Philippine Literature TG

P h i l i p p i n e L i t e r a t u r e | 1 MVP
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Study of Literature
Part I The Historical Background
of Philippine Literature
Definition of Literature:
The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter.
It has been defined differently by various writers.
Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a
book, a magazine or a pamphlet. Others define literature as a faithful
reproduction of mans manifold experiences blended into one harmonious
expression.
Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man,
literature can be said to be the story of man. Mans loves, griefs, thoughts,
dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful language is literature.
In order to know the history of a nations spirit, one must read its
literature. Hence it is, that to understand the real spirit of a nation, one
must trace the little rills as they course along down the ages, broadening
and deepening into the great ocean of thought which men of the present
source are presently exploring.
Brother Azurin, said that literature expresses the feelings of people to
society, to the government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen and to
his Divine Creator. The expression of ones feelings, according to him,
may be through love, sorrow, happiness, hatred, anger, pity, contempt, or
revenge.
For Webster, literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to
the ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of
ones imagination.
In PANITIKANG PILIPINO written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it
says that true literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It
expresses the feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday

efforts to live, to be happy n his environment and, after struggles, to reach
his Creator.
Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature
We can enumerate many reasons for studying literature.
Here are but a few:
We study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage.
We cannot appreciate something that we do not understand. Through a
study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed
down to us from our forefathers. Then we can understand ourselves better
and take pride in being a Filipino.
Like other races of the world, we need to understand that we have a great
and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other
cultures.
Through such a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned
by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them.
Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and take pride in our own culture,
we have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we
can do by studying the literature of our country.
Of Philippine Literature in English and Time Frames
It can be said that Philippine literature in English has achieved a stature
that is, in a way, phenomenal since the inception of English in our culture.
Our written literature, which is about four hundred years old, is one of
slow and evolutionary growth. Our writers strove to express their sentiments
while struggling with a foreign medium. The great mass of literature in English
that we have today is, indeed, a tribute to what our writers have achieved in the
short span of time. What they have written can compare with some of the best
works in the world.
Much is still to be achieved. Our writers have yet to write their OPUS
MAGNUMS. Meanwhile, history and literature are slowly unfolding before us
and we are as witnesses in the assembly lines to an evolving literary life.
Time frames may not be necessary in a study of literature, but since
literature and history are inescapably related it has become facilitative to map
up a system which will aid us in delineating certain time boundaries.
These time boundaries are not exactly well-defined; very often, time
frames blend into another in a seeming continuum.
For a systematic
discussion of the traditions, customs, and feelings of our people that can be
traced in our literature, we shall adopt certain delimitations.
These time frames are:
Time Frames of Philippine Literature in English
Different opinions prevail regarding the stages that mark the development
of Philippine literature in English. Let us take the following time frames
for purpose of discussion:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910

Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
Japanese Period: 1941-1945
The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970
Period of Activism: 1970-1972
Period of the New Society: 1972-1981
Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985
Contemporary Period: 1986
Literature and History

Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history
of a race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure
to be included . . . and these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that
are written is literature. History can also be written and this too, is literature.
Events that can be written down are part of true literature.

therefore, is part of history.
Literature,
Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be

figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written
down, while history is made up of events that really happened.
Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World. Among them are:
1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings This has become the basis of
Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece.
2. Koran- The Muslim Bible originating from Arabia.
3. The Iliad and Odyssey These have been the source of myths and
legends of Greece. They were written by Homer.
4. The Mahabharata- The longest epic of the world. It contains the history
of religion of India.
5. Canterbury Tales- It depicts the religion and customs of the English in
the early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer.
6. Uncle Toms Cabin- by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US. This depicted
the sad fate of slaves; this became the basis of democracy later on.
7. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri. This shows the religion and
customs of the
8. El Cid Compeador This shows the cultural characteristics of the
Spaniards and their national history.
9. The Song of Roland This includes Doce Pares and Ronscesvalles of
France. It tells about the Golden age of Christianity in France.
10. The Book of the Dead This includes the cult of Osiris and the
mythology and theology of Egypt.
11.
One Thousand and One Nights or the Arabian Nights From

Arabia and Persia (Iran) It shows the ways of government, of industries
and of the society of the Arabs
General Types of Literature

Literature can generally be divided into two types; prose and poetry.
Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in

sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse,
with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone.
I. PROSE
There are many types of prose. These include the following:
a. Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from
true-to-life stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana
b. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot
and one single impression.
Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan
c. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has
many scenes.
Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero
d. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.
Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran
e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate
things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the
minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example:
THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE
f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writers imagination and the
main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader.
Example:
THE MOTH AND THE LAMP
g.
Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a

particular problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page
of a newspaper.
h.
Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about
himself, his autobiography or that of others.
Example:
CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert
i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science

and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not.
j.
Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be

spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions
of the audience.
II. POETRY
There are three types of poetry and these are the following:
A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important events in life either real
or imaginary.
The different varieties are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under
supernatural control.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in English by
Amador T. Daguio
2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be
classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance.
Examples:
BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez
HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez
3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and
simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a single incident. There
are also variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads,
humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads. In the early time,
this referred to a song accompanying a dance.
B. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung
to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry
that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short,
simple and easy to understand.
1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be

sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and
sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a
feeling, or an idea.
These are two types: the Italian and the
Shakespearean.
Example: SANTANG BUDS by Alfonso P. Santos
3. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and
melancholy, and whose theme is death.
Example:
THE LOVERS DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo
4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no
definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and
containing a philosophy of life.
6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic)
and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example:
FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas
7.
Corridos (Kuridos).
These have measures of eight syllables
(octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat.
Example:
IBONG ADARNA
C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term komos
meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the
purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera.
Today, this is related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses
immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy
ending for the principal character.
3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic

forces; he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained
by the protagonist in a comedy.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by
laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters
seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures
the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social
conditions.
Exercises
1. Deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man. It is said to be the story of
man.
2. Literature as a faithful reproduction of mans manifold _______ blended into
one harmonious expression.
3-5. Three reasons why do we need to study Philippine Literature.
6. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US. This depicted the sad fate of
slaves; this became the basis of democracy later on.
7. This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of Roman
Calendar.
8. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
9. These have been the source of myths and legends of Greece. They were
written by Homer.
10. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotions, a feeling, or idea.
Chapter 2
The Pre-Spanish Period
Historical Background
Long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine
shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history
of our race.
Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life
as trace in our folk stories, old plays and short stories.
Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that
brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was
similar to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet.
Whatever record our ancestors left were either burned by the Spanish
friars in the belief that they were works of the devil or were written on
materials that easily perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo
cylinders which could not have remained undestroyed even if efforts were made
to preserve them.
Other records that remained showed folk songs that proved existence of a
native culture truly our own. Some of these were passed on by word of mouth
till they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who took interest in
printing the manuscripts of the ancient Filipinos.
The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our
ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which
we still enjoy today and which serve to show to generations the true culture of
our people.
Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by
A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is
about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are
imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are
reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a

legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS.
B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love,
horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to
us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities
and improve our perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND
THE SUN.
C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic
achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can
determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other
languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins
from the time mentioned in the said epics.
Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read
and studied like the following epics.
a. Bidasari-Moro epic
b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic
c. Maragtas-Visayan epic
d. Haraya-Visayan epic
e. Lagda-Visayan epic
f. Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic
g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic
h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic
i. Dagoy at Sudsod-Tagbanua epic
j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic
k. Indarapatra at Sulayman
l. Bantugan
m. Daramoke-A-Babay Moro epic in Darangan
D.
FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine
literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored
the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Here are the
examples:
Kundiman - awit ng pagibig or song of love
Kumintang o Tagumpay - War Song
Ang Dalit o Imno - Song to the God of the Visayans
Ang Oyayi o Hele - Lullaby

