Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
An Assignment
On
Artificial Intelligence, Its Future
Consequences
&
Change in the Field Of Acknowledgement
Submitted To
Mr. Syed Khalil
Lecturer
Submitted By
Zulqarnain Haider
Roll No. 169
MBA-B
1st Semester
Submission Date: 20-10-2009
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Artificial intelligence
Index
1) ABSTRACT 1
2) INTRODUCTION TO AI 2
3) HISTORY OF AI 3
4) BRANCHES OF AI 4
5) AI IN OUR LIVES: 6
8) Future enhancements of AI 10
1. Current state 11
2. Enhancements 14
9) Conclusion 22
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ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION TO AI
AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs, which envisages the nature of human thoughts &
sophisticated computing systems. AI coordinates and correlates psychological and
physiological research in to the nature of human thoughts and technological
development of sophisticated computing systems. Artificial Intelligence, a term
that in its broadest sense would indicate the ability of an artifact to perform the
same kinds of functions that characterizes the human thought. The possibility of
developing some such artifact has intrigued human beings since ancient time. The
revised version of AI can be defined as ‗AI is the study of the mechanisms
underlying intelligent behavior through the construction and evaluation of
artifacts that attempt to enact those mechanisms.’ On this definition, Artificial
Intelligence is less a theory about the mechanisms underlying intelligence and
more on empirical methodology for constructing and testing possible models for
supporting such a theory.
In the latter sense, the term AI has been applied to computer systems and programs
capable of performing tasks more complex than straightforward programming,
although still far from the realm of actual thought. The most important fields of
research in this area are information processing, pattern recognition, game-playing
computers, and applied fields such as medical diagnosis. Current research in
information processing deals with programs that enable a computer to understand
written or spoken information and to produce summaries, answer specific
questions, or redistribute information to users interested in specific areas of this
information. Essential to such programs is the ability of the system to generate
grammatically correct sentences and to establish linkages between words, ideas,
and associations with other ideas.
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HISTORY OF AI
BRANCHES OF AI
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Logical AI:
What a program knows about the world in general the facts of the specific
situation in which it must act, and its goals are all represented by sentences of
some mathematical logical language. The program decides what to do by inferring
that certain actions are appropriate for achieving its goals.
Pattern Recognition:
Inference:
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Ontology:
Ontology is the study of the kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs
and sentences deal with various kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are
and what their basic properties are. Emphasis on ontology begins in the 1990‘s.
Epistemology:
Heuristics:
AI IN OUR LIVES:
In business:
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Fraud Detection:
In Medical field:
Game Playing:
You can buy machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred
dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well against people mainly
through brute force computation--looking at hundreds of thousands of positions.
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To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics requires
being able to look at 200 million positions per second. It can be best seen through
the animated figures in action battling with brain and brawn. Doom, Duke Nukem,
Grand PRIX, Half life are games that have unique AI features.
Speech Recognition:
Computer Vision:
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spoken language and can make logical decisions. Perhaps the most dramatic
changes in future robots will arise from their increasing ability to reason. The field
of artificial intelligence is moving rapidly from university laboratories to practical
application in industry, and machines are being developed that can perform
cognitive tasks, such as strategic planning and learning from experience.
Increasingly, diagnosis of failures in aircraft or satellites, the management of a
battlefield, or the control of a large factory will be performed by intelligent
computers.
One of the most controversies of AI is that it will open the door to computers that
think faster than the human brain, giving machines a superior edge. As AI, robotics
and nanotechnology combine to relieve humans of doing tasks that machines can
do better, faster and cheaper, some believe we may be paving the way to our own
destruction. Will nations secretly create armies of AI-enhanced, nano-augmented
(think bionic) super soldiers to fight wars? Will politicians opt for AI-
enhancements, Nano-augmentation? Who will it be available to, and are we as a
race headed towards total dependency on machinery to the extent it becomes part
of our biology? If we do not embrace AI-enhancement and nano-augmentation will
intelligent machines ultimately decide we are unnecessary?
An inventor plays a duet with his robotic creation, Wabot-2, at the Tokyo
Exposition. Building this kind of robot is a challenging task because the dexterity
of the human hand is perhaps the most difficult function to recreate mechanically.
