Version 3, March 2011

Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre

Systematic Review Protocol & Support Template
This template is primarily intended to help you plan your review in a systematic way. A copy of this
completed form will be available via the intranet to help others carrying out reviews in the future and to
avoid duplicating work already undertaken in the Centre. Keeping a record of all the reviews will also
assist in planning the work of the Centre and ensuring adequate methodological support. Not all the
information will be relevant to every review. However, items can be adapted to fit the type of review that
is being undertaken.
Please complete the form in as much detail as possible for your review and email to Jo Jordan,
j.jordan@cphc.keele.ac.uk

Title of the review

First reviewer

Team of reviewers

A systematic review to examine the relationship of anxiety and depression to

exacerbations of COPD, that result in hospital admissions, and if there are
other mediating factors involved

Dr Alison Pooler
Dr Roger Beech
Dr Fay Foster

Supervisor/Project PI

Dr Roger Beech
Prof Sue Read

Clinical Portfolio Group

Dr Martin Allen, consultant physician, Respiratory Medicine, UHNS

Dr Rosie Piggott, GP, Milton,Dr Fay Foster, Researcher and Psychologist

Project title (if different

from review title)
Support please state if advice/training or personnel required at each stage
SR overview
Protocol development

Advice sought from Jo Jordon, Krysia, and Roger

Literature searching

Already had training from library on literature searching and RefWorks and also
did literature review for PhD study

Quality appraisal

Advice gained from Jo Jordon and from reading around the area

Data Extraction

Synthesis

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Writing up

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1. Background to review
Brief introduction to the subject of the review, including rationale for undertaking the review and overall aim
COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. The 2002 World Health Report (WHO, 2002), listed
COPD as the fifth leading cause of death in the world, and further increases in its prevalence and mortality are expected
to make it the third leading cause of mortality by 2015 (Murrey & Lopez, 1997). COPD is a complex disease, triggered
mostly by exposure to cigarette smoking, and leads not only to pulmonary damage, but also to systematic impairment.
There is also growing awareness of systematic inflammation, cardiovascular, neurologic, psychiatric and endocrine
morbidities that are common co morbidities of the condition and having a detrimental effect on the long term morbidity and
mortality of COPD (Jennings et al, 2009).
COPD has a major effect on health status, particularly in terms of impaired exercise performance and functional capacity.
The presence of daily symptoms and a high exacerbation frequency are other important factors (Ozkaya et al, 2011).
COPD also accounts for many visits to health care professionals in the UK. General practitioner consultations for COPD in
one year, range from 4.17 per 1000 in people aged 45-64 years, to 8.86 per 1000 in 65-74 years, to 10.32 per 1000 in 7584 year olds (Calverley, 1998; Pauwels et al, 2004). These rates are four times those for chest pain caused by ischaemic
heart disease. Exacerbations are also an important cause of hospitalisation and are responsible for about 10% of all acute
medical admissions (Miravitlles et al, 2002)
Exacerbations of COPD are a major cause of increased morbidity, hospital admissions and mortality, and strongly
influence the health related quality of life for the sufferer (Wedzicha et al, 2003). Donaldson et al (2002), demonstrated
that the frequency of occurrence of acute exacerbations contributed to long term decline in lung function in COPD. They
showed that patents with COPD who suffered frequent exacerbations, experienced a significantly greater decline in FEV1,
than patients who had infrequent exacerbations. Exacerbations are more common than previously believed (2.5-3 per
year(mean)) (Wedzicha et al, 2003). Also, following an exacerbation, the incomplete recovery of lung function after the
event, means that the patient may not regain his or her stable lung function, which may contribute to a decline in lung
function with time, which is characteristic of COPD (Seemungal et al, 2000; Donaldson et al, 2002). These findings
emphasise the importance of targeting COPD exacerbations to reduce disease progression and particularly, to detect
patients who are frequent exacerbators, and the underlying factors that drive these exacerbations. COPD is a largely
preventable and treatable disease that is responsible for a substantial human and economic burden and there is a need to
target specific factors that contribute to such suffering.
Anxiety and depression are common co morbidities of COPD (Andenaes et al, 2004; Yohannes et al, 2005;
Gudmundsson et al, 2006). There is literature that illustrates the presence of these co morbidities and also suggests that
there may be some relationship between these co morbidities and exacerbations of COPD (Fan et al, 2002). This
literature is not however conclusive (Garcia-Aymerich et al, 2003; Peruzza et al, 2003), due to different tools being used
to measure anxiety and depression and also studies being done in different countries which have non-comparable health
services and some studies that included asthmatics as well as people with COPD. Untreated or incompletely treated
depression and anxiety may also have major implications for compliance with medical treatment, due to the effects on
cognitive functioning and the decreased effectiveness of any self-management activities that the person may instigate
(Bosley et al, 1996; Kunik et al, 2005; Gudmundsson et al, 2006). The way in which anxiety and depression may be
associated with COPD exacerbations may also have a relationship with this issue of ineffective coping and selfmanagement strategies adopted by the patients. Depression may also be a significant predictor of mortality following
hospitalisation for acute exacerbation (Almagro et al, 2002).
The research to be undertaken as a component of the fellowship will help to build on this as yet inconclusive evidence to
elucidate the relationship between these co morbidities and exacerbations of COPD, but more importantly, explore the link
between exacerbations and the characteristics of current approaches to management and self-management amongst
people who also have anxiety and depression. Findings will inform the development of strategies for reducing
exacerbations and hospitalisations in this patient group that could be tested in a subsequent research proposal.
Aim
To examine the relationship of anxiety and depression to exacerbations of COPD that result in hospital admission, and to
investigate whether there are other mediating factors involved. The understanding may allow potentially effective
interventions for improving management and self-management to be designed and later systematically evaluated in more
in-depth studies

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2. Specific objectives
1. To clarify the evidence base available around the relationships of anxiety and depression to
exacerbations of COPD, that lead to hospital admissions. Clarification will be made by a systematic
review of the evidence base of journals and abstracts in this topic area, looking at all designs of study.
2. To identify any other factors in these patients that are thought to also be involved in their admission.