Diana - Wedding Song
Soliraning - Song of the Laborer
Talindaw - Boatmans Song
OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY

E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings
1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as
laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like
allegories or parables that impart lessons for the young.
2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more
measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four to 12 syllables.
3. Chant (Bulong). Used in witchcraft or enchantment.
4. Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each
line having the same number of syllables.
5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a persons
actuations.
6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings)
Exercises
1. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the ______.
2. What does Maria shouted to Ilog so that he would cut the snake?
3. In certain wide region of Luzon, there was a village frequented by young
men. This town was full of trees, beautiful flowers and a river where
clear waters flowed. What attracted the young men more than the
scenery?
4.The writer of BIAG-Ni Lam-Ang
5.Also known as Lullaby
6.These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good
behavior by our ancestors
7.Sayings with no hidden Meanings
8.Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5,6, or 8 syllables, each lines
having the same number of syllables.
9.Used in witchcraft or enchantment.
10.These are med up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may
consist of four to twelve syllables.
Chapter 3
The Spanish Period (1565-1898)
It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started
in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governorgeneral in the Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This
spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards
colonized the Philippines for more than three centuries.
During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They
embraced the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized.
Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses made of stones and bricks,
used beautiful furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages,
trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the
saints, the pope and the governors. They had cockfights, horse races and the
theater as means of recreation.
This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of society like the
rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses like medicine, law,
agriculture and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their schooling already had
been established.
A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they
have exerted a strong influence on our literature.
1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman
alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious
practices.
3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this
time lent many of its words to our language.
4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in
our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other
dialects.
6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano
and Visayan
7. Our periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.
B. THE FIRST BOOKS

1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE). This was the
first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by
Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It
contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli
(Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments of
the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the
Cathecism. Three old original copies of this book can still be found at the
Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the US Congress. It contains only 87
pages but costs $5,000.0.
2. Nuestra Seora del Rosario. The second book printed in the Philippines
was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST
Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains
the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and answers on religion.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This
is the first book printed in typography.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines
and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines even if
it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556 pages. The
Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia.
5. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It
is read only during Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each
version is according to the name of the writer.
These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the de
Belen version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced
(by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia
version (by Luis de Guia in 1750).
Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced version which
is the most popular.
6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of
Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at
Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of people in society because
the letters dealt with good behavior.
7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary). A collection of songs praising
the Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865
and it was popular especially during the Maytime Flores de Mayo festival.
C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog
language). Written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose and translated to Tagalog
by Tomas Pinpin in 1610.
2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language).

Written by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin in 1703.
3.
4.
Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary). The first Tagalog

dictionary written by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613.
Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary).
book in Pampanga written by Fr. Diego in 1732.
The first
5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary). The best language

book in Visayan by Mateo Sanchez in 1711.
6.
Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language).

Ilocano grammar book by Francisco Lopez.
The first
7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language). The first book in
the Bicol language and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754.
D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each
region had its national song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon,
Visayas and Mindanao.
Folk songs truly manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show
the Filipinos innate appreciation for and love of beauty. The examples are
Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu
Pung Singsing.
E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS. There are many recreational plays performed by
Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in poetic form.
Here are examples:

1. Tibag the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by
the Spaniard to remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the
Cross on which Jesus died.
2. Lagaylay this is a special occasion for the Pilareos of Sorsogon during
Maytime to get together.
As early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes,

mothers volunteer their girls in order to fulfill a vow made during an
illness or for a favor received.
In some parts of Bicol, a different presentation is made but the objective is
the same praise, respect and offering of love to the Blessed Cross by St.
Helen on the mound she had dug in.
3. The Cenaculo this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion
and death of Jesus Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada.
In the Hablada the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner showing
the rhythmic measure of each verse and the rhyming in each stanza and is
more dignified in theme; the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion.
The Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses to the stanza.
The full length versions take about 3 nights of staging. Performers come
in costumes with wigs and performers are carefully chosen for their
virtuous life. One performs the role of Jesus Christ and another the role of
the Virgin Mary. Many famous Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog
regions although there are also those from Ilocos, Pampanga, Bicol and
both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon.
4. Panunuluyan this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a
presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn
wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.
5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that
dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still
presented in many Philippine towns.
6. Carillo (Shadow Play) this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed
on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest.
This shadow play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a lamp
against a white sheet. The figures are moved like marionettes whose
dialogues are produced by some experts.
The dialogues are drawn from a Corrido or Awit or some religious play
interspersed with songs. These are called by various names in different
places:
Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte,
Pangasinan, Bataan, Capiz and Negros; TITIRI in Zambales; GAGALO or
KIKIMUT in Pampanga and Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union.
7. The Zarzuela considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which dealt with mans passions and emotions like
love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political problem.
8. The Sainete this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18 th
century. They were exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays
and were mostly performed by characters from the lower classes. Themes
were taken from everyday life scenarios.
F. THE MORO-MORO - Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on
a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people
and to remind them of their Christian religion. The plot is usually the same
that of a Christian princess or a noblemans daughter who is captured by the
Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party where fighting between
the Moros and the Christians ensue.
The Mohammedans are defeated by some miracle or Divine Intercession and
the Mohammedans are converted to Christianity. In some instances, the
whole kingdom is baptized and converted. One example of this is Prinsipe
Rodante.
G. KARAGATAN. This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated
during the death of a person. In this contest, more or less formal, a ritual
is performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring
into the middle of the sea and who offered here hand in marriage to
anyone who can retrieve it.
A leader starts off with an extemporaneous poem announcing the purpose. He
then spins a lumbo o tabo marked with a white line. Whoever comes in the
direction of the white line when the spinning stops gets his turn to go into the
sea to look for the ring. This means a girl will ask him a riddle and if he is able
to answer, he will offer the ring to the girl.
H. THE DUPLO REPLACE THE KARAGATAN. This is a poetic joust in
speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken from the Bible and from proverbs
and saying. It is usually played during wakes for the dead.
I. THE BALAGTASAN. This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on

a particular topic or issue. This is replaced the DUPLO and is held to honor
Francisco Balagtas Baltazar.
J. THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his
representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite meter or rhyming
scheme is used. The person chanting it freely recites in poetic rhythm
according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts. It is personalized and
usually deals with the life, sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and includes
apologies for his misdeeds.
K. THE AWIT AND THE CORRIDO.
because distinction is not clear.
Some use these two interchangeably
Exercises
1.
The first spanish governor-general in the Philippines.
2-3
What are the changes occured in the lives of

Spanish Period?
4.
The first Filipino Alphabet.
5.
This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in

xylography.
6.
This is a book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.
7.
A book by Modesto de Castro, the so-called Father of Classic Prose in