Although Wabot-2‘s performance may not be emotional, with an electronic
scanning eye and quality components, the technical accuracy will be extremely
high.
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to our question is that there is no single answer. Each researcher indeed, each
observer of the field of AI research is likely to answer our question differently.
There are those who believe sometimes with great passion that technologists will
one day be able to build a computer with all the cognitive, memory, and emotional
capabilities of the human brain. These people are sometimes called the strong AI
proponents. A few of these strong advocates believe that computers will someday
be more intelligent than human beings. It is common to hear such researchers say
that this is the ultimate frontier of science.
On the other hand, there are other AI researchers who think that research into how
human minds work can be useful in building better computer systems, regardless
of whether we pursue a goal of full machine intelligence. In other words, these
weak AI proponents believe that human cognition and its applicability to
computers is an interesting research field in itself, and a field that may help make
computers easier to use, more useful to people, and better at what computers are
good at doing. The products of this research may not resemble human intelligence.
Some weak AI proponents say that computers are obviously superior to human
beings at some tasks, and it‘s the job of AI research to figure out how to optimize
those capabilities, instead of making computers more like people.
Kasparov Garry Kimovich (man sitting in the left) v/s Deep Blue (AI computer), In
1997 Russian chess master Garry Kasparov lost a highly publicized series of
matches to an IBM computer named Deep Blue. The computer used artificial
intelligence to process 200 million chess moves per second in developing its
strategy. This was the first time that an international grand master of chess had lost
a series to a computer.
AI Future Effects
In the next 10 years technologies in narrow fields such
as speech recognition will continue to improve and
will reach human levels. In 10 years AI will be able to
communicate with humans in unstructured English
using text or voice, navigate (not perfectly) in an
unprepared environment and will have some
rudimentary common sense (and domain-specific
intelligence).
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We will recreate some parts of the human (animal) brain in silicon. The
feasibility of this is demonstrated by tentative hippocampus experiments.
There are two major projects aiming for human brain simulation, Cortex and
IBM Blue Brain.
There will be an increasing number of practical applications based on digitally
recreated aspects human intelligence, such as cognition, perception, rehearsal
learning, or learning by repetitive practice.
Robots take over everyone’s job.
The development of meaningful artificial intelligence will require that
machines acquire some variant of human consciousness. Systems that do not
possess self-awareness and sentience will at best always be very brittle.
Without these uniquely human characteristics, truly useful and powerful
assistants will remain a goal to achieve. To be sure, advances in hardware,
storage, and parallel processing architectures will enable ever greater leaps in
functionality. But these systems will remain mechanistic zombies. Systems
that are able to demonstrate conclusively that they possess self awareness,
language skills, surface, shallow and deep knowledge about the world around
them and their role within it will be needed going forward. However the field
of artificial consciousness remains in its infancy. The early years of the 21st
century should see dramatic strides forward in this area however.
During the early 2010's new services can be foreseen to arise that will utilize
large and very large arrays of processors. These networks of processors will be
available on a lease or purchase basis. They will be architected to form parallel
processing ensembles. They will allow for reconfigurable topologies such as
nearest neighbor based meshes, rings or trees. They will be available via an
Internet or WIFI connection. A user will have access to systems whose power
will rival that of governments in the 1980's or 1990's. Because of the nature of
nearest neighbor topology, higher dimension hypercube, enterprising concerns
will make these systems available using business models comparable to
contracting with an ISP to have web space for a web site. Application specific
ensembles will gain early popularity because they will offer well defined and
understood application software that can be recursively configured onto larger
and larger ensembles. These larger ensembles will allow for increasingly fine
grained computational modeling of real world problem domains. Over time,
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market awareness and sophistication will grow. With this grow will come the
increasing need for more dedicated and specific types of computing
ensembles.
NEED EXPANDING
Timeline:
➢ Invention
➢ first AI laboratory
➢ chess champion
➢ speech recognition
➢ autonomous humanoid robots
➢ Turing test passed (won't happen in our lifetimes, Turing test is flawed)
Don't know what examples are good...
Conclusion
Bibliography
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