear'er, n.

elc, okikiriij, eki-

har'ness,

hat,

abiroi), oniroi), lirorj.

hal'ter, n.

ham,

tara.

iroi).

M.

ya, yara, sise, tagcrc, tadzii.

m.

half,

kiri-

gb6.

has'tener,

ikpo-oku, orui).

hairless,
halr'y,

lemi.

gboti.

n.

haste, n.
has'ten, v.

ti.

n.

n.

hair,

n.

n.

hash,

sa.

hail, .

health, n. dida aril,

healthful, a. ye.

hear'ing,

harvest,

ise, aia.

n.

mu

fi
V.
harp, n. duru.
gbona.
heated, n. arifi.
harp'er, n. oludura.
harsh, a. dzagai), kano, r5ro.
heathen, n. iworo, keferi.
adv.
ramuhea'ven, n. oke oriir), orui).
harsh'ly,
ramram,
ramn.
hea'vily, adv. tl, koti.
harVest, n. ikodzo-oko, ikore. hea'vy, a. wuwo.

odzu-agbara.

habita'tion,

ha'des,

mu

harmat'tan,

has,

hack,
had, V.

kikui),

mora, atamora.

H.

V.

^e.

mu-

se dida ara, diina,

V.

na.

of,

har'nessed

etu.

I).

n.

yo

gilij,

v.

v.

harm,

gun'po"wder, n.
r6, tu.
gush,

ha'bit,

ko, gbe

sesi.

dakpara,

hard'en,

har'lot,

erigi.

w.

le.

kpa, ko,

hark,

iboi).

gut'ter,

rikpa, oro.

ere.

gun'-lock,

v.

a.

hard'ness,

odiia.

n.

gvims,

etn.

n.

gui'nea-wonn
n.

fi

ha,

...16.

gui'nea-fo^vl,

gully,

adv.

ha'rass,

hard,

sii).

gui'nea-eom, m.
corn,

hap'pen, v. salabakpade,
hap'piness, n. ayS.
hap'py, a. lay 9.

idiebi, elebi.

dzebi,

nea-corn,

hap'ly,

ailetaij.

guiltiness, n.
guiltless, a.
guil'ty,

dara, elewa.

a.

eletai).

ere, ebi.

n.

guilt,

heal,

dzina,

ha, hail, kagba, k6, rom6, so,

soloroi), sor6, t6 . . bo.

Stai).

guile 'fill, a.

gum,

ckukui).

guile, .

[of a knife), ekur),

n.

han'dle,
to

tokui).

gnide,

HER

109

ati

16h.

her, pron.
her'ald, n.

a, e, e,
ilari.

f,

re.

isisiyi-

HER
herb,

n.

hom'age,
hom'age,

efo.

herd, n. owo.
here, adv. ibii),

nibi, nibiyi, ni-

nibinyi, sibi, sibiq, sabiqyi.

liir),

adv.

hereafter,

nigbehir).
adamo, idanid.

n.

he'resy,

aladamS.

n.

he'retic,
here'tical,

damo, adamS.

a.

here'tofore, adv.
he'ro, n. oga.
hes'itate,

v.

m6.

a.

ewebS, ew6ko, ho'ly,

ewe,

li,

nidzelo.

siyemedii.

home,

M.

ihari.

v.

bari, wari.^

home'bred,
ho'miny, n.

n.

ho'nor,
ho'nor,

oke, okiti ebe.

hilt, n.

ekui), ekukiii).

him; pron.

a, e, e,

i,

6, 6, u, oi),

OI).

him'self) pron. oi)nd.

hin'der, v. dina.

hint,
hint, .
hint'er,

hip, m.
v.

hire,

n.

hired',

ibadi: hip-joint,]gha,T6ko.

gba

v.

cni)mi,ose.

wo.

niyiq,

ologo,
I, prvii.

amu

71.

tailor's hook,

risa,

n.

aba, igbekcle,

V.

reti,

n.

iwo, owo.

ireti.

ifj

tamaba.

esii)

orisa.

ira.

as

i'mage,

^Yakati.

n.

agbawft.
n.

alagba^e, alagbaro.

r6, tere, tire.

ih&,

111.

V.

k6kar^.
. .

V.

kor),

hu'manly,

ihii).

hoarse, a. ke.
hoarge'ness, n.

igai)gai).

n.

re

16.

sil6.

abuke, atele-

wo.

hol'lOAW,

J),

t'fb,

iwo.

hur'ry,
hurt, V.

itara.

n.

fiirakp4,

kai),

lesekai)n4, lodzu-

kiyai),

kaijiia,

odzukaijna, logai).

fi
bomi, ki
bo.
b9mi, te

v.
.

fi

. .

aitidzu.

alaiku.
n.
.

aikii.
f(i.

alsegbe, aiso-

impa'tience, n. iwara.
impede', v. dina.
imped'iment, n. adcna.
impend', v. wii.
abeiyami,
importu'nity, n.
awiyanu.

bii), awoliii).

hun'dred, num. ogorfiq, oruq.

hun'ger, n. ebl.
hun'ger, v. lebi, ebi kpa.
hun'gry, a. alaiyo.
hold'fast, n. adimii.
hunt, V. de, degbe.
hole, n. alafo, iho, ioto.
hun'ter, n. ode.
ho'llness, n. mimo, iwa mimo. hur'ry, v. sc iwara, ^ira.
a.

sindie.

dzusadzii.

hoe, n. ok 6, 4kegni) oko, aketor).

hoe, V. ro, k6.
hog, n. elede.
hold, V. dimu, gba, md.

hol'lovr,

ere.
v.

impart',
impartial'ity, .

bienia.

re

v.

okunno, osono.

okuijroi).

v.

ike.

n.

alaim9we.
a.

immo'dest, a.
immor'tal, a.
immortal'ity,

kug.

hum'ble, a. onirele.
hum'ble, v. kparamo,
hum'bled, n. re.

hump,

aimoye, alaimS.

a.

n.

bpmi, t|

mora,

adv.

hunch'back,
ike.

aimd,

iwoDW9q.

immerse',

ikokard, mahuru.

hug, V. gba
huge'ness, n.

lakise.

n.

humi'liate,

111.

hith'er, adv.

hoAvl,
hoAvl,

adv.

k6-

if pos-

immatu'rity, n. aigbo.
imme'diately, ttrff. biatiijwiyi,

sata.

ra.

aimoye,

a.

n.

i'mitate,

ile.

house 'hold,

iba,

tile,

okpe.

iU'ness,

arifi.

n.

ill-na'tured,

n.

bole^ebi, bolcsekpc.

ig'norance,

dzaijdzai).

bienikpe

if,

w.
ig'norant,
elesiij.
igua'na, )*.
horse'Avhip, n. lagba.
hot, a. gbona very hot, bobo, illi'terate,

house,

bi

bi,

conj.

sible,

various kinds

olori^a, iworo.

sekpe

are called, abiga, alig^rimi,

hot'ness,
hour, m.

abogibokpe, abo-

idol'ater, n.

hoot, V. ho.
hop, w. lAkal4ka.

i).

aiyato.
imele.

n.

i'dleness,
i'dol, n.

ainurai), anigogai).

n.

mi, mo, mo,

eiiii,

iden'tity, n.

bata, kpatako.

71.

hope,
hope,
horn,

agaba-

I.

hook,

hum,

oya.
v.

his, jjron.
hit,

a.

olob6.

n.

hire'lihg,
hit, n.

bi\yii),

ol9la.

hoof,

afinosadzere,

afinosode,

sola.

ho"we'ver,

ehiq.

hippopo'tamus, M.
hire,

bSwo,

obo.

idena, ikose.

n.

a.

n.

owo.

ho\k,

fodzukpe, lukoro, ^obo.

hindmost,

koriko, ikoriko.

gebe.

ho'ver, v. ra, radobo.

hoAV, adv. bawo, bibawo, li, biti
how many? kelo? melo?

hin'derance,
V.

ago.

horse'man,

ko, kole.

hill, n.

n.

afiuoseliir),

ibuyii), ola,

v.

ikpalara.

ibi,

hye'na, n.
hy'pocrite,

afara oyii).

ho'ney-comb, n.

horse,

V.

hut,

ibile.

egbo.

ho'nesty, n. iwa tito.

ho'ney, n. oro, oyii).

highly, adv. rekc.

high'waymaii, n.
bamolB.

n.

n.

hus'band, n. oko.
hush, V. dake, simi.
husk, n. egbo, iwo.

ile.

ho'norable,

agana, al4-

hurt,

n.

he"W, V. ke, kegi.

he'w'er, n. akegi.
hibis'cus, n. isakpa.
hie 'cough, n. sikisiki, siksik.
hid (be), V. lilmo, kpamo.
hid'den, a. ikoko.
hide, V. ba, ri, kpain6, sakpain6.
hide, n. awo, bata.
hid'ing, n. iba.
high, a. ga, gele.

hill,

IMP

110

kpa

lara.

imposi'tion, n.
impossibil'ity,
a.

ayaijdze.
n.

alaise.

aise.

impossible,
impos'ture, n. iyaijdie.
im'preeate, v. ta^e.
impreca'tion,n. a8e,egui),ere.
mo, scm().
impri'son, v. ba
impro'per, n. aito, aidara.
impro'vident, n. aimete.
.

IMP
im'pudent,

v.

be, dadz6, gbo-

.liu.

infec'tion,

re.

nio,

fi

in, prep,

ni, iiino, iiiti, lara,

li,

fi,

ainikpekui).
alailera, kolera, ke-

a.

infirm',

rede, elekerede.
n.

n.

ideti.

take.

n.

inac'tion,

ina'dequate, a. 'aito.
inatten'tion, n. aikiyesi.
inatten'tive, a. modzukuro.
in'eense, 71. turari.
inces'sant, a. aisimi: incessant
talking, awiidake.
v.

incline',

informed',
ingraft',

incomplete', a. aikpe,
incomprehen'sible, a.

aisetai).

n.

inconsi'derateness,
incorrup'tion, n.

aiye.
aiio.

aidibadze,

albadze.

n.

v.

so

gbiljL', re,

in'crease,

kposi, gbal6,

bisi,
.

n.

kj)ikp9, wu.

abisi,

ibisi,

asoq-

ardilS,

agbe,

gbaguq,

v.

fi

haij.

elu.

n.

in'digo,

iruno, ibiii6.

n.

koikoi.

indiscriminate,

intention,

ogui).

inhu'man,

aisenia.

inte'rior,

n.

inhumi'lity,

n.

indis'putableness,

aidzi-

indivi'dual, n. olnware.
in'dolence, n. iniele.
in'dolent, a. semele.
wo.
indue', v. fi
.

v.

eke, ike.
aiso-

nicle.
ai^i-

aiseinele,

inele.

inexcu'sable,

ailese.
alai-

a.

alal-

alriwi,

riwi.

ibere.

ayaq.

ewi, gberegbere.

a.

inextinguishable,

v.

b5.
ino, nino.

n.

infect',

V.

a.

oino-ow6.
rai).

intes'tines,

in'solence,

re.

n.

n.

te.

ate,

re.

inspire',

v.

instal'ment,

oku.

wo, woyc.

awoye.
w.

mi
re.

. .

lodio,

nin6, sin6.

introduce',
mil

owere.

da

v.

d&

siJe,

wo.
id.

v.

n.

in'valid,

da

v.

aroij,

invent',

bu

v.

olo-

abiroij,

amisi,

n.

si.

adawiij.

I9, 16

sile.

adisi, onisi.

alo.

be

v.

wo,

invita'tion,

re.

re.

w.

re.

irascibil'ity,
re.

fi

wadzo.
ibewO, iyeafSraqlS, fe-

idi.

i'ron,

idamo-

dodzude.

v.

invisibil'ity,
iniisi.

da

o,

abuso,

isi.

invert'ed, v.
inves'tigate,
.

w.

inves'tigator,

aikpa, inspect'or,

kp5.

lodzo.

in'to, prep.
fi

invert',

afodzfidi.

be

v.

ebi, ere.

ifoij,

in'solently, adv. tai, taitai.

investiga'tion,
w6.
insolv'ent, v.
fodztdi, safoinspect',

agbedegbeyo:

re.

inti'midate,

invent'or,

kirirao, rS.

V.

si,

lebi, sB.

rag,

obu,

inspira'tion,

ailekpa.

in'fant,

ailewi.

inven'tion,

n.

insipid 'ity,

kur9i), alabukui).

dziidi.

inexpres'sible,

intrust',
re.

kokoro.

a.

re.

interrogation,

sa,

in'side,

insist',
n.

insert',

insi'pid,

da

v.

inter 'preter,

a.
ainiye.
bore, bi
Icbi,

re.

gbedegbeyo.
interpreta'tion,re. imo,ituina.

aise, ailese,

n.

inqui'ry,

fe-

v.

inter'pret,

lo, sB.

in'sect, n.

onise,

da

v.

intermin'gle,

kpa

insan'ity,

ke, ye.

indulg'ence, n.
indus'trious, a.
in'dustry,

a.

inqui'sitiveness,
insane', a. siwere.

yaij.

indulge',

ino.

re.

interjjreter of dreams, aiii&la.

ai^Ododo, aisoto.
red ink, anibua.
inter'rogate, v. bi...lere, da

re.

v.

edA.

elo, ere,

inisi.

gse.

re.

etc.

re.

re.

intermed'dle,

airele.

innu'merable,

dakpo.

iyeni.

v.

a.

in'nocent,

amoye,

da,

a.

intel'ligible,

in'terest,

idaru- inquire',

a.

a.

iiiyano.

odzoguij.

lose.

indirect'ly, adv.

intel'llgent,

re.

n.

iwatito.

re.

indifference, n. aikiyesi.
ink, 11. tard4
indifferent, n. alaikiyesi.
in'mate, re. abanigbele.
indifferently, adv. tai, taitai. inn, re. ilo ero.
indig'nant, a. ruuo.
in'noeence, re. aidzebi,
indigna'tion,

aito.

irukerudo.

imoye, oye.

inhe'rltor,

injus'tice,

ainuba,

tensely hot, dzaijdzai).

inere'dulous, a. kose igbagb6. ini'tiated, a. egbeii.

in'eubate, v. saba.
in'jure, v. ba.. .die.
indeed', adv. g^sa, se, tabi.
in'jurer, n. abanidie.
in 'jury, re. ibadze.
independ'enoe, n. aisiij.
in'dieate,

re.

gbero, kpete, v6.

inburuku
dzogui), intense'ly, adv.

kogiii), role.

ini'quity,

koi).

olmi)

ele,

in'tellect, n.

intend',

inhe'ritance,

increase',

integ'rity,

moye,

arailii.

inhe'rit,

n.

insufficiency, re.
insurrec'tion, re.

ted6.
n.

ko.

v.

imuba.

akotdi).

inha'bitant,

elcgbe.
ed^.

instrumental'ity,

le, 16.

v.

re.

ona.

olohuij.

v.

v.

in'stigator,
in'stinct, re.

in'strument,

ingraft'ed, v. k\om6.
ingra'titude, n. aimorc.
ingre'dient, n. elo.

inhabit,

fi.

a.

influen'tial,

logai).

nikpo.

^re/i.

instruct',

ailcia.

infirm'ity,
inflame', v. gbinikoij.
in'fluence, n. alya.

sara,.ti.

inability,

instead',

aisegbe.

a.

mo, in'finite,

si.

ogai).

arai}mu, laserai). in'stantly, adv.

n.

infe'rior,

n.

in'stant,

erai).

a.

infec'tious,

impure', a. aiin6.
impute', V. da
ka

IRO

111

iriij.

re.

airi.

ikpedze.

edo

fofo.

IRO
ironically, adv.

to

speak

si, rai)

nically, rai) 3kp9i)

i'rony, n. ikpoq.
irre'gularly, adv.

waqraqwaij-

n.

sonasi.

adad6,idaclo,eroku^ii,

amiiwah.

is'sue, n.

pron.

a,

k,

e, e,

kaAV,

V.

i,

6, 6, oij,

keen,

a.

inu.

adv.

itch,

n.

itch,

t'.

i'vory,

eyoq, keyoij.

toe-itch,

yoi).

n.

n.

ike.

olut9diu.

n.

ker'nel,

9in9.

kokor9, sika.

n.

jack'al,
jack'et,

M.

adza-oko.

alukasafa.

jail, n.

tubu.

kill,

csu.

ja'velin,

jaw '-bone,

m.

jeal'ous, a. dzowu, odzowu.

jeal'ousy, n. ow<i, idzowu.
jerk, V. dza.
jerk'ed, . (TOca/), adiqgbc.
n.

jerk'ing,

adzagadzigi.
set'e.

jest,

V.

^awada,

jest,

n.

awada, efe, ewa.

n.
asawada.

jesting,
job,
job,

V.

dzagba.

ab9se.
abosc.

n.

job'-"Work,
jog, V. se
iiigb9w6.
join, V. b^dakpo, da
kpom6.
.

ike, orike

j oint, n.

joint ofyrass,

eke.

joy'ful,

a.

layS, alayS.

V.

ba

n.

adadzo, oiiidadzo.

judg'ing,

widzo, dadzo.

ibawi.

11.

n.

jug, n.
jug'gle,

kpidai).

just,

ti-

iseuij, ore.

ile

n.

kins'man,

9ba.

n.

kitch'en,

n.

ile-asc.

knee,
ckurj, ekuriir).
knee'-pan, n. dzarjgboro.'
kneel, v. kni)16.
n.

oht^

V.

a.

jus'tice,

V.

M.

jus'tifier, n.
V.

onidalaic.
.

sehii):

lare, dzaic.

igbehii), ikeliii),
the last born, ahi-

the last state, asiwa.

V.

ti.

liii,

n.

late'ness,
lath,

v.

ho, kputu.

n.

lath'ing,
lat'ter,

igbehiij.

ra, rale, lele.

V.

lath'er,

I).

iialc.

a.

ikehiij, abikebiij.

dii, dzii), kai),

kai)-

laugh, n.
laugh, V.
laugh'ter,
H.

laAV,

kiii). 111.

cni).
rii), reiiij.

n.

erig.

idasile, ofiq.

knot, v. sokpa, takoko.

la-w'giver, n. olofii).
n.
n.
la-w'less,
kolotii), ailofiq.
okikirii).
knot,
isokpa, koko,
la-w'yer, n. ainofiij.
knoAV, V. mh.

kno^wledge,
knuckle, .
n.

koran',

n.

iinfi,

imodzu.

V.

lay,

koko-9vvo.

to

kurani, alkuiani.

on,

le,

fi

lay down,

dawole

la'ziness,

lele

lay

n.

gbe

le, te,

fi ...

eytjs,

ru

lay hands
ye, yiq.

ole.

la'zy, a. le.
lead, n. odio.

lead,

ododo.

da

ehii),

kebiij,

lat'terly, adv. ni 1916 yi.

ai'9kuro.
sliarp-imnted lat'ter-rains, n.

be, fo.
olot9, olotit9.

justifica'tion, n. adalare.
jus'tiiied, a. oludarc, dzare.
jus'tify,

wo

V.

wobia.

n.

late, adv. gbebii), iiigbeliir).

late'ly, adv. \o\6, nilolo.

knave, n. aiekeieke.
knavlshness, n. arokercke.
knead, v. kpo, sii.

n.

igaijgai).

kpo, kpe.

a.

latch,

olutaq.

feiuiko.

v.

V.

biri.

iiikehii).
last'ly, adv.
latch, n. eha.

aia, ibataq.

orvl.