Along with the co-morbidities of anxiety and depression. These other factors include ability to cope and
self-manage their condition and also other co morbidities and social factors that may affect their ability
to cope or self-manage. This cannot be more specific until an examination of the evidence is done

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3. a) Criteria for including studies in the review

If the PICOS format does not fit the research question of interest, please split up the question into separate concepts and
put one under each heading

i. Population, or participants
and conditions of
interest

People with COPD; any age, any gender and any severity of COPD
Population not restricted to the UK, will examine papers from all over the world

People who have been admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of COPD,

who have the co-mobidites of anxiety and depression
ii. Interventions or
exposures

iii. Comparisons or control

groups

People who have been admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of COPD with
no psychological co morbidities

Prevalence/presence of psychological co-morbidities and numbers of hospital

admission for exacerbation of COPD
iv. Outcomes of interest

Hospital admissions/secondary care

v. Setting

vi. Study designs

Any study design: would expect to be observational/cohort studies rather than

RCTs

3. b) Criteria for excluding studies not covered in inclusion criteria

Any specific populations excluded, date range, language, whether abstracts or full text available, etc

If patient have asthma or any other respiratory disease

Studies that dont relate the presence of the co morbidities of anxiety and depression to exacerbation of COPD

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4. Search methods

Electronic databases
Please list all databases that
are to be searched and include
the interface (eg NHS,
EBSCO, etc) and date ranges
searched for each

Other methods used for

identifying relevant
research
ie contacting experts and
reference checking

PUBMED/MEDLINE
COCHRANE
EMBASE
Cinhal
PsychInfo
Keele Web of Science
CDR/DARE databases

Reference checking and hand searching of these.

Contacting experts in this field/DOH/BTS/NICE
Identifying possible data from conferences attended
Journal of psychosomatic medicine

Journals hand searched Social science and medicine

If any are to be hand searched,
please list which journals and
date searched from, including
a rationale.

I have decided to hand search these journals as I found many articles about
psychological factors in asthma in them while doing my PhD but this journal
has not shown up in the electronic data base search.

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5. Methods of review
Details of methods
Number of reviewers, how
agreements to be reached
and disagreements dealt
with, etc.

Quality assessment

Two main reviewers and a third to resolve any disagreements

Main reviewers myself, Fay and third reviewer Roger
Agree data to be extracted and terminology used in CPD to be clarified before
hand

Protocol will define the method of literature critique/ appraisal use, and will use
STROBE tool for relevant content and methodology used in the each of the
papers to be reviewed

Tools or checklists used with

references or URLs

Data extraction
What information is to be
collected on each included
study. If databases or forms
on Word or Excel are used
and how this is recorded and
by how many reviewers

Narrative synthesis
Details of what and how
synthesis will be done

Data extraction form in Word document

RefWorks to be used to keep track of references
Reviewer number 1 (ap) will review first, followed by reviewer number 2 (ff),
which will be done independently. If necessary reviewer number 3 will review if
there are any disparities between the two initial reviews
Narrative synthesis will be done alongside any meta-analysis and will be
carried out using a framework which consists of four elements;
1. Developing a theory of how the intervention works, why and for whom
2. Developing a preliminary synthesis of findings of included studies
3. Exploring relationships within and between studies
4. Assessing the robustness of the synthesis

Although a meta-analysis is planned this will only become apparent when we

see what data is extracted and made available from the systematic review.
Need to think about how heterogenitiy will be explored

Meta-analysis
Details of what and how
analysis and testing will be
done. If no meta-analysis is
to be conducted, please give
reason.

N/A

Grading evidence
System used, if any, such as
GRADE

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6. Presentation of results
Additional material
Summary tables, flowcharts,
etc, to be included in the final
paper

Outputs from review

Papers and target journals,
conference presentations,
reports, etc

Flow chart of whole process

Protocol
Data extraction form and tables
Forest plots of studies included in the final review
X1 paper in high quality respiratory journal (Thorax has the highest impact
factor, followed by Respiratory Medicine)
Conference presentations at BTS
Report to the DOH steering group for respiratory research and the strategy
group for outcomes of COPD and asthma UK
Report/presentation to UHNS/Pct. boards
Report and presentation to fellowship board in 12 months

7. Timeline for review when do you aim to complete each stage of the review
Protocol

1 month

Literature searching

2 months

Quality appraisal

2 months

Data extraction

2 months

Synthesis

2 months

Writing up

2 months

Please send your completed protocol to Jo Jordan (see email below) as we would like to put these on
the Intranet.
The systematic review team are available to answer any queries or give advice on completing your
review. Systematic review workshops are run at least once a year, or can be arranged on an ad hoc
basis if needed by a group. Presentations from previous workshops can be found on the Centres
Intranet.
Jo Jordan j.jordan@cphc.keele.ac.uk
Olalekan Uthman o.a.uthman@cphc.keele.ac.uk