Tagalog
8.
This is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph
for an inn therein to deliver the baby Jesus
9.
This is a short musical comedy popular during the 18th century.
10.
It is a personalized and usually deal with the life, sufferings and

sacrifices of the deed and includes apologies for his misdeeds
the Filipinos during the
Chapter 4
The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)
After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit
reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were
guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17 th
of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the
Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal
leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre.
The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the
Filipinos.
The once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the
Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church.
A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class
like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna,
Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives
of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following:
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for
redress of grievances.
B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement
There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They

were Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Here are highlights about them and what they have done for our country.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was born on June 19,
1861 at Calamba, Laguna. His first teacher was his mother Teodora
Alonozo. He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST and
finished at the Universidad Central of Madrid. He also studied at the
University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on
charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards. His pen-name was
Laong Laan and Dimasalang.
His books and writings:
1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain.
In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run
government in the Philippines.
The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel but a lot of
translations were able to enter stealthily in the country even if it means death
to those caught in possession of them.
The NOLI gave Philippine literature the immortal characters Maria Clara,
Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosofong Tasio, Doa Victorina, Kapitana
Maria, Basilio and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful pen in the delineation of these
characters.
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a sequel to the NOLI.
While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the
government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the
novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell). This was a poem by Rizal while he
was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably
with the best in the world. It was only after his death when his name was
affixed to the poem.
4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of the
Filipinos). An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of
the reasons for such allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AOS (The Philippines within a Century). An
essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and the
decreasing interest of Europe here. Rizal predicted that if there is any other
colonizer of the Philippines in the future, it would be the US.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth). A poem Rizal dedicated
to the Filipino youth studying at UST.
7.EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods). An allegorical play
manifesting admiration for Cervantes.
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River). Written by Rizal when he was 14
years of age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882 and A LAS FLORES DE
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg). Two poems manifesting
Rizals unusual depth of emotion.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO
DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889
11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacinto:
Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to North
America)
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh,
Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas,
Bulacan on August 30, 1850.
His parents were Julian H. del Pilar, noted Filipino writer and Biasa Gatmaita.
His brother was the priest Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was banished to Marianas
in 1872. Because there were many children in the family, Marcelo gave up his
share of his inheritance for his other brothers and sisters.
Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores and then transferred to
that of San Jose before UST. His last year in law school was interrupted for 8
years after he had quarrel with the parish priest during a baptism at San
Miguel, Manila in 1880.
He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the
Spanish government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false
accusations hurried at him by the priests. To avoid banishment, he was
forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different Cathecism and
Passion Book wherein they made fun of the priests. They also made the
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from the word IGAT,
a kind of snake fish caught in politics.
Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA
SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the
government could be worked out. This did not last long for he got sick and
even to reach Hong Kong from where he could arouse his countrymen. He died
of tuberculosis in Spain but before he died, he asked his companions to tell his
wife and children that he was sorry he wasnt able to bid them goodbye; to tell
others about the fate of our countrymen and to continue helping the country.
Plaridel has truly earned a niche in the history of our nation. Even today,
countless streets have been named after him. The former Kingwa has been
named Plaridel, the Malolos High School is now Marcelo H. del Pilar High
School and above all, his patriotism and bravery will remain alive in our
memories.
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar
1.
PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the

Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in
Diariong Tagalog.
2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to

Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888.
He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.
3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but
sarcastically done agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888.
Because of this, del Pilar was called filibuster. Done in admirable tone of
supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (Gods Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it

was also like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but
also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an
appreciation for and love for nature.
5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea
of the Filipinos). A poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is
already old and weak to grant any aid to the Philippines. This poem is in
answer to that of Hermenigildo Flores Hibik sa Pilipinas (A Plea from the
Philippines).
6.
DUPLUHANDALITMGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative

sequence, psalms, riddles). A compilation of poems on the oppression by
the priests in the Philippines.
7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines). This shows

the injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos.
8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA (Passion that
should arouse the hearts of the readers)
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
(1856-1896)
A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena was
born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896.
The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won the admiration of the Spaniards and
Europeans. He is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100
speeches which were published by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore owner in
Manila Filatica and which are still read up to no by modern Filipinos.
Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a
rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at
Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards. He gained
the acquaintance of the high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta, Moret, Castelar,
and Salmeron.
From Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine
LA SOLIDARIDAD. This later became the official voice of the Association
Hispano de Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and
Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this, Jaena
successfully showed the Spaniards and the people of the world how a
newspaperman can introduce changes in law and reforms towards a better life
and progress.
Jaena, although he didnt become a professor, was also a teacher in a sense to
his friends and relatives in the Philippines.
Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tomas G. del Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he
stood for the separation of church and state for free education, better
government and schools, freedom of worship and for an independent and free
university.
He sided with Rizal in the controversy between Rizal and del Pilar over who
should head the Association Hispano de Filipinas in Madrid. He returned to
the Philippines to ask for donations to continue a new government called El
Latigo Nacional or Pambansang Latigo. He sold the rights of La Solidaridad ot
del Pilar who had become a lawyer and had brought in money from his sojourn
in Spain.
Graciano Lopez Jaena died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20,

1896, eleven months before his best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on
December 30, 1896.
A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena
1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in
1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines.
He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG
(Everything is mere show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a
Spaniard.
3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891 A speech which aimed to improve the condition
of the Filipinos to become free and progressive.
4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate
Columbus). A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39th anniversary of the
discovery of America
5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO
FILIPINO 1884. Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the
Filipinos.
6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A
sincere expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the
Filipinos under the Spaniards.
7. AMOR A ESPAA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To
the Youth of Malolos). The theme is about how girls were taught Spanish in
schools and whose teachers were the governors-general of the place.
8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines). Jaena
refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should be
laws on robbery and other reforms.
9.
HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines).
The triumphant
exposition of Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect
or knowledge gives honor to the Philippines.
10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines)
11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines). Jaena refers
here to the wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887.
B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS
ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain.
He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA
SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were
accusations about how the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was
Tagailog. He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the
soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat
to Aguinaldo.
Some of his works are:
1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life.
2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a dance of the
Spaniards where the people were very crowded.
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts a Filipino
custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish.
4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that
the Philippines is a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners
when it comes to collecting taxes for stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landladys House). Depicts a landlady who
looks for boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child.
MARIANO PONCE
Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the
Propaganda Movement.
He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as
pennames. The common themes of his works were the values of education. He
also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the
problems of his countrymen. Among his writings were:
1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan). Contains legends, and
folklores of his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at

the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China)
PEDRO PATERNO
Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the
Propaganda Movement.
He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion HispanoPilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first
Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of
the Spanish colonization.
The following were a few of his wrtings:
1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother).
especially in the home.
Shows the importance of a mother
3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems). A

collection of his poems.
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity behind his penname JORMAPA. He was
also known for having photographic mind. He was a member of a number of
movements for the country. Some of his writings were:
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)
2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)