V.

tobi, boni, goi)g9i), nila,

lasci'viousness,

keliii)

n.

kins'folk,

knock,

ede.

n.

last,

itaij.

idadzo.

judg'ment,

jump,

dana, kui), tibo,

king'dom,

knit,

joke, n. awada, Bwa.

jour'ney, v. radzo, robi.
jour'ney, n. adzo, ebi.
joy, n. ay&.

judge,
judge,

v.

knife, asoro.

idai).

joist, n.

bale.

n.

very large, boniboni,

large 'ly, adv. klbiti.

last,

knife,

n.

alarabara, iru, oniruru. large'ness, n.

n.

kind'ness, n.
kin'dred, n.
king, n. oba.

kiss,

guqlB.
obute.

gui),

landing,

nla

nabo.

ereko, kpai-i.

V.

large, a.

seuq.

kin'dle,

oko.

n.

a.

kind,
kind,

abe.

lan'cet, n.

lan'guage,

V.

ero, kolobo.

n.

oko.

land'lord,

kpa, kpaku.
kiln, n. ebu.

onitubu.

n.

al4bamole, la-

iwe.

n.

kid'ney,

jas'per,

y4r),

bamole.

J.

fatila, fitila.

n.

lance,
land,

n.

n.

lamp'-filler,

nitete.

kid'napper,

JEiirer, w.

lamp,

key'hole, n. odzu sika.

kick, n. ikpa.
kick, V. ta, takpa, tase,
yai)

igbak9.
adaguij.

lamb, n. 9d9 agutai).

lam'bent, a. geregere.
lame, a. am9kuq.
lame, v. mokuij.
lame'ness, n. imokuij.
lament', v. kpoijiere.

siij.

keen'ness, . imu.
keep, V. kpamo.

key,

01), r5.

kp5i).

n.

lake,

lioi).

keep'er,
i,

V.

lade,

la'dle, n.

keenly,

island,
it,

K.

iro-

ikpo.

rai).

irrita'tion, n.

LEA

112

v.

dari, fa,

la'bor,

n.

ise.

lead'er,

la'bor,

V.

sise.

leading,

la'borer, n.
labo'rious,

lack, V.
lad'der,

asise, onise.
.

onise.

di, kill).

n.

akaso.

leaf, n.
leaf,

v.

n.

sii),

at9kiii),

n.

^e

amona, t6.

elegbe.

ito.

ewe.
iinve.

leafless,
leaf 'y, .

a.

ailewe.

abewe, elewe, b6.

LEA
dio.

leak, V.
lean, a.
lean, v.

different kinds are called,

lily,.

bologi, osumere.

ril.

bente,

fi

fehiqti,

MAG

113

ti,

r6, r9ino,

ti.

lime, n. em,
orombo.

efuri,

leave,

v.

leave

tere

[fruit),

lea'ven,
leech, n.

fi

le,

. .

sile

to

esusu.

osii).

deti, deti sil|, feti.

li'ver, n.

iguij.

adete.

mo, alamSri, amure, okelendze.

lo interj. sawo

l|te, elSte.

li'ar, n.

eke, adeke, adakadeke,

fa

V.

da

. . .

lids

awolehii, eke, iro.

lie, V.

deke, seke, kpuro.

(down), dubule.
femi, iye,

a.

lifeless,
lift, V,

n.

tana.

light,

im6Ie.

log,

n.
n.

long,

a.

liffht

folofolo.

n.

fe.

loose,

a.

like'ness,
ewa.

n.

we.

alugbor), aworaij,

like'-wise, adv.
15

tree,

awore,

sile.

asiki,

orobo.

ifa,

akoseba.

a.

luck'y,

erekere.

n.

erQ.

n.

a.

]o,

wgvfo.

lukfe'-wrarmly, adv.

lull, V.

lowowo,

n.

iloilo,

I9-

lump,

n.

n.

asiijwir).

lu'natic,

a.

ddke-

onisiqwiij.

folofolo.

n.

lust,

n.

ifekufe.

lust,

V.

fe

lus'tre,

lye, n.

n.

lux'ury,
gb6ro.

isu.

akodzo,

lu'naey,

nifekufe.

idai).

lus'trous,

diafara.

mu

daker6r9,

r6r9.

lung,

gigagiga.

loosed,

look up,
n,

gbodzu-

awodiidzi.

a.

n.

dzidia.

domdomaiye.

aro.

M.

d6, saq, 8un6.

a.

etu.

adv.

V.

loos'ened,

fa
a.

mag'got,
deredere.

mad, a. bin6.
ma'dam, n. nana.
bino.
mad'den, v. mu
made, a. dida.
mad'man, n. hana.
.

ofi.

loosely,
loos'en,

kpclu.

to

looking-glass,

loom,

. .

nh...

V.

lo^wly, adv. tit.

low'ness, n. diidiii).
luck, n.
alabakpade,

diusi, kiyesi, wo, worar), sawo,

ba, dabi.

iseuqife.

bere.

a.

n.
olukparamo, olukpamora, atem9ra.
look, V. bodiuto, bodzuwo, fo-

light'ning,

fi

lo"W,

long-suffering,
:

woke.

v.

locust

bdio.

giguri, gilij,

fidzuwo

V.

esu:

n.

V.

manamand.

li'ken,

. .

egbe.

afere.

like,

iti.

loi'ter,

k6 manamana.

n.

olufe.

n.

W0W9.

adza.

n.

a.

saijwa,

lovlng-kind'ness,n.

luke'warmness,

loftily, adv.

n.

like,

wd.

light'ness,
lights,

V.

loft, .

aye.

light, a. fere, fuye, tatu

as day, m6.
v.

gba, gbai, kard,

knijkui),

w9r9woro.

lodging,

olugbe.

n.

kikur).

luke'-warm,

asaenia, dzegudura-

loin,

V.

dzunS, n6, segbe.

adv.

lug'gage,

ki, ni.

lodio.
lo'cate, V. so
lock, n. agad%odo, aluse.
lock, V. hk, ti to lock up, hd
sino.
m6, ti

lodge,

aiy6.

light,

light'en,

deru, diru,
akasu.

of a lo'cust, n.

gbe.

lift'er, n.

V.

igba.

lie, n.

lie, V.

load,

book, kpali.

life, n.

a,

lu'cre,

sil|.

la, la.

omori, ideri

lid, n.

eru.

gudu.

eleko, okobo.
li 'berate, v.

n.

loafer,

ado.

n.

load,

loai*, n.

i^ ... b|re.

V.

le^wd'ness,

lick,

laye.

ad&rikpoi), agillti, ahaqliai), ala-

ete.

. ,

adilu, gege, ibo.

lo^w'er,

the various kinds are,

li'zard, n.

hd... ktiq.
kd
mkh.
lest, conj.
die, diowo.
let, v.
le'vel,

edo.

a.

diakumo, living,

v.

les'sen,

lots, n.

*'^;

length, m.
leo'pard,

lep'rosy, .
lep'rous, a.

egbe, adanS, iya, ofo.

lov'er,

ekug,

adetisile.

liveliness, n. araya, idaraya.

lively, a. daraya, ya.

ogidai).
le'per, n.

fo,

kikurjkikuq,

lei'surely, ac^i'. fa, tedo, kase.

lend, V. sir), wiij.
n.

loss, n.
lost, a.

loud,

dile.

n.

lei'sure,

n&.

ramram, ramuramn, rara.

in a.
lit'tle, adv.
die, kiflkifl, kiiiij, ye. louse, n.
kere.
lit'tle, a.
lous'y, a. lina, olina.
lit'tleness, n. kekeke, kekere. love, n. afe, ife.
live, V. gbaiye, gbe, wa, walaye love, V. fe, kud9i).

iwukara.

n.

Obar)gidzi.

dzunS, kpadanS, so

V.

loudly,

V.

Us'ten,

n.

lose,

ete.

lis'tener, n.

dase, yakuro.

itele, tete.

leg, n.

n.

oluwa.

lord, n.

Lord,

keniii.

71.

li'on,

awo, bata, madofuij. lip,

fi

off,

left, a.

ik9, eko.

n.

n.

lea'ther,

ayida-

yida.

li'mit, V.
leap, V. so.
sorokpiij.
learn, v. ko, keka
li'mit, n. arokpin.
akodiu: learned lin'en, n. al4.
learn'ed, a.
man, alafa, imodzu.
Un'ger, v. l9ra, rare.
learn'er, n. akowe, eni ti i)ko. lin'guist, n. agbede, ogbufo.

learning,

n.

loqua'ciousness,

tu, tu.

so.

n.

ma'gistrate,

mag'nify,

v.

magnitude,

idiij.

n.

nidu.

gbe
n.

. .

ga, kokiki,

itobi.

maid,

n.

omodai).

omidar),olomueko.

niaid'en,ra.

maimed,

a.

alabukQq-aror).
olubo.

n.

maintain'er,

maize,

n.

agbado,

majesty, n.
majority, n.

make,

v,

ma'ker,
male, n.

yaijgai).

ikpodzu.
fi,

die, sa, se.

eleda, onida.

(of beasts) ako.

n.
oni^e buburn,

malefao'tor,
orufii).

ma'lice, n. odi.
mali'cious, a. olodi.
mali'ciously, adv. fi

mallet,

n.

maltreat',

odi.

ogbogbo.
ie .. nidzamba.

v.

mam'mon,

adie.

n.

man, m. ok9i)ri, enia.

mane, m. (horse's) g9go,
mange, n. ekiiru.

me, 2}ron. mi.

mead, n. fura.
mea'dow, n. kpakpa.
meal, n.
meal'y,

mean,
mean,

o\k.

da,
n.

rbro.

man'ger, n. ibudze.
man'grove, n. egba.
man'hood, n. agba.

megbe.

mi'grate,

v.

satikpo.

v.

dze, kperi.

mil'dew,

n.

ebu.

itumo.

n.

mean'ing,

o&nvior).

hum5,

v.

lari.

araiye, dnia.

meek,

mark,

ko, sami.

v.

mero,

r6,

mar'ket, n. adab9dza, odia.

mar'ket-day, n. 9dio odza.
mar'riage, n. isoyigi, yigi.

aro, asaro.

aiaro.

onino

a.

ko

16na,

meet'ing,
melt,

V.

da

v.

kpot9, sata

n.

se, 89.

alat9ijse.

ase, awase.

da,

da

ruko,

s6.

mer'chandise,

n.

kpa

6dia.

mar'ried, a. ok9laya, 9k9lobiri. mer'ehant, n. asowo.

mar'ro"W, n. ni9dumodu, 9ra- mer'ciful, a. alanu.
mer'ciless, a. ailanu.
eguguq.
v.
fe,
mar'ry,
gbeyawo, soyigi. mer'cy, n. ami.

awodiidii

alalfeni.
aifeni.

n.

isen9.

sen6.
ibaiyedie,

iwa-

iwa-ika.
v.

ka.

si

misname',

v.

misplace', v.
miss, V. (in

&i

shooting), bati, le,

S9ti, saki, si, tase

thing

lost, fe

kp6.

si fisi.

to

miss some-

kui).

mist, n. iri, kurukii.

mistake', v. si, si^e.
mistake', ;;. adamd, ks,\.
mis'tletoe, n. afom6.
mis'tress, n. lya, iyale.
mi'tigate, v. d, rS.

marsh, n. abata.
mash, V. we.
mast, n. okpo 9k9.

mer'it, n. itoye.
merito'rious, a. toye.
mer'rily, adv. diikeluke.

mas'ter, n. baba, oluwa.

mas'tery, n. ik4w6.

mer'riment, n. araya.
mer'ry, v. daraya.
mix, V. billa, da
kp6, darumes'sage, n. ise, oro.
dakpo, darukpS, r9kpd.
mes'senger, J!, alasa, ik9,05se, mix'ture, n. adaln, elu, idaindiscriminate
me'taphor, n. akawe.
kpd, ikpakpo
me"w, V. yaui).
mixture, adarudakpS.
die.
mock, V. ^efe, sii)
mid'day, n. 9saogar)gai).

mat,

n.

aba,

ayiij,

eni,

kpakati.

match, n.
mate, n.
mat'ter,

ero, i^ana.

egbe, ekedzi.

n.

6rai).

kere,

mat'tock, n. igaijrii), koloba. mid'dle, n. agbedemedzi, ariij.

mid 'night, w. orngai3dz9, 9gai}mature', v. gbo.
matu'rity, n. agbo, igbo, ogbo.
dz9.
may, aux. le, ma.
midst, n. arii), awudin.

mire, af6.

piff's

digi,

mi'sery, n. oil
misfor'tune, n. alusii), tulisiij.
mishap', n. esi.
misinter'pret, v. ii wi.

iye.
.

Ifi,

mi'ser, n. aw9r), okaijdiua.

mi'serahle, a. osise.

ara, akpa.

16,

talc mirror, daqdaij.

miscount',

y6.

ming'ling, n. idakpo, ikpakpS.

minute', a. ketiij, kiiii).
mi'racle, n. He ase.
mire, n. er^, kpetekpete, kp9t9-

ibi,

de.

a.

kp5, r9kpd, ru.

atiba, iba.

?i.

mend'er, n.
men'ses, n.
men'tion, v.
.

min'gle,

miscar'riage,
dari
di9, ko, miscar'ry, v.
mis'chief, n.
k98eba, kpa ... do.

mem'ber, n.
me'mory, n.
mend, v. toq

da

mind, v. kiyesi, tSdiu.

mine, pron. temi.

i-wk tutu.
.

mis'anthrope, n.
misan'thropy, n.

ten6.

tite,

meek'ness, n.
meet, v. hk,

mellow,

aboia.

n.

wara.

die.
mi'mio, v. sig
mince, v. h\i... ladiaij.
mind, n. ewa, ino, iye.

mir'ror,

manure', n. iledu, iledudu.

ma'nuscript, n. rubutu.
ma'ny, a. kpo, okp6, kpikp6.
die.
mar, v. ba
mare, n. abo esiq.

n.

mea'sure, v. w6i).
meat, n. eraij, osese.
mecha'nic, n. onis9na, ol9na.
med'dle, v. da ... si, fi enu si.
med'dler, n. afenusi, aladasi.
me'diate, v. dzise.
media'tion, n. adiise.
me'diator, n. asenu.
me'dicine, n. ogui).
ie aro, se asaro,
me'ditate, v.

mankind',

man 'tie,

milk,

means, n. amuba, imubd.

milk, V. f9q wara.
mea'sure, n.
a8uw9i), iw6q, mill'stone, n.
9I0.

rono.

man'ner, n. ise, asa.

man'ners, n. ise, iwa.
man'slaughter, n. ikpani.

ariij.

(person) adzadie.

dodzfikodo,

biok9i)ri.

n.

mid'wife, n. iyagb^.
might, n. agbara, ikpa.
might, aux. 1.
might'y, a. alagbara.

n.

ma'nifest,

adv.

mid'way,

ase.
a.

medita'tion, n.
me'ditator, n.

manly,

MOD

114

Mx\I

mock'ery,

n.

mock'ing-bird,
mo'del,

n.

mo'derate,

efe.

awoke.

n.

akpedinro, akpere.
v.

kpa

m6.

MOD

115

adv.

mo'derately,
modera'tion,

niwoij.

n.

ikpamo, ikpa

raino.

itidzu, odzuti.

moharn'medan.

See mussul-

man.

re

V.

n.

irig,

iiirimi,

n.

molas'ses,
molest', V.

mo'ment,
nient, ni

mo'ney,

JO

kpo, okp6, kpikpo.

okp6, kpikpo.

adv.

... lenu.

mule,

sedzu

kai),

in a

li

owo.

n.

mo'neyless,

mon'key,

allowo.

a.

different kinds are

n.

called, alegba, awere, aya, edor),

mon'ster, n. hmh.
mon'strous, alemS.

w.

ibaka.

n.

V.

n.

morass',

n.

olukpani, kpanikpani.

mush,

morose', a.
mor'roAW, n.

a^o, kaij, kaijra, ^6-

mior'sel, n.

ete, okele.

Most High,

n.

n.

ak9i)sin9.

(shell-fish), ikaka.

asaro, deqge, wagar).

n.

aikperi.

ala.

n.

nilia, ra.

mus'sulman,

n.

musulimiij,

imale.

aux.
a.

ni,

ko

le mail.

v.

n.

abiamo,

kSij, k9i)sin6.

mi.
tika-

nail,

mound,
mount,

na'ked, a. nihoho, nilioriho.

na'kedness, n. iho, ihoho, iho

okete, oke.

goke,

gesii),

gori,

moun'tain, w.
moun'tainous,

mourn,
se arc,

v.

oke.
oloke, oke.

a.

k6 and,

gbawe,

kanti,

da

aro,

S9f9.

mourn'er, n.
mourn'ing, n.

alawe,
arc,

kai), kai)

elekuij.

awe,

6f9,

name, n.
name, v.
named, a.

n.

eluru.

n.

enu.

afiijdiu.

neck, n. o^ot), 9roi].

neck'kerehief; n. idir9i).
n.

idnoi).

se alaini.

v.

need'y,

n.

aini, inira, odfi.

abere.

n.

olaini.

a.

da

v.

alaikiyesi.

aikiyesi.

n.

nest, n.
net, n.

name'less, a. ai!oruk9.
nap, V. suijye, wo.
nap'kin, n. tobi.
narrate',
narra'tion,
nar'rative,

kodia, fo

mo.

li
59
oruk9.
die.
.

finger-nail,

oruk9.

tiko,

etile,

Idnikini.

n.

igberiko, sakani.
nei'ther, conj. belie ni

ekana.

v.

ekiii).

mouse,
mouth,

V.

iso, i^o iriq

riho.

guq.

as9r)m6,

neigh'borhood,
ekai),

nitosi,

t^, ti.

neg'ligent, a. de, dera, w6i].

ne'gro, n. enia dudu, adii.
neigh, v. ykrj.
neigh'bor, n. aladugbo.

N.
nail,

esue,

b9kiui, fiijdzu.

neglect',

mo'ther-in-law, n. ayako.
mo'therless, a. alainiya.
mould'er, v. bil, bil, ra.
moult, V. re.
V.

a.

nee'dle,

emi i\k, emi

lya, yeye,

n.

li

sese, set9i).

kodza.
myste'rious, a. diinle.
myste'riousness, m. idiinlS. neglect'ful, a.
mys'tery, n. aw 6, egberi, igede, neg'ligence, n.

iye.

n.

near'ly, adv.
near'ness, n.

necklace,

ola.

n.

mo'ther,

mora, niha, sodii,

need,
need,

odi, aif9hu;).

mut'ter,

kpa

nauseated, rind9.
dodo, idodo, iwo.

neat'ness,

6ro idiinle.

Oga Ogo.

na'vel, n.
na'vigable, a. gbok9.
na'vigate, n. tnko.
near, a. ded, fefe, gbe,

neat,

yam.

must,
mute,

esue, irind9.
v.

ab6w9gaij, yam- neat'ly, adv.

rami.

d-kd&, eda, iwa.

asai), saki.

igberi, itosi, ikusa.

orii].

myself, pron.

masalase.

n.

n.

my, pron.

ola.

mosque,

kSi), kiir), rahuij,

n.

mu'sie, .
mus'lin, n.
musqui'to,

odzmTi6.

mor'tal, a. oniku.
mor'tar, n. odo.
mor'tify, V. ya

v.

mush 'room,

aurS, oro, owiiro,

n.

na'ture,

mul'titude, n. 9kp9.
naught, n.
mur'der, v. kpani, kpania.
nau'sea, n.
mur'der, n. ikpani.
nau'seate,
mur'derer, n. akpani, olukpa,
riq
Ied9

mus'ele,

more, a. deliiij, divl.

more, adv. sibe, siwadzu.
moreo'ver, adv. kpelukpehi.
morn'lng,

kposi, r^.

koijsin6.

sakata.

ira,

eda, ida.

bisi,

mur'murer,

month, n. osn.
monthly, a. losu.
moon, n. osukpa, osu.
Moor, n. batnre.
mooring, n. isoko.

hiha.

n.

ko mo.

a.

koko, nas'ty,

na'tion, n. ede, orile, orile-ede.

na'tional, a. ti orile-ede.
kpetekpete, kpot9kpoto, na'tive, n.
abile, ibil&.
w.
ibi.
nati'vity,
diaka.
na'tural, n.
adanidil, danida,

mur'mur,

oloyo.

koto, tere, toro.

nar'rowness,

ikoij.

mo- mul'tiply,

ogai).

gidigidi,

n.

mud, n.
mug,

ogai)

mole.

kperekpere, rekodia.

oyiq ireke.

n.

