SEA MARCONI DBDS Corrosion en Trafos Diagnosticos

2011
Sea Marconi Technologies sas - All Right Reserved
DBDS & Corrosion Free Programme

2011: Diagnosis and Countermeasures
Vander Tumiatti,
- President and Founder of Sea Marconi Technologies, Turin (Italy);
- Ass. Secretary of IEC TC10
Seminario Internacional de transformadores de poder
07 JULIO 2011
HOTEL INTERCONTINENTAL, LAS CONDES - SANTIAGO DE CHILE
2011
Contents
Introduction
Post Mortem & Post Failure Diagnosis
Transformer fleet
Methods
Insulating Oils
Technologies
Typical Faults
Solution Corrosive Sulfur
Accidents
Aging & Corrosion-Non Sulfur
IEC Standards
Oil Fingerprinting
CIGRE Recommendations
ABC Diagnostic Coverage
Corrosion Phenomena
Solution
Failures
Conclusions
DBDS Discovery
07 JULIO 2011
2011
Transformer Fleet
FLEET & FAMILY
- Type
- Power (MVA)
- Voltage (KV)
- Age (year)
- Fluid
- Manufacturers
- Value ()
- Consuming life
07 JULIO 2011
Insulating Oils
2011
PCAs/PAHs
07 JULIO 2011
Typical Faults
Electrical
Fault-Arching
DBDS &
Corrosive
Sulfur
2011
Copper in oil mg/kg
Paper degradation
and sludging
Thermal FaultHot spot

> 700 C
43
No-Sulfur
Corrosion
Service Period (Years)
Failures
07 JULIO 2011
Case history of failures

Due to corrosion on a 500 KV line Brazil 2005
TSN
Lines
1181 km
Substations
2011
Total reactors
6
40
Reactors with
corrosive sulfur
37
(92,5%)
Total failed reactors
15
(37,5%)
Novatrans
Lines
Substations
Total reactors
Reactors with
corrosive sulfur
Total failed reactors
1278 km
6
36
13
(36,11%)
07 JULIO 2011
Accidents
Protection of Resources Assets & Environment
Failure
Fire
Explosion
2011
Infancy
Occasional
Old age
Damages
Direct: Assets & Personal
Indirect: Production
Environment: soil, water, air
Black-Out
07 JULIO 2011
Accidents
Prevention and/or mitigation of potential:
:Disastrous accidents. Explosion of transformer in oil*
2011
17 August 2009 - Accident Sayano-Sushenskaya

RusHydro power plant 6400 MW
The impact of this accident, based upon the information available, indicates
a severe profile of damages:
1- damages to persons (17 killed and 58 missing);
2- damages to assets and infrastructures (estimated over 1 billion dollars for
a complete rebuild);
3- damages for the loss of production of energy, aluminium and other steel
products (several billion dollars);
4- environmental damages for the contamination by insulating oils, turbine
hydraulic fluids and lubricants that could endanger the delicate eco-system
of this sub arctic area (estimated over 80 sq km with contaminated surface
waters).
* Vladimir Markin, spokesman of the investigation commission by the federal prosecution office
07 JULIO 2011
Accidents
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8209663.stm
2011
Typical Site
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8209663.stm
07 JULIO 2011
IEC Standards
2011
IEC 60296 and IEC 60422
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC Standards
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC Standards
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC Standards
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC Standards
07 JULIO 2011
IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV
2011
INTRODUCTION
Sulfur can be present in insulating liquids in various forms, including elemental
sulfur, inorganic sulfur compounds and organic sulfur compounds. The number
of diverse sulfur species comprised of different or homologous isomers can run
into hundreds. The total sulfur (TS) concentration in insulating liquids depends
on the origin of the liquid, refining processes and the degree of refining and
formulation, including addition of additives to the base oils. Base oils include
mineral based paraffinic and naphthenic oils, synthetic iso- paraffins obtained
through gas to liquid conversion process (GTL-Fischer-Tropsch), esters, poly
alpha olefins, poly alkylene glycols, etc. Additives can be comprised of
electrostatic discharge depressants, metal deactivators, metal passivators,
phenolic and sulfur containing antioxidants such as the polysulfides,
disulfides, dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS), etc.
07 JULIO 2011
IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV
2011
INTRODUCTION / 2
Certain sulfur compounds present in the insulating liquids exhibit antioxidant
and metal deactivating properties without being corrosive, whereas other sulfur
compounds have been known to react with metal surfaces. Specifically, sulfur
compounds such as mercaptans are very corrosive to metallic components of
electrical devices. Presence of these corrosive sulfur species has been
linked to failures of electrical equipment used in generation, transmission
and distribution of electrical energy for several decades. Therefore, the
IEC standard for mineral insulating oils states that corrosive sulfur
compounds should not be present in unused and used insulating liquids
(see 6.10 of IEC 60296:2003 ).
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

