Shaban Booklet 1-6-2016
Shaban Booklet 1-6-2016
Shaban Booklet 1-6-2016
SHABAN BOOLKET
SHABAN
CIVIL
ENGINEERS
BOOKLET
Prepared by Consultant Civil
Engineer:
SHABAN BOOLKET
INDEX
Subject
1- GENERAL
2- STEEL
3- BUILDINGS
4- ROADS
5- SANITARY
6- CONCRETE
7- ESTIMATION
8- Electrical &
Mechanical
Page
5
20
38
63
98
112
128
139
9- Miscellaneous
149
SHABAN BOOLKET
SHABAN BOOLKET
GENERAL
SHABAN BOOLKET
Conversions
1
1
1
1
1
mile
barrel
Inch
kg.
horse
Power
1 hector
1 acre
1 donam
1 Olk
1 bar
1 kg.
1 bar
1 gallon
1 Psi
1.609
210
2.5
2.204
745.7
km
Liter
cm
lb.
watt.
10000 m2
4046.86 m2
2500
m2
100
m2
1.019 kg/cm2
9.81 Newton
105
Pascal
3.785
Liter
6.89
N/m2
6
SHABAN BOOLKET
Densities
MATERIAL
kg/m3
Concrete
Asphalt Conc.
Bricks
Cement
Clay(wet)
Cement mortar
Concrete
(Reinforced )
Gypsum
Sand
Concrete Blocks
Gravel
Steel
Wood (average)
Water
2300
2400
1900
1400
2080
1440
2400
1200
1650
1400
1800
7850
400-700
1000
SHABAN BOOLKET
% clay
sand
80-100
0-20
0-20
Sandy
Loam
50-80
0-50
0-20
loam
30-50
30-50
0-20
Silty
Loam
0-50
50-100
0-20
Sandy
C.L.
50-80
0-30
20-30
clay L.
20-50
20-50
20-30
Silty
C.L.
0-30
50-80
20-32
Sandy
Clay
50-70
0-20
30-50
Clay
0-50
0-50
30-100
Silty
Clay
0-20
50-70
30-50
S= sand passing (2- 0.05mm)
L= loam passing ( 0.05-0.005 mm)
C= clay passing(less than 0.005mm)
SHABAN BOOLKET
kg/cm2
Hard rock
30 - 40
Rock
10 - 20
Loose rock
8 -12
Gravel &
sand
Coarse
sand
Hard dry
clay
Clay &
sand
Fine sand
6 10
3-5
2-3
1.5 - 2
1-2
Loose clay
0.5-0.75
Filling soils
0.25- 0.50
SHABAN BOOLKET
Materials Tests -1
Important tests
Item
Bitumen Penetration test every
Filler
Bricks
Cement
supplied Tanker .
Gradation every day , or when
source changed
Compressive strength & water
absorption , specimen of 50
bricks every 20 000 unit .
Compressive strength,
fineness and chemical test for
each 100 ton .
Gradation test one sample for
every 50 m3 of supplied
material .
Gravel
and
Sand
Sanitary Thickness, weight per unit
length, and thickness of
pipes
Galvanized layer for each
supplied quantity.
10
SHABAN BOOLKET
Materials Tests 2
Item
Mosaic
Tiles
Gypsum
Building
stones
Concrete
blocks
Steel
bars
Concrete
Important tests
Modules of Rapture,
absorption Mosaic thick for
every (3000) unit .
Compressive strength, color
, and chemical tests for
every (150) tom.
Compressive strength and
absorption test , for every
(100) m3
Compressive strength and
absorption , 20 sample for
every 10 000 unit.
Tensile strength, Elongation
for every (25) Ton.
Compressive strength for
every (50)m3 , or per day
work and slump test.
11
SHABAN BOOLKET
Materials Tests 3
Item
Paints
Stinger
Tiles
Concrete
Pipes
Damp
proofing
bitumen
Water for
concrete
Important tests
Mineral content , coloring
material , oil and Resin ,
one gallon as sample
every 100 gallon .
Modulus of Rupture , % of
absorption , 6 samples for
each 5000 unit .
Nominal Internal Diameter
with tolerance of + , - 10 %
, Crushing test , absorption
one sample for each 50
units
Flexibility , Heat resistant ,
and Tensile resistant , one
sample for each source .
% of So4 , % of salt ,
Alkalinity or acidity , one
sample for each source .
12
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Timber thickness or
size in mm
Sheetings
25 to 50
Beam&
column
25 to 50
side
Beam
50
bottom
Ledgers
50 x 100 to 75 x 200
Posts
50 x 100 to 75 x 200
75 x 100 to 150 x
Joists
150
Column
50 x 100 to 100 x
Yoke
100
Studs and 50 x 150 to 150 x
walling
150
13
SHABAN BOOLKET
Expansion joints
T = C x L x Co
T = Total expansion joint width in (mm)
C = coefficient of linear expansion
L = length of structure in mm
Co= change of temperature in centigrade.
Material
C mm/mm/co
Structural
steel
Concrete
Masonry
Reinforced
concrete
0.0000017
0.0000094
0.000013
14
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LEVEL CHECKING
a1
A
b1
B
p
d1
a2
A
Fig : 1
d2
b2
B
d1+d2
Level Instr.
Fig : 2
Q
d3
Error(e) =
( a2 - b2 ) - ( a1 - b1 ) / ( d1 + d2)
1-At Fig 1 , Put level at point P and
Take levels at A & B , read a1,b1
2-At Fig 2 , Take levels at A & B ,
while the level is at Q point, read
a2 , b2
3-Calculate e, allowable error is equal
+,- 0.5 mm per each 10 m length.
4- d1,d2,& d3 are about 25 m.l each .
5- C= 0.0675 k2
C= Leveling curvature correction
in meters
K= Leveled Distance in Kilometers
15
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Piles foundations
Types of piles:
1- Timber piles , 2- Steel H-piles ,
3- Steel pipe piles , 4- Precast concrete
piles , 5- Concrete piles , 6- Composite
piles of different materials .
Main Purpose of using Piles:
1- High Structural Load compression or
uplift pressure.
2- Weak Bearing of upper layer of soil .