K.

^ata.

iiiqle.

narra'tor, n. arohii).
nar'ro"w, a. gboro, ha, ho, ^6-

so, 565, suij, yi, yin.

a.

mu'cus,

moist'ure,

moth,

Ill,

mo'w,

much,
much,
much,

onisadiu.

mo'dest, a.
mo'desty, n.

move, V.

NIG

rohiq.

agbegbe,
.

ko.

ile.

kvsorj.

net 'tie-rash,

n.

egbesiq.

ne'ver, adv. ododi, odorodi.

ne-w, a. t\tq\).
ne-ws, n. iliiij.
neAVs'mionger, n. alahes9.
next, a. atele, kedii.
next year, n. amodiiij.
nice, a. slia, snag.
nice'ly, adv. tonitoni.

n.

ihiij, irohiij.

nick'name,

n.

n.

ihii).

nigh, prep,

nitosi.

aladie.

NIG
n.

nigh'ness,
night, n.

adziijdiiq

adiiq,

night,

dead of

the

adv.

adie, itdko, walami.

n.

on, prep,

nim'ble, a. wara, yara.

nim'bleness, n. iyara, iwara.
nim'bly, adv. gbese, werewere, object',
yaya.

nine, num. esai).

nine'teen, num. 6kai)dil6gui).
nine'ty, num. ad9rur).
ninth, num. kesaq.

once,
se.

. . .

Mi.

ikS.

n.

oblige',

le, te

on'ion,
^e, te

li.

obli'vion, re. igbagbe.

obscure', a. sokuijkui).

k, eni, eni, ni, kar),

re.

maso,
iSa^a,

OCca'sionally,a(i'?;.

no'minate, v. kpe.
nidayedaye.
occupa'tion, n.
non'sense, n. isokilso.
occur', v. hii.
noon, n. 9dz9kariij.
noose, ra. iseb9: to make a noose, o'cean, re. okuq.
ie... b9.

so^o.

north,
nose, n.

oS", adv.

imo.

nos'tril,

not, adv.

ho,

],

ki,

ko, k3,

o.

no'table,

sokehii)da.
is9rai).

nothingness,

officer,

no'tice,

v.

re.

bikita, kiyesi.

notAvithstandlng,

conj.

adi,

novr,

ke, te, bo.

v.

arfj^.

arowa,

off'spring,

biatiijwiyi,

often,

eyitawiyi, iwoyi, niwoyi, na, s4,

oh

we, nigbayi,

oil,

isisiy i, nisisi, nisisiyi,

a.

numb,

asai).

a.

num'ber,

ketiri.

n.

iye, eye.
n.

alainiye,

V.

etiri.

ob6, oluto.
bo, t6.

91110.

ikuqra.

re.

anigb6, dagbo, ehu, da-

old age,
old'er,

n.

a.

old'ness,
o'm.en,
omit', I'.

re.

ogbologbo.

ito,

atidio.

re.

are, sare.
re.

agb6,
ami.

k9dza.

omni'potence,
gbo.

o'rigin,

re.

. .

esSse, lesese, lese-

laf, lailai.

idasilfe, ilana.

re.

re.

edi, iliul,

a.

iwa.

at9rui)wah.

humS.

v.

or'nament,
0S9.
ornament'al, a. loso,
or'phan, . omo okii.
n.

os'prey, re. 9sii).

ostenta'tion, re.
os'trich,

w.

rai),

910^0.

aluwasi.

ogoijgo.

mire, mirai), omi-

elomirai).

o'ther'wise,

gbo.
ai-

orombo.

16na.
ordain', v. la
or'der, v. kpala^e, t5.
or'der, re. ese.

o'ther, pron.

ila.

re.

olden-time,
n.

idasi.

adi, ororo.

re.

old, a.

niye.

numb'ness,
n.

w.

irumo,

nigbakngba.
aa ye

interj.

ok'ra,

num'berless,

nurse,
nurse,

a(?y.

ko-

alabalase.

re.

ori'ginate,

ol9la.

re.

tirisi,

mbi, tabi.
re.

ori'ginal,

oinfment,

wayi.

null,

odioye,

idioye,

oloye.
offi'eial, .

6k9kar),

or'dinance,

dye.
re.

lona, diakoro,

leae.

5re.

oflS'eiousness,

aniSkpo.

nourish,

n.

office,

asaij.

dzusi.

or 'derly, adv.

tore.
re.

kai).

a.

a,

offering,

a.

oppos'ed,

o 'range,

n.

aklycsi, hik.

de

kodiudzasi.

isoTait.

offend'er,
offer, V.

no'tableness, m. afiyesi.
no'thing, re. kosiqkar).

9W9le.

oppose', V.

o'racle,

mah, offend'ed,

ndai), i)ko, 6, 6.

open the

to

o'pening, re. emi, ikpedii, odiu.

o'penly, adv. nigbaijgba.
o'penness, re. afo.
opportune', a. sakoko.
opportu'nity, n.
aye, igba,

or, conj.

sS, dese.

V.

offend',

ya

s',

loh.

offence', n.

iho im9.

re.

Tib,

V.

door, ^ikui).

opposi'tion, n. odisi.
oppress', V. kp9i)lodzu.
oppres'sion, re. inilara.
oppres'sor, n. aninilara.

ise.

niti, nititf, ti.

of, prep,

ariwa.

n.

idayedaye,

egede, ogede, kikl,

nikai), nikansoso, kpere,

op'posite,

kugba.

kpato.

k9-

alub9sa.

on'ly, adv.

noisily, adv.

a.

lekai), lariq-

ekai),

one, num.

o'pen,

nois'y,

leri, lori,

kai), 9kai).

objec'tion,
J),

le,

kag.

k6.

V.

kd, Lara,

obscu'rity, n. egberi.
observe', v. woye.
nip, V. kai).
emu.
n.
observ'er, re. alafiyesi, alami.
nip'pers,
ero.
ob'stacle, re. idina, odogbulu.
nit, n.
amSse, ika.
kinidiebe, kurumu, ob'stinacy, re.
no, adv.
a.
nn.
ob'stinate,
agldi, waroriki.
nadwo,
V.
dena.
n.
obstruct',
no'ble,
oloye.
obstrue'tion, n. idena.
nod, n. teri.
to obtain', v.
dze, ri
gba.
noise, n. driwo, ato, atoto
make a noise, kpariwo, kpato liio. obtuse', a. kfi, aimu.
occa'sional,a. idayedaye, igbanoiseless, a. aikpato.
gbai.

amohui)gbo-

sara, son.

oath, re. ara, ekpe, ibura.

obe'dience, n. ifetisi, igb6.
obe'dient, a. eletf, leti.
obey', V. gba
gbo, gbS,

loruloru.

a.

gbo.

by oar,

night, Ibru.

nightly,

omni'seient,

o.

itosi.

6ru

OUT

116

adv.

ayamobi,

kaka.

ought, aux.

ba, iba, ni.

our, pron. wa.

ours, pron.. tiwa.
ourselves', ^rore.

ar4wa, awa

tikara wa.

adv.
agbaia gbo- out,
out' cry,

diade, sode.
n.

ike.

OUT
V.

outdo',
out'er,

te.

a.

pair,

out'going, n. idiade.
Outgro"W', V. dagba dzA.
out'house, n. ile ode.

kiii), kpalose, sa.

takotabo, raedii.

V.

paint,

ode, ehiq.

n.

n.

palace,

n.

pala'ver,

\o dill.

pale,

outrun',

saro dzil.

pale'ness,

lehiij, sehir),

ode, lode.

out'wit',

a.

palm,

kpa

o'ver, prep.

letag.

ekuro.

n.

n.

palm'-oil,

v.

gbilS.

fodzuto.

overse'er,

n.

kafo, kar)ki.

akiyesi, alafiyesi,

alafodznto.

Oversha'do-w,tr.

o'versight,

sidzi,^idiib6.

itodzu.

n.
v.

overspread',
gbol|.
overtake', v. hk.
overthro"W', n. afobadie,
dan6.
overturn', v. yi

pant'ingly, adv. hele.

pa'per, n. takarda.
parade', n. aluwasi, fari.
pa'rasite,

n.

par'boil,

v.

parch,

afom6.

parasol',
V.

dii.

n.

0"wn, V.
0"wn'er,

ni.

par'rot, n.

n.

olodiu,

nini,

oliiwa.

ox,

n.

pa'roquet,
old,

n,

kpasa, kpasaq.

agaqraij.

ode,

lu,

n.

pat'tern,

bata.

akpediure, akpere,

awose, idzure.

paunch,

n.

^aki, ikoij.

pause, V. simi.
paAvn, n. oi'a.
pavrn'-servant, n. iw9fa.
pa'wn, V. sir)gba, s9fa.
pa'paAV, n. bekpe, ibekpe, ab9,
V.

ofe,

pea,

daw6,

d:i,

sai)

to

pay

instalments, dawirj.
n.

esaq.

eie.

n.

n.

alfifia.

aladza, onila-

dia, oladia.
n.

pearl,
peel,

iyi)i).

V.

peck,

sag.

V.

bo, ho, bo, kpa.

peep, V. w6.
a.
ondere, pee'vish,

tede.

part,
malil.

oys'ter,

n.

i^9de.

kpa bata

v.

peace'maker, ra.

ogbigbi, owiwi, oyo.

babala, babanla.

n.

patrol', n.

peace,

owl,

le, raij

iqA&.

pay'ment,

yaq.

. .

abule, ida-asa.

V.

pat'ter,

hy

dii, fi
par'don, v. dari
par'don, n. idaridii, ifidii.
mo- pare, v. h8.
overvT'helm', v. bo, bo
billil.
pa'rent, n. abimo, obi.
overwhelm'ed, a. bibomolB. pa'ring, n. (yam) ebe.
OVerwise',a. am6dzu,am6tai). park, n. ih6, abata.
0"we, V. die, die
gbese.
par'lor, n, basa, gbaijga.
.

siinb9.

gbara.
di, dig,

patrol',

pay,

ikporuij.

itu.

ted9.

loke, lebir).

v.

bu

IB,

pa'triarch,

ekpo.

palm'-tree, n. okpe.
overcome', v. se, bori.
palm'-"wine, n. emo, ogur5.
overflow'ing, n. ak6qwosil6, pal'pitate, v. fo.
ik9i)wosile, gbedugbedu.
pal'sied person, n. elBgba.
overhead,' arfv. gai)gai5,katari. pal'sy, n. egba.
overlook', v. modzukuro.
pant, V. mi bele.
overlook'ing, a. amodzukuro. pantaloons', ?i. akoto, ^okoto,

overrun',
oversee',

kpakpa.

pa'tience, n. lakiri, sum.

pa'tient, v. fiyeden6, mu suru,

i^i.

atelew6.

71.

m6.

. .

patch,
patch'-work, n. iraijlu.
path, n. ikpa, ikpase.

ofS.

fura, rondoi), ii.

palm'-nut,

V.

V.

n.

V.

eliii),

fi

n.

pas'ture,

agaqdiu, ake- patch,

afii),

V.

n.

V.

paste,

sar).

outlast',

out'side,

PER

117

kaijra,

rad9,

SOIIO.

M.

elela,

ida,

iba,

ikpa,

ikpakaij.
pEirt, V.
ya, da, kpa, la.
partake', v. se adiokpiq.
n.

partak'er,

pee'vishness,
peg, n. ekai).
peg,
pelt,

V.

kai)

V.

iso.

IBkaq.

S9. ..lu.

pen, n. kalaiii9.
pe'netrate, v. guq, w3.
abe.
be par- pen'knife, n.

adiokpii),

ala-

dioni, alabakpii), alakpii].

pacifioa'tion,

pa'eify,

v.

n.

6tutu.

tiinin6.

par'tial, a. onisadiu:
tial, ^odiusadiu.

pad,

n.

pad'dle,

akpere.
n.

adie, vvalami.

pad'dle, v. wa.
pad'dler, n. atuko.
pad'lock, n. agadagodo.
pail, n.

kuruba.

pain, n. edSij, irora, ita.

pain, V. doi), ro.
pained', a. onirora.
pain'ful, a. kai).
paint, n. ase, ose, 6se, a^e.

parti 'tion,

peo'ple,

odiusadiu.

partial'ity, .

pack, V. deru, ki.

parti'cipate,
pack'age, n. okelo, 9go, waga. par 'tide, n.
tontoro.
pack'rope, n. akpa, 9bara.

io

v.

n.

kpiij, wari.

kinikini,

soqso,

i]^, ikele.

egbe, ekedii : in
fishing or hunting, alabakpa.
n.

part'ner,

pep'per,

enia.

71.

n.

ata,

atalia, atarere,

gb6r)gbota, iyere.

perceive', v. moye, woye.

perch, n. (fish), ikoro, 9were.
perch, V. ba, ba le.

perch 'ing,

a.

iye.

percus'sion-cap,

n.

ero.

par'tridge, n. akparo, ^likura. perdi'tion, n. egbe.

par'ty, n. ikpa, odo.
per'fect, a. kpe, kpikpe, tai).
V.
f6...koda...kodia,
pass,
perfect'ed, a. asekpe, fiq.
dia, kodia, la, rek9dia, yikpo.
perfec'tion, n. kpikpe.
pas'sion, n. ediano, idino.
per'fectly, adv. taq.
lu.
pas'sionate, a. odino, so.
per'forate, v. da
.

pass'over,
past,

a.

n.

kodza,

irekodia.
ehijj.

perform',

v.

perfu'mery,

gbe, die.
n.

tuiari.

PER'
adv.

perhaps',
b9ya,

abi,

afalmo, pil'fer,

ewu.

pe'ril, n.
v.

n.

owoi).

plot,

V.

okp6l9kpd,

okpo,

a.

IS.

dirikisi, rikisi,

sawo.

tule.

ploTV,

V.

pluck,

V.

plump,

ofa.

kp5, kpikpo.

re.

pli'able,

pim'ple, n. orore, rore.

permit', v. dze, dzowo.
perpendi'eular, a. gaij, gaq- pin, 11. abere.
pin'cers, n. emu.
gai).
lekana.
pinch, V. dza
perpet'ually, adv. titi.
.

igbow9,
a.

kpikp6.

atoko.

pi'lot, n.

ibekpedie.

TO.

plen'ty,

irora, timtiin.

afe,in6did6i),6wu.

S9fa.

plen'tiful,

aba.

n.
n.

V.

pledge,
pledge,

kpiye.

pil'lar, n.

pil'lory,
bckpedze, bura eke. pil'lo'W,

v.

plea'sure,TO.

akodzo.

V.

pil'lage,

gb6, kiigbe, ra, ruq,

sogbc.

per'jure,
per'jury,

dzale, safow6ra.

V.

pil'ing, n.

sesi.

pe'rish,

POT

118

ka, kai),

fa,

sidi, tu,

ya.

yaijwe, iu^u.

V.

pine'-apple, n. okpaimb6.
plump'ness, to. owe.
perplex', v. damn, go, su.
perplexed', a. ko Icle, rodzu. pin'nacle, n. agaijgai), soijso. plun'der, v. kpiye, tu.
fere: tobacco-pipe,\gv&h, plun'der, to.
amona, ikogui).
idamii, igo, pipe,ra.
perplex'ity, n.
plun'derer, to. akpiye.
odzukpoi).
oguso, ikoko-taba.
pipe, V. fSi), foqfere.
plunge, V. forib9.
per'secutor, n. oninobini.
pock'et, TO. akpo.
perseve'rance, n. aisimi, 119- pip'er, n. afoi)tere.
n.
ileko.
dzu iyaodzu.
asisori,
point, re. (sharp) agogori, gogo,
pis'tol,
SOIJSO.
iho, koto, 6fii), ogodo,
persevere', v. foiiti, se itodzu, pit, n.
I'odzu.
libodzi, isa
clay-pit, ikudu.
point, r. diure, sd, soij, siii),
w6i).
per'son, n. enia, em, 111, ohi- pitch'er, . oril.
ware.
point'ed, a. soro.
pi'ty, TO. anu.
poi'son, TO. ogui), or6.
perspira'tion, n, oguij.
pi'ty, V. rado, sanu.
perspire', v. lagmj.
place, n. ibi, ikpo, ihii), ikpana, po'ker, TO. iwana.
ISO.
pole, TO. ogui), 9kpa.
persuade', v. kpa
niyeda.
a.
i".
sofoij.
ka,ka. .si, s9...1odio. police', TO. isode.
persua'sive,
place,
police'man, to.
pertain', v. scti, tori.
plague, V. yd ... lenu.
ol9kpa, oloperverse'ness, n. odi si.
plain, n. kpetele.
kpaga.
pervert', v. yi, yi
kpada,
plain, a. ob9r9,
po'lish, V. dai).
n.
w.
daiin6.
pervert'er,
afinosadzere, plain'ness,
pollute', V. S9
gbaijgba.
:

afinoseliiQ, afinosode.
n.

pes'tilenee,

plaintiff^
adza- plait,

adzakft,

kale.

pes'tle,

pet,

V.

plan,
plan,

ke, kpi), sii), y6.

peti'tion, n. ebe.
m.

pevr'ter,

ba, WOT)

to

plait the

n.

oniso-

ologui),

pon'der,

lam oral).

pool,

abata.

plas'ter,

si-

lobotudie,

gUDtu

off,

n.

pic'"ture, n.

to.

ire.

V.

sire.

a.

possess',

mo.

lara.

elela.

TO.

ikpo.
dzogui), ni.

V.

possess'ing,
posses'sion,

we.
to.

alaru.

posi'tion,

aiawada,

ore.

asaro.

to.

to.

por'tion,

awo-kpok9.

ot9kolu,agbalu.

porch, TO. il6, iloro.

por'eupine, to. lili,
port'er,

m.

atini.

anidokpiq, ani-

tai), ini, ile nini, iiini,

posses 'sor,

asaya.

hb, gaij, guq, kaq

tar)-

atibaba.

to.

playfulness,

ese, idzaijdia.

popula'tion,TO.
khi).

asilbb.

TO.

to.

ohuij

ini.

onini.

plead, V. be, bebe.

pos'sible, a. ^ise.
plead'er, to. abebe elebe.
pos'sibly, adv. afaim5.
ibebe
plead'ing, to.
siiecial post, TO.
okpo.
postpone', V. fiti, y.
pleading, asawi.
plea'sant, a. dSij.
pot, re. amo, ikoko, kolobo, oruba oil-pot, eba.
to.
idSq.
plea'santness,
:

pierced, a. gigaij.
pierc'ingly, adv. slq.
pierc'ingness, m. ikanilara.
pi'geon, n.
eiyele, enikiiku: please, v.
d6r)-m6, wu.
white pigeon, adaba su^u
wild pleased, a. ye.
pigeon, ataba orei)k6re.
pleas'ing, arf*-. ewu.
;

to.

asise,osise,oto^i,talaka,

por'ridge,

TO.

play'ful,

igaqre.

aworai).

bule, raq

plat'ter,

play,
play,

{up), asa.

a.

kiii)le,

awo, awokp9ko,

TO.

plat'form,

pick up, be, ^a

woi).

piok'-axe,
piece, n.
piece, V.
pierce, v.

to

kpale,

dodzukodo,

olukp9i5dzu.

gara.

plat'ing,
odede.

n.

piaz'za,
pick, n.

v.