INTRODUCTION / 3
Recently, the serious detrimental impact of corrosive sulfur has
been linked to the presence of a specific highly corrosive sulfur
compound, DBDS. This compound has been found in certain
mineral insulating oils[1]; presence of this compound has
been shown to result in copper sulfide formation on the
surfaces of copper conductors under normal operating
conditions of transformers.[2].
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

INTRODUCTION / 4
Current test methods for detection of corrosive sulfur
(ASTM D1275, methods A and B, and DIN 51353) and potentially
corrosive sulfur in used and unused insulating oil (IEC 62535) are
empirical and qualitative. These methods rely on visual and
subjective perception of colour profiles. The methods do not yield
quantitative results in regard to the concentration of DBDS or
other corrosive sulfur compounds present in insulating
liquids.
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

INTRODUCTION / 5
Furthermore, methods for corrosive sulfur and potentially corrosive sulfur in
insulating liquids (ASTM D1275, method B and IEC 62535) are applicable only
to insulating liquids that do not contain a metal passivator additive, the
methods otherwise can yield negative results even when corrosive sulfur
compounds are present in the insulating liquids thus providing a false
negative test result. On the other hand, the test method when used with aged
insulating oils (e.g. those with relative high acidity), may give ambiguous
results and lead to a false positive test result. Further analysis of insulating
liquids is stipulated, e.g. IEC 62535 specifies that if there are any doubts in the
interpretation of the results of inspection of paper, the composition of
precipitate should be analysed by other methods (for example by SEM-EDX).
07 JULIO 2011
IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV
2011
INTRODUCTION /6
For this reason, IEC TC 10 WG 37 was set up to prepare test methods
for the unambiguous quantitative determination of corrosive sulfur
compounds in unused and used insulating liquids. Because of
complexity of such determinations the test methods are divided into
three parts:
Part 1 Test method for dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS).
Part 2 Test methods for total corrosive sulfur (TCS).
Part 3 Test methods for total mercaptans and disulfides (TMD)
and other targeted corrosive sulfur species.
07 JULIO 2011
10
IEC 62697 1 2011
2011
Chromatograms of DBDS in mineral insulating oils obtained with GC-AED.
Figure 6: C-S Oil Finger Prints of a commercial mineral insulating oil with
known DBDS contamination obtained with GC-AED; the upper trace
represents carbon emission monitored at 179nm while the bottom trace
represents sulphur emission monitored at 181 nm.
07 JULIO 2011
2011
IEC 62697 1 2011
C-S Oil Finger Prints of a commercial mineral insulating oil with no

known DBDS contamination obtained with
GC-AED.
07 JULIO 2011
11
CIGRE Recommendations
2011
The recommendations for

concentration limit for Corrosive
Sulfur compounds in oils
(CIGRE A2.32 figure 9, pag.
31):
<10 mg/kg for DBDS (after 90
days);
< 5 mg(S)/Kg total difulphides
+ mercaptans content in oil.
Total Corrosive Sulfur
compounds (after 90 days)
07 JULIO 2011
2011
CIGRE n. 378 /1 2009