3- High Lateral Pressure .
For piles Load Carrying Capacity (Q)
Q = Q1 + 2 * * r * f * D
where :
Q1 = Base Resistance in Ton
r = Circular Pile Radius in Meters
f = skin Friction between Pile and soil
which vary from 500-2000 ton/m2
D = Depth of the Foundation in meters .
16
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17
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18
SHABAN BOOLKET
19
SHABAN BOOLKET
STEEL
20
SHABAN BOOLKET
1 /4
1 /3
3 /8
1 /2
5 /8
3 /4
1.0
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 5/8
6
8
10
12
16
20
25
32
38
40
Kg/ml
Area mm2
0.222
0.395
0.617
0.888
1.580
2.470
3.860
6.315
8.900
9.865
28
50
79
113
201
314
491
805
1134
1257
21
SHABAN BOOLKET
Kg
6.0
7.0
14.0
25.0
47.0
62.0
75.0
50.0
82.0
96.0
4.0
9.0
22
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BRC Reinforcing
Bar
Gage Dia. Section
Net weight
61 7.62 2.99
4.69
62 7.01 2.53
3.97
63
6.4
2.11
3.31
64 5.89 1.79
2.8
65 5.38 1.49
2.34
66 4.88 1.23
1.92
67 3.25 0.54
0.86
1- All bars spacing are 15.2X15.2 cm
2-Normally BRC nets are of 2X6 m
diameter.
3- Bar Dia. In mm, section is steel
bars cross section is in cm2 per
meter length.
4 - weight of the Net is in kg / m2.
23
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Iron
8.13
Steel
8.3
copper
9.3
1.2 1/22
8.9
9.1
10.2
1.3 1/20
9.8
10
11.2
1.4 1/18
10.8
11.1
12.4
1.6 1/16
12.2
12.5
14.0
3.2
6.4
1/8
1/4
24.4
48.8
24.9
49.8
27.6
55.8
10
3/8
71.1
74.7
83.8
NOTES:
1- All weights in kg / m2
12 - 1 / 24 inch means gage.
23- mm & Inch are Thicknesses
24
SHABAN BOOLKET
Span in
Weight
meters
kg /ml
1.5 -2.0
8.1
2.0 -3.0
10.4
3.0 -3.5
12.9
3.5 -4.0
15.8
4.5 -5.0
22.4
5.0 -5.5
26.2
5.5 -6.0
30.7
6.0 -7.0
36.1
Note:
Maximum Distance between (2)
I -sections is( 80) cm, and Min.
wall bearings in (cm) is =
Span in (cm) / 20
25
SHABAN BOOLKET
L/7
L/5
L/4
Span = L
L/5
Wall
l/4
l/3
Span = l
L= Span of edge panel
l = Span of intermediate panel
26
SHABAN BOOLKET
TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT
needed For ordinary works
TYPE
Kg /m3
120
4 -Concrete Foundations
130
50
70
150
NOTE:
For (12- 18) cm thick slabs
assume approx. (10) kg/m2
27
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Rectangul
ar T
Beams ,
(4 5 ) m
span
Square
Columns
up to (4 )m
height
3 16 mm top,
Beam Height
5-16 mm
x Beam width
bottom , with
40*30cm
stirrups 10 mm ,
45 *35cm
@ 20cm.
4 20 mm or 6
- 16 mm , with
30*30 cm
stirrups 10 mm
40*40cm
@ 20cm
spacing.
12 mm @ 20*
Slabs , 20 cm or 10 mm Thickness =
@
12 to 18
stairs up to
15/15cm
cm
(4) m span
spacing.
28
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Reinforcement
Dimension
Steel Bars
Slab 20 cm
Top tensile bars
thick on wall
12 mm @ 10 cm
,10 cm at
c/c
end ,
Distribution steel
bearing 40
8 mm @12 cm
cm on wall
Use 12 mm
Parapet 80 steel bars @ 15 10 12 cm
cm height cm c-c , both
thickness
direction
Cantilever, At top 4 - 16 mm
25 * 30 cm
T - beams , bottom 2 - 16
30 * 40 cm
up to 2.0 mm , stirrups 10
40 * 50 cm
length
mm @ 15 cm
Stair case
12 mm @ 15 cm 12 to 15 cm
3.0 m
both direction
thickness
height
Cantilever,
slab up to
2:0 m width
, live load
400 kg / m2
29
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30
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31
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471
679
1006
1207
1273
1527
1901
2281
2455
2946
3080
3696
4021
4826
5090
6108
5671
6805
3402
393
3054
2268
5
No.
2413
2036
1134
4536
1848
1609
1018
38
4072
1473
1232
805
36
3217
1140
982
616
32
2464
764
760
491
28
1964
604
509
380
25
1520
340
402
255
22
1018
236
226
201
18
805
3
No.
157
113
16
453
2
No.
79
12
314
1
No.
10
4
No.
Dia.
mm
32
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942
1357
2212
2413
2800
3054
4181
4561
5401
5892
6776
7392
8847
9651
11198
12216
12475
13609
10207
864
9162
9073
11
No.
7238
8144
7939
11341
5544
6434
7126
38
10180
4419
4928
5630
36
8043
3421
3928
4312
32
6160
2291
3041
3437
28
4910
1810
2036
22
2661
25
3801
1018
1609
1782
22
2545
707
905
1408
18
2011
9
No.
628
792
16
1131
8
No.
550
12
785
7
No.
10
10
No.
Dia.
mm
33
SHABAN BOOLKET
3.93
5.65
11.49
10.05
14.51
12.70
21.71
19.00
28.05
24.54
35.20
30.80
45.96
40.21
58.17
50.90
64.81
56.71
90.73
4.49
81.44
113.4
17.5
cm
64.34
101.8
151.2
75.61
44.26
80.43
135.7
38
67.87
38.27
61.60
107.2
36
53.62
30.40
49.09
82.13
32
41.07
20.32
38.00
65.45
28
32.72
16.08
25.40
50.67
25
25.33
9.05
20.17
33.87
22
16.93
6.28
11.31
26.81
18
13.40
12.5
cm
7.85
15.08
16
7.54
10
cm
10.47
12
5.24
7.5
cm
10
15c
m
Dia.