TO.

poor, TO.

akpako.

eri.

adagui), odo.

TO.

V.
TO.

dagui), gui).

v.

plate,
n.

phy'sic-nut,

V.

idamorai).

plant, V. gbii), ri.

plan'tain, w. agbagba.

ifeni.

pond,
pond,

aim6,

TO.

TO.

plank,

slnika, tasa.

philan'thropy,
physi'cian, n.

picked,

pollu'tion,

olufisoij.

hair, dirqj}.

omo-odo.

n.

V.

pick

n.

pot'ash, TO.
pota'to, TO.
pot'sherd,

aro.

kukunduku.
.

akpadi.

POT
omokoko.
pot'ter's clay, n. amo.
n.

pot'ter,

pouch, n.
pounce, V.
pound, V.
pour,

ki

ki,

foij,

a.

press'ed,
sumo.

ii5, ta,

pro'mise,

ihagaga.

V.

tfi.

molB,

akimole,

rii),

\v5,

presume',

dasn, gbodo, ku-

v.

ihale, iya, tfinit^ni.

iwase, luni, olo.

kaka.

odai).

v.

praise,
bilyii), ye, yii).
praise, n. iyiij.
praised, a. niyiq.
prate, v. s6ro botiboti.
pra'tingly, arf?'. botiboti.

v.

prevail',

price,
price,

wasi, wasii.

V.

kaq, woi), sowoij. priest,

pre'ciousness, n. iyebiyo.
pre'cipice, n. ogboq.
preci'pitately, adv. kpu,
v.

yai)

sa...t61e, s5

v.

sii),

eguij.

irera.

alawo, alufa, oluwo.

n.

n.

orise-ahifa, i^e-

aso-

pri'soner,

n.

da.

pro'fit,

prepay', v. saq tle.

pre'sence, . iwadin, odo.
pre'sent, n. isisiyi, iwoyi.
pre'sent,

n.

v.

r9gui3, ta.

da

n.

. .

lero.

ere,

egbe,

aijfani.

pro'fitable,

ebuij, ibilij, ifibuij,

v.

fi

tore,

prohi'bit,

a.

v.

^aqfani.

dew6,

ta

. .

n.

life,

to pre-

semi.

preserv'er,

n.

oKikpamo.

sdfii),

promenade',

v.

kawfi.

pro'minent,

a.

goijgoij,

pro'mise,

a.

ileri.

koko.

n.

gberaga,

agberaga,

kasa, yai).

prove, V. ladi,
pro 'vender, n.

pro 'verb,

n.

provide',

v.

lari, S9di.

s^kas4ka.

owe.

kpese
n.

ese,

sile.

iwoye.

igberiko.
fedzefedze.
n.

imunibiiw,

oro.

bin6.
provoke', v. mu
.
as9i)m6,eti, eba,
proxim'ity,
.

ikusa.

so

pshaAV

ekui),

luke,

&i6

interj.

n.

igbaqgba.

pub'lic cri'er, w. akede.

pub'lic square, n. ab&ta.
publi'city, n. gbai)gba.
pub'licly, adv. nigbaijgba.

publish,
n.

nino,

pru'dence, . iloye.
pru'dent, a. oloye.
woi).
iwadze, prune, v.
prun'ing-knife, n. ada.
pry, V. (into) todiub9.

ewo,

yori.

atutio.

n.

pub'lic,

prohibi'tion,

propo'sal, n. adamorar).
propose', V. dam&raij, lana.
propos'er, n. onidamSrai).
prosper'ity, n. alafia.
pro'strate, v. d9bal6.
prostra'tion, n. obal.
protect', V. dabobo.
protract', v. fa
guij.
diade.
protrude', v. y9

provi'sion, n.
provoca'tion,

isofii), ofii).

pre'sently, adv. logai).

preserve', v. kpam6

as9tele.

pro'vidence,
pro'vince, .

lofiq.

lore.

serve

V.

pro'fit,

ore, itore.

present',

s5 as9tele, sot|le.

proud'ly, adv.

aratubu, elewoi),

produce',

v.

asefefe, onifefe, rera, onirera.

olori.

kpata, kpcse.

prescribe',

prop, n. afelui)ti, alafehiijti.

lehii).
prop, V. fehiqtl, ti, ti
pro'pagate, v. bisi.
pro'per, a. kpegede.
pro'perly, adv. dede.
pro'perty, . nini, okuq ini.

proud,

onde.

s9.

v.

alade.

prin'cipal, n. kpataki,
pri'son, n. tubu.

kalS,

iladi.

protuberance,

pri'vacy, n. abel, ikoko.

a.
adzib6wab4. pri'vately, adv. nikoko.
^adzu.
prefer', v. fa, fi
pri'vy, n. salaqga.
n.
iwii.
pre'ference,
prized, a. ayo.
preg'nancy, n. oyui), aboyui). proba'tion, n. idaqwo.
preg'nant, a. yuq, boyliq, lo- proceed', v. ns6.
proclaim', v. kede.
preme'ditate, v. ro. tBle.
proclaim'er, n. akede.
prepara'tion, n. 6se, iinura.
proclama'tion, n. ikede.
prepare', v. d&, inura, kpdlemo, pro'digal, n. akpa.
.

m.

ateteko.

pri'mitive, a.
prince, n. omo

asot^Ie, afo^e.

pronounce',

tele,

tele.

predic'tion, n.
pre-exist'ent,

kale.

propi'tiator,
ariij.

oluvvo.

lana... tele.

predict',

taq

iye, iyebiye.

n.

priest'hood,

tukpu.

predes'tinate,

I9W0.

dayele, diyele.

n.

preach'er, n. oniwasi,oiiiwasu. prick'le,

precede', v. sadzu.
pride, n.
a.

v.

pro'phet, n. anabf, woll.

preva'ricate, v. yihui).
lekuij.
propi'tiate, v. to, tu
prevent', v. da
tuno.
pre'vious, a. iwadzu, sadzu.
ituno.
adv.
lariqkai), propitia'tion, n.
pre'viously,

idols) ikpe, (6y rote) iroij.

pre'eious,

rar)

pro'phecy, n.
pro'phesy, v.

bori, seguq.

tele, ri.
pra-wn, 71. ede.
pray, v. gbadua, gbadura, kiroq. pre'viousness, n.
pray'er, n. {to God) adura, (to prey, n. ohur)-9de.

v.

ileri, ^eleri.

dk.

ka,

pretend', v. fi
kpe.
kpakpa, ikpakpa, pret'tiness, a. daradara.
pret'ty, a. dara.

prai'rie, n.

preach,

adv.

presumptuously,

povT'er, n. ase, ikpa, agbara.

pO"w'erful, . alagbara.
pOAv'erless, a. allagbara.

..

^e

leri,

a.

promising,

proof,

presump'tion, n. ikugbu.
presump'tuous, a. kugbu.

v.

promote', v.
promul'gate,
wi

gbu.

po'verty,M.
povT'der, n.

SOI),

kirimo.

gup.
.

n.

press,
press,

akpo, birigami.
koqsa.

(out) da, ila

V.

PUB

119

kiri.

V,

ro

kale,

wi

PUF
pufl?

V.

pull,

V.

pump

ques'tion, n.
ques'tion, v.

fS.

asefefe.

a.

puflfed up,

kd, JO.

fa,

'kin, n.

n.

dze

V.

pu'nish,

quick 'ener,

^e

niya,

nise.

n.

pur'blindness,

pur 'chase,

no.

mim6.

aileri, fufu,

egbara, imodio, maladzu,

okcte.

wiri-

kaij,

in,

iyagriij dide.

n.

a.

dakedze,

dakeroro,

furu, die, diedze,

quill, n.

n.

V.

gboro,

purr, V.
purse,

asui]w6i),

le

le

kpa,

rere, tele.
n.

aikperi.
V.

wo,

bi,

ti

te,

si,

to

push doion, bi ^ubn, ti subii, tari.

pus'tule, n. arore, rore.
to put away, fi
put, V. fi
sile
sile, ko
put doton, fi
sile
bale, fi. .1|, fi
put
k& put
le, bu
upon, fi
:

sin6, fi.

. .

fi ..

2to, fi...bo,

pu'trefy, V. ra.
puz'zle, n. okpe.
puz'zle, V. g6, kpa
puz'zling, a. gig9.

rab'bit,

irarj, idile, oril5

race,
rack'et, n. ariwo.
ra'diant, a. fofo.
rafter, n. eke.
rag,

. .

lokpe, su.

emerii),

etne-

sS.

n.

v.

edii, odzo.

v.

rh,

v.

quar'ter,
quar'ter,

so,

a.

ba

\h.,

n.

kawe, kewu.
akawe.

ot6.

a.

m5

v.

n.

sS.

dide
.

. .

{cause), idi,

rea'son, v. soroye, 4aroye, sodi.

rea'sonable, a. dzana, niyen6.
n.

to

dide,

toij

rok9i), seiye, sote.

rebel'lion, n.

is9te, ote, eiye.

ibawi.

oba.

recall',

a.

riij

ri

kiri.

n.

kpe

eseri.

n.

wi,

fi

kilo.

kpada, toq

v.

gba, gba

. .

sodo,

gba, tew6gba.

receiv'ing, n.
re'cently, adv.

gbokn, meseri.

atigba.
nil9lo,

^ese,

setoi).

ito.
v.

v.

kpe.

receive',

v.

kpedio.

asote, olusote, olote.

v.

rebel',

aspye.
v.

ba

ra'rity, n.
.

goke.

iyeno;

n.

ra

kpada, da

nide.

rasp,

dagba.

toi)

v.

ki.

quench,

v.

rebuke',
rebuke',

v.

ras'cal,

t6

te,

re'bel, n.

agbende.

agbo.

ran'cid,

v.

ha.

n.

ram'ble,

ot6.

se.

tog ko.

n.

v.

queen, n. ayuba, iyafiij.

queer, a. emo, lemo.
kpa.

dzasi, to.

v.

rap, V. kar).
ra'pidly, adv.

idameriq.

. . .

kpale.

rebuild',

ran'somer,

n.

gbe

reassem'ble,

dziiide.

al4so.

da

v.

v.

v.

rea'soning,

osumare.

nieriij.

v.

. . .

alagisa.

rodzo.

gbe,

rank, n.
ran'som,

iye.

dia,

quar'relsome,

abe.

itorf.

aso.

n.

rancid'ity,

quar'rel,

w6

reascend',
rea'son, n.

alagisa.

n.

rai'ment,
rain,
rain,

rais'ing,

elesemeriij.

a.

rear,

raise from the dead, dii

.

rage, v. d^a.
rag'ged, a. kperekpere,

ram,
ram,

n.

n.

rag'man,

dzigoijroi),

reap, v. ka, kore.

reap'er, . olukorc.
reap'ing-hook, n. iWo.
reappear', v. t6i3 haij.

idzc.

agisa, akisa.

n.

raise,

merirj.

quan'tity,

tutu.

n.

re'alize,

agoro, ehoro.

n.

w5. rain'bo'W, n.

Q.

v.

koto

n.

a.

re'al,

rake,
rake,

quad'ruped,
quad'ruple,

akpadie, akpani-

rea'diness, n. imura.
read'ing, n. akawe.
rea'dy, a. mura.

mi, wariri.

v.

n.

le,

a.

re'ally, adv.

alafuta,

V.

ravr,
raze,

akpo, adegu^leakpo, read'er,

w.

lamdraij,

orekese.

pursue',

dode.

ravine',

read,

nini.

kuijkui).
.

tu.

n.

ra'venous,

reach,

dekui), y|, ye.

a.

qui'ver,

n.

ra'zor, n.

iye.

qui'ver,

ra'vel,

akparoq.

d4yele, diyele.
rath'er, adv. kuku.

idiigoijroi).

ibale,
didake,
idake, idakedze, idakeroro.

quite,

n.

die.

qxii'etness,

V.

ratan',
rate, v.

ra'ven,

kauijkau^, teno.

quit,

called, afe, ago, agor6, ase, asii)rii),

love, dzi.

bale, r^.

kpinu.

quake,

aluko.

a.

pur'pose,

push,

16.

ar5, eblri.
n.

pu'rity,
pur'ple,

pus,

asonidaye.

qui'etly, adv.

pur'chase, n. ora.
pur'ehaser, n. ora, ora.
pure, a. eki, mo.
pure'-hearted, a. oninifufu.
nino.
purge, V. su
purifioa'tion, n. awemo.
pu'rify, V. da, w...mo, we
.

fi

kekekpa.

ra.

v.

V.

qui'et,

afota.

lere,

wiri.

qui'et,

omo-odin.

n.

pu'pil,

atisenise.

n.

n.

quick'sand,

pu'nishment,

da

v.

quick'ly, adv.

ita.

. .

ekute; difierent kinds are

rat, .

ebi, gre, ibi.

bi

yara, were, ^ira.

quick, a.
quick'en,

elegede.
adv.
Idkoko.

puno'tually,

pun'gency,

EEC

120

n.

oludande.

recep'tion, n. atigba,
reck'less, a. alidna.
reck'on, v. siro, \k.
recline',

fu.

akaii^e.

diagididzagai).

ayui).

v.

recollect',

guqr9i), r9gb9kA.
v.

re'eompense,
re'compense,
re'coneile,

igba.

v.

niraij, ranti.

n.
v.

9W91), esaij.
radi, sag.

ladia, tu.

REG

121

re'conciler, n. aladia.
reeoneilia'tion, n. etutu.
recount', v. kpitaij, ro.
idarawa.
re'ereate, v. gba
.

resolu'tion,

akpeta.

remind',

r5.

v.

leti, si

raij

remis'sion, n.
remit', v. fi

nide.
redeem', v. da
redeem'er, n. oludande.
redemp'tion, n. idande.

{after eating) adiekiii).

remorse', n. arokaij.

red'ness, n. ekp6i), kpukpa.

reed, n. ifefe, idze, iye.

remove',

rem'nant,

remote',

v.

reflect',

reform', v.
reform'er,

rend,

kpiwada.

renounce',

n.

alatogse.

tu

refresh'ment,

w.

fa

itura.

rent,

oluwodzii.

v.

k9

15,

isimi.

aisimi.

a.

rest'less,

rest'lessly, adv.

n.

n.
.

restora'tion, n.
restore', v. bo

akp4gbeyir), ele.

re'fuge, w. abo, asala.

refund', v, saij kpada.
refuse', v. du, k6.
re'fuse, n. atAnd, okusu.
refus'er, n. okose.

repeal',

v.

repeal',

n.

regard', v. bikita, feti,

ki, wodiu, sidzuwo.

resurrec'tion,
repeat, v. toq wf.
agbende.
repent', v. kpiwada, ronokpi-

rege'nerate,
re'gion,

n.

v.

repair'er,

fodiusi,

fi

rehearse
reign,
reign,

ro.

repent'ance,

n.

n.

idi9ba.
okuij idianu.

n.

reply',

n.

v.

maraduro,

kpa-

sag

esdij,

esag,

isaij,

dzise.

0W91).

retreat',

v.

ho.

retreat',

n.

qsk.

reproach', v. bi
kpada.
Idhug, bo- return', v.
return', n. akpada.
diumo, siregug.
reject'ed, a. asati.
reveal', v. fi
reproach', n. Sgarj, ete.
hai), sikpayd.
rejoice', v.
n.
abawi.
jb, y5ay5, yay6, reproof,
reveal'ing, n. asikpaya.
wi.
ieajb.
revela'tion, ra. asikpaya, ifih^fl.
reprove', v. ba
rejoic'ing,n. {together) a,dioyb. reputa'tion, ?i. ihiq.
re'velry, n. irede.
relate', v. gba
ro, kpa, ro, reput'ed, a.
revenge', V. gbesai), sag
esdg.
sebi, asebi.
rohii).
re'verence, v. b9la, hari.
request', v. bere, bl.
rela'tion, n. ikpele.
re'verent, a. hari, ahari.
require', v. di, b6re.
6kar).

k5, tikuro.

v.

reject',

. .

. . .

re'lative.w.

dna, ikpele, olutaq, requite',

res'cue,

ol9tai).

release',

da

v.

kuro, dza

. .

nide, dzow9l9wci.
v.

relent',

relieF,

n.

relieve',

itil.

v.

de

reserve',
.

resem'blance,
resem'ble,

lara.

siijsir).

reside',

a.

revile',
alugb9i),

ii,

v.

da

adasl.

gbe.

silS.

elegaij.

n.

at9i)hil, odii.

revive', v. tdghu, si
reviv'er, n. oludzi.
reviv'ing, . odii.
revolt',

V.

re'sidence, n. ile.
re'sident, a. agbe, atikpo.
re'sidue, n. iyokug.
re 'sin, n. ida, odiia.

remain', v. kui), sikuij.

remain'der,w. abukuij, ibukuij,

resist', v.
gbonu, kodiudia, kolakuiegbe.
diudzasi.
rib, n.
egurj iha.

iyokurj.

16

. .

re'solute,

a.

gbodiul6,

revolt'er,

revolve',

reward',

n.
v.

n.

lodiu.

v.

asote.
yi.

sag.

rheu'matism,

rice,

seiye, s9te.

relin'quish, v. fi
sil|.
reluct'ance, n. afiyagdiuse.
reluct'ant, a. alaigb9do.
reluct'antly, adv. k9ti.
.

t6wot5w9.

gag.

n.

revil'er,

reviv'al,

irar).

dabi.

da

v.

.\k.

n.

v.

v.

reserved',

re'verently, adv.

s4i).

gba

aworaq, diidiq,

dekur).

reli'gion, n.

v.

v.

adiinde,

n.

retalia'tion,

idahui), idie.

diiliiij,

mu

sikpo,

w6i).

k6q.

IS,

esi,

v.

report',

v.

su.
retail', v.
iron6kpiwada. retail'er, n. onisu.
radi,
{of behavior) reta'liate, v.

n.

dahug, fesi, fenusi, dze.

reply', v.

restraint', n. akoso.
result, n. amuwah.

dzi.

at9i)hi\, {of words) at9i)wi.

replen'lsh,

dioba.

m.

reins,

v.

'i

v.

akp9i), arc.

amukpada.

kpada.

restrain',
ram6.

a.tqi)ie.

afidii.

repeti'tion,
lesese, leseese.

okehiqda.

alat9i)se.

n.

wadi, tuba.

to^ibl.

iba.

rein,

n.

repair 'ing,

agbegbe, ekui), ekuij,

re'gularly, adv.

n.

renuncia'tion,

laisimi.

n.

rest'lessness,

akpada.
wo.

adab6\v9.
simi.

feri, noijyi,

rest, n.

ya.

to...

t6wotow9.

n.

responsibil'ity,
rest,

v.

renova'tion,
rent, v. gba

lara, tura.

. .

nidi,

silS.

kparam6.

refresh ',v.

v.

^i, sidi, ii

da,

nikpo.

mete.

v.

refrain',

v.

si

^ikpo,

6W9.

ikasi,

n.

respond', v. daliuq.
respond'er, n. elcgbe.
response', n. idie.

dzina.

a.

diuba,

fodzukpe,

si.

akokuq, ibukui), respect'fuUy, adv.

n.

idasi;

dakuij, d4wij, k&,wu.

v.

reel,

respect', .
respect'er,

ifidii.

dzi.

v.

respect',
ka, ka

raij

niraij,

niye.

eiJo.