4.1 Metal passivators. The addition of metal
passivator is today the mitigation technique that has
been used to the largest extent (C). Several tens to
100 ppm of these substances are typically added to
inhibit the reaction of copper with corrosive
sulfur.(C).
07 JULIO 2011
12
2011
CIGRE n. 378 /2 2009

4.1.1 Experiences (C).. However, the addition of metal
passivators is not a guarantee against failures. For instance,
in Brazil, more than 200 shunt reactor oils in service were
passivated (in most cases between and 2 years after going
into service). It has been reported that 9 of these units failed
between one and 24 months after passivation. One explanation
for these failures which led to very corrosive oils and high thermal
loads, is that deposition took place very quickly (in the first months
after start-up), following which passivation was ineffective.(C).
07 JULIO 2011
2011
CIGRE n. 378 /1 2009

4.1.3 Side effects (stray gassing etc.).There are
a significant number of reports of increased
hydrogen and carbon dioxide formation when
the passivator is added to oil already in service.
Similar effects have been observed also in
accelerated laboratory experiments (C) reported
with originally passivated oils, indicating that the
status of the oil also has some influence.(C).
07 JULIO 2011
13
2011
CIGRE n. 378 /1 2009

4.3 Oil exchange. Another successfully used technique for corrosion
mitigation is the change of the original oil. In Brazil for instance, the
oil of 45 shunt reactors has been changed without any failure after this
process. In a population of 21 transformers, preventive action was
taken in July and August 2005. Because of the shortage of safe oil,
only five reactors could be retrofilled and the remaining 16 were
passivated. As of December 2006, eight of the latter group failed in
service, respectively at 33, 102,136, 168, 284, 363,478, and 590
days after passivation. No failure have so far occurred for any of the
retrofilled units in this group. Some precautions should be considered
when oil replacement is carried out (C). Experience with the refilling of
power transformers filled with oil contaminated by PCBs,
demonstrates that residual oil can be kept in the range 5-10 %.
Exactly what level of exchange can be achieved depends on the
design of the equipment.Repeat the corrosion test after 30-90 days,
in order to verify the effectiveness of process because a little release
of original corrosive oil from paper can be expected.(C).
07 JULIO 2011
CIGRE n. 378 /1 2009
2011
4.2 Removal of corrosive sulfur from oil in service

(C). Several techniques have been proposed, and in
some cases are already being used for the removal of
corrosive sulfur from oil. These include the use of :
- continuous on-line treatment with sorbents;
- selective depolarisation (a combination
reagents and sorbents);
of
07 JULIO 2011
14
Corrosive sulfur:
Some sulfur compounds are known to be corrosive against copper and
other metals (e.g.: silver), and capable to form salts of the family of
sulfides.
The phenomenon of corrosiveness on naked copper
is known since early 30s (see works of Raab and Clark).
Typical reactivity scale of sulfur compounds (organics):
Sn
2011
Elemental sulfur (S4 S8)

H
H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
Molecule of CuS
Copper at oxidation
state +2
H
HS
R-SH (aliphatic mercaptans)
Molecule of Cu2S
Copper at oxidation
state +1
R-S-R / Ar-S-Ar (aliphatic / aromatic sulfides)
R-S-S-R / Ar-S-S-Ar (aliphatic / aromatic disulfides)
Thiophenes and related compounds

(refractory)
S
07 JULIO 2011
Corrosive sulfur: detention methods

New methods =
2011
ASTM D 1275 B
CCD test (IEC 62535)
07 JULIO 2011
15
Corrosive sulfur: detention methods
2011
A new scale of reactivity?
Benzene 1,3 dithiol
Dodecanthiol
Dibenzothiophene
Results of CCD
test on oils
spiked with
different
compounds
Benzylsulfide
Benzylmercaptan
Dibenzyldisulfide
07 JULIO 2011
Case history of Total Sulfur in oil