34
SHABAN BOOLKET
1.95
2.83
5.74
5.03
7.26
6.35
10.86
9.50
14.03
12.28
17.60
15.40
22.98
20.11
29.09
25.45
32.41
28.36
41.24
2.23
37.02
45.73
35
cm
29.25
40.72
50.41
37.81
22.40
32.17
45.25
38
33.44
17.85
24.64
35.75
36
26.81
13.82
19.63
27.38
32
20.54
9.24
15.20
21.82
28
16.36
7.31
10.16
16.89
25
12.67
4.11
8.04
11.29
22
8.47
2.86
4.52
8.94
18
6.70
27.5
cm
3.14
5.03
16
3.77
25
cm
3.49
12
2.62
22.5
cm
10
30
cm
dia
35
SHABAN BOOLKET
H
S
H
height
(m)
D
In (m)
Section
DIN
Column
Section
DIN
Girder
IPE- 240
IPE- 300
IPE- 300
S
span
In (m)
2 2.5
IPE- 300
IPE- 360
IPE- 360
IPE- 200
IPE- 240
IPE- 240
68
2.5 3
IPE- 360
IPE- 400
IPE- 400
1.5 - 2
15 - 20
8 10
2.5 3.5
5-6
20 30
10 12
10 - 15
30 40
36
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37
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3
___________
BUILDINGS
38
SHABAN BOOLKET
Buildings Requirements-1
Designing Buildings Requirements
used normally in IRAQ :
Application of Loading: IBC
Code 2006 or newest.
Concrete Structure: ACI Code
318-08 Metric version or newest.
Seismicity: IRAQI seismic Code
for buildings Code2/1997(English
version) It can be designed in
accordance to the ACI code by
applying this requirement
Wind Load: Applying 160 km/hr ,
Consider IBC code for the rest of
the regulation.
Designing Methods: Allowable
Stress Design Method for steel
structure and Ultimate Strength
Design for Concrete structures.
Reinforcement details: Should
be according to ACI Detailing
Manual, New Version.
39
SHABAN BOOLKET
Buildings Requirements-2
40
2.50
3.50m2
per bed
6.00
10.00
1.80
1.10
2.80
Bed Room.
Kitchen.
Kitchen + dining.
41
Bath room.
W.C.
Bath. +W.C.
1.20
0.80
1.50
2.50
2.00
2.40
9.50
Min.
Min.
2
area m width
m
Living room.
Type
SHABAN BOOLKET
BUILDINGS BYELAWS
SHABAN BOOLKET
42
SHABAN BOOLKET
Buildings Allowed
Tolerances
1- Max.
decreasing in
footing Thick for
concrete casting
2- Footing
displacement or
eccentricity of
footing width
3- Variations for
stairs RISE + or 4 - For stair
TREAD + or 5 - For Lintels,
parapets,
Horizontal
grooves, etc..
6 - Variations in
column and
Walls shuttering
of total length
7 -Variations for
Slabs, beams
Shuttering for 3
Meters length
5%
2%
3 mm
6.5 mm
6.5 mm
12.5 mm
6.5 mm
43
SHABAN BOOLKET
DOORS
Height X
WINDOWS
width
(2.10
(10 20 ) % of
2.30)m x
floor area
( 4.20
x1.10)m
(2.0 2.10) (1/15) of walls
x (1.0
area.
1.10) m
(1.90 2.0) Minim =(0.3)m2
x (0.75-1.5)
m
(2.0-2.10) x
(15-30) %of
(1.0-1.20) m
floor area.
44
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LINTLELS
d
Surrounded wall
b
L
b
Lintel Concrete
Lintel
Bottom
Span
Beam
Bearing
Reinforce
(L) m
Depth(d)
walls =
ment
cm
(b) cm
Up - 1.2
15
3 - 8 mm
20
1. 2 -2.0
25
3 - 10 mm
25
3 12
2.0 -3.0
30
30
mm
NOTES :
1- Use 8 mm stirrups @ 20 cm.
2- For top bars reinforcing use 2 of 8
mm. diameter .
3-Minimum overlap = 40 bar diameter
4-Beam width is same wall width .
45
SHABAN BOOLKET
Members
One way
Beams
slab
L / 20
L / 16
L / 24
L / 17
L / 28
L / 21
L / 10
L/8
46
SHABAN BOOLKET
Distant (b)
Slabs on walls
15 cm
Lintels
20 cm
Beams
Spans up to 3.5 m
Spans up to 5.5 m
Spans up to 7.5 m
20 cm
30 cm
40 cm
Slab or beam
span
47
SHABAN BOOLKET
PLASTERING
Plastering material required on
masonry , blocks walls , (2)cm
thickness , and per (100)m2 area .
TYPE
M3 Mix
1-Cement
Mortar=
3.00 1:3
(Cement +Sand)
2-White Lime
(Gypsum)=
6.00 With water
(Loose powder)
3-Pointing =
(Cement+
0.35 1:3
Sand).
4- Rendering =
(white cement 0.25 1:2
+filler)
NOTE: (220kg)of cement to be
added for 100m2 plastering if
smooth surfaces are required.
48
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WALLS SMALL
FOUNDATION
wall
2T
////////////////Ground level
//////////////
T
D
d = Depth of
Plain Conc.
45 o Inclined I I p= Clear leave
D= Depth of
back distance
Foundation
49
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50
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STAIRS
T
R
H= Stair Height
w = Stair Width
q = Stair slope angle
W = width H = height
T = Tread R= Rise
RULES :
1234-
2R + T = 584 to 610 mm
H / R = No. of stairs.
W = (T x No. of stairs )
Min m T = 216 mm
Max m R = 203 mm
Max m q = 42 o
Min m q = 20 o
51
SHABAN BOOLKET
Step Foundations
Top Reinforcing Mesh
X
Bottom Mesh
A level
T= Thickness
Y
B level
Z shape reinforcing
Recommendations :
1- Continuous Foundation thickness = T
2- Minim Y = T , No. of steps not limited .