?..

remem'ber, v. nirai), ranti.

resolve', v. kpinu.
remem'brance,w. inirari,iraij. resort', v. t5.

re'ereating, a. at9i)da.
red, a. be, beledie, kpori, kpu
kpa,

remains',

IC

11

mu,

sigkafa.

akuiegbe,

RIC
a.

rich,

olowo, bro, rot,

la,

atila,

n.

ola.

rid'dle, n.

ride,

v.

fi

eleya,

fi

fi

^efe,

^ah6,

^esiq,

iesii),

sare.

alkre

right side, qtorj.

okuijra.

adv. or prep.

rouse,

V.

a.

yika.

dii, tadii.
ese.

V.

ring,

v.

n.

si, ^i

alaierkr).
.

nb.

Me,

as6gb6, d.

kpoi).

ru'mor,

rump,
hil-

lock) bike.
rise, n. ihul|.
n.

iru.

se.

idaie.

didze.

V.

ri'val,

ri'valry, n. adidze, idie.

ri'ver, n. odo, ikpa-odo.
ri'vulet, n. omodo, ^olo.

rob,

ho.

V.

roast,
V.

ko

bole,

n.

leru.

akpdta, okuta, agbasa.

n.

roll, n.
roll,

roof, n.

room, n.
room'y,
V.

itebo, ole, orul6.

afo, aye, ikele.

a.

alaye, laye.

w8.
n.

root, n.

egbo, gboqgbo.

root,

rope,

dogui).
n.

rust,

s.
isimi,

ose

k'kviko.

tar)gbo.
okiij, or6.

rope 'maker,

?i.

olokui).

the

Sabbath, adiimo,

idzimo.

re.

adieyo,

ayo,

re.

sa'tisfied, n.

lel|,

sa'tisfy,

V.
.

itori

it^krog.

satisfac'tion,

mu

saved,

yo.
.

.lor9i),

tori

lodiu.

la.

atila.

re.

sa"W", V.

mato.

a.
v.

fi

saTW,
.

i-ub9, seb9.

aruda,

arukoi),

sa'crilege (commit),
Olorui)
a.

li

ole.

sad'dle,

n.

asa, gari.

sad'dle,

v.

di

sad 'die-cloth,
a.

re.

ola,,

olugbala, oi)\k.

adSij.

n.

fi

ni gfivi.

bese, itehii).
ifadzuro.

li

ayui) re.

ayur), oyuq.

savr'yer, n. alagi, gbenagbena.

say, V. li, ni, kpe, kperi, wi.
re.

ak9.

dia scaffold, re. atibaba.

scale, re. (fish) ikpe, ikpekpe.
SCa'ly, a. yiyi.
scar, re. odzu, sasa.
scarce, adv. kede, ^9W9i), w6i).

ailewu,

safe'ly, adv.

safe'ty,

v.

fadzuro, faro.

sad'ness,

n.

scab 'bard,

eb9, igbo.

safe,

tori odifi.

sa'vory,/!. lonli),oloriii),adid5ij.
dke, akalambi.

n.

sa'cred,

sad,

mim6.

birigami, laba.

re.

sav'ior, re.
abose- sa'vor, re.

dig.

sack,

di

sauce, re. 9b.

sauee'pan, re. isasuq.
sau'cy, a. safodiudi yadzu.
sa'vage, a. as5.
save, V. gba ... la, ^e igbal^,

ikpara.

n.

busu.

emiriq.

re.

v.

sa'tiate,

dikpara,

kpara,

sa'crifice, n.

61c.

roost'er,
V.

mim6,

bata, salubata.

re.

odzu, k6q

sa'criiice,

(of cloth), akpokpo.

k4.

V.

roost,

isodi

iyaijrir),

sati'ety,
odiu.

]abamoll,alabamol|, sab'bath-breaker, n.

og9.

rogue,

da

so

v.

sanc'tify,

satch'el,

run'ner, n. asare.
run'ning, n. ask.
rush, V. TO.
rush, re. oglri.
V.

igbala, il^.

sap, re. odie.

sash, n. ik9be, mayafi.
Sa'tan, re. esu, bara, ebilisi.

as^sig, isaijsa.

Mohammedan

edzikai), igara, ol9sa.

roh'bery, n. igara, os^.

rod,

idi, idi.

n.

n.

h&kank, cy'mk, kand,

na, qkar).

sk, saloh, sare, sure.

V.

Sab'bath,

sui), SOI).

rob'her,M.

rook,

bebe

alku, aku, okfi,

sanctifica'tion, re.
die.
adimim6.

kiri.

v.

v.

roar,

a.

sand'-fly,

ikpa-6na, 5na.

n.

roam,

run,

rust,

oludidie.

ri'val, n.

road,

same,

okiki.

n.

n.

8!.

n.

ki.

salva'tion,

odioye, akoso.

run'a'way,

(up) adiinde,

da

risk, V.
risk, n.

V.

salute',

alakpa, ala-

dboro,

n.

rul'er,

iy9

iki, ikini, kiki.

^olori.

kaw6,

rip 'en, v. gbo, kpoi)^9.

ripe'ness, w. 6de, ekp6i).
rise, V.
dide, ru, wu, (as a

rising,

fi

sand, re.
di9kpa.
rule, V. ie akoso, dioye, dioba, san'dal,

a.

ripe,

iyo, orere.

V.

lagogo.

ringleader,
rinse,

re.

salt,

ruins,

n.

9m9le.

salt,

eka, oka, oruka.

re.

ito.

re.

saluta'tion,

mim6.

fenia
itori.

ekpo.

ring,>M.

ita, iriij.

9l9ko.

re.

rug'ged, a. sakisaki.
rug'gedly, adv. sakisaki.
ru'in, V. rug, kparuij, ba

n.

rind,

dede.

re.

sali'va,

dogba, diare, save, to. ro'W, V. tuko.

ro'w'er, n. atuko.
right'eous, a. alare, olododo.
right'eousness, n. dodo, do- rub, V. gbo, kiqrir), kpa, rL
dod6, ododo.
rud'der, w. it9k9.

rightly, adv.
rim, n. eti.

riij.

salaman'der,

a.

right,

igbokui).

V.

sake,

in.

round,
round,
11.

re.

sail,

sail'ing,

sakpasakpa.
rough'ness, n. hanaliana.

row,

sail,

sailor, re.
dzagaq, kp41akp41a.
kabakaba,
yhi)- saint, re.
adv.^

yai),

^efe.

right, r*.
right, w.

a.

a.

roughly,
esi, esiq.

eleya,

v.

ri'dicule,

ikS,.

rough,

gesii), gQi).

n.

bA, ra.

bi\,

n.

rot'ten,

alo.

ri'dicule,

V.

rote,

oldro, 9l9to.

rich'es,

SCA

122

scarc'ity, re.
Scare'croAV,

la.

scar'let,

re.

ailewu.

scat'ter,

v.

ailewu, alafia, 9la.

tand, tuka.

iw9ri, owoij.

adidii.

n.

alari,

fe

. . .

ododo.
ka, fop, fogka,

SC A
scat'tered,

owara.

n.

scat'teringly, adv.

se'cret-teller, n.
katakata,

sasa, tore.

lilili,

n.

akodii\,

scis'sors,

n.

scofi^

fi

I',

om9 kewu.

alumagadii, emu.
so eleya,

. . .

yo

suti

11.

n.

scoffer,
scold,

V.

n.

sedge,

scold'ing,

s6,

bawi.

abawi.

n.

scorch,
scorn, n.

akeke,akerekerc,

odiogai).

alar6kereke.

scomi'drel, n.
scour, V. kpa,

scourge,
SCOAvl,

scram'ble,
dzadii.

aferi.

scrap, 11. akisa, ida asa, irekpe.

scrape, v. fa, ha, haij.
scratch, v. ka, ko, dia lekana.
scra"w'ny, a. banta.

scream,

v.

ak6we.

n.

scrip, n.

akpo-agbadagodo.

severe'ly, adv. gogo.

seve'rity, . imu.

b5.

v.

gba

n.

wadi.

v.

n.

sculp 'ture,

ike.

n.

ota.

lu.

se'nilcircle,
sumare.

sami

search,
search, n.
searched,
v.

ateguij.
eti okuij.

si, di.

wk.
aferi,

a.

awari.

awatdi).

sea'-shell, n.

kpekpekuq.
sea'son, n. ewd, wakati.
sea'sonable, a. sakoko.
seat, n. ibudzoko, ikpo.
se'cond, a. ekedzi, kedzl, atele.

se'condly, adv. lekedii.

se'cresy, n. abelS.
se'cret, n.
a.

ikoko.

nikoko.

eti aso.

n.

V.

water),

gai), rai), raijso.

shack'le,

arar)S9.

sekeseke

n.

v.

shade,
shade,

neck-

. .

de,

di

di,

.ni se-

v.

sidii, sidiib&.

n.

ibodziij, odiidii, odzi-

dziij.

sha'dow,

n.

onibodii.

sha'dy, a.
shake, w.

gboi),mi,yii): toAaA:

hands, bd, b6

l9\vo, b9wo.
shak'en, a. amikpS, gb9g.
shak'y, adv. ^bati.
shak'ing, a. imi.

shall, aux.

nise, raij^e.

adiidiii), odiidii,

odiidiii).

osumare, bi6- shal'lo^w,

shame,
shame,

6, 8, k, ba.

kd

a.

v.

diiij.

dodzuti,

n.

esi,

fi

. .

esiij,

kilo.

itidiu,

odzuti.

shame'less, a. 9dadiu, aitidiu.

shan'ty, n. ag6.
shape, n, awo.
share, n, itori.
share, v.
kpiij,
^e-adiokpiij,

riraij.

are.

n.

sense, n. itumb, iyen6.

sen'tence, n. imS, ikpiiiti.
sen'try, n. iso.
se'parate, v. da
nikpa, l9to,
hari, wa.
s9to, ya, yakpa.
kpala, ya
shar'er,K. adi9kpii), alabakpiq,
se'parately, adv. loto, soto.
aladi9ni, odiuwa, olukpiq.
se'parateness, n. oto.
sharp, a. mii, goi)go.
separa'tion, n. Sya, iyakpa.
sharp'en, v. gbe, kpori, kpoi)mu.
se'pvilchre, n. ibodii.
.

ser'pent,

se'cretly, adv.

asetin6.

n.

olurarise.

afowobo, alam6, asiri, serenade',

esi, esii).

ti-

ifera.

n.

n.

send'ing,
se'nior,

tikalA,

alasedsii.

rai), rai)

kale,

keseke.

ta.

n.

send, V.
send'er,

yar).

igbera.

sel'ler, n.

V.

sea'-breeze, n.
sea'-coast, n.

fera, onifera,

a.

scut'tle,

agbami, okuij.

ikparamo.

self-^willed'ness,
V.

am6ta;i.

n.

self-defence',

selv'edge,

se'cret,

n.

self-conceit',

sell,

sa

kpakpa,

alafo.

n.

sew,

asayai), ayo.

self, pron.
kar&, dk.

shackle, adzaga.

sa, yar),

n.

n.

seal,

mn.

oqroro.

amuya, emn, igbamu. sew'er, n.

sel'dom, adv. idiokarjlogboij, shack'le,

seut'tle,
11.

a.

n.

selfish,

ete, odogi.

scru'tinize,

sea,

(as

severe',

self-Avilled', n.

scro'fula,

gbe

ari.

v.

snare, ke, rege.

ted6

V.

oluwo.

See selfishness,

satchel.

bale,

a.

self-deni'al,

hag.

to set

n.

gudugudu, select', V.
select'ed,

n.

idzadu.

. .

seer,

nidzokaqlogbor).

scram'bling,

scribe,

irugbii).

w6, dabi.

seiz'ure,

degudagudu, dii-

v.

fi

seen,

seize,

fediu.

V.

igba

atiri, irai).

v.

down,

set'tlement, n. odzo, itedo.

se'ven, num. edze, medie.
se'venfold, a. leviijmedze.
se'venteen, num. etadilogui).
se'venth, num. ekedze, kedie.
se'venty, num. adoriq.
se'ver. See separate.

inimo.

saferi, wii, wakiri.

seethe,

fS.

na.

v.

seem,

n.

n.

seek'er,

eleya.

scor'pion,

iru, irngbiri,

n.

set

tore.

wo.

ri, rirai),
11,

bi ern.

set'tle,

ik ... letaij.

v.

seeing,
seek, V.

eya, ikposi.
n.

scorn'er,

V.

kale
olote.

a.

seedtime,

diona.

V.

se-

dition, rulu.

seed,

cause

to

ti.

i^e-isii), siqsli].

sege.
isote

sedi'tious,
see,

onigbowo.

ila,

n.

sedi'tion,

ba

lailewu.

la,

se

sirj,

servi'Uty, n. iwa eru.

ser'vitude, n. oko era.
set V. ba, w6 to set upon, bu
ka to
ka, gbe
ka, fi

oniyakpa.

n.

secu'rity,

eleya, elegai).

s9,

n.

v.

ser'vice, n.
ser'vile, a.

iyakpa.

secta'rian,
secure', a.

seduce',

si.

asorodzedie, serve,

asorokele.

sect,

scent, 11. oiiii).

scent, V. gboi'ui).
scentless, a. ailorui).
seep'tre, n. okpa, okpa oba.

scholar,

SH A

123

serv'ant,
iraij^e.

v.

n.
n.

dadza.
bdio.
orao,

sharp 'ly,

adv.

sharp'ness,
omodo, shave,

v.

n.

fa,

the head, fan.

gogo.
imu, mimu.
fagboi): to shave

SHE
she, jiron.
sheaf, n,

shear,

v.

re, rer6r).

n.

alumagadii.

ak9.

wd

r,

ta, tadze, ta

sheep,

shri'vel,

olurer9i).

sheath,
shed, V.

shriek, n. ke gore.
shrilly, adv. goro.
shrink, v. soi)ki.

6.

(5i),

idi, iti.

shear'er,

shears,

6,

i,

re.

shed blood,

to

^gutaq.

sheep 'fold,

ile

agu-

taq.
.

sheet,
shelf,

gogowu.

n.

kii-

kpekpe, ikpekpe,

kara.

shel'ter,

dabobo, radobo.

v.

shep'herd,
shield,
re.

v.

ship'master,
ship '-wreck,
re.

re.
i.

re.

sift,

sigh,

V.

sight,

aisai), ar5i), ekur).

V.

skill,

to shoot
forth, ta,

shore, n. ebAdo.
short, a. kuru.
short'en, v. mu

kuru, se

kuknru.

to

kukuru.

shot'-pouch, re. mayami.

should, aux. ba, iba.
shoul'der, n. cdzika.
shoul'der-blade, . oko.
shout, V. ho, hokuij, k9.

shouting,

iho:

re.

v.

shove,

V.

shew,

r.

fi

haij,

n.

sho-w'er,

re.

n.

re.

a.

re.

orui).

sky 'light,
a.

re.

d|,

re.

fadaka.

v.

fi

alagbede

fa-

faramo.

a.

n.

v.

h&e.

since,
sincer'ity,
sing,

11.

singe,

V.

re.

re.

alsetaij.

isai).

k9Q,
wi.

koijrii).

slacken one's

to

6de, iso.

gbagada.
dulumo.

ba

v.
.

die,

abara.

slap,

v.

gba, gba
wala.

lorukodie,
.
dfilumo.
.

. .

labara.

eru.

re.

slave'dealer,re.
alai-

. .

abanidie.

re.

n.

re.

gba

slap,

slave,

gbara.

dese, gbese, 8|.

adv.
nigbati.

so.
:

re.

slan'derer,

slate,

awdraij.

sim'ple, a. sokpe.
sim'pleton, re. alairaoye,

si'ne-w,

re.

slan'der,
baruko

fadaka sub9.
re.

odiukpo.

ikoro,

Me.

se gbagada.

I',

slein'der,

sil'ver,

V.

shrewd, a. 11 ogboi), logboij.

shrewd'ness, a. 9gboi).

sky,

pace, dese, kpesem9.

were, ^iwere, siqwiij,

sil'ver,

re.

9wara, wara.

f9.

slam,
slam,

sin,

ifih&r).

w.
V.

awere, iwere.

mb, sin,

oso.

showing,

re.

ara.

sil'liness,

niyen6, kSre, okpe.

fi

f.
re.

slack'ness,

sim'mer,

diure.

cguguij.

slack'ened, v.
slack'en, v. to

tumbu.

re.

simi'litude,

r6i], suij.

skin,

slack,

daka.

shouting

re.

er9.

botiboti.

si'milar,

ogota, ota.

iko.

. .

saijyari, seda.

sil'versmith,

loudhj, killiu.

re.

make a sign, skin,

sarai).

short'ness, re.
shot, re. 9ta.

mefefa.

re.

sil'lily, adv.

silly,

ikpo.

fo.
skip,
re.
Ienum6.
idii].
skip'per,
kpa
adiiij, adziqdiiij, skull, re.
agbari.

silk'worm,

takpe.

mefa.

skim,

edoij.

inai), iraij, iri, irina.

ami,ise;

re.

ibi,

efa,

mi

re.

fidi-

ige.
re.

skil'ful, a. m|ro, eler9.

skil'fulness, re. imSro.

k9i)k9so, ase.

akiidie, arere, idake, keke.

si 'lent, a.
dake, didake; to be

silk,

down,

six'teen, num. edin6gui].

sixth, num. ekefa.

skein,
ske'leton,

kpenum6.
...m- silently, adv. furu.
;

to sit

imi edSij.

re.

si'lence,

ta, yii)b9i), jij]

dioko

sakpere, iakpere, sakpediure.

shoot a bow, ta, tafa

to

re.

sit, w.

m.

id6, isagati.

si'lence,

arabiri.

sis'ter,

six'ty, num.

ase.

sign, re.

ele^e.

re.

fere.

six'fold,

kii, se.

I',

V.

sifting, re.
a sick per- situa'tion,

silent,

shoot,

sho^w,

rSq.

re.

ef9ko, ifoko.

bata.

hqj)

sieve,

sigh,

ara^bata, oni-

re.

r5q

silo.

re.

sink into the

aile^e, alaileie, lal-

six, num.

re.

to

bal5.

akpa, egbe, iba.

re.

oloka.

shoe, n. bata, kobita.

shoeless, a. lainibata.

shoe'maker,

9k9.

saisaij,

ri

re.

ekuri, ilekuij.

re.

V.

re.

awo.

asati,

re.

shut'tle,

sift'er,

eha, ewu, agbaladia.

bebe.

re.

shock,

tag,

5ko.

re.

shirt,

raij, ta,

tl.

taijinole, taqsaij,

shoal,

(in), a.

siege,

odzugoij.

mo, m9l6,

mu,

sinless,

kpade, se, 8em6, hk.

adim6.

V.

shut

side,

akpata, ganiki, gariki.

igoi),

ago we.

nikaij, nikai) ioio,

(/round, w61.

sip,

shut,

sick'ness,

oluio-Agutar).

tetn.

re.

okaij, nikaq.

d9do, kpdkpala. sink, V.

yakpasile.

sick'en, v.
sickle, re.

aibo.

n.

re.

she'riffj n.

ship,

fi

akoijrig, olorig.

a.

ioio.

son, abiroi).

abd.

re.

shel'terless,

shine,

V.

sick,

shel'ter,

shin,

ag9.

shut'ter,

kpekpe.

re.

shell,

a.

re.

agbo or

n.

shri 'veiled,

shroud,
shroud,

re.

sin'gle,

sin'gly, adv.

soqki.

i*.

sing'er,

lese.
shuck, re. ef'oi), fiilufulu.
ri
V.
fa
shun,
sehiij,
sk, soijki, sin'ner,

sile.