(considerable reduction since 1990)
Case history
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS (<72,5kV ; <10MVA): tot. no. 4970
2011
Total Sulfur
CIGRE 2000
Paris
V. TUMIATTI (SEA MARCONI) E. SERENA CIGRE TF 15. 01.05 STATISTICAL EVALUATION

TURIN NOVEMBER 1997
07 JULIO 2011
16
Case history
Case history of dissolved Hydrogen in oil
(considerable increment since 1990)
2011
Hydrogen
CIGRE 2000
Paris
SEA MARCONI IEC TC10/WG13 TURIN NOVEMBER 1995 V. TUMIATTI E. SERENA

07 JULIO 2011
Case history of Dissolved Copper in oil

(considerable increment since 1990)
Case history
2011
Dissolved copper
CIGRE 2000
Paris
V. TUMIATTI (SEA MARCONI) E. SERENA CIGRE TF 15. 01.05 STATISTICAL EVALUATION

TURIN NOVEMBER 1997
07 JULIO 2011
17
DBDS Discovery
July 2005, DBDS in oil - First identification
2011
Sea Marconis
laboratory
IFED (Integrated
Fingerprinting & Elemental
Diagnostics)
techniques, using HRGCAED&MS
Solutions
07 JULIO 2011
Sea Marconi Laboratory

CERTIFICATION
2011
Advanced analysis methods.

Quality certification:
ISO 9001; ISO 17025-2000
Our laboratory analysis is among the best in
the world:
for the range of tests performed
for the technologically advanced
instrumentation
for the methodologies used
Accreditated tests:
- PCBs, PCT, PCBsT, according to
IEC 61619:1997-04; EN 12766 -3:2004
-Dissolved water -
IEC 60814:1997-08;
-Furfural and derivative compounds -IEC 61198:1993-09;

-Dissolved gases in oil - IEC 60567:2005-06
07 JULIO 2011
18
DBDS confirmation
2011
DBDS (DiBenzylDiSulfide) in Oil Sulfur

compound, very corrosive to metal surface
(i.e. steel, copper and silver) at normal operating
temperatures
07 JULIO 2011
Oil
DBDS
Cu
Temperature > 100 C
2011
DBDS confirmation
CU2S
Winding Hot-spot temperature in C Ref. IEC
60076-7 Ed. 1
Power Transformer Part. 7: Loading guide for
oil immersed power transformers
07 JULIO 2011
19
DBDS & Occurrence
2011
Occurrence of DBDS in corrosive oils
Considering as 10 mg/kg of DBDS the threshold to make an oil

corrosive, 93,4% of oils in this population takes its corrosiveness from
DBDS
07 JULIO 2011
2011
Post Mortem and/or Post Failures Diagnosis

It becomes necessary to perform post mortem and/or
post failure inspections for diagnostic protocol to
prevent and/or mitigate critical factors on fleets of
equipment in operation belonging to the same family.
A typical example on a GSU Transformer of an
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC).
Case History: Equipment Type- GSU; Power 192
MVA; Voltage max 400 KV; Year-1998;
Manufacture A; Oil Type - Naphthenic Base Oil
with DBDS; Oil Producer A; DBDS 110 mg/kg;
Year of Failure 2006.
07 JULIO 2011
20

A case of failure related to Corrosive Sulfur
Inspection and Analisys on internal HV windings
2011
3 - 4/October/2006
OPENING OF THE TRANSFORMER
07 JULIO 2011

2011
Pressboard damaged
by the failure
Failure area, extended

about 30x30 cm
From the outside, the failure appears due to electric discharge at the 17 turn, radial
sector 8 (numbering the sectors from 1 through 24 in counterclockwise direction, no. 1
is in correspondence with the HV contact).
07 JULIO 2011
21