3- Minim X= 2Y but not less than 30 cm
4- Use inclined Z shape steel
connection between the foundation
levels A & B and use the same
reinforcement type used in the
foundation Bottom Mesh .
5- Min overlap of z-shape with original
foundation reinforcement is 40
reinforcing bar diameter .
52
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Typical Basement
Drainage
This for Typical Basement excavated in soil
30 cm Min . Filter
12 cm Min.
Reinforced concrete
Wall , 2500 psi min.
water proofing
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
layer.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;; Natural ;;;;
Proofed Flooring
Non excavated;
;;;;;; soil ;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
NGL
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Footing
Tamped Earth
Back filling
15 20 cm Diameter
Filter layer from
Slotted pipe on hard
Coarse graded agg. Base , with slope
Or stone backfilling
For draining seepage
For water draining
water outside plot .
53
SHABAN BOOLKET
FORMS OPENING
TYPE
( Beams +
Lintels
+Footing )
Sides.
Column
without
loads.
(Slabs +
Lintels +
Under.
Beams
base ).
DAYS
2
3
2 X small dimension
(m) +2 days
m = meter
NOTE:
This recommendation are for
ordinary concrete works, with air
temperature above 5o C.
54
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55
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56
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Paints
Paint type
Quantity Area
Oil on plastered
30-35
surfaces and
1 gallon
m2
iron.
Emulation on
20-25
1 gallon
walls and roofs.
m2
Varnish on
30
1 gallon
Wood surface .
m2
Bitumen for
5
10 kg
Roofs isolation .
m2
Snowcem on
100
50 kg
walls. (powder )
m2
Distemper for
100
12 kg
external surface.
m2
Notes :
1- The covered area is changed
according to surface smoothness.
2- Painter can cover (45-65) m2/day.
57
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Column Requirements - 1
1- Columns are considered short or
small when the ratio of column
effective Length (L) to its least
lateral dimension(d) exceed (15)
Slenderness ratio SR = L / d
2- Max SR for column so that it not
subject to buckling should not
exceed (45) for Axially loaded
columns, & (20) for columns which
subjected to Bending moments.
3- Reduction load factor for long
column with (21) SR is 0.8, (30)
SR is 0.5, And (42) when SR is 0.1 .
4- Recommended min. least lateral
dimension or diameter for 4.5 m
long column is 45 cm, for 3.5 m
is 35 cm and for 3.0 m is 23 cm.
58
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Column Requirements- 2
1- Un supported column length
should not be greater than (10)
times of the least lateral dimension
or Diameter of the cross section,
other wise it should be considered
as long column and braced for
lateral support.
2- Minim column dimension, diameter
or thickness, should not be less
than (15) cm , and maxim length to
width percentage should not
exceed 3:1 for the rectangular
cross sections.
3- Maxim steel reinforcement for a
column cross section is 8% and
minim is 1% as percentage of the
total column cross section area.
4- Minim steel bars used inch, and
maxim 2 inch, for stirrups minim is
inch and maxim spacing is(25) cm.
59
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60
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61
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62
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ROADS
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GENERAL ROADS -1
1- For small blasting in rocks , (1.0)
kg of explosive materials is needed
for every (4.0) m 3 , and in huge
blasting, half of this quantity is
required.
2-Soils expand after excavation
about 25% of its original
volume , subbase 10%,sand
20%, and chalk soils 30% .
3- Max. Allowable Soluble salts in
road embankments is 10 % ,
and Max allowable organic
materials is 5 - 10 % .
One test sample required for every
3000 m 3 of soil.
4- Maximum allowable longitudinal
grade is (6-9%) for a (50km/hr)
design speed road , and (3-5%) for
a (110 km/hr) design speed .
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GENERAL ROADS - 2
1-Standard roads lane width is
(3.7m) but not less than 5.5 m for
2 lanes , with median width from
( 1 to 4) m between lanes .
2- Roads Shoulder Minimum width
is 1.25 m and Max. 3.6 m ,
with transverse slope between 2%
and 5 % for water draining.
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Airports
1- Airports are classified according to
its usage , aircraft type and Runway
code letter from ( A to F ) according
to ICAO international standards.
2- Airports are Mainly composed of
Main Runway, taxiways, aprons ,
terminal building for passengers, VIP ,
tower , cargo , and other service
buildings , communications and roads.
3-Main Runway rigid pavements typical
layers are Concrete 40 cm thickness
+ 15 cm Dry lean concrete + 35cm
stone base + 30 cm sub base ).
4-Flexibale pavement is consist of 4 cm
wearing + 6 cm Binder + 15cm MBC
Macadam base course + 50 cm stone
base + 30cm subcase).
5-Minm clear distance between runway
and any parallel taxiway is 200 m , for
safety issues .
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Airports Classification
Airports are classified according to its
runway characteristics as below :
Type
Runway Runway Max.
Length
width
Grade
Secondary 500-900 25
2.0%
Domestic
1250
30
1.5%
Sub-maim
1800
45
1.5%
Main
2250
45
1.5%
International 3150 & 45 &
1.25%
More
60
Airports also are classified with its
annual passenger capacity ( Mppa) , for
example 2.5 Million passenger (Arrivals
+ Departures) per year.
Notes :
1- All dimensions are in meters
2- Maximum grade is for runway
centerline profile .
3- These physical characteristics are
according to FAA standards .
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Express Rural
way
way
Urban
High
way
Level
3%
4%
6%
Rolling
4%
5%
7%
Mountain
6%
7%
9%
NOTES:
1- Min longitudinal grade 0.5% in
snowy countries, and 0.3% at
other locations.
2- Max. Ramp grades 8 %.
3- Level longitudinal grade is
accepted in flat only where side fill
slope 1:4 or flatter .
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Asphalt Pavements
Layer
Description
1-Wearing
layer
2- Binder
layer
3-Stablizer
Layer
4 - Base
course
5 - SubBase
6 Filling
and Sub grade
7- Prime +
Tack coat
8Shoulders
71
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72
+,- 6 %
+,- 4 %
+,-1.5 %
+,-0.3 %
+,- 15 %
85 C
15 C
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Asphalt Pavement
Tolerances
Surface or
Level Tolerance
Course
in millimeter
Wearing course
+ 3 to - 3
asphalt
Binder and
stabilizer asphalt
+ 3 to - 6
courses
Crushed stone
+ 6 to - 15
course
Sub base course + 10 to - 30
mixed granular
Sub grade or
+ 15 to - 30
Formation level
layer
Note : Above tolerances may change
slightly according to pavement type .