SLE

124

slave'holder, n.
sla'very, re. oko

ateru,teruteru.
eleru.
er<i.

slay, V. kpa.
slay'er, re. onikpa.
sleek, a. dai).
sleek'ness, re. adai).
sleep,

re.

sleep,

V.

idzika,odz(iorur),orinj.
sui),

togbe.

a.

aisup.

sleepless,

SLE
sleep V)

"

SPE

125

o!) koi)mi (/

am smo'ther,

v.

fiij.

soot,

smug'gle,

V.

yabode.

soothe, V.

smut,

adu, diakawd.

sleepy).

n.

dzakdwS.

n.

tB

laiya or lara, tu.

sop, V. rq-Q.
n.
a,
sor'cerer, n. oko.
slen'der,
egui).
foi),gigo, g9,gb6ro, snag,
sore, n. egbo, odzu.
tere, tiriij.
snail, . igbiq, ikpere, okoto.
slen'derness, n. eii.
snake, n.
edio, manamana, sore, a.
gbekaij.
sor'rovr, w. aro, idaro, anu.
owoi), sebe.
sley, n. asa.
n.

sleight,

slide,

alukpayida,

idai).

bo.

V.

slight,

snap, v.
da

V.

. .

kodia,

fi

dzafara.

V.

sling,

n.

slip,

slit, V.

snatch,
snatch,

yo.

a.

slip'pery,

sneer,

yo.

daij,

n.

sloth, n.
sloth'ful,

slo'ven,

afara, ole.

dera, oiiilora.

a.

oboi).
arfu.

slo'venly,
a.

kpele, kSke.

sly'ness,
small, a.
kini,

n.

goigoi, tiko.

aigbo, aiye.

togbe.

n.

v.

wewe,

ki-

kibiti.

kekere, kikini.

n.

^akpan4.

v.

n.

so.

alalieso.

SOI) mo.

fi

o^e.

soar, V.
so'ber,

ar6.

soci'ety,

bomi,

re.

\val| {he is

airckodia.

egbe.

n.

iho-itebo.

dS,

de,

fule,

ogero.

mu

V.

de or

fulefule, r6ra.

soft'ness, n.

|de, ro.

ill.

se dtikpo, ^4tikpo.
n.

sol'dier, n.

adzaguij,

omo

dzakare, dzama,

felefele,

felefele.
'
i'dinj,

V.

{qi), fqi)

.gbii), foqru-

sti.

sow'er, n.
space, M.

afo, aye, ofurufu.

spa'cious,

a.

af9i)rugbiq.

alaye, laye.

kui)

dai)kare,
oguij.

awd,

itu,

q]qkb.

special'ity,

n.

akai)se.

n.

n.

some 'times,

adv.

n.

91119,

kini.

adv.

nigbakflgba.
nibikaij.

omokoqri.

song, n. orii).
soon, adv. laikpe,

nisisiyi.

e^iij,

n.

speck'les,

speckle,

a\voijk4i),die,melo-

some'thing,

n.

spe'eies,

irono.

silS,

olo-

fo, fobuq, so, wi.

V.

n.

le, kiki.

goqse.

speak,

spear'man,

r9ii6.

spared, n. adasi, idasi.

spark, n. iforifo.
spark'lingly, adv. dierediere.

9kaQ, nikag.
nikaq.

sil.

sole, a.

son,
fele-

sovr,

spear,

some'where,

dai), te fele.

iqi)-

source, n. idi.
sour'ness, n. ekaq.
south, n. giisu.
south'^ward, adv. niba or siha

atelese.

a.

to

kaq.

sole, n.

sole'ly, adv.

obe.

a.

spar'row,

atikpo.

k4i).
fele,

(asleep),

spade, n. okqgnx).
span, V. gbair.
igbani.
kpere, span, n.
Span'iard, n. Aguda.
da ... si, da
r9.
spare, v.

soft'ly, adv.

so'joum, V.
so'joumer,

ta

dk, gba, ro,

gi\su.

n.

n.

a.

soft,

aifo, dida.

V.

gbig, gbii),

SOTXi.e,pron.

elefiq.

n.

fi

bo,

odzu re

fiq, refiij, ru.

adv.

sour,

ra, fo.

a.

solid,

daij,

oliui).

a.

n.

soup,

irena.

n.

okai).
n.

fqi).

ba, bai, bay), bour), behe,

efi, .fii),"cfiij.

smooth'ness,
fele.

V.

so'lemn, a.
solem'nity,

kuiia, tediu.

smooth, V.
smoothly,

snufi^

v.

wond6.
sound'ly, adv.

dzeka.

imo.

as4i'a.

soil, n.

kurj.

smith, n. alagbede.
smith'ery, n. agbede,
i.

igi

n.

rh,

smell, V. gborui).
smell, 11. orui).
smelling-bottle, n. akoso.
smelt, V. kpd, kporiq.
smelt'er, n. akporiij, olukporii).
smile, V. reiir) wcsi.
smite, V. kolu, lu, ^a.

smoke,
smoke, v.
smok'y, a.
smooth, a.

hoijrur),

n.

w.

sound in water, take soundings,

v.

soft'en,
.

kpara.

so 'da, n. kaug.
SO 'fa, n. ibir9gb9ku.

he

s6i)m6.

a small person, SQck'et,

ta.

smat'ter, v.
smat'terer,

sir).

so'bemess,

ayo^e.

^okoto

v.

sober).

kere, were,

small, adv.
small'ness,
small'-pox,

smear,

da

snuff,

soak,
soap,

akere.

smairt,

sound,
sound,
sound,

gege.

^fara.

slug'gish, a. le.
slug'gishly, adv.
slug'gishness, .

slum'ber,

soul,

idiakpati.

so, adv.

diafara, lora.

slo-wly, adv.
slow'ness, n.

n.

dza, takpa.

snuffers,

boi).

v.

v.

sni:^
snore,
snout,

l)|re.

a.

oloriori, oniruru.

obur) dide, ege,

V.

geregere.
a.

sloping,

kfinu.

a.

sort, n.

iti.

oniiora, aland.

a.

sor'rOTvful,

n.

sneeze,

la.

slope,

slow,

i\,

ho,

to snap the fin-

eku, sort, V.
l9to.
yai), ya
sor'tilege, n. ibo.
gboro, ikekuq, ikpeti, mate.

k^nakana.

V.

n.

n.

snare,

io.

gbSij.

fi,

s4ki:

sor'ry,

snap 'ping,

slightly, adv.

sUng,

s4,

gers, taka.

5k9.

ini.

n.

v.

eta.
sfetu.

speck'led, a. |tu.
spec'tacle, n. irina.
spec'tacles, n. aw6 odzu.

speech,
spell,

spend,

ohui), edc.

n.

V.
V.

ka.
na,

nawo.

spend'thrift, n. akpa, awand,

b9nikonu, nawonawo.

SPI
n.

spi'der,

alantakug, alaqsasa,

eleno.
n,

spike,

iio, ekai).

spill, V.

ta

silS,

yidanS.

spin, V. rai), raijwu.

spin'ner, n. aragwu,

iraijwu.

ta,

spi'rit, n.

afefe,

6mi.

n.

spite'fulness,
spit'tle, n.

sar)sai), la, sar), t6.

i*.

V.

spokes'man,
sponge, n.
spoon, 11.

n.

alagbas5.

ekp9i), ikpoi],

gombo,

n.

stam'mer, v.
stam'merer,
stamp, V.

spot,

V.

. . .

woi), rodio.
n.

sprin'kling,

ibo-

miw6ri, ibuwori.

ay9luwo, ayoniwo, kelekele.

rona.

V.

squalj'ble,

house),

asa-

kanile, sare.
n.

squash,

v.

squeeze,
squint,

squirrel,

n.

ikoi),

V.

sta'ble, n.

stack,

n.

stafi^ n.

ile iso

okpa.
n.

9lokpa,

0I9-

ta.

n.

awoij.

ie aviOi), w6r).

stin'gy,
stink, V.

V.

stir, V.

daru, ro, ru, wti.

bu,

rui), sayai].

stir'ring, n.

iro.

alukembu, oko-asa.

n.

stir'rup,

stockade', n. agbara.
stook'ing, n. ihqse.
stocks, n. aba.
n.

aiya.

n.

aga, akpoti.

stare,

V.

siloh.

stop'per,

starve, v.
starv'er,

debikpa, febikpa.

adebikpani, afebi-

n.

kpa.

state, n.

iwa.

sta'tion, w.

is6,

sta'tiu:e, n.

iga.

V.

a.

n.

stork,

M.

ak9.

m.

sto'ry,

n.

idzi.
irq.

lara.

a.

a.

dogba, gaijrai), tara,

t6.

t6.
straight'en, v. mu
straight'ness, n. itq, osa^baij,

akpe.

. . .

is aiyese.

a.

aba.

straight,

ikpo.

stead'fast,

n.

storm,

to stop

edidi.

n.

store,

stout,

ikpo.

duro, kpe.

staying,

tit9.

stead'fastly, adv. sir), ^iqsiij.

straight 'Avay, adv. eyitawiyi,
stead'fastness, n. aiyese.
logaij.
steal, w. dzale, dza
Ible, dzi, strain, v.
ba, gba, se.
.

diindi.

stealth,

v.

stem,

n.

n.

strain'er,
n.

ti

ay9se.
oru.

n.

steer,

n.

strait, M.

n.

a.

stran'ger,

gorigqxj.

n.

n.

stream,
See lar- street,

iridiu.

kpakuta.

stick,

igi.

stick,

V.

kai3m9le, re.

n.

n.

aledio,

n.

\qvqT).

ita.

agbara, okuij.

strength 'en,

mu

v.

. .

le, ti

. .

lebirj.

stretch,

v.

na, naga.

stretch'ing, n.
stre"w, V. fe
.

stiff'necked,

strike,

w&rqjjki.
die, d;5edze.

isaq.

strict'ly, adv.

still, a.

igboro,

k4ka, kak9.
stiffly, adv. kakakaka.

a.

a.

adzedzi,

strength,

n.

diwo, inira.
^mo, adzedzi.

stran'gle, n. I9
stra^w, n. koriko.

soro, asoro.
n.

oki-

ladiro,

olodzo.

ayaq.

a.

ase,

aro.

strange,

elefiq.

iokq.
kukute.

steward,

sti^

aba, agbo, a^ati.

staff '-bearer,
kpaga.

or esiq.

ita, eta.

V.

start,

6gi.

ste-w'pan,
g<ii).

n.

sting,

w6.

stern,

okere.

sting,

stool,

aba.

ren.

keke, oforo,

idakeroro.

gagalo.

V.
gbese.
okusale.
ste'rile, a.

fodzukai) wo.

v.

stilts, n.

sto'maeh,

step,

hi).

still'ness, n.

stand up,

to

iraw9.

stench,

agbedze.
squat, V, d4kaka, loso.
squat'ting, n. akaka.

r9ro.

stone, n. okuta, oko.

lokuta.
stone, V. S9
diduro, digbaro, stone'-cutter, n.
agbekuta.

a.

n.

steam'er,
steep, a.

ofb, 9kpalai.

{of a

n.

square,

m9le.

v.

steam,
awo.

n.

sibB.

stoop, V. bere, g9, tiri.

stoop'ing, adv. ibere.
dese, duro, di
stop, V.
the road, den a.

stead,

sprout, . akpadahii, ehu, ekaq.

sprout, V. ru, hii dzade.
sprout'ing, n. atoijhu.
spur, n. 9gai).
spy, n. alami, ami, atSna, awoye,

spy'-glass,

idigbaro, ogurodo.

stay,

abawoq,

akololo.

t5

V.

starch,

spotless, a. ailabawoi).
ro, r6.
sprain, v. fi
spread, v. mukale, ta, tai)kale, t6.
sprightly, a. ya.
spring, V. huko, re, ru.
spring, n. orisoij, isor).
w6q, b6iniw6i),
sprin'kle, v.
.

kololo.
n.

ibuduro.

n.

star, n.

abaw9r).
Be
.
labawoi).

ikasi,

kpokporo, igi.
budze, buso, oriso.

standing,

kaijrikai).

we.

V.

spot,

stab,

sta'ple, n.

sport,

spy,

stalk,

ehu, gboku, kasi,

duro, ro
dide, naro.

sibi.

bu.

a.

kpa

still, adv.

stin'giness,

ailabaw9i].
akas6.

stale,
obu.

stand,
stand,

a.

badze, dibadie.
badie, dibadze.
spoil'ed,
spoil'ing, n. ibadze.
spoil,

abaw6i), ibuw6ij.

stall, n.

eiiii].

be

split, V.

arapkai).

it9.

splin'ter, n.

n.

stain,

stair, w.

koro, soro.

a.

spite'fUl,

still, V.

tagboi)gb9i).

stag'geringly, adv. katakata.

stag'nant, a. gboku.
stag'nate, v. gboku.
loso.
stain, V. kpa

stainless,

iwosi.

n.

spite,

v.

stag'ger,

tu, tuto,

V.

spit,

. . .

STR

126

strife, n.
to

v.

ena, ijk.
.

ka,

for).

Ies9les9.

idia, ag95.

d4,

lii,

lule,

ro,

strike against, d4kai),

ti

giii),

STR
da
da
da

m6

lida

. .

strike

with a sword,
a stick,

sud'denness,

with the

strike with

SYR

121

strike

sue,

V.

fi

string,

V.

sii).

suffer, V. diiya.
sufferer, w. odiiya.
suffering, n. iya.

string,

n.

okiii], fina.

suffl'cient,

a.

to.

suffocate,

v.

fiij.

nigi

diilese, diile^e, ki

nibende.

string 'y, adv.

olokuq.

strip, V. bo,
nihoriho.

tu

laio, tu

. . .

kdka,

le

lera,

le,

ala-

kakaraka.

adv.
n.

strug'gle,

awaya, idiakddi,

iwaya-idza, owere.
ie awaya, diowei'e,

strug'gle, V.
ra.

strut,

V.

yaij.

n.

stub'ble,

akekiii).

stub'bom, n. agidi.
stub'bomness, n. aigbo.
stu'dy,

stu'pid,

a.

stut'ter,

stut'terer,

subdue',
submit',

i(i,

V.

foribale,

tuba.
v.

fi

kpo.

sub'stitute,

n.

likpo, gbi-

v.

gba, gba

V.

a.

fi

I9W0.

kperg.

are

alafiyesi,

to

he supe-

n.

lese.

fu.

odiidzi,

sure,

n.

surly,

gbakd,

.
ko,
ha, fi
ha, r6, sor&.
.

in

it..

f i.

v.

SAvear'er,
S"weat, n.

bu, ^ekpe.

elekpe.

ogiii).

lagui).

V.

S'weep,

fi

bura,
n.

V.

to sweep the
sweep the ground,

gba:
;

kaijmukaijmu,

v.

fi

oni-

a.

S"wept,
S'wift,

egbd.

a.

yara, iyara.
.

S'wift'ness,
STvin'dle, f

V.

s"woll'en,

iyara.

w6, luwS.

V.

re

n.

die.

alayaqdie.

elede.
fi,

kpamo, bo S"wing'er, m.
S'witch, n.

lodid.

adidSq.
didSq,

V.
buke, ru, w6.
S"well'ing, n. wiwu.

sviring,
.

n.

n.

S'well,

daba, fikpe, koie- s-wine, n.

V.

da

a.

idoq.

alafehiqti,

molfe.

sur'face,

okp9vvom

v.

V.

S"win'dler,

odii- sure'ty, n.

lodiidii, kpa,

y6x).

S'warm,

s^wim,

a.

fa

ka,

kpasikpar9.
n.

S"weet'ness,

ek6i).

kpe, sebi, tfi.maha.

mi, gbe ... ml.

V.

sweet'mieats,

Ail...

V.

sup'plement,

Ai\.

sud'denly, adv.

fi
.

V.

abo- SAvear,

n.

ase-al.

n.

suppose',
.

. .

kauqkaui).

suppress',

omu
se

v.

ti,

swarm,

fodiuto, wo,

fararo.

such, pron.
suck, V. 1119, mu.
sud'den,

house, gbale

support'er,

iru.

suck'le,

awisi.

hii).

S'wap,

. . .

gboi).

S'warm,

sup'pliant, n. onibfebe.
sup'plicate, v. b, beb.
awawi.
supplica'tion, n. ebe, ibSbe.
afebiijti.
ero,
ogboijko- support', n.
lesupport', V. feliiijti, ti, tl

succeed', v. bi, tel6.

success', n. asiki.
succes'sion, n. itele.
sucees'sor, n. atele.

. .

agbikpo.

sub'terfuge, n.
sub'tlety, n.

sue'cor,

sup 'per,

ro

sweat,

w.

in6,

sway,

supplant',

sub'stitute,

SAval'l0"w,

ekokeko.

de ika\v6.

forifui),

tuba.
bii

superior'ity, . isare.
gbal.
superserip'tion, n. akole.
s-weet, a. dSq.
isiqkusiij, S'weet'ly, adv.
supersti'tion, n.

akololo.

n.

v.
v.

rior, ^are.

gigS.
kololo.

V.

didSij.

alafodiuto.

n.

V.

bdbudid, da
lenu.

turn suspend',

sun, n. oxMi).
svm'rise, n. ili oruij.
sun'set, n. iw6 oruij.
sun'shine, n. irai) omij.

akug- supe'rior,

to-

gbe
suspi'cion, n. af9ra5m6.
adidd^.
suspi'cious, a. afura, fura.
adv.
didSq- suspi'ciously, adv. koikoi.
lehii).
sustain', v. ti
bdia.
s^wad'dle, v. gba

sum'mit, v. ori.
sump'tuous, a.
sump'tuously,

adu- superintend'ent, n.

rete gigS, g6, ohe.

stupidity,

to

diuwo, ibodiuwo.

akui), okui),

surround'ing, n. abuka, akamo, ayika.

w6.
survey', v. wo, be
mo.
suspect', V. fi
fi

superintend'ence,

gbolil, diigbolu.

yika.

tedzu.

stum'ble, v. kose.
stum'bling, n. ikose.
stum'bling-bloek, n.

a summerset, takete.

superadd'ed, n.
superintend', v.

keko.

V.

suij, idii.

v.

surren'der,
surround',
yika, ka

^e, r6.

okiti

iyokui).

n.

nidzi, ycl

ikpara.

sum'merset,

n.

surprise',

. . .

akpele.
bori, diil, re

surprise',

a.
w6, ye.
suit'ableness, n. abade, iwo.
sul'try, a. moru.

gbdra.

strongly,

sur'plus,

suit'able,

strong man, akoni,

n.

n.

v.

dia.

iyo-oibo,

bade, ba

V.

suit,

alariij kiri.

a.

strong,

n.

su'ioide,

kill.

stroll'er, n.

su'gar,

surpass',

su^.

su'gar-cane, n. ireke.
suggest', V. kpimo.

dia, 14kaka.

v.

inokur)

etu.

a.

V.

stroll,

abiE, etu.

v.

stripped,
strive,

ina.

stripe, n.

striped,

lio,

fist,

sur'name,

odiidii.

n.

s5i), s6r),

a.

r5.
ofi.

9re, kpatire.

wiwu.

onigbowo.

SVB^oon,

v.

daku.

odiu, ori.
4ono.

s'word,

n.

agbe, ida.

sy'rup,

n.

oyiij.

n.

surmoiuit',

v.

b6ri.

edbi),

TAB
ten'der,

oronu, rd.

a.

ten'demess,
ta'ble, n.

aga, itafo.

n.

tack,

tent,

i^o.

tail, n.

arariso.