The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists.
The government turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression
continued and the church and the government became even more
oppressive to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain were reversed
by the friars who were lording it over in the Philippines.
Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga
Filipina (a civic organization suspected of being revolutionary and which
triggered Rizals banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that
there was no other way except to revolt.
The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government
and was meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for
independence.
D. Highlights of the Active Revolution
The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and
Apolinario Mabini. These are their contributions to our country.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but
more than others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in
establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galanga Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (KKK).
Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family and it is said that what he
learned he got from the school of experience.
He was a voracious reader and among those he loved to read which
aroused his revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal.
He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established

the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal
was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao.
Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer
but he also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which
also became part of our literature. Among his works were:
1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should
Know)
2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obligations of
Our Countrymen). This is an outline of obligations just like the 10
commandments of God.
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of Ones Native Land). A poem
with a title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of
Rizal in Tagalog.
APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime
Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution.
EMILIO JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the
establishment of the Katipuna. He is called the Brains of the Katipunan.
He edited Kalayaan (Freedom) a Katipunan newspaper.
Bonifacio
withdrew his writing of the Kartilya in deference to Jacintos work as
secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was the one followed by the
members of the organization. Here are few of his writings:
1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)
2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on

different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of country.
3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother.
4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece.
APOLINARIO MABINI
He was born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. Because
he was born of a poor family he had to work in order to study. He
became known to his professors and classmates at Letran and the UST
because of his sharp memory and the simple clothes he used to wear
throughout his schooling.
He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded
his Republic in Malolos. His contributions to literature were writing on
government society, philosophy and politics. Here are some of his works:
1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten
Commandments). This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to
propagate the spirit of nationalism.
2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the
Philippine Republic)
3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)
4. PAHAYAG (News)
OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS
JOSE PALMA
Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The
Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe.
He was born in Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876. His brother Rafael Palma
became the president of the UP.
He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio del
Pilar, the youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution.
Aside from the National Anthem, here are his other works:
1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection of his poems.
2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing ones longings for
his sweetheart.
NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION

In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for
their country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary
period. They were:
1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION.
Printed the decrees of the
Revolutiary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused
nationalism.
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and
whose aim was for Philippine Independence.
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established by
Pedro Paterno in 1898.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta.
Exercises
1.
How does the filipino spirit reawaken after 300 years of passivity under
spanish rule?
2-3
Give 2 objectives of Propaganda Movement to seek reforms and changes.
4.
This is a sequel for the NOLI ME TANGERE
5.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar established the _______in 1882, where he expressed the
evils of the spanish government in the Philippines
6.
This became the official voice of the Associacion Hispano de Filipinas
7.
He is the Father of Filipino Democracy and the Father of the Katipunan
8.
He is the Brains of the Katipunan
9.
The Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution
10.
He became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine

National Anthem)
Chapter 5
The American Regime (1898-1941)
The Filipino Revolutionists won against the Spaniards who colonized us for
more than 300 years. Our flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of
our independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the first President of the
Philippine Republic but this was short-lived.
The Fil.-American was resulted in the defeat of Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
The peace movements started as early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing
again and the nationalism of the people remained undaunted.
Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry,
stories, plays, essays, and novels. Their writings clearly depicted their love of
country and their longings for independence.
The active arousal in the field of literature started to be felt in the following
newspapers.
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day). Established by Sergio Osmea in 1900.
The American censors twice banned this and threatened Osmea with
banishment because of his nationalistic writings.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the Nation).

Pascual Poblete in 1900.
Established by
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth). Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901.

There were also plays written then but after the first and second presentations,
the Americans put a stop to this because of the consistent theme of
nationalism. Included here were the following:
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow).
Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by the
Americans and their plan to colonize the Philippines.
2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad.
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes.
A. Characteristics of Literature during This Period

Three groups of writers contributed to Philippine Literature during this period.
The writers in Tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of
the country and their attempts to arouse love for ones native tongue. The
writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.
A. Literature in Spanish
The inspiration of our Filipino writers in Spanish was Rizal not only
because of his being a national leader but also because of his novels NOLI
and FILI. These two novels contained the best qualities of a novel ever
written, in English or in Filipino. Those who were inspired to write in
praise of him were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori,
Manuel Bernabe and Claro M. Recto.
CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all
other heroes but his poem dedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem
in praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.
FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero shared with Apostol the reign
in the balagtasan in Spanish during their time.
He also dedicated a poem to Rizal but he collected the best of his poems
in a book called CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of black, wooly caterpillar. Here
are a few stanzas of his call to Rizal which he wrote on June 19, 1901 to
commemorate Rizals birthday.
JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. He and

Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic (Remembrance and
Forgetfulness). He was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish besting Manuel
Bernabe.
MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and the fierceness of his nationalistic spirit
was unchanged in any topic he wrote about.
In his debate with Balmori, he was more attractive to the public because of
the modious words he used. He defended OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).
CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare with the
other writers of Spanish. He collected his poems in a book entitled BAJO LOS
COCOTEROS (Under The Coconut Trees).
Other Writers in Spanish
1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet in the Philippines who was good
in Spanish. She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El Nido. (The Nest).
2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled Aromas de
Ensueo (Scents of Dreams).
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto
(The Place of Origin).
4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don Panyong). He was a good leader
and biographer during the whole period of Spanish literature.
5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del Proteccionismo.
B. Filipino Literature
FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and URBANA AT FELISA of
Modesto de Castro became the inspiration of the Tagalog writers.
Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of Tagalog poets: They were:
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope K. Santos, Iigo
Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso
Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de
Jesus, Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and
Amado V. Hernandez.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino,
Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
In the realm of short stories that started to appear in the column
Pangsandaliang Libangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli (Fast) we find
here the names of Lope K. Santos, Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro Almario.
In the Liwayway Publications, we find Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro Gener,
and Cirio H. Panganiban.
Noted novelists or biographers were Valeriano Hernandez Pea, Lope K. Santos,
Iigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc.
Here are the autobiographies of some of the writers mentioned:
LOPE K. SANTOS
Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet and author, and grammarian covered three
periods of Tagalog literature American, Japanese and the contemporary
period. If Manuel L. Quezon is called the Father of the National Language, Lope
K. Santos is called the Father of the National Language Grammar. He was also
called the Apo of the Tagalog writers.
BANAAG AT SIKAT was his
masterpiece.
JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
Jose Corazon de Jesus is very popularly known as Huseng Batute. He was
also called the Poet of Love in his time. ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A
TREE), an elegy, is believed to be his masterpiece.
AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the
Laborers) in our literature because he pictures in his poem the intense
love for the poor worker or laborer. To him, a poem is a scent, bittersweet
memories, and a murmur of flowing water. The pen is powerful and
according to him, even a king can be bent by the pen.
He contributed a lot of writings to literature like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A
Stretch of Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Free Nation), ANG PANDAY (The
Blakcsmith), and MUNTING LUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterpiece is
ANG PANDAY.
VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEA
Together with Lope K. Santos he reached the summit of his novel-writing.
He was known as Tandang Anong and his pen name was Kuntil Butil
(Small Grain). He considers NENA AT NENENG his masterpiece.
IIGO ED. REGALADO
Iigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a popular writer during the Spanish time
known as Odalger. He proved that he not only followed the footsteps of his
father but also reached the peak of his success by the sumpong (whim)
of his pen.
He also became a popular story-teller, novelist and
newspaperman.
The Tagalog Drama
During the advent of the American period, Severino Reyes and
Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moro-moro ( a play
on the Spanish struggles against the Muslims) and struggled to show the
people the values one can get from the zarzuela and the simple plays.
The people one should not forget in the field of writing are the following:
1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog drama and author of the
immortal WALANG SUGAT.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist in whom the Kapampangans take
pride.
Included in his writings were LUHANG TAGALOG, his
masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NGAYONG AT BUKAS that resulted in his
incarceration.
3. Hermogenes Ilagan.
Founded the group Campaa Ilagan that
presented many dramas in Central Luzon.
4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the novel NINAY and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son
of the Sea), his masterpiece.
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA NG PATING (Sharks
Mouth). This gave him much honor and fame.
The Tagalog Short Story
Two collections of Tagalog stories were published during the American Period.
First was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories) published in
1936 and %) KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWENTISTA (50 Golden
Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in 1939. The first was written by Alejandro
Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo that contained the 25 best stories according
to them.
The second was written by Pedrito Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO (Golden
Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became popular during
this period.
Tagalog Poetry
Almost all Tagalog writers during the American Period were able to
compose beautiful poems which made it difficult to select the best. Even if
poetry writing is as old as history, poetry still surfaces with its sweetness,
beauty, and melody.
Other Forms of Literature