2011

MAPPING OF THE COPPER CONTAMINATION
07 JULIO 2011

2011
Inspection and Analisys

on internal HV windings
COLLECTION OF PAPERS FROM

THE WINDING
- Internal conductors of the winding
heavily contaminated by copper sulfide.
The strong corrosiveness of the oil
(corrosiveness code: 4c, by repeated
analyses according to ASTM D 1275 A
ext. 48h) caused the deposition of
elevated amounts of copper sulfide on
the paper components.
07 JULIO 2011
22
Integrated methods for Diagnostic

and Treatments similar
to Human Blood:
Methods
2011
=contacting internal organs for which Diagnostic

Tests & Dialysis Treatments is metaphorically used
07 JULIO 2011
Inspection and
Sampling Kit
Typical Kits
Plastic bag for delivery
Sampling
datasheet
Single-use gloves
Luer plastic cap
2011
Single use flasks

(125 ml)
Glass syringe (50 ml)
n. 2 silicon pipes
label
Three way valve

plug ()
07 JULIO 2011
23
Methods Rapresentative Sampling for
2011
Diagnostic Tests
Transformer oil
2011
Methods
Human Bood
07 JULIO 2011
Integrated, in continuous and

on-load fluid treatments
DMU by Sea Marconi for

Integrated treatments of oil
Human Blood Dialysis
07 JULIO 2011
24
Technologies
Typical configuration
2011
Integrated treatments: Decontamination, Depolarization,

Detoxification
07 JULIO 2011
2011
DMU Multifunctional Technologies and Process

Main function
Physical
decontamination
CHEDCOS
depolarisation
CDP PROCESS
dehalogenation
Recovery of dielectric properties
Recovery of the chemical

properties of the oil (acidity,
delta tg, colour)
Elimination of sulfur corrosive

contaminants, DBDS
Elimination of dissolved organometallic contaminants
Detoxification of
PCBs/PCTs/PCBTs, POPs,
compounds etc.
07 JULIO 2011
25
Solution - Total Corrosive Sulfur TCS

PROBLEM:
ANY DOUBTS ABOUT CORROSIVENESS OF OIL?
2011
IEC 62535 2008: detection of potentially corrosive sulphur
?
NON CORROSIVE
SUSPECTED
CORROSIVE
CORROSIVE
07 JULIO 2011
Solution - Total Corrosive Sulfur TCS

The Qualitative Test Method (IEC 62535 Ed.1 2008-10) can provide results
False Positive (up to 80% of Potentially Corrosive), in case of used and
/or degraded oils and False Negative (100% of No-Potentially Corrosive),
in case of oils with DBDS (typical range 150-250 mg/Kg) but with passivator
2011
additives, masking the visual effects during the 72 hours of the test.
In case of doubts in the interpretation of inspection result of the paper, the
composition of the precipitate must be analyzed with other methods as, for
example, the SEM-EDX. This is a complex instrumentation, very expensive,
not easy available, providing, in any case, qualitative results only
07 JULIO 2011
26
Solution - Total Corrosive Sulfur -TCS

The new Quantitative SM-TCS Test Kit Method
(Sea Marconi - Total Corrosive Sulfur, patent applied for)
Sample
No.
2011
Lab.
GC ECD
DBDS
mg/kg
Lab. Lab. Lab.
Lab.
GC-MS
DBDS
mg/ kg
Lab. Lab.
SM-TCS
GC-AED
DBDSeq.
DBDS
mg/Kg
mg/kg
Lab. Lab.
Lab.
Ave.
C*
C*
C*
37 A
129
116
126
141
144
146
113
139
147
138
134
37 B
129
106
133
142
1031
143
113
141
165
135
131
37 C
71
76
62
83
1431
76
59
85
95
88
84
37 D
4.00
<2.0
<2.0
<10.0 <10.0
<9.0
<5.0
11
14
11
37 F
<2.0
3.00
N.R
<10.0 <10.0
<9.0
<5.0
<10
<10.0
N.A
37 G
24
56
N.R
31
80
31
19
14
<10.0
N.A
36
37 H
69
101
145
94
118
84
39
104
110
N.A
96
Results of the IEC TC 10 WG37 Round Robin Test n.1
07 JULIO 2011
Solution - Total Corrosive Sulfur - TCS