. .

to

take

loh

take up,^o.

ofofo,

olofofo,

to talk about,

s8.

terms, n. arosil6, arotel|.

thing, K.
ter'minate, v. kase, kfi, kpe- think, V.
n.

atubotaip, ikii.

a.

n.

v.

|rn.

talk'er,

n.

tall, a.

ga.

alaroye, alaso.

n.

tall'ness,

tu

v.

sir),

modzfi,

a.

l9ra.

v.

kpe.

rSdiu.

v.

adakadeke,

V.

tattoo',

tattoo'er,

tattooed',

ofofo.

lik, ni,

V.

eyina, eyini.

o\6\k.

a.

onila.

bolebole.

tmqij

awoij, nw9r), vforj.

aw9i3 ni.

adv.

lati

mbe, nibS,

ib,

v.

ya, fa

n.

9mu.

ib

sibS,

thereafter,

telling,

V.

n.

airek9dza,

tem'pest, n.
tem'ple, n.

\di\, efufn, nl4.

(of the face), erag

(place of worship),
dai)

leliii)

igba n4.

ndze.

ilfe

mim6.

w6.

tempta'tion, n. idai)vv6.
tempt'er, n. onidaqwo.
ten, imm. ew^, mewsi.

these, pron.
;

a.

saro,

asaro,

thoughtless, a. alairo, aimete.

thought'lessness, n. airo.
thou'sand, num. egberuij.
thrash,
thread,
threat,

iwo.

n.
n.

owu.

n.

119, ikil9.

threat' en, v.
three, num.

thresh, v.
throat, n.
throb, V.
throne, n.

kilo, yaijhuij.

meta.

eta,

meteta.

n.

kpaka.
omirig.
ro.
ite.

throng, V. ha
laye.
through, prep. dz4.
did, di&throughout', prep,
.

throvr,

r|.

ivfoxiyi,

nvfqj)y\,

woqyi.
a.

tan5
.

they, pron.
thick,

bi

hii)dz4hii).

nin6

therein', adv.

akparam9.

V.

adv.

thereby', adv. nikpati r.

there'fore, adv. itori, nitorind,

ero, iro.

tem'perance,

ibB,

nitori r.

ya.

ro, robii), wl.

tell, V.

niha

there'about, adv.

bi,

ero, ete, iron6.

n.

three'fold,

there, adv.

am6kp6,

conj.

tile.

olusaro.

9, r5.

6hur).

omidze, omi odiu.

thought,

loh.

ak9ni, oluk9, olu-

n.

o, o.

iwo,

thought'ful,

y6.

thencefor'ward,

ko, koni.

iwoni, woni.

thou, pron.

though,

then, adv. nigbanA.

then, conj. nd;ie.
thence, adv. tib5.

ak9tai5.

yi, eyi, eyiyi, alayi, ele-

eviOT).
this'tle, n.
thi'ther, adv. \q\mr), nibe.

themselves', ^rore.

n.

o^gbe gbe mi (/

a.

thirsty).

dzale, sasa, ^aurisauq, toto.

bole.
n.

origbe,

those, pron.

kpe, nikpe.

ki,

a third part,

thorn, n. egtiri, 9gar).

thorn'y, a. eleguij.
tho'roughly, adv. dzale, diale

adukpe.

them, pron.

n.

tempt,

that, pron.
that, conj.

their, pron.

koni.

tear,
tear,
teat,

aidukpe.

thee, pron. iw9,

theft, n. ole.

ow6bode.

teach, V.
teach'er,

a.

ila.

a.

n.

n.

thankless,

k9, k9la.

tattoo', n.

taught,

wo.

I,

dukpe, s9kpe.

thank'ftilness,

thaw,

ioMo.

V.

tat'tler,

tax,

lodzu.

akonisiie.

than

better

n.

thatch, V.
thatch'er,

n.

to, to

V.

v.

loflgbe.

this, pron.

okpe.
thank'ful, a. amore.

alawS.

task'master,
tat'tle,

thank,
thank,

keta

yi-

dzi, dill], tu.

V.

taste,

osiij,

eri, idieri.

n.

aba, iro.

n.

gba thir'teen, num. etald.

thir'ty, num. ogb6i).

eridie,

data dii\ mi.

kiredze.

tan'gled, a.
tan'ner, n.

tap,
tar'dy,
tar'ry,

tex'ture, n. ir6.
than, conj. diu

agogo, giga.

a.

tes'timony,

talon, n. ekar).
ta'marind, n. adzagb9q.
tamlDOurine', n. 4ekere.

tame,
tame,

n.
V.

am

ekpoi).

talk'ative, a. ddnu, s6so.

tes'tify, V. gba
talk'atively, adv. kporokporo.
lei'idze, dieleri.

thirst,

thirs'ty,

deruba, daiyafo.

tes'ticle, n.

daba, gb6ro, ro.

third, num-.
idamewa.

thirst,

fele, fele-

iwui),kini, 5kar),ohur).

think'ing,

awoij, idiakpa.
deru.

ter'ribleness,
ter'rify,

osb.

n.

ter'rapin,
ter'rible,

s6ro

s5,

n.

diindi dii-

adv.

ndi.

termina'tion,

oloforo.

talk,

6diikar), ole.

thiev'ishly,

ag6.

kui), nikpekui), kpin, kpiijle.

tak'ing, n. igbe.
tale'-bearer, n.
V.

thief, n.

\vqn-a.

n.

tailoring, n. iraqso.
take, V. fi
mu, gba
away, gbe
loh, ko

talk,
da

n.

n.

tent, V. gbeg6.
thigh, n. itai).
tenth, num. kwa a tenth part, thin, a. bele, belebele,
idamewa.
fele.
thine, jn-on. ter, tir^.
te'pid. See lukewarm.

iru.

tailor,

THU

128

a\v9i),

nw9r), a.

ki, nikp9i), sili).

thick'et,

n.

thickly,

adv.

thick'ness,

osusu, igbe.
kobikobi.

n.

iki, ikp9i).

v.

to

dzil, diunS, 59, 59116,

throw in wrestling, da

.iiidza.

thrush,
thrust,

thumb,

n.
V.

n.

eldlu.

kiw9b9, g6q.

atamkpako, igboro-

bo.

thump,

V.

ti.

THU
thvin'der,

thun'der, v. ku, saq.

thus, adv. baiii), belie.
th^wart, V. hkhndia..
thy, pron. r6.
iwo

thyself, 2)ron.
tick,

n.

ke

f.

n.

tick'ling,

tomb,

egake, egani, egi-

M.

M.

tongue,

ti'dy,

a.

afiijdiu, eleye.

tie, V.

di,

ra, s4i), so

Bom6

tie

deru

foarfs,

iie

to,

tie

a top,

le, di.

tight,
tight'en,

fa

v.

adv.

tightly,

le.

gb^mgbam,

kpiij-

till, conj.

digbati,

toni.

titi,

n.

tim'ber,
time, n.
ewo,

akoko, ariij, ariqko, touch,

wakati : Time is
t6, to

odio gfo

time '-server,
ti'mid,

n.

ti'midlj'', adv.

odiulafeni.

tip, n.

tip'sy,

oti i)kpa

mi {I am

tipsy).

tip'toe, adv.

tiro.

dasa.

V.

are

a.

tire 'some,

ij^e,

a.

lare.

ti'tle, n.

oniko.

to, prep,

de, fu,

fuij, si,

S9do,

ti.

n.

alasara.

omose

little toe,

toe,

omodig.

toge'ther,

adv.

to'ken,

dio,

to'lerate,
17

tribe,

nadza, ^6wo.
owo, 5dia.

v.

n.

at6wod9W9,

traffic,

itaq,

ar9kiij, ologbo.

n.

ibale, ikpa.

V.

tSkpa, tose.

ikpori

tram'ple,

dekug

. .

sile,

si.

diafara.

tri'fle, n.

iijkar|kii)kai).

V.

trip, n.

m61B.

tri'ple,

iiqi),

v.

transfi'gure,

v.

mu

r9l.

se.

lala,

diil, bori,
v.

kpara

kodia.
.

..d^

^aki.

meteta.

a.

v.

a.

troop, n.
trou'ble,
trou'ble,

rq\\, toro.

emetal9kai).

ara.

n.

tri'umph,

a.

akerekere, ek6.

n.

k9so.

tM^, t|lese, t tri'une,

t|,

tSmo, t

diumo, tran'quil,

amodie, oludaijwo.

tripe,

v.

areker6-

tri'er, n.

trip,

alafihaij, edilS, oni-

n.

tulasii).

tri'fle, V.

trig'ger, n.

to.

v.

meta.

|ya.

agalamada,

adiakpa, arob9, owo. tri'nity,

n.

oligoi)

orilfe,

tribula'tion, m. wahala,
trick, V. eagalamasa.

nadza, sowo.

transcend',

igbowo.
v.

t5na, t5se.

tran'quillize,
transact', v.

ise ikpa.

n.

n.

V.

n.

kp5.
toil, n.

idagwo.

tri'angle,

kukpani.

great

darai).

iwedze.

tri'al, n.

trai'tor,

loni, oni.

v.

tress, w.

n.

tlti.

iyara.

6se, ikpa, ikpase.

V.

train,

tobac'conist,
n.

tre'mulously, adv.

sikpa.

ilu.

traffic,

dzuku.

to-day',

silia,

9W9dow9.

African to- trail,

Brazilian tobacco, trail,

ikpinu.

n.

n.

igi.

n.

tradi'tioner,

taba

?j.

ile 1^9, ore.

tradi'tion,

sui), yai).

n.

bacco, akira

tovna,
track,
track,
trade,
trade,

trem'ble, v. wa, wdriri.

trem'bling, w. owariri.
rirl.
ikodzusi, lok9- trem'blingly, adv.
.

n.
aladiakpa, al4rob6, trick,
ke.
asowo, onisowo.

gasa.

idamewa.

tobac'eo,

trea'ty,
tree, w.

trad'er,

tithe, n.

n.

kai),

trea'son, . 6se oba.

trea'sure, v. fi
^ura, sura.
trea'sure, n. isura.
.

f9W9ba,

iqwqia,,

lara.

n.

tovr'er,

akpo-isana.

omoti.

a.

kaq, ok9kar),

^01)80.

tip'pler, n.

itese.

trea'dle, n.

tO'w'el, . inodiu, inSse, in6w6, trench, w.

tres'pass,
tobi, tobinSwo.

taijgara, tasa.
tin'der, n. lewu.

toast,

v.

robi.

ii.

9t9to, toto.
ototo.

tovrards', prep,

tin, M.

tin'der-bag,

qiq^iqjj,

ege,

travelling, n. {together), adzorig.

dza.
tra'verse, v. la
mole.
tread, v. tele, telese, t8

beruberu.

n.

awog.
da
loro.
.

radio, rebi.
n.
aradzo.
loro, kusi, tra'veller,

tra'vel,

a^oro.

n.

irii).

v.

tra'vail,

tough, a. gbo, yi.

tough'en, v. mu or se
gbo.
tough'ness, . agbo, cgb6.

beruberu, lodio.
odio.

adj.

timidity,

16h.

n.

ebiti,

ik9ijkoso,

total'ity, n.

ida, igba,

flying,

tired,

da

n.

trap,

top, sori.

ike oro, or6.

v.

a.

to'tal,

iti, igi.

on

agaqgai).

v.

tor'ture,

alaroko.

till'er, n.

eliigdoij,

kpoglodzu, siseoro.
tor'toise,

TO, roko.

till, V.

eyii).

n.

n.

alarek6dia,

transpa'rent, a. mo.
transplant', v. le, 16.
16h.
transport', v. ko
transporta'tion, n. ikol6h.

ona.

a.

torment'or,

kpig.

ire-

ro.

v.

translate',

akayii).

oke, ori

n.

top'most,
tor'ment,
torment',

knot, sokpa.
a.

n.

a.

tooth'less,

idaraij,

akoko, ebig,

tooth'aehe,

fo

w.

transgression,

ah6r), awoij.

n.

86rao,

darai),

arufii).

ela, ohui)

tooth,

figdiu.

v.

kpa.
oku, ilekpa.
n. ola
adv. bla. transgress'or, n.
;

nifiq, yiqfii}.

refii),

kpelu.

tool, n.

ihiq.

V.

toe,

lie

too, adv.

ti'dy,

tire,

n.

ara

transfigured,

kpada.

transgress',

agbowode.

to-mor'ro"W,
tongs, n. emu.

ni.

tid'ings,

n.

to'inahaAwk, n. gamugamu.
toma'to, n. igba.

n&,.

was

he

6na ibode.

ibode,

toll'-gatherer,

legake, rig.

M.

toU'-gate,

egboq.

tickle,

owobode.

toll, n.

ara.

71.

TRO

129

sogo, yo.

metal9kai).

9w6.
v.

n.

ro, t6,

y9

wahala,

odiukp9i),

lenu.

iie,

iyonu,

idzaba,

irobi-

nodie,

idanilodzu,

adzaba,

abadio.

idanilara,

TRO
trou'blesome, a.
trough, 11. oko.
tro"w'el,

11.

udder,

sokoto

n.

ent kinds

are

truly, adv.

differ-

m.

n.

ugly,

burn,

a.

trum'pet, n.
trum'peter,

v.

umbrella,

nia, awor),
n.

trust,

trust,

V.

igbekele, igbo.
.

gbekele,

lawir),

gbokaijle.
.

trustee',
n.

truth,

agbatodiu.

otito, 6t8, tot6, itot6,

nitoto, dodo, dododo, ododo.

a.
I6t6, li ododo, olo-

truth'ful,
dod6.

truthless,

a.

V.

try,
tu'ber,

daij

ailot6, ai8ot8.

wo, r6dzu.

eta.

n.

a.

le.

aise-

a.

asaw9q.
aisiq.
aiset^ij,

aikpii).

unaceount'able, a. aimS.
unadapt'ed, n. aibade.
unadorned', a. aiseloso.
ailabula.

a.

tune,

n.

orii).

n.

tu'nic,

alukasafa,

kukumo.

tur'key, n. tolotolo.
turn, V. dk, kpada, kpara
ySra,

yS,

kparida,

... da,

yi,

yi

a.

unblest',

kpada, yikpo.
awoij.
tur'tle, n.

tut

unbuilt',

si6

interj.

t'welfth, num.
t'welve, num.
tAwen'ty, num.

ekedzila.

ogui).

lemedii.

twice, adv. medii,

twig, n. kpatire.
n.

t"wi'light,

fifi,

wiri-

edzire, ibodzi.

n.
n.

unceas'ing,
unoer'tain, a.
uncer'tainty,
iinchain',

v.

aida, aiye.
sanlani.

okui)

t'wine,
t-win'kle,

v.

twinkling,
V.

we

t'wist'ed,

saij.

tvro, numb,

keredzo,

rar),

kpo.

a.

18.

edii,

medzi.

t-wo'-edged, . olodzu nicdii.

two'-fold, a. medzimedzi.
ty'rannize, v. se sinisini.
ty'rant, n. sinisini.

undress',

bo aso

v.

IS.

aikfi.

a.

a.

alfeni, alai-

unfit', a.

unfold',

aisetaij.

asekuij,

ti.

alaiye.
V.

tii.

luifVuit'ful, a.

airitele.

aifeni.

unga'thered,

aik9la,

ungrate'ful,

ainidi.

kede.
alaileso, sekp9i).

unfulfilled', a.
n.

uneircumci'sion, n. alaik9la.
unclean', n. aimo.
unclean'ness, n. aifd.
unclothed', a. aibora.
unconcern', n. aibere, aikiyesi.
uncorrupt'ible, a. aidibadie,
alaidibadzc.

unfeigned', a.
unfin'ished, a.

unforeseen', a.
aikpada, unfound'ed, a.
unfre'quent, a.

aiyikpada, aidiyat9.
a.

unfair', n. aito.
imfaith'ful, a. aisoto.

Iew9i).

alaik9la.

inT).

koko,
.

uncha'ritableness,
uneir'eumeised, a.

tiririij.

a.

aniani.

n.

tu

feni.

k4.

V.

we,

aik6.

unoha'ritable,

t'wine,

tAwist,

aif6.

a.

a.

unehange'able,
flijiiq,

wiri.

tvrin,

tu ni idiano.

a.

edzila, medzila.

eye, imoye.

understood', a. ayet4i).
imdertake', v. dawole.
undertak'er, n. adawole.
undeserv'ed, a. aidie, aidzebi.
vmde'viating, a. aiyakpa.
imdiscern'ing, a. ainiyeno.
undis'ciplined, a. aiko.

yaijyai), sakisaki.

alaibukoi).

v.

unbro'ken,

understand', v. m5, ridi, ye.

understand'ing, n. iye, iyeno,

imdy'ing,
unea'sy, a, daro.
uneat'ableness, n. aidze.
unbeliev'er, n. alainigbagb8. une'ducated, a. aiko.
unbeliev'ing, a. k6 se igbagb6, unembar'rassed, a. aidamu.
unendu'rableness, n. aikpe.
alaigbagb6.
une'qual, a. aisegbe.
unbelov'ed, a. aife, alaife.
kabakaba,
une'venly, adv.
unbid'den, a. aikpe.
unbri'dle,

abe, labe,

unani'mity, n. ohui] kaij.

tu.
luido', V.
una'nimous, a. lohuij kaij.
a.
a.
aisojgmo,
aise, abadie.
undone',
unapproaeh'able,
undoubt'edness, a.
ai^iyealais9r)mo.
medzi.
unasked', a. aikpe.

unavail'ing, a. asaij, lasai).

tum'ble, V. togedeijgbe.
owe.
n.
unbar', v. tii, si.
wiwu,
tu'mor,
w.
irukeriido,
unbelief, n. aigbagbo, aigb6,
tu'mult,
gidigini,
to make a turukeriido, irulu
aigborai).
mult, r9keke.

labe, nisal|.

isall, nisalS.

aigb&.

unadul'terated,

aibo, alaibo.

underneath', *prep.

unaceom'pcinied, a.
unaccom'plished, a.

akpoti.

da

ko

alle,

airf,

ailabaw9i).

un'der, prep,
n.

aikpa,

a.

undefend'ed,

obor)b6g, ikpo- undefiled', a.

unaccom'modating,

afoq-

onikp6,

kpe.

aike,

undaunt'ed, a. alberu.
undeceit 'fulness, a. aisetag.

taijkpara.

n.

unaccep'ted,

ikp6.
n.

dara.

rui).

lot6, nitoto,

l6tito,

ko

airo.

aisA.

itaijkpara.

ul'oerate,

efa, iyegbe.

ixncut', n.

iburu odzu.

ug'liness,

una'ble,

n.

unco'ver, v. si.
tmcul'tivated, a.

omu.

abenu- ul'cer, n.

called,

gbagba, alorigo,
true, a. tit6, t6.

trunk,

u.

yonu.

aber9.

tro"w'sers,

UNH

diowere, kolelS.

a.

trou'bled,

130

aise.

aiko.

a.

a.

afibikpore, afo,

alaimSre, foresigi.

luiguard'ed, a.
luihap'piness,

aiso.
n.

adzaba.

imheal'thy, a. ailera.
unheard', a. aigb6.
unheed'ed, a. aikiyesi.
luihe'sitating,
dil

a.

aisiyeme-

uncorrupt'ness, n. aidibadie. unho'liness, n. aimim6.

iinho'ly, n. aim6.
uncount'ed, a, aika.

UNH
a.

unho'nored,

ailola, alaibla,

a.

unright'eous,

unhook',

tu.