73
2:3
A
3.0
1.5
1.0
R
74
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Asphalt Pavement
Deviations Part-2
B- Deviations in Stability and Flow :
1-Deviations from vMin required limit
of stability by (68 to 100)Kg for
wearing course, and ( 100 to 150) kg
for Binder course , and also deviation
from Min and Max required limits of
Flow by 7.62 mm , should be treated
by increasing the next layer by 3 cm
2-But if Deviations are more than
upper mentioned limits for stability or
flow limits by more than 7.62 mm,
should be treated according to item
(A-2 ) in part 1
3 - Any deviations more than above
limits , the complete layer should be
removed and replaced by new one
without any compensations and
according to required specifications.
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Important tests
Compaction every 200 ml.,
Road
C.B.R, soluble salts ,
Embankment organic content , each 1500
layers
m3 , or soil changing.
Compaction every 200 ml
Road Sub- ,C.B.R 5% Min. , Gradation ,
grade layer LL Max . 25% , PI Max .
6% , each 400 m3
Sub base & Gradation , L.L . P.I , CBR ,
Stone Base and Field density each 400
m3 , Min. 98 %or Each lane .
Prime Coat Density as kg/m2 for each
lane About 1.0 kg / cm2 .
Asphalt
Layers
Structure
(Culverts,
Curbs &
Bridges)
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ASPHALT LAYERS
GRADING
Sieve Stabilizer Binder
Wearing
1.5"
100
1.0"
90-100
100
3/4"
75-91
90-100
100
1/2"
56-80
70-90
90-100
3/8"
50-74
56-80
77-93
No. 4
29-59
35-65
44-74
No. 8
19-45
23-49
28-58
No. 50
5-17
5-19
5-21
No. 200
2-8
3-10
3-10
% of
bitumen. 3.0- 5.5
3.5-6.0
4.0-6.0
Marshal >= 5 KN >=7 KN
>= 8 KN
Notes:
1- Required Flow is from (2 - 4mm)
2- Required air voids (>=70%) for all
asphalt types as Typical.
3- Bitumen Grade 40/50 to used for
upper layers Binder and Wearing
4- Bitumen Grade 60/70 to used for
lower layer Stabilizer .
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BRIDGES JOINTS
Total
Longitudinal
Movement
Joint
Type
Maximum
Acceptable
Vertical
Movement
Between
Two Sides
of Joint
mm
Min.
mm
Max.
mm
20
0 5
12
50
60
50
100
Buried joint
under
1. continuous
surfacing
2.
Fully
5. cantilevered
toothed
speciallyplates
6.
designed joints
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Asphalt Properties
Property
Marshall Stability
(KN), min
Base
Binder
Course Course
Surface
Course
2-4
2-4
2-4
Voids in Marshall
specimen (%)
3-6
3-5
3-5
Voids in mineral
aggregate (%),
mm.
12
13
14
ImmersionCompression
Index of
Retained
Strength (%),
min.
70
70
70
Marshall Flow
(mm)
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82
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Fill slopes
1: 1.75 to
1: 4 Depending
on soil type ..
Note :
Minim Excavation for Removing
Top-soil under pavement ,Original
sub soil , is (15)cm, with Minim
required CBR = 5 %.
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As % Passing
%
Sieve
Pass
No.
100
No. 4
80100
No.40
50 80
No.200
%
Pass
30-60
10-30
5-15
Notes:
1- Liquid limit = (25) % as upper limit for
Materials Passing sieve No. 4 .
2- plasticity Index= (4) % as upper limit
for Materials Passing sieve No. 4 .
3- Abrasion loss is 45 % as upper limit .
4- Soaked CBR = or more than 80%
at 95% modified maxim density.
5 All material should be crushed
with Aggregate crushing value of less
than 30 , BS 812 .
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SUB-BASE GRADING
As % Passing
Grade
A
100
60-90
30-65
25-55
15-40
8-20
2- 8
Grade
B
100
75-95
40-75
30-60
20-45
15-30
5 - 15
Sieve
Grade C
2.0"
100
1.0"
50-85
3/8"
35-65
No. 4
25-50
No.10
15-30
No.40
5 -15
No.200
Notes:
1-Liquid limit not more than (35)
2- required plasticity Index not
more than (6).
3- Soaked CBR = or more than
60 % at 95% modified maxim
density.
88
F
R
D
C
AC = (0.5) AB
DE = (0.5) DB
DC , EF are
perpendicula
r on AB , AD ,
DB .
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SIGHT DISTANCE
E
.
CL
Q
R
S = 2R Arc Cos. (R - E ) / R
S = sight distance in meters measured
along CL line of inside lane (dotted)
R = Radius of the center line of the
inside lane in meters ( dotted ) .
Arc Cos. is expressed in radians
E = Distance from CL of inner lane .
A = Driver eye , B= Object on road
Height of the Object = 15 cm
Height of the driver eye = 1.15 m
Line of the sight AB is(76)cm above GL
Q= Any obstruction ( building or
treeetc .)
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Culverts Length
Min. culvert length L is calculated
as :
L= SW + 2*SH + 4*FH
SW =sub base width
SH = shoulder width
FH = filling height on top of
The culvert slab to the
bottom of the pavement
NOTES :
1- The Culverts side slopes are
assumed 1:2 for fill.
9- Min. Culvert bed slope for suitable
flow is 0.5% and max. is 5% .
3- For low water discharges, use pipe
culverts till 1.0 meter diameter size ,
for 3.0 meter river water flow span ,
Box culverts preferable .
4- Bridges are recommended for
bigger Discharges, and rivers with
more higher spans .
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Culverts Size
Culverts size are calculated
according to formula :
A = ( i * a * f ) / ( 36 * v )
A = culvert cross section in m2
i = Intensity of max. rain full in the
Region in cm/ hour.