Washing solvents
Deionized water
Pipettes
Sealed vials
with copper
powder and
magnetic bar
(Argon
atmosphere)
2011
Needles for syringes
Plastic syringes
Reagents
Bottles for final
solutions
Gloves
Silicon tube
Litmus
Aluminium caps
Filters (P.A. 0.45 m)

07 JULIO 2011
27
Solution - Total Corrosive Sulfur - TCS

Sea Marconi Total Corrosive Sulfur test methods (Patent pending 2008) is able to
offer a very effective and reliable solution for the determination of total corrosive
sulfur, despite the presence of passivating additives.
SM-TCS strong points:
2011
Total corrosive sulfur quantification (3mg/Kg)

Disclosure of passivating effects inside the oil
Risolution of any interpretative doubt
Significantly reduced time for final response (16 hours)
No lab facilities required
07 JULIO 2011
Solution - Oil Fingerprinting SM IFED

SM-IFED Results: Paraffin-Base Oil- AGIP ITE 360-1989
Carbon
IFED with GC-AED

fingerprinting
2011
Sulfur
Carbon
Distillation profile
Sulfur
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28

SM-IFED Results: Naphthenic Base Oil with DBDS-NYNAS NYTRO 10 GBN
Carbon
IFED with GC-AED

fingerprinting
Sulfur
2011
DBDS
Carbon
Sulfur
Distillation profile
07 JULIO 2011

SM-IFED Results: Naphthenic Base Oil with DBPC &
NO-DBDS-NYNAS 10 XN-2005
IFED with GC-AED

fingerprinting
Carbon
2011
DBPC
Sulfur
07 JULIO 2011
29

Behind
the brand
name, IFED shows
reality
SM-IFED
Results:
Naphthenic
Base Oil
with DBDS- Oils Producer A & B
These two oils were proposed to one

customer by two different oil companies (one
Italian, one German), with different brands
and different names.
Oil A, Italian
producer
Oils have the same carbon and sulfur

fingerprint.
DBDS
They are the same oil.
2011
Oil B, German
producer
C
DBDS
S
07 JULIO 2011
2011
SM-IFED Results: Naphthenic Base Oil with Medium Total

Sulfur & NO-DBDS-Oil Producer X
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30
Solution Diagnostic Coverege
2011
Steps
1. Markers identification (eg. DBDS and by products
such as bibenzyl-BB)
2. Trend analysis (eg. concentration and rate of DBDS,
by-products)
3. Diagnosis and classification of type of critical
factors and priorities (eg. quantitative estimation of
formation of copper sulphide)
07 JULIO 2011
Solution Diagnostic Coverege

Typical mechanism for conversion of DBDS in copper
sulphide
S
S
Cu
DBDS
2011
T (> 100 C)
Cu2S/CuS
Cuprous/cupric sulphide
+
CH3
Dibenzyl sulphide
SH
Bibenzyl
Toluene
Benzyl mercaptan
Stilbene
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31
2011
Solution ABC Diagnostic Coverage

of strategic unit
1. A - Evaluation of the Family historical
anamnesis B - Equipment C - Symptoms
2. External inspection (Signs) of the equipment;
3. Representative sampling of the insulating
liquid of each equipment (A; B; C);
4. Analysis (Symptoms) by an ISO 9001
credited and expert laboratory
07 JULIO 2011
2011
Solution ABC Diagnostic Coverage of strategic unit

