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    Heat and Mass Transfer Heat Transfer For PDF

    Uploaded by

    Einar Tveranger
    This document provides formulas and correlations for heat and mass transfer calculations including: 1. Heat transfer from extended surfaces like fins of different configurations. It also defines fin efficiency. 2. Dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt and Prandtl numbers used in convection calculations. 3. Correlations for forced convection in external and internal flows, including over flat plates, cylinders, spheres and tube banks. 4. Correlations for natural convection over surfaces like vertical plates, cylinders and spheres. 5. Key parameters for heat exchangers including log mean temperature difference, effectiveness, heat capacity ratio and number of transfer units.

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    Heat and Mass Transfer Heat Transfer For PDF

    Uploaded by

    Einar Tveranger
    104 views7 pages
    This document provides formulas and correlations for heat and mass transfer calculations including: 1. Heat transfer from extended surfaces like fins of different configurations. It also defines fin efficiency. 2. Dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt and Prandtl numbers used in convection calculations. 3. Correlations for forced convection in external and internal flows, including over flat plates, cylinders, spheres and tube banks. 4. Correlations for natural convection over surfaces like vertical plates, cylinders and spheres. 5. Key parameters for heat exchangers including log mean temperature difference, effectiveness, heat capacity ratio and number of transfer units.

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    This document provides formulas and correlations for heat and mass transfer calculations including: 1. Heat transfer from extended surfaces like fins of different configurations. It also defines fin efficiency. 2. Dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt and Prandtl numbers used in convection calculations. 3. Correlations for forced convection in external and internal flows, including over flat plates, cylinders, spheres and tube banks. 4. Correlations for natural convection over surfaces like vertical plates, cylinders and spheres. 5. Key parameters for heat exchangers including log mean temperature difference, effectiveness, heat capacity ratio and number of transfer units.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    104 views7 pages

    Heat and Mass Transfer Heat Transfer For PDF

    Uploaded by

    Einar Tveranger
    This document provides formulas and correlations for heat and mass transfer calculations including: 1. Heat transfer from extended surfaces like fins of different configurations. It also defines fin efficiency. 2. Dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt and Prandtl numbers used in convection calculations. 3. Correlations for forced convection in external and internal flows, including over flat plates, cylinders, spheres and tube banks. 4. Correlations for natural convection over surfaces like vertical plates, cylinders and spheres. 5. Key parameters for heat exchangers including log mean temperature difference, effectiveness, heat capacity ratio and number of transfer units.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Heat and Mass Transfer

    Heat Transfer Formula Sheet and Tables


    Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (Fins)
    Case I: very long fin

    Case II: fin with a finite length, L, and the end is insulated

    Case III: fin with a finite length, L, and losses heat by convection from its end

    Fin Efficiency:

    Convection
    Dimensionless numbers
    1. Reynolds number

    Re D

    um Dh 4m

    Dh

    2. Nusselt number

    Pr

    3. Prandtl number

    C p

    4. Grashof number
    5. Rayleigh number

    Ra = GrPr

    Correlations used in External Forced Convection


    1. Flat plate in parallel flow
    For laminar flow,

    Tf

    Ts :T
    2

    Nu x

    hx x
    0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3 , Pr 0.6
    k

    Nu x

    hx x
    0.565Re1x/ 2 Pr1 / 2 , Pr 0.05
    k

    For Turbulent flow.

    Tf

    Ts : T
    2

    Nu x 0.0296 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3 , 0.6 Pr 60


    2. Cross flow around cylinders:
    a. Circular shapes
    hD
    0.62 Re 0.5 Pr1/ 3
    Nu
    0 .3
    2 / 3 1/ 4
    k
    1 0.4 / Pr

    Re 5 / 8

    1
    282,000

    4/5

    It correlates available data well for Re Pr > 0.2. The fluid properties are evaluated at the mean film
    temperature
    Ts T

    Tf

    b. Non-circular shapes

    1/ 3
    Nu D C Re m
    D Pr

    Where C and m are listed in the following table:

    3. Cross flow around spheres:

    Nu D

    2 (0.4 Re1D/ 2 0.06 Re 2D/ 3 ) Pr 0.4

    1/ 4

    where properties are evaluated at T , except s which is evaluated at Ts


    4. Flow across tube banks:

    Where Nusult no:

    Nu D 1.13C1 Re mD ,max Pr1/ 3 C2

    2000 Re D ,max 4 104


    valid for :

    Pr 0.7

    Where: C1 and m are obtained from the following table:

    C2 = 1 For N L 10
    C2 = from the following table if N L 10

    Re D,max
    Where: Vmax

    Vmax

    Vmax D

    ST
    For case (a) Aligned

    V
    ST D
    ST

    V For case (b) staggered and


    2( S D D)

    SD

    ST D
    2

    Correlations used in Internal Forced Convection


    Tref Tm

    1 Ti To

    Ts

    2 2

    For turbulent flow

    Re D

    um Dh
    2300

    Dh

    4 Ac
    P

    For uniform constant surface temperature:


    PL
    Ts Tm ,o
    exp
    h
    m C
    Ts Tm ,i
    p

    To include the contributions due to convection at the tube inner and outer surfaces, and due to
    conduction across the tube wall:

    U As
    To T Tm ,o

    exp
    m c
    Ti T Tm ,i
    p

    Nusselt Number for fully developed laminar flow in tubes of various cross sections

    Nusselt Number for fully developed Turbulent flow


    hDh
    Nu
    0.023Re 0.8 Pr n
    k
    where n= 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing through the tube.
    The fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature Tb= (Ti + Te)/2.

    Natural Convection:
    Geometry
    1. Vertical plates

    Recommended Equation

    0.387 Ra1L/ 6

    Nu L 0.825

    1 (0.492 / Pr)9 / 16

    2. Inclined
    plates,
    (cold surface up or
    hot surface down)

    4/9

    0.387 Ra1L/ 6
    Nu L 0.825

    1 (0.492 / Pr)9 / 16

    4/9

    Where: g g cos
    3. Horizontal
    plates
    (Hot surface up or
    cold surface down)
    4. Horizontal
    plates
    (Cold surface up or
    hot surface down)
    5. Horizontal
    cylinder

    Nu L 0.54 Ra1L/ 4

    (104 Ra L 107 )

    Nu L 0.15 Ra1L/ 3

    (107 Ra L 1011 )

    Nu L 0.27 Ra1L/ 4

    (105 Ra L 1010 )

    Ra D 1012

    0.387 Ra1D/ 6

    Nu D 0.60
    8
    /
    27
    9 / 16

    1 (0.559 / Pr)

    Ra D 1011

    6. Sphere

    Pr 0.7

    0.589 Ra1D/ 4
    Nu D 2
    1 (0.469 / Pr)9 / 16

    1/ 4

    4/9

    Heat Exchangers
    Log mean Temperature Difference

    Tlm

    T2 T1
    T
    ln 2
    T1

    For parallel flow:

    Tlm LMTD

    For counter flow:

    Tlm LMTD

    (Th,o Tc ,o ) (Th,i Tc ,i )
    ln[(Th,o Tc ,o ) /(Th,i Tc ,i )]
    (Th,o Tc ,i ) (Th,i Tc ,o )
    ln[(Th,o Tc ,i ) /(Th,i Tc ,o )]

    Cross-flow & Multi-pass (shell & tube):

    Tlm LMTD F

    (Th,o Tc ,i ) (Th,i Tc ,o )
    ln[(Th,o Tc ,i ) /(Th,i Tc ,o )]

    Where: F = correction factor which can be obtained from the following figures:
    5

    Correction factor F charts for common shell-and-tube and cross-flow heat exchangers.
    6

    Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, :

    The heat capacity ratio:

    Cr

    qact
    qmax

    0 1

    Cmin
    Cmax

    The Number of Transfer Units (NTU):

    NTU

    UA
    Cmin

    Effectiveness for heat exchangers


    7

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