V.

a.

dodo.

airel.

a.

a.

uninteUigibil'ity,

unintend'ed, a.
uninvit'ed, a.

n.

a.

egaijra^, aigb6.

unripe'ness, . aigbo.
unru'liness, n. af9ogb6.
unru'ly, a. alawlgbo.
vinsad'dle,

aiye.
aiye.

aikpete.

td

v.

u'nit, n.

unite',

oka^.

bad^kpS, da

kp5- unsubdued',

n.

unjust', a. alto, aisoto.

unjustifi'able, a. aidalare.
unkilled', a. aikpa.

unkind' a.
unknOAvn',

a.

aimd, em6.

unla-w'ful,

o.

ailofii).

unless',

aisenia, aiseuij.

conj.

unlike',

aiwd.
afibi,

ayai)-

bikosokpe.

unli'mited, a.
unlov'ing, a.

ainikpekuq.
aife.

unmer'eiful, a. ailanu.
unmer'cifulness, n. ai^anii.

a.

untilled',

a.

un'to, prep,

unprepared',

aikiyesi.

aibin6.

aimura.

a.

unpro'fitable,

a.

a.

okporo.
n.

elo, oliug il6.

n.

if5.

ut'terly, adv.

eusu.

jterson,

alailere.

ibimbi.

va'lue,

{saying),

ailogb9i),

n.

v.

^e,

n.

aigbo,

lori.

diana.

up'right,

a.

olododo, iduro sigadv.

sai),

a.

unrepent'ing,

a.

ait9i3bi.

afinSsadiere.

V.

sii),

a.

veil, n.

adv.

xmrepiy'ing,

.upset',
a.

aidie.

4riwo, gidigini,

V.

id

V.

loke.

esaq.

oloro.

a.

sir)-

iru,

t6.
ve'rify, v. mu
ve'rily, adv. lotit9, I6t9.

ida^e.
otit9.

n.

ver'tigo, n.
ve'ry, adv.

Ak.

up '-ward, adv.

ti.

ibodiu.

ve'nomous,

ver'min,

aironokpi- uproot',

wada.

n.

irulu.

. .

sogo, sefefe.

up'roar,

vaunt'ing, n. ogo.
vegeta'tion, n. ewe.

ven'ture, n.
vera'city, n.

sir).

unrege'nerate,
unreli'able,

unredeemed', a. ah-akpada.
sir).
ai- up'rightly,
unreform'ableness, m.
kpada.

at

to set

vein, n. i^aij.
vel'vet, n. ardi).
ve'nerate, v. bowo fu.
venera'tion, n. ibuyig.

nikpa, yai)

irurn, oniriiru, olo-

n.

vehement'ly,
.

nikposi.

vaunt,

aiye.

aiye.

^egug.

iyakpa
.

unproved',
duro,
unquench'able, n. adzooku.
ro, te.
gbe
luiquench'ableness, . aikii. uphold'er, n. olugbeduvo.
unreaped', a. ais4.
ven'geance, n.
upon', prep, le, lovi, lori, sori.
a.
ailoke.
adv.
imrea'sonable,
aito,
ve'nom, n. ov6.
leke,
up'permost,
aileri.

iye.

riori.

a.

up, prep. leke, loke, soke,

wi.
upbraid', v. ba
V.
dimu, gbe
uphold',

kpo

oru, ikuku.

variance, yaij

vari'ety,
aileri.

alaiye.
vinyield'ingness, n.

sai),

kelekele.

asaq.

va'rianee,

alaigbo^.

di ofo.

v.

aife.

alail9gb9r),

n.

van'guard,

tiko.

an unwise

oliye.

itoye, iye.
fi

van'quish,
va'por, n.

aisai).

koto 6ke.

idiig9i5ror),
a.

V.

va'nish,
va'nity,

aiwe.

aif5,

un^wor 'thine ss,

^iyemedzi.
eAk eaia, diegti-

n.

fodzi.

val'ley, w.
va'luable,
va'lue, n.

n.

a.

v.

duragudu.

See

sod9.

un-wil'lingly, adv.
lui-wil'lingness, n.
un'wise', a. aigboij

6fo.
ofo.

va'cillate,

adas9.
a.

m.

a.

vain, n. gberaga, lasai), ^efefe.

vain'ly, adv. lasai).
vale, n. koto, diig9i)r9r), ofoni-

imtrained', a. aik6.
untrue', a. aito.
tintu'toredness, .

un^washed', a.

va'cant,

va'gabond,

to.

unTVor'thy,

ainiye.

a.

aXidb.

a.

a.

va'canoy,

aise, aisegui].

igbdro.

unnvun'bered,
unobserv'ing,
a.

16.

V.

sikpa,

imvrit'nessed,

unoffend'ed,

V.

aiwakiri.

luunin'gled, a. ailu, aidakpd.

unna'tural, a. aidanida.
a.

alailogbog,

titi.

until', conj.

iui"weir,

aida.

a.

use,

alaile.

unwar'ranted,

akiio.

a.

unmade',

alalko.

afi,

sebi, bikose,

elo.

ut'terance,

tu.

V.

untie',

agbaiye.

unlearned,' a.
unleav'ened, a.

awa, wa.

n.

uten'sil,

unsuit'ableness, n. aidze.
unsuit'ed, a. aiye, albade.
unthank'ful, a. alaimoie.

mo, kpa...kp6.
u'nity, n. okari, i^okaij.
univers'ally, adv. sua.

u'niverse,

ato, it&.

use,

u'sual,

ni gari.
alaibo.

t&.

v.

n.

use'less,

unsta'ble, a. alaidm-o.
unstained', a. ailabawoi).

oldhuijkaj).

V.

u'rine,

alaimose.

aikpe.

adakpS,
idakpb, unsought', a.
vmsound', a.
idaw9kp5, idikpS, aiyakpa.
v.

imshel'tered, a.
xmskil'fulness, n.

n.

u'nison,

ro, t6.

urge, V.
u'rinate,
us, pron.

unripe',

u'nicorn, n. agbaijrere.
uninfec'tious, a. airaq.
uninstruct'ed, a. alaik9.
unintel'ligible,

aiso-

unright'eousness,

aikpaMra.

unhum'bled,

u'nion,

alaisododo,

aisododo.

ainiyii).

unhiirt',

VER

131

dz9dzo,

ina, yoi'9.
oyi.

gaqgai), gauij,
koro, rak, toho.

fiofio,

dzil,

vex,

ba.

V.

w.

ohni) elo, olmi) ilo.

n.

ves'sel,

bi

iiin6die,

ibino,

ibadze,

ti.

vexed,

binodie,

vi'al, n.

okpdiaba.
n.

vici'nity,

otiie.

olu^ete.

vic'tor, n.

ondie.

vic'tuals,

n.

vie^w,

wd.

vile,

riin6.

V.

abesc.

a.

alebu.

vl'lifier, n.
n.

village,

6gure, ileko,

ileto,

ilukedii.

villager, n. ara ilu, ari il6ko.

vln'dicate, v. gbidi^.
vindioa'tion, n. egbe, igbera.
vindi'oatlve, a. aibro.
vine, n. okui) (a term applied
to all
running and climbing
plants).

vi'olenoe, n.
agbara,
dz4mba, iwa ikpa.
a.

vi'olent,

ele,

fukefuke,

gburu, kp^kpa, kpatikpati,

tar)-

vi'per,

duru.

n.

n.

agbadu, kpamole.
wnndia.

n.

vir'gin,

vis'cid,

a.
a.

vis'cous,
vi'sible,

iwa wundia.

n.

virginity,

mo, em6,
a.

a.

ik.

h^i).

vi'sibly, adv. ni gbaqgba.

vi'sion, n. inaij, iraij, odiurai).
be
vi'sit, V.
w6, kesi, wo.
.

abodiuwd.

n.

vi'siting,
visita'tion,

n.

vi'sitor, n.

akesi, alakesi,

ab5w6, ibSwo.
awoni.

viva'city,
iyari.
vi'vidly, adv. saij.
vo'cal, a. olohnq.
voca'tion, n. ise.
voice, n. ohnq.
void, a. ofo, asaq.
void, V. so
dasai).
.

vo'mit,
vo'mit,

ebi.

V.

bi,

vora'ciousr,

a.

vovr,

n.

ileri.

VOW,

V.

ieleri.

vul'ture,
re.

71.

\k.

wave,

redi.

akala,

igiii),

tente-

ikpa

ic wele.

wake,

we, pron.
weak, a.

wax,
way,

walk, V. rii).
walk, n. akporo.
walking, n. iriq.
wall,
wall,

m.

Tvalled,

olodi.

wallet, n.
wallo^w, V.
wan'der, v.
wan'derer,

es

V.

-wbiq

akiri, alariijkiri,

akiri.
kiri,

kiri-

which caus-

warn,
warp,
warp,

v.

rana, ya, yana, y^ra.

n.

ir6.

taso.

war'rior,

n.

wart,

n.

edi.

wash,

V.

bo,

adiagui), ologuij.

we,

f5,

^i

bodiu

no
wash

to

the

body, bora, wera.

awend.
n.-

alagbafo,

agboi).

V.

da

wast'er, n.
wast'ed, a.

no,

fi

sofo,

4wan5.
adano,

watch,
watch,

wear

to

out, 16

lare.

n.

agara.

da

wea'ry, v.
wea'ry, a.
wea'ther,

laga, r&,

sfi.

lare.

odio.

n.

v.

w6i), w6i)80.

weav'er,

weed,
week,
weep,

n.

awoq^o

alakele,

n.

fo.

borukonu.

V.

s6, sona, sora.

n.

is9.

watch'er, n. ohiso.
watch'fulness, n. isora.
watch 'man, n. eso.
watch'-to"wer, n. ore.
wa'ter, n. omi, odo.
wa'ter, v. riq.

ibi-iyawo.

ro.

V.

n.

ose.

v.

sokui).

weigh, V.
weight, n.

elekuij.
ekuij.

w&i), ^iwoi).

o^uwoq.

weight'ily, adv.
well, n. kaqga.

well

(it is),

well,

adv.

adv.

riijriq.

siaij,

suaq.

gege, diqdiq, lehe,

^auij^aiiq, to, tobo.
rere,
kputu,

wen,
n.

lenn, we, W613.

gbo.

weep'er, n.
weep'ing, n.

ioash the face,

a.

v.

wed'ding,

Wlo.

V.

weaver's beam, akabe.

gbona, ya.

v.

weave,

a^edid.
:

wea'ried, a.
wea'riness,

Be alainl.

a.

wear,

a.

elekerede,

el6.

kiri, riq.

diagup.

warm,
warm,

dia

v.

n.

n.

k.

alailera,

w^ea'pon,

war, adiagiiqsil^.

war,

alabamole.

n.

awa,

kpafo.

kiri, kakiri.
V.

6na, ikpa.

wean,

asuijwoi), okete.

onikiri.

want,

n.

weak'ly, adv. hente.

weak'ness, n. ailera.
wealth, n. q]h, orb.
wealth'y, a. q\oTo.

modi.
a.

ida, Sda.

kerede.

igana, odi, ogiri.

V.

wele.

n.

way'layer,

dii, tadii.

V.

guna, bara,

irumi, tere.

adv.

waste 'fulness, n.
.

tolo.

a.

sofo, tafala.

n.

n.

Avav'ingly,

waste,

b&.

wa'vering,

wasp,

kpo, ru
laiya.
onidzekndze.

odo,

n.

V.

wa'ges, n. owose, oya.

wa'gon, n. kekeru.
wail, V. kpobui) rere.
wailing, n. ohui) rere.
wait, V. digbaro, duro.

onifo.

fura, fu ara re.

n.

wat'tle,
wat'tle,

wash'erwoman,

a.

wa'ter-melon,

ki.

washed,

n.

voluntary,

{of a gun), idze.

V.

wan'tonness, n.
war, n. idia, ogui)

tai5, titl.

violin',

n.

wan'deringly, adv.

adv.

vl'olently,

"wad,
"wad,

wan'dering,

kpati.

n.

odo.

wade, V.
wag, V.

irukpekpe.
a.

wa'ter-course,

nino, nilara.

vexa'tion,

WHE

132

VES

gege, koko.

n.

west, n. atiwo-ornij, yama.

"west'ward, adv. niha yama.
wet, a. tutu.
wet, V. rii), w6.
weth'er, n. ogufe.
wet'ness, n. itutu.
whale, n. ablinibutai).
wharf, n. ebute.

what,

pron.

biti,

ew6,

ki,

ambosiij,

am-

e,

kinla.

what else ?

adv.

botori.

whate'ver,

wheat,

n.

kati.
pron.
alikAma.

WHE
keke.

wheel,

n.

when,

adv.

nigba, nigbati, ni-

whence,

adv.

bi,

nibiti,

nibo,

niboti.

where,
biti,

adv.

da, ibo,

ni-

libisi,

tl.

nibo, niboti, sa, sia, wa,

adv.

whereas',

whereby',

which,

nibikibi.

conj.

bi, yala.
ti,

aggere.

re.
iJ.

die.
tinotino.

oni^e.

ile ise.
work'shop,
v^orld, n. aiye, araiye.
win, V. lako.
wind, n. afefe, efufu.
worm, re. arori, edion6, ekolo,
kokoro.
wind, V. ka dawii, k4we, kawu,
wem6 to wind together, wekp6. OT-orm'eaten, a. adzu.
wrin'do^w, n. ferese.
worse, a. ke.
isiij.
wind'pipe, re. igoijgo-ofoi).
wor'ship,
wing, re. akpa, akpa-iye.
wor'ship, V. bo, bogi, foribale,
wink, V. fodiukpe, ^ediu.
hari, sir), te, wari.
re.

re.

yisi.

adv.

while,

whip,
whip,

fe,

re.

ewo, kelo,

e,

a.

igi.

leg,

i^e.
work,
^iie,
work,
work'man, re.

furafura.

wil'lingly, adv.

nitorind.

gbe, kpoij, kpoij

pron.

amo^e.

n.

re.

wood'en

wood'pecker, re. akoko.

woof, n. ita, okuku.
wool, re. iroi) agutaq.
word, n. gbolohui), 5ro.

ife.

re.

"wil'ling,

mu.

whe'ther,

will,

wil'fully, adv.

bibawo.

adv.

where'fore,
where'ver, adv.
V.

wood,
agii)-

Awild'fo^w^l, re.
eiye igbe.
will, aux. ,, 6, 8, ba, die.

wil'ftilness,

nibi,

adv.

whet,

wild'cat, n. akata, agb6.

wil'derness, a. agaqdivl,
diu, idiu.

ti.

gbawo?

YE

133

n.

nigba, nigbati.

lagba, kpa^ar).
d4, n^.

V.

"whip'ping, n.
whirl, V. dio,
whirl'ing, w.

win'no'W, v.

fe, fe

nowed away,

ina.

n5

win-

n5

wor'shipper,

worth 'iness,

afend.

re.

olusii).

re.

eye.

n6 worth'less, a. ijkaijkirika^.
Avorth'y, a. ye.
^vhirl'-wind, n. idi\.
"would, aux. ba, die.
"wis'dom, re. ogb6i).
whis'per, v. sorodiedie, soro- wise, a. am6diil, mSraQ, am6- "Wound, 11. farakpa, kpa
lara,
kele.
r&rj, sd, ^a
rai), olum5r45, gb6g, ologboc,
logbe.
"whis'perer, n.
"wound, re. ogbe.
asorodiedie,
oloye.
asOTokele.
adv.
fi
"wran'gling, re. asS, asftkpd.
wise'ly,
ogboijgbor),
whis'tle, n. akpala.
"wrap, V. fi
we, gba.
ogb6i).
whis'tle, V. sufe.
"wrath, re. ibin6.
wish, v. fe.
"white man, n.
ambo, oib6, wisp, re. iti.
wreath, re. mariwo.
lori,

wipe,

kpori.

ilori.

V.

fa,

to

wipe

off,

nS.

witch,

oyibo.

white'ness,

n.

alala, fifu, fofu,

ifui), t41a.

whi'ther, adv. nibo.

whit'lo^w, n. atafo.
"who? ^rora. ta? tani? who,
whoe'^ver, pron. enikeni ti.

whole,

n.

^aka, tefet^fe,

whoop,

V.

t\.

kpatakpata, kpi,
ti

. .

ewo.

eie, etiie,

owfi.

n.

"wick'ed,

a.

buru, 0'vt6i].
adv.
fura.

wick'edly,
wick'edness,

n.

iburn,

a.

re.

withdra^w', v. fa
withe, re. okilri.
wi'ther,w.
w6we.

ika,

"wife,

re.

niu or ao ... gboro.

wild,

a.

aya, abileko.
igbe,

ti

igbe.

kpad&.

ku, ro, rodio, ^ekpe,

daku;), fa

V.

. .

se-

within', prep. nin6, tin6.

without', a^;. lode, lehiij.
without', prep, laini.
withstand', adv. do
16na,
wit'ness, re.
wi'zard, re.

wrest,

. .

w^omb,

z;.

won'der,

wring,

16.

ii.

re.

woo,

V.

fe.

kiwedie.

v.

wrin'kle, re. ikiwedie, iwedie.

write, V. bantu, k9, kowe.
writ'er,

re.

writhe,

v.

writ'ing,

wrong, a.
wrong, re.

akowe.
i& owere.

rubutu, ikowe.

re.

alait6.

alai^oto.

wrong'fulness,
wrong'ness, re.

re.

odi.

aisot6.

aronikd,

Y.
:

ifoe

unto

yanu.

emo,
re.

thee,

yam,re.

obiri, obiijri.

won'derfiil,

eleri, erf.

alawikd,

in 6.

re.

"won'der,

16.

V.

awirii), o^o.

re.

wres'tle, i). dzakadi.

wres'tling, re. idia, idzakadi.
wrig'gle, V. se owere.
wrig'gler, re. oniwere.
^vrin'kle,

hli).

wo'man,

gboro.
v.

kodiudia.

gbagba, gboro.

"wi'do^w, n. okp6.
"width, n. ibu, igboro.

fu, fui), lodo,

ti.

wide'ly, adv. gbeijgbe.

woe, re. egbe
abenu"wide'-mouthed, o.
egbe ni fu o.

wid'en,

iie o^o.
fi,

ikakika, iiekuse, iw^ buburu.

wide,

oso.

bd,

withhold',

ti.

kigbe.
e ^e ti, ehk&e, eli4ti4e,

wrhy, adv.

wick,

kpelii,

alawikd, aro-

adi6,

with, prep,

odidi, ototo, tSto.

"whol'ly, adv.

re.

mkk, awirii),
witch'craft,

iyanii.

g4sa, kpa.

g^dn,

isu,

abadie,esu^vI,gudu-

igaijgai).

yard,

isaboti.

yam,

re.

ow<i.

ya^wn, v,
ya"ws, re.
ye,pron.

y4i).

gbodogi.
eijyii), e, nyi, nyii) ijyig.

YEA
yea, adv.
year, n.

anl, kpelukpelu.

ajidk,

year'ly,

a.

yearly,

adv.

yield'ing,

yoke,
yoke,

od<ii).

od9dufl.

yeast, n. iwukara.
yelk. See yolk.

adiaga.

V.

di

li

adiaga.

okpekpe.

eyip.
bhxa),

lohug,

89hug.
n.

yel'lO'W, a.

beledie, fefakpukpa.

yore,

yes, adv.

behe

yovLfpron.

ni,

e,

eyi, he,

yoiing,

heyi, oha:).

yet, adv.
yet, conj.
yield, v.

yourself, p-o. iwo n4.

youth, n. balaga, ewe, ikpere,

1M.

a.

n.

yolk, n. kpukpa
yon'der, adv.

lododuij.

yes'terday, adv.
yes'temight, n.

ZEP

134

ana, lana.

6ru ana.

sib|.

sugbdq.
deku^i, r6.

lailai.

a.

iwo; pi.

nyi, nyig.

youn'ger, a. aburo.
young'est,n. abikebijg.
young'ster, n. balaga.
your, pron. iwo, r ^/.
;

teijyijg.

zeal,

M.

zeal'ot,

titoij.

itara,

n.

igbona.

onitara.

zeal'ous, a. gbona.
zeal'ously, adv.
gbonagbona,
tasatasa.

e^yi^,

ze'nith,

n.

ze'phyr,

katari, akatari.
bfe.

EREATA

186

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