1. Total Corrosive Sulfur-SM-TCS IEC 62697-2;
2. Oil Fingerprint Profile- SM-IFED with GC/AED
3. Potentially Corrosive Sulfur (CCD) IEC 62535;
4. DiBenzyl DiSulfide (DBDS) with GC/MS & AED/ECD; IEC 62697-1;
5. Metal Passivator additives - Ciba Irgamet 39; Ciba Irgamet 30
6. Metal Passivator additives - Benzotriazole-BTA;
7. Inhibitor additive content - DBPC-IEC 60666;
8. Total Sulfur Content with ICP;
9. Dibenzylsulfide (DBS) with GC/MS &AED;
10. Bisbenzyl (BiBZ) with GC/MS;
11. Dissolved Metals ICP (Copper, Iron, Zinc, Tin, Silicon, Silver, Al);
12 Copper Deposition Test (on the CCD paper) with ICP;
13 Particles (counting and sizing) - IEC 60970;
14 Dissolved Gases (DGA) - IEC 60657 and IEC 60599;
15. Furfural and related compounds (Furans)-IEC 61198;
16 Water content - IEC 60814;
17 Total Acidity Number (TAN) - IEC 62021;
18 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) - IEC 60247;
19 Resistivity - IEC 60247;
20 Aspect and Color ASTM D 1500;
21 PCBs + PCTs + PCBTs IEC 61619, EN 12766
07 JULIO 2011
32
Solution DMU for Integrated treatments:

Decontamination, Depolarization, Detoxification
2011
Advantages
A. Dedicated Reagents for Integrated treatments of the
oil
B. Decontamination mobile units (DMU) for on-site oil
treatment and/or on-load transformers
C. Best Available Techniques (BAT) Best
Environmental Practices (BEP) for the Life Cycle
Management (LCM) of fleets of transformers, reactors
and others strategic equipment
07 JULIO 2011
Solution DMU for Integrated treatments:

Decontamination, Depolarization, Detoxification
2011
Steps
1. Laboratory Preparation:
Borosilicate Vial test (100 ml) (50 g of oil) + Special reagent
formulated according to the applications (10% in weight with
respect to the oil)
2. Heating and stirring apparatus: 60-100 C in max 24 hours
3. Lab Analysis HRGC AED, FT-IR, TAN, etc.
4. Formulation of the reagent for industrial scale and quality control for
each batch of reagents
5. Field application of the oil integrated treatment by Decontamination
Mobile Unit (DMU).
07 JULIO 2011
33
2011
Solution DBDS Free and PCBs Free
Chedcos
CDP Process
According IEC 60422 Ed. 4, 2011
07 JULIO 2011
Solution Selective Depolarisation

Max 800 lt/h
Max 800 lt/h

Transformer oil
PUMP
Mechanical
filter
2011
Max 5000 lt/h

Mechanical
filter
Chemical solid
reagents
Heating
Absorption solid
reagents
VACUUM PUMP
Cooling
Main
PUMP circuit
Max 1500 lt/h
Auxiliary
circuit
Vacuum
dehydrator
DBDS chemical
Modification
(80-90C)
Modified DBDS
Retention
(55-60C)
Max 3500 lt/h
System for removal of DBDS & TCS from transformer oil: scheme for On-Load
Selective Depolarisation Process.
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34
Solution Selective Depolarisation

Depolarisation on-load from corrosive sulfur
2011
Chemical
transformation unit
Chemicalphysical filtration
unit
Under vacuum
degassing and
dehydration unit
Interconnection
unit
07 JULIO 2011
2011
Solution Selective Depolarisation: DMU
DMU 100.5000 24C

07 JULIO 2011
35
Solution - Selective Depolarisation and DBDS elimination

Before
depolarisation
After depolarisation
ASMT Scale: 1a
2011
ASMT Scale: 4c
DBDS
DBDS
07 JULIO 2011
Solution - Selective Depolarisation with the elimination

of DBDS and NON CORROSIVE classification
2011
Selective depolarisation is a chemical treatment in order to achieve the

following aims:
elimination of corrosive sulfur compounds (DBDS and others);
elimination of polar inorganic compounds (metals);
elimination of soluble and insoluble oxidation compounds (acids);
removal of insoluble deposition and sludge
elimination of moisture and physical contaminants

additivation (if required) of the oil with oxidation inhibitors type DBPC at
0,3% in weight
In few words the process assures the elimination of corrosiveness of the oil
and the complete recuperation chemical and dielectric properties of the oil.
07 JULIO 2011
36
Depolarisation General features
2011
The process is performed on site, without removing the oil

from the equipment.
The process is performed by continuous circulation of the
oil: being taken from the bottom of electrical equipment,
circulated through the depolarisation unit and re-introduced in
the transformer from the upper valve or the expansion tank.
The process may be performed with the electrical
equipment in service, in nominal load conditions (OLT On
Load Treatment) using particular safety devices and operational
procedures.
07 JULIO 2011
Mitigation Techniques: Depolarisation