Use 100-120 cm/hr in north of Iraq.
a = Catchments area in Hectares.
f = factor of soil impervious
Depending on type of soil, from
(0.9) for Rocks , (0.75) for normal
soils to (0.6) for sandy soils.
v = allowable velocity inside
culverts in cm/sec, which is about
0.5 Cm/sec.
Note:
Free board of minimum (15) cm
is recommended under bottom of
culvert slab to surface of water flow.
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RETAINING WALLS
Masonry wall with plain Concrete
Footing , the section is Economical up
to (3)m (H) = Height .
H/7
.
///////////
H/3
H
H/3
H/5
f
D //////////// H/3
H/3
d
7 / 16 H
NOTES :
1- Min m Footings Excavation,
D = 80 cm ,
2- Min m Footing Thickness,
d = 50 cm .
3- Min m f = 20 cm .
4-Inside Wall casting Concrete can
be filled with 30 % stones.
5-Drain PVC (4) pipes to be
inserted each 1 by 1 m .
93
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D=
3WC/S
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T
////////////////////////////
T=thickness
b- Expansion joint :
Isolation filter
////////////////////////////
concrete
c- Construction joint:
formed edge
with key
1st cast
2nd cast
////////////////////////////
Treated Ground
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Road
Type
Type
A Thick
20 cm
Min. CBR
4%
Thick
30 cm
10,12,15
M width
inside city
Crushed lime
stone Thick
25 cm
Type
Thick
30 cm
Min. CBR
5%
Thick
50 cm
20 , 30
M width
City Roads
Type
A Thick
40 cm
Min. CBR
6%
Thick
60 cm
40 , 60 , 100 , 120
M width
Main city Roads
Asphalt
Base
Sub
Base
Crushed Lime
Stone Thick
20Cm
Binder
7
Cm
Binder
6 Cm +
Wearing
5 cm
Crushed lime
Stone thick
30 cm (2) layers
Binder
6
Cm
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SANITARY
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SANITARY CONSTANTS
1- Water supply Consumption
requirements as liter /capita /day
a- For Each Person at Home as
average is about (200) L / C / D
b- For Schools (100) per Student
c- For Hospitals (400) per Bed
d- For Offices (80) per Employer
e- For hotels (500) per person
f- For Restaurants (5) per Meal
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Compacted clay
/////////////
20 cm
;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;
30 cm mixed
sand & gravel
layer
1.0 m graded
Boulders max. size 3
60 80 cm width
Slotted drain pipe
NOTE :
This typical deep filter can be used
for Both Roads and buildings
Surroundings .
100
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Domestic septic
Tanks
Number of
users
5
10
15
20
50
Length(m) x width(m)
x Depth (m) .
2.0x1.0x1.0
2.5X1.3x1.0
2.5x1.5x1.3
2.8x1.5x1.3
4.5x2.0x1.4
Notes:
1- Use ventilation pipe( 2.0") diameter
for the septic tank .
2- Use Manhole cover (50x50)cm.
3- A wall to be constructed for dividing
the septic tank to two parts with one
small opening on the top of wall .
4-Free board 30cm required over
depth.
101
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Galvanized pipes
Normally used in water and gas
supply installations .
Pipe
Pipe
weight ThickDia.
Dia. mm kg/m.l ness
inch
mm
1/ 2
12
1.26
2.76
3/4
19
1.68
2.87
1.0
25
2.50
3.37
2.0
50
5.43
3.91
2.5
65
6.49
3.65
3.0
75
8.00
3.80
4.0
100
12.00
4.50
Note :
102
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/////////////////////////////
well
-----------------------------------------------------..
H
..
..
R
depression cone
R=
\ 2Q /
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3.0
80
10
4.0
100
5/8
15
5.0
125
20
10.0
250
1.0
25
16.0
400
32
20.0
500
40
24.0
600
Types:
Ductile, Galvanized, Steel,
plastic (PVC) , high pressure pipes ,
and High Density pipes
104
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Weight
kg/m.l
0.562
0.766
1.12
1.62
2.62
3.43
5.37
Thickness
mm
1.9
2.2
2.7
3.2
4.1
4.7
5.9
Note :
1-Pipes type are Series 3 and
6 atmosphere water pressure.
1- Tolerance is = +,- 10 % in
Pipe weight for lab. Testing .
105
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Typical Cesspool
TOP steel cover
40 cm Diameter
GL
//////////////////
////////////////////
sewerage
Surrounding
Gravel (15)
Cm thick
( to 1 )
grading
Humus
Brick
Masonry
(1m )
height
open
joint
Masonry
( 30 ) cm
crushed stone layer
Notes:
106
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depth 50 cm
sewer
.
pipe
;;;;;;;;;;;;;
surrounding
0000000
concrete 1:2:4
Min. 15 cm
lean concrete
Base 20 cm
Crushed stone 10 cm
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Weirs
H
Q
Q
////////////////////////////
////////////////////////
4H
Q = 1. 84 B H 3/2
Q = discharge in m3 /sec.
B = weir width in (m)
H = height of water flow in (m)
Notes: 1 -Basin formula is
recommended for
rectangular weirs.
2 - Above formula is useful
for water, c = 0.62
and g = 9.81.
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Q = C*R*A
where:
Q =peak runoff, in ft3 / s
A = drainage area, acres
C = coefficient of runoff of area
R =average rainfall rate, inch /hours
of rain producing runoff .
In urban areas C = from 0.70 to 0.90.
Residential areas C = from 0.30 to
0.40. according to surface type.
109
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D= 7.45 Q2 C / S
Q = discharge in liter per sec.
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CONCRETE
112
.
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SAFE LOADS
Materials
Concrete. 1:1:2
(Cubes)
Concrete 1:2:4
(Cubes)
Concrete 1:3:6
(Cubes)
Brick work in
cement Mortar 1:3
Stone masonry in
cement mortar 1:3
Concrete Blocks
in cement Mortar
1:3
Kg/cm2
320
210
110
20
15
12
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Recommended Slump
Concrete
construction
Reinforce.
Foundations
footings and
walls
Plain
footings and
sub-walls .