The following are those recognized in the field of Ilocano Literature:
1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of Ilocano Literature. From his name was
derived the word Bukanegan, which means Balagtasan (a poetic contest)
in Ilocano.
2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets. Known as poet and novelist.
3. Leon Pichay. Known as the best Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Also a
poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist and essayist.
Literature of the Kapampangans: (Pampango Literature)

Two stalwarts in the literature of the Kapampangans stand out: they are:
1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father of Kapampangan Literature). The word
CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his name.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved his being a Kaampangan in his
translation of KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS into Kapampangan which he
called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS.
Visayan Literature
The following are the top men in Visayan literature:
1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of Visayan Literature).
zarzuela, moro-moro and a play in Visayan.
He wrote a
2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She devoted her talent to the novel. She wrote
ANG MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
C. Philippine Literature in English
In a way, we can say that we can trace the beginnings of Philippine

literature in English with the coming of the Americans. For this purpose,
we can divide this period into three time frames, namely:
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910
2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941
(1) The Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)
English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation in
August 13, 1898 and as they say, a choice bestowed on us by history. By
1900, English came to be used as a medium of instruction in the public
schools. From the American forces were recruited the first teachers of
English.
By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades were using English. It
was also about this time when UP, the forerunner in the use of English
in higher education, was founded.
Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound freedom after
the paralyzing effect of repression of thought and speech under the
Spanish regime. They were adjusting the idea of democracy, to the new
phraseology of the English language and to the standards of the English
literary style Writers had to learn direct expression as conditioned by
direct thinking. They had to learn that sentence constructions; sounds
and speech in English were not the same as in the vernacular. They had
to discard sentimentality and floridity of language for the more direct and
precise English language.
Not much was produced during this period and what literature was
produced was not much of literary worth. The first attempts in English
were in two periodicals of this time:
(a) El Renacimiento: founded in Manila by Rafael Palma in 1901.
(b)
Philippines Free Press: established in Manila in 1905 by R.
McCullough Dick and D. Theo Rogers.
POETRY
In 1907, Justo Julianos SURSUM CORDA which appeared in the

Renacimiento was the first work to be published in English.
In 1909, Jan F. Salazars MY MOTHER and his AIR CASTLES were also
published in this paper.
It was also in 1909 when Proceso Sebastian followed with his poem TO MY
LADY IN LAOAG, also in this same paper.
(2) The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)

By 1919, the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the
first Filipino writers in English. They were the pioneers in short story
writing.
They were then groping their way into imitating American and British
models which resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking
vitality and spontaneity.
Their models included Longfellow and
Hawthorne, Emerson and Thoreau, Wordsworth and Tennyson,
Thackeray and Macaulay, Longfellow, Allan Poe, Irving and other
American writers of the Romantic School.
Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag (the best editorial writer
of this period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro,
and Francisco M. Africa and Victoriano Yamzon. They pioneered in
English poetry.
ESSAYS
The noted essayists of this time were: Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo,
Mauro Mendez, and Vicente Hilario.
Their essays were truly scholarly characterized by sobriety, substance and
structure. They excelled in the serious essay, especially the editorial type.
The next group of writers introduced the informal essay, criticism and the
journalistic column. They spiced their work with humor, wit and satire. These
group included Ignacio Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera, Federico Mangahas,
Francisco B. Icasiano, Salvador P. Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G. Dayrit.
SHORT STORIES
In the field of short stories, DEAD STARS by Paz Marquez Benitez written in
the early 1920s stand out as a model of perfection in character delineation,
local color, plot and message. Other short stories published during this time
were but poor imitations of their foreign models.
The UP College Folio was later replaced by the Philippine Collegian.
Newspapers and periodicals also saw print during this time like the
Bulletin, the Philippines Herald (1920), the Philippine Review, the
Independent, Rising Philippines and Citizens, and the Philippine Education
Magazine 1924.
D. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing.
They now confidently and competently wrote on a lot of subjects although
the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They went into all forms
of writing like the novel and the drama.
1. POETRY
Noteworthy names in this field include Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion,
Jose Garcia Villa, Angela Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido, Trinidad
Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta da Costa. They turned our not only
love poems but patriotic, religious, descriptive and reflective poems as
well. They wrote in free verse, in odes and sonnets and in other types.
Poetry was original, spontaneous, competently written and later,
incorporated social consciousness.
2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)
Probably because of the incentives provided by publications like the

Philippine Free Press, The Graphic, The Philippine Magazine and college
publications like the UP Literary Apprentice, poetry and the short story
flourished during these times.
Other writers during this time include Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo
Rotor, Paz Latorenas Sunset, and Jose Garcia Villas Mir-in-isa. From
1930 to 1940, the Golden Era of Filipino writing in English saw the short
story writers who have arrived, like Jose Lansangs The Broken Parasol,
Sinai C. Hamadas Talanatas Wife, Fausto Dugenios Wanderlust,
Amando G. Dayrits His Gift and Yesterday, Amador T. Daugios The
Woman Who Looked Out of the Window.
Characteristics of the short stories during these times:
There were still remnants of Spanish influence in the use of expressions
that were florid, sentimental, exaggerated and bombastic. The influence
of the Western culture also was already evident.
3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE STYLES (1925-1941)
Essays during this period improved with the years in quality and quantity,
in content, subject and style. Essayists like Carlos P. Romulo became even
more eminent editorial writers.
The notable writers of essays during this period were:
a. Political, social reflective essays: Through their newspaper columns the
following became very popular: Federico Mangahas, Salvador P. Lopez,
Pura S. Castrence, Vicente Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada and Jose A.
Lansang.
b. Critical essays were espoused by Salvador P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari,

Ignacio Manlapaz, Jose Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and Leopoldo Y.
Yabes. An example of this is Maximo V. Solivens THEY CALLED IT
BROTHERHOOD.
c. Personal or Familiar essays were written by F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko),

Alfredo E. Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo, Amando G. Dayrit and Consuelo
Gar (Catuca).
Some of the notable works during this time were:
1940: Salvador P. Lopez LITERATURE AND SOCIETY which is a collection of
critical reflections and serious essays and which won first prize in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest of 1940.
1940: Camilo Osias published THE FILIPINO WAY OF LIFE, a series of essays
on the Filipino way of life as drawn from history, folkways, philosophy and
psychology of the Philippines.
1941: F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko) was reprints of the best of Icasianos
essays in the Sunday Times Magazine under the column From My Nipa
Hut. It is an essay of the common tao and is written with humor and
sympathy.
August 16, 1941: Carlos P. Romulo had an editorial printed in the
Philippines Herald. Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, it was reprinted in his book
MY BORTHER AMERICANS in 1945 in New York by Doubleday & Co.
OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:
Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano Pacis, I.V. Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez,
Leopoldo Y. Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santillan.
The Philippine Writers League put out a collection of essays called