Parameter
Power
Rated voltage
Oil type
Year of installation
Cooling mode
Units
MVA
kV
-
2011
Evolution of
corrosion
parameters
before and after
depolarization
DBDS / Irgamet39 (mg/kg)
Segregation
180
Value
Notes
142
Before
400
depolarization the
Nynas Nytro 10 GBN
oil was
1997
passivated twice,
ONAF
due to
passivators
Breathing
depletion in
service 12
Irgamet39
11
160
DBDS
140
2nd passivation
10
9
Corrosivity (ASTM
D 1275 B)
120
1st passivation
100
6
80
60
Corrosiveness (ASTM D 1275 B)
Case 2: GSU
transformer,
treated on fall
2006, on-load
4
3
40
2
20
0
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
-5
10
15
20
25
Months before/after the treatment
07 ISEI
JULIO 2010
2011
SAN DIEGO, CA - USA
74
37
2011
Benchmarking
PASSIVATION
OIL CHANGE
DEPOLARIZATION
SIMPLICITY
TIME
CONSUMING
ON LOAD
High
Low/Medium
Low/Medium
Low
Low/Medium
Medium/High
No
No
Yes
EFFICIENCY
OILS
PROPERTIES
IMPROVEMENT
LONG TERM
PERFORMANCE
Low
Medium/High
High
No
Yes
Yes
Low
High
High
ENVIRONMENTAL
Unknown
Low
High
COST/BENEFIT
Very Low
Medium/High
High
ISEI 2010 SAN DIEGO, CA - USA
07 JULIO 2011
2011
Conclusion
The DBDS & Corrosion Free Program 2011 is able
to prevent and/or mitigate the
Corrosion Phenomena.
The countermeasures suggested represent the Best
Available Techniques (BAT), Best Environmetal
Practices (BEP) for the Life Cycle Management (LCM)
of strategic electrical equipments filled with mineral
insulating oils according new standards IEC 60296 Ed.
4, 2011 (FDIS) IEC 60422 Ed.4, 2011 (FDIS) IEC
62697 1, 2011 (FDIS) and part 2 and 3 (CD) and
CIGRE n.378, 2009 CIGRE 413, 2010
07 JULIO 2011
38
Since 1968
www.seamarconi.com
Ideas and Innovation for Energy and Environment
2011
Contacts
Alessandro Capo
Sales Manager
Vander Tumiatti
Sea Marconi Technologies
Via Ungheria 20
10093 Collegno (Turin - Italy)
Tel. +39 011 2343434
Fax +39 011 2343435
e-mail: tumiatti@seamarconi.it
Sea Marconi Technologies Sas

Via Ungheria 20
10093 Collegno (Turin - Italy)
Tel. +39 011 2343434
Fax +39 011 2343435
e-mail: capo@seamarconi.it
07 JULIO 2011
39

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2011

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DBDS & Corrosion Free Programme

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Post Mortem & Post Failure Diagnosis

Solution Corrosive Sulfur

Aging & Corrosion-Non Sulfur

ABC Diagnostic Coverage

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Copper in oil mg/kg

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Thermal FaultHot spot

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Case history of failures

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Total failed reactors

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17 August 2009 - Accident Sayano-Sushenskaya

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IEC 60296 and IEC 60422

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IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

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IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

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IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

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IEC 62697 1 2011 CDV

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IEC 62697 1 2011

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Chromatograms of DBDS in mineral insulating oils obtained with GC-AED.

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