Beams and
reinforced
slabs
building
columns
Pavements
and
slabs
Mass
concrete
slump cm
Max.
Min.
7.5
2.5
7.5
2.5
10
2.5
10
2.5
7.5
2.5
2.5
114
115
570
370
300
200
150
1:1:2
1:2:3
1:2:4
1:3:6
1:4:8
0.9
0.47 0.94
0.46 0.92
0.45
0.4 0.8
0.54 0.81
Dry
Gravel
sand
G/ M3
3
S/ M
Cement
C/ kg.
MIX
C/S/G
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Concrete Mix
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Concrete Strength
Age
% of Max m strength
3 days
7 days
14 days
28 days
40 %
65 %
90 %
99 %
Notes :
1-Maxm Air Temperature allowed
For concreting casting is in
Hot weather is 40o,and 32o for
the concrete mix .
Minim is Freezing water degree.
(0o c) without any precautions.
2-Recommended Slump test for
plain concrete is (25 -75) mm
and for Reinforced concrete is
( 50-100) mm , depending on
structure type and location .
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CEMENT MORTARS
1-Mortar = Cement( C )+ Sand ( S )
2- One bag of cement = (50) kg.
and volume =0.035 m3 .
3- For 1 M3 cement mortar volume :
V= 0.75 ( C+ S )
Mix
(Cemen Cement
t+
kg
sand)
1:1
1020
1:3
510
1:5
310
1:7
220
Sand m3
0.71
1.05
1.05
1.05
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Concrete Cubes
Strength
MIX
1: 1: 2
1: 1.5:3
1: 2: 4
1: 3: 6
7- days
210
175
140
-
28days
310
260
210
115
NOTES :
1- For core test the height of the
core is equal = 2 x diameter
2- Strength units are in kg/cm2
3- Concrete cubes (15x15x15)cm
4- In case of using (15x30)cm
Cylinder instead of cubes,
the Strength should be 80%
of above Results For normal
concrete.
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25
32
35
46
35
70
105
140
70
140
210
280
NOTES :
1-This table for dry materials
2-This quantities per (50kg)
1one bag cement.
3-For wet sand and gravel
2use less water quantities.
4-Use mechanical vibrators.
119
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Flooring Expansion
Joints and Reinforcing
Flooring
Concrete
slab
Weight
Maxim
of BRC spacing
Reinfor- between 2
Thickness
cement
joints
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
2.7
kg/cm2
3.8
kg/cm2
5.5
kg/cm2
12.5 m
25 m
37 m
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Typical Concrete
Retaining Wall
20
//////////////////////////// TOP FILL
400 1:12 slope
NGL
A- 25 mm @ 40 cm c-c
B- 12 mm @ 60 cm c-c
Dowels 25 mm @ 40 cm
C & D 12 mm @ 30 cm
60 ////////////////
45
Key
145
45
35
250
Notes :
1- This section is suitable for Maxm 4.0
m wall height .
2- Distribution steel 12 mm @ 30 cm
for all layers A , B , C , D & dowels .
3- All dimensions are in centimeters .
121
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For
Reinforced
Concrete
inch
For Un Reinforced.
Concrete
inch
12.5 or
less
-1
12.5 to 28
-1
1-3
28 to 74
-3
36
74 or
more
1-3
122
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Concrete Admixtures
Formulated products Usually in liquid form
Added to concrete at a dosage of less than
5% by weight of cement content to modify
and improve the properties of concrete in
the wet and/or hardened state.
Main Types of Concrete Admixtures:
ASTM C 494 ( B.S 5075 )
123
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Guides to Depth(d)of
Reinforced
Concrete Beam
Member
L /25
Light beams
L/15
L/12 - L/10
NOTE :
1L is the span of the beam or slab in
millimeters.
2The width of a beam should be at
least L / 32 .
3d = Beam Depth
124
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Concrete Grades
Grade MPa
= C Cylinder
/ Cube
For Example
:
C20/25
F Cylinder
12
16
20
25
30
35
50
F Cube
15
20
25
30
37
45
60
NOTE:
1.25 F ( cu /cylinder ) = F ( cu / cube )
For Designing in Elastic:
fc` = 0.85 ( F cu )
125
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ESTIMATION
128
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129
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AREAS
1-Sector of Circle :
A= (q / 360) x R2
q = Angle in degree
R = radius
2- Ellipse :
A=1/4 x D x d x
D , d = The two
diameters .
3- Parabola :
A = 2/3 x B x H
B = base
H= Height.
A= area.
4-Tripozoidal:
A= (L1 +L2) /2 H
L= Bases width
5- Circle :
A = r2
r = Radius
130
q
R
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VOLUMES
1-Cone ,and Pyramid.
V = 1/3 (H) (A)
V= Volume , A = Base area
H = Height
2-Frusta of Pyramid.
V= H / 3 ( A1 +A2 +
A1 A2 )
A2
H
A1
3-Spherical segment:
V= h2 (r-h/3)
r = radius
h=height of segment.
= 3.14
4- Ball:Volume = 4/3 r3
5- Cylinder: Volume =(A)(H).
5-
131
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EQUATIONS
1-TEMP:
Co = 5 / 9 (F o 32 )
C = centigrade = Fahrenheit.
3- ESTIMATION:
Concrete works V= 0.67 * (C+S +G)
Cement Mortar works = 0. 75 (C+S)
Stone Masonry Vm = 0.30( V ).
Bricks Mortar Vm = 0.23 (V )
Concrete Blocks Vm = 0.13 (V )
V =Total Volume, Vm= Mortar vol.
C,S,G = cement ,sand & gravel vol.
4- SIMPSON RULE :
Volume = 1/3d ((A1+An+2(sum of
odd Areas No. of ordinates)+4 (sum
of even Areas No. of ordinates ))
d = distance between strips.
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133
1%
3%
5%
22%
15%
9%
10%
14%
5%
5%
8%
3%
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Un Forma
it
n
Soil
Excavation
Hard Soil
Excavation
Ordinary
Concrete
Reinforced
Concrete
Stone
Masonry
Cement
Plastering
Gypsum
Plastering
Mosaic
Tiles
M3
M3
M3
1 /2
M3
1/8
M3
4/7
1.25
M3
1/15
1/8
M3
1/40
1/8
M3
1/30
1/8
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MATERIALS NEEDED
MATERIAL
1- Bricks
(7x11x23)cm
with
cement
mortar1:3
2- Concrete.