Literature Under the Commonwealth.
Amando G. Dayrit with his column Good Morning Judge led others like
Leon Ma. Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vicente Albano Pacis, Jose A.
Lansang and Federico Mangahas.
4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941
In 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote about
QUEZON.
In 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won a prize in the national contest

sponsored by the Commonwealth of the Philippines. This was written by
Carlos Quirino, the most famous biographer of the period. He also wrote
Quezon, the Man of Destiny.
In 1940, I.V. Mallaris The Birth of Discontent revealed the sensitive touch
of a writer who in simple language was able to reveal his profound
thoughts and feelings.
5. HISTORY
Not much about history has been written by Filipino writers. In 1937,
with regard to literary history, we can cite Teofilo del Castillos The Brief
History of the Philippine Islands.
6. PUBLICATIONS
The Philippine Free Press provided the first incentives to Filipino writers
in English by offering prizes to worthwhile contributions.
Other
publications followed suit.
7. THE DRAMA (1925-1941)
Drama during this period did not reach the heights attained by the novel
or the short story. The UP provided the incentives when they introduced
playwriting as a course and established the UP Little Theater.
Exercises
1
The Philippine flag was hoisted on _______ as a symbol of our

independence.
2.
The peace movement started as early as _______.
3.
Written by Aurelio Tolentino depicting the suppression done by the

Americans and their plan to colonize in the Philippines.
4.
Why Rizal became the inspiration of the Filipino writers.
5.
A book of Fernando Ma. Guerrero which means kind of black, wooly

caterpillar
6.
The first woman poet in the Philippines who was good in Spanish
7.
The Father of the National Language Grammar.
8.
According to ________ even a king can be sent by the pen.
9.
A son of a popular writer during the Spanish time known as Odalager
10.
The Father of Kapampangan Literature
11.
His name derived from the word Bukanegan
12.
In what year did English become a medium of instructions in the

public schools.
13.
The first to break away from the conventional forms and themes of
Philippine poetry placed the Philippines on the Literary map with the
publication of his books in the U.S.
14-15
Their essays were truly scholarly characterized by sobriety, substance

and structure
Chapter 6
The Japanese Period (1941-1945)
Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development

when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan.
Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and
the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the
Japanese.
This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced
renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino.
Juan Laya, who use to write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict
prohibitions of the Japanese regarding any writing in English.
The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was
managed by Japanese named Ishiwara.
In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during this period.
Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often
about life in the provinces.
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was
nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the
arts.
Three types of poems emerged during this period. They were:

1. Haiku a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up
of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the
second, 7 syllables, and the third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in
meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning.
2. Tanaga like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each
line had 17 syllables and its also allegorical in meaning.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) like those mentioned earlier in the
beginning chapters of this book.
B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie
houses showing American films were closed. The big movie houses were
just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays were reproductions of
English plays to Tagalog. The translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo,
Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel.
They also founded the
organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines. A few of
playwriters were:
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez wrote PANDAY PIRA
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI

3.
Clodualdo del Mundo wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game
Hide and Seek).
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and
HIGANTE NG PATAY.
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation.
Many wrote short stories. Among them were: Brigido Batungbakal,
Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM
Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman.
The best writings in 1945 were selected by a group of judges composed of
Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del
Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a result of this selection, the following got
the first three prizes:
First Prize:
Narciso Reyes with his LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceos UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA

Third Prize:
NVM Gonzales LUNSOD NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN
D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945)

Because of the strict prohibitions imposed b the Japanese in the writing
and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English
experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so for their
bread and butter or for propaganda.
Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature.
Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to
seep into their consciousness. While some continued to write, the
majority waited for a better climate to publish their works.
Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer
Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE
PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS.
Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez, Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and
Carlos Bulosan.
Nick Joaquin produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz
Castro wrote a few poems.
F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine Review.
Carlos Bulosans works included THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (1944),
THE VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX FILIPINO POETS, 1942, among others.
Alfredo Litiatco published With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose P. Laurel
published Forces that Make a Nation Great.
The Commonwealth Literary Awards gave prizes to meritorious writers.
Those who won were:
1. LIKE THE MOLAVE by Rafael Zulueta da Costa (Poetry)
2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGTH HOME A WIFE by Manuel E.
Arguilla (Short Story)
3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY by Salvador P. Lopez (Essay)

4. HIS NATIVE SOIL by Juan Laya (Novel)
President Manuel L. Quezons autobiography THE GOOD FIGHT was
published posthumously.
Radio broadcasts echoed the mingled fear and doubts in the hearts of
the people.
Other writers of this period were Juan Collas (19440, Tomas Confesor
(1945), Roman A. de la Cruz and Elisa Tabuar.
Exercises
1-2.
Almost all newspapers in English were topped by the Japanese except

for this two
3.
It is made up of 17 syllables divided into 3 lines. The first line had

5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables and the third , 5.
4.
Like Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme
5.
He won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINE RISE and HIS MOTHER AMERICA
and MY BROTHER AMERICANS.
6.
The title of President Manuel L. Quezons autobiography
7-10.
Common themes of most poems during the Spanish Occupation.

Chapter 7
The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who
fled to the mountain joined the liberating American Army.
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is freedom and the Filipino flag
waved joyously alone. The chains were broken.
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of struggle of

mind and spirit posed by the sudden emancipation from the enemy, and
the wild desire to see print.
Filipinos had, by this time, learned to express themselves more confidently
but post-war problems beyond language and print-like economic stability,
the threat of new ideas and mortality had to be grappled with side by
side.
There was a proliferation of newspapers like the FREE PRESS, MORNING
SUN, of Sergio Osmea Sr., DAILY MIRROR of Joaquin Roces, EVENING
NEWS of Ramon Lopezes and the BULLETIN of Menzi. This only proved
that there were more readers in English than in any ocher vernaculars like
Tagalog, Ilocano or Hiligaynon.
Journalists had their day. They indulged in more militant attitude in their
reporting which bordered on the libelous.
Gradually, as normality was
restored, the tones and themes of the writings turned to the less pressing
problems of economic survival.
Some Filipino writers who had gone abroad and had written during the
interims came back to publish their works.
Not all the books published during the period reflected the war year; some were
compilations or second editions of what have been written before.
Some of the writers and their works of the periods are:
THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN a compilation of the best works of some
Ex-USAFFE men like Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz, Ramon de
Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez.
TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION and DEATH OF THE USAFFE by Leon
Ma. Guerrero
FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY by S.P. Lopez
BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES by Hernando Abaya
SEVEN HILLS AWAY by NVM Gonzales
POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THIS PERIOD
For the first twenty years, many books were publishedboth in Filipino
and in English. Among the writers during this time were: Fred Ruiz
Castro, Dominador I. Ilio, and C.B. Rigor.
Some notable works of the period include the following:
1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) a collection of poems by Manuel