Blocks
(15x20x40) cm.
No. / M 3
73
3- Sand bricks
(20x10x5)cm.
4- Concrete.
Blocks
(20)cm. Wall
thick
5- Tiles (25 x
25)cm
6- Tiles (15 x
15)cm
410
16
16
45
25
12
7- Tiles (20 x
20)cm
8- Tiles (30 x
30)cm
No. / M 2
450
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200
Grader
Roller
(Smooth)
Roller(She
ep)
Rubber
Tire Shovel
Excavator
175
175
Crawler
Shovel
Scrapers
120
125
150
160
70
90
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Rock well
0.60 0.75
blasted
Rock
poor
blasted
0.40 0.50
Source : Caterpillar Tractor Comp.
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_____________________________________
Electrical &
Mechanical
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Electrical Information-1
1- Installation wires required
cross section is :
a = ( 2 K L I ) / Vd
a is in mm2
K= 0.02 for copper , & 0.03 for
Aluminum wires , I = amperes .
L = wire length in meter
Vd= voltage drop from 3 5 %.
2- One KVA = 4.5 Amperes for
220-volt system generators.
3- Every 1000 current amp.
Needs 1.0 in2 bus bar
connection.
4- E= I * R , W=I*E , W= I2* R
E= VOLTS, I = AMPERES
R= OHMS, W= WATTS
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Electrical Information-2
1-All (13 ) Amp Switched Plug
Socket should be placed at height
of (40-50) cm from house floor
level , but for bath rooms and
kitchens on (120 ) cm level .
2-For (15-20) Amp. All should be
on (120) cm Height from floor.
3-All electrical installations should
be extended above false ceiling
level and then dropped directly to
the points.
4-All electrical installations levels
should be above sanitary
installations levels .
5-All electrical installations for
sockets should be connected to
house Earthing system .
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Air conditioning
1- For Cooling : chiller used , and split
units , every 35 m3 of the room
space volume required 1 Ton ,
which is equal to 12000 BTU (BTU
= British thermal unit )
1 Ton cooling = 2900 kcal /h
Every Kw = TON * 3. 5
2- For Heating : boiler used .
1 Ton heating = 3050 kcal / h
Every Kw = 870 kcal / h
3- Air coolers use CFM = cubic foot
per minute, 2500,3500,.
4- Pumps discharge unit m3 / hr
usually use the units of ;
1 Kw = 1.33 hp ( Normal head )
1 hp = 2. 25 3 m3 / hr discharge
1 hp = Horse power unit .
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Decibel dB
30
50
60 Normal Level
80
130
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Thermal Conductivity
__________________________________________________________
H = K*A *(T1-T2) / t
H= Thermal conductivity in watt .
K= The material thermal conductivity
A= Total cross section area of
conducting surface in m2
T1 & T2 = Outside and inside
temperatures in centigrade c
t = Thickness of the conducting
surface in meters
Material
K in Watt / m c
Bricks
1
Concrete
2
Plastering
0.5
Glass
1
Stone
1.7
Wood
0.04 0.4
Polystyrene
0.05
Air
0.025
Soil
1.5
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_____________________________________
Miscellaneous
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Investigation Boreholes
The Spacing and Depth of Boreholes for
any structures may viried cosiderably in
the light of local foundation conditions and
the size and loads of the structure .
The grid of Borehles location is usually
decided by the Geologistik Engineer
according to his accumilated Experience .
Normally Boreholes spacing are :
1- For buildings 10 30 m apart .
2- Roads and brudges 30 -300 m.
3- Landslides At least 5 in line of profile .
And Depth is :
1- 1.5 x Foundatioin depth , below
foundation depth + one or two contrle
hole to Min. (10) m depth , unless
rock ahead found .
2- Then (3)m. below Roackhead to prove
sound rock .
3- Probes to 3 -10 m to locate rock
cavities as rough estimation.
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PHYSICS CONSTANTS
1- Light Velocity(c) =
299,000 km/s
2- One light year = 9.5x1012 km .
3- Gravity acceleration=9.81 m/s2
4- Avogadro No.(NA)=
6.x1023 mol-1
5- Plank constant (h)=6.6x10-34 j.s
6- Gravity Constant (G)=
6.7x10-11 m2/kg2
7- Earth Radius = 6,370,000 km .
8- Average distance between
earth and sun = 1.5x108 km.
9- Sun Radius = 7x105 km .
10- Sound velocity = 343 m/s
11- Standard. Air Pressure =
100,000 Pascal OR N/m2
12- Uniform Atomic Mass Unit
( u) = 1.66x10-27 kg.
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SOME REFFERENCES
1- Standard Hand book for civil
engineers , Merritt , 2002 .
2- Highway Design manual State
organization of roads and bridge ,
Baghdad , Iraq , SORB-2003 .
3- A Dictionary of civil engineering,
GHOSE, Delhi , 2004 .
4- Waste water engineering,
METCALF & EDDY, 1991
5- Indian Practical civil engineers
Hand book , KHANA , 1985 .
6- Buildings Construction, Principles ,
and practice , Denis Walton , 1995 .
7- Iraqi Technical Specifications For
buildings, Baghdad, 1993.
8- Al - MANSOOR company practical
handbook ( IRAQ).
9- Building Materials , 2009,Jordan
10- ACI code , AASHTO 2010,etc
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NOTES:
1-Please Inform me for any Mistakes
modifications, suggestions or
corrections on below Addresses.
so that to be edited in next edition.
2-All information here are practical
, empirical enough for ordinary,
and collected from general
resources of civil engineering.
3-Please Note that for structures
Which may you need more and
accurate details you are strongly
advised to review basic & detailed
Civil engineering standards & not
depending on this booklet only.
E-mail : Serwang60@gmail.com
Mobile No. for Viber and WhatsApp:
SHABAN BOOLKET
@SadaEngineering
www.sadaconsult.com
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