Viray
2. PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) a collection of prose and

poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
3. PROSE AND POEMS (1952) by Nick Joaquin
4. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) by T.D. Agcaoili
5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST by Amador Daguio
6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) a collection of works by the professors of
UE, mostly in English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem and
drama) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar
The themes of most poems dealt with the usual love of nature, and of
social and political problems.
Toribia Maos poems showed deep
emotional intensity.
7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP by NVM Gonzales
8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO by Conrado V. Pedroche
9. Other poets were Toribia Mao and Edith L. Tiempo
Jose Garcia Villas HAVE COME, AM HERE won acclaim both here and
abroad.
NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN ENGLISH

Longer and longer pieces were being written by writers of the period.
Stevan Javellanas WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN tells of the grim
experiences of war during the Japanese Occupation.
In 1946, the Barangay Writers Project whose aim was to publish works
in English by Filipinos was established.
In 1958, the PEN Center of the Philippines (Poets, essayists, novelists)

was inaugurated. In the same year, Francisco Arcellana published his
PEN ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES.
In 1961, Kerima Polotans novel THE HAND OF THE ENEMY won the
Stonehill Award for the Filipino novel in English.
In 1968, Luis V. Teodoro Jr.s short story THE ADVERSARY won the
Philippines Free Press short story award; in 1969, his story THE TRAIL OF
PROFESSOR RIEGO won second prize in the Palanca Memorial Awards for
Literature and in 1970, his short story THE DISTANT CITY won the
GRAPHIC short story award.
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most
themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of
life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits.
Newspapers and magazine publications were re-opened like the Bulaklak,
Liwayway, Ilang Ilang and Sinag Tala. Tagalog poetry acquired not only
rhyme but substance and meaning. Short stories had better characters
and events based on facts and realities and themes were more
meaningful. Novels became common but were still read by the people for
recreation.
The peoples love for listening to poetic jousts increased more than before
and people started to flock to places to hear poetic debates.
Many books were published during this time, among which were:
1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by Alejandro Abadilla
2. Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog (1886-1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo
3. Akoy Isang Tinig (1952) collection of poems and stories by Genoveva
Edroza Matute
4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952) by Alejandro Abadilla
5. Maikling Katha ng Dalawampung Pangunahing Autor (1962) by A.G.

Abadilla and Ponciano E.P. Pineda
6. Parnasong Tagalog (1964) collection of selected poems by Huseng
Sisiw and Balagtas, collected by A.G. Abadilla
7. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pag-aaral ng Panitikan (1965) by Rufino
Alejandro.
He prepared this book for teaching in reading and appreciation of poems,
dramas, short stories and novels
8. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula (1961-1967) by Rogelio G. Mangahas
9. Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan (Kapisanang Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik)
1965 by Efren Abueg
10. Makata (1967) first cooperative effort to publish the poems of 16 poets
in Pilipino
11. Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio Salazar
12. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdang Pilipino (1970) by Efren Abueg. In this
book, Abueg proved that it is possible to have a national integration of
ethnic culture in our country.
13. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Many books about Rizal came out during this period.
The law ordering the additional study of the life of Rizal helped a lot in
activating our writers to write books about Rizal.
PALANCA AWARDS
Another inspiration for writers in Filipino was the launching of the Palanca
Memorial Awards for literature headed by Carlos Palanca Sr. in 1950. (Until
now, the awards are still being given although the man who founded it has
passed away). The awards were given to writers of short stories, plays and
poetry.
The first awardees in its first year, 1950-51 in the field of the short story were
the following:
First Prize:
KUWENTO NI MABUTI by Genoveva Edroza
Second Prize: MABANGIS NA KAMAYMAAMONG KAMAY by Pedro S.

Dandan
Third Prize:
PLANETA, BUWAN AT MGA BITUIN by Elpidio P. Kapulong
Exercises
1.
In what year did the Philippines regained its freedom and the Filipino
waved joyously alone.
2.
This tells of the grim experiences of war during the Japanese

Occupation. It was written by Stevan Javellana
3.
P.E.N. stands for?
4.
It was written by Jose Garcia Villa
5.
The author of Kwento ni Mabuti
6-10.
Why is it called the rebirth of freedom?a

Chapter 8
Period of Activism (1970-1972)
According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic

and worldwide causes. Activism is connected with the history of our Filipino
youth.
Because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms. Some
continued to believe that the democratic government is stable and that it is
only the people running the government who are at fault. Some believed that
socialism or communism should replace democracy. Some armed groups were
formed to bring down the democratic form of government.
Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government.
In the expression of this desire for change, keen were the writings of some
youth who were fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the
importance of their petitions.
Many young activists were imprisoned in military camps together with
rebel writers. As early as this period of history we can say that many of
those writers who were imprisoned were true nationalists and heroes of
their time.
Many books aptly record and embody these times but many of these are
not known to many and many of these writers still have to be
interviewed. We just leave to scholars and researchers the giving of
credit where credit is due.
A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
The seeds of activism resulted in the declaration of Martial Law in 1972.
We can, however, say that he seeds were earlier sown from the times of
Lapu-lapu, Lakandula, and Rizal. The revolution against the powerful
forces in the Philippines can be said to be the monopoly of the youth in
whose veins flow the fire in their blood. What Rizal said of the youth
being the hope of the Fatherland is still valid even today.
B. PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACARDS
Pineda also said that this was the time when the youth once more proved
that it is not the constant evasion that shapes our race and nationalism.
There is a limit to ones patience.
overstrained.
It may explode like a volcano if
Life? What avails like if one is a coward who does not take a stand for
himself and for the succeeding generations?
C. THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was
proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in the sidewalk
expressions but also in literature.
Campus newspapers showed
rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic writers developed awareness
for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the
equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
They attacked the ills of society and politics. Any establishment became
the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. The frustrations of youth
could be felt in churches and school. Even the priests, teachers and
parents, as authorities who should be respected became targets of the
radical youth and were though of as hindrances to the changes they
sought.
The literature of the activists reached a point where they stated boldly
what should be done to effect these changes.
Some of those who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were
Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas, Efren Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente
Bautista.
WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF ACTIVISM
The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the
mass revolution. It was also during this period that Bomba films that
discredit our ways as Filipinos started to come out.
PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

(Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature had
been giving cash prizes for short story, poetry and one-act play writing as
an incentive to Filipino writers. The prizes come from La Tondena, Inc.,
the firm founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr. For the list of winners
from 1950-51 to 1960-70, we recommended Alberto S. Florentinos
Twenty Years of Palanca Awards.)
ENGLISH SHORT STORY
1970-71
First Prize THE RITUAL Cirilo F. Bautista
Second Prize BEAST IN THE FIELDS Resil Mojares
Third Prize CHILDREN OF THE CITY Amadis Ma. Guerrero
1970-71
First Prize THE ARCHIPELAGO Cirilo F. Bautista
Second Prize FIVE POEMS Wilfredo Pascua Sanchez
Third Prize FROM MACTAN TO MENDIOLA Frederico Licsi Espino Jr.
ENGLISH ONE-ACT PLAY
1970-71
First Prize THE GROTESQUE AMONG US Maiden Flores
ENGLISH POETRY
1971-72
First Prize THE TOMATO GAME N.V.M. Gonzales
Second Prize THE APOLLO CENTENNIAL Gregorio C. Brillantes
Third Prize AFTER THIS, OUR EXILE Elsa Martinez Coscolluela
1971-72
First Prize BATIK MAKER AND OTHER POEMS Virginia R. Moreno
Second Prize THE EDGE OF THE WIND Artemio Tadena
Third Prize TINIKLING (A SHEAF OF POEMS) Frederico Licsi Espino Jr.
1971-72
First Prize GRAVE FOR BLUE FLOWER Jesus T. Peralta
Second Prize THE UNDISCOVERED COUNTRY Manuel M. Martell
Third Prize The judges recommend that in as much as the three third prize
winners especially deserve, the prize of P 1,000.00 be divided among these
three:
THE BOXES Rolando S. Tinio
NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD MEN TO COME TO THE AID OF THEIR
COUNTRY Julian E. Dacanay
THE RENEGADE Elsa Martinez Coscolluela
WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
Jose F. Lacaba, in his book DAYS OF DISQUIET, NIGHTS OF RAGE; THE
FIRST QUARTERS STORM AND RELATED EVENTS, wrote of the tragic and
tumultuous moments in our countrys history.
Describing this period, he writes: That first quarter of the year 1970It
was a glorious time, a time of terror and of wrath, but also a time for
hope. The signs of change were on the horizon. A powerful storm was
sweeping the land, a storm whose inexorable advance no earthly force
could stop, and the name of the storm was history.
He mentions that those students demonstrating at that time knew and
were aware that what they were doing would be crucial to our countrys
history.
Student leaders thought up grandiose names for their
organizations and hence, the proliferation of acronyms likes SUCCOR,
YDS, KTPD, SAGUPA, SMP, KKK, KM, MDP, and SDK.
Politicians endorsed bills for those who interfered with student
demonstrators. Mayor Antonio Villegas himself, on Feb. 18, 1970, led
demonstrators away from angry policemen. Other politicians like Eva
Estrada Kalaw, and Salvador Laurel, Benigno Aquino Jr. wrote about
condemnation of police brutalities.
Lacabas book is truly representative of writers who were eyewitnesses to this
time of terror and wrath.
Other writers strove to pour out their anguish and frustrations in words
describing themselves as gasping for the air, thirsting for the water of
freedom. Thus, the Philippine Center for the International PEN (Poets,
Essayists, and Novelists) held a conference centering on the writers lack of
freedom in a climate of fear.
For a day they denounced restrictions on artistic freedom and passionately
led a plea for freedom. Among the writers in this group were: Nick
Joaquin, S.P. Lopez, Gregorio Brillantes, F. Sionil Jose, Petronilo Daroy,
Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc, Mauro Avelina, and Jose W. Diokno.
People in the other media participated in this quest for freedom.

Journalists Jose Burgos Jr., Antonio Ma. Nieva,; movie director Lino
Brocka, art critic Anna Leah S. de Leon were battling head on against
censorship.
They came up with resolutions that pleaded for causes other than their own
like the general amnesty for political prisoners, and other secret decrees
restricting free expression.
They requested editors and publishers to publish the real names of writers in
their columns. It called on media to disseminate information on national
interest without partisan leanings and resolved to be united with all causes
decrying oppression and repression.
Exercises
1-2.
According to Ponciano Pineda, Youth Activism in 1970-72 was due to

_____ ______
3-4.
Because of the ills of society. The youth moved to seek reforms, what are
these reforms?
5.
The result of seeds of Activism
6.
The youth became completely rebellions during the literary revolution.

This was proven not only in the _______ and in the sidewalk expressions
but also in
(7.) ___________.
8.
The author of Days of Disquiet, Nights of Rage, The first quarters storm
and related events.
9.
The Philippine Center for the International PEN (Poets, Essayists, and
Novelists) held a conference centering on the ________
10.
They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the
word __________
Chapter 9
Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos
Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards.
Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress
of the country like the Green Revolution, family planning, proper
nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution. The New Society
tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the
morals of the people. All school newspapers were temporarily stopped and
so with school organizations.
The military government established a new office called the Ministry of
Public Affairs that supervised the newspapers, books and other
publications.
The government took part in reviving old plays like the Cenaculo, the
Zarzuela and the Embayoka of the Muslims. The Cultural Center of the
Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater and even the old Metropolitan Theater
were rebuilt in order to have a place for these plays.
Singing both Filipino and English songs received fresh incentives. Those
sent abroad promoted many Filipino songs.
The weekly publications like KISLAP, and LIWAYWAY helped a lot in the
development of literature. These became outlets for our writers to publish
many of their works.
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture,
customs and the beauties of nature and surroundings. Those who wrote
poetry during this period were: Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto Silvestre, Jose Garcia
Revelo, Bienvenido Ramos, Vicente Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco, and
Pelagio Sulit Cruz.
Many more composers added their bit during this period. Among them
were Freddie Aguilar, Jose Marie Chan and the group Tito, Vic and Joey.
ANAK of Freddie Aguilar became an instant success because of the spirit
and emotions revealed in the song. There were even translations in
Japanese and in other languages.
B. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog
Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the Muslims which were
presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater and
the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
Many schools and organizations also presented varied plays.
The Mindanao State University presented a play Sining Embayoka at the
Cultural Center of the Philippines.
In 1977, the Tales of Manuvu, a new style of rock of the ballet opera was
also added to these presentations. This was performed by Celeste
Legaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji Alejandro, Boy Camara, Anthony Castello,
Rey Dizon and choreographed by Alic Reyes.
Even the Presidents daughter at the time participated as a performing
artist in the principal role of Santa Juana of Koral and in The Diary of
Anne Frank.
The following organizations contributed a lot to the development of plays
during this period:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lino Brocka

Repertory Philippines: of Rebecca Godines and Zenaida Amador
UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes
Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio
C. RADIO AND TELEVISION

Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like
SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONELY were the
forms of recreation of those without television. Even the new songs were
first heard over the airwaves.
However, many performing artists in radio moved over to television
because of higher pay. Among these were Augusto Victa, Gene Palomo,
Mely Tagasa, Lina Pusing, and Ester Chavez.
Popular television plays were GULONG NG PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and
ANNA LIZA.
SUPERMAN AND TARZAN were also popular with the youth.
D. FILIPINO FILMS
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was
held during this time. During the festival which lasted usually for a
month, only Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
Prizes and trophies were awarded at the end of the festival in recognition of
excellence in film making and in role performances.
New kinds of films without sex or romance started to be made but which
were nevertheless well-received by the public. Among these were:
1. MAYNILA SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by Edgardo Reyes

and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco was the
lead role.
2.
MINSAY ISANG GAMU-GAMO; Nora Aunor was the principal
performer here.
3. GANITO KAMI NOOPAANO KAYO NGAYON: led by Christopher de

Leon and Gloria Diaz.
4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de Leon
Sex films could not be shelved. Foreign, as well as local films dealing the
bold themes were the vehicles of producers to earn more money.
E. COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms.
News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like were
favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and
robberies.
The leading papers during this period were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
BULLETIN TODAY
5. PILIPINO EXPRESS
TIMES JOURNAL
6. PHILIPPINE DAILY EXPRESS
PEOPLES JOURNAL 7. EVENING POST
BALITA
8. EVENING EXPRESS
LIWAYWAY had been an old-time favorite of the Filipinos since 1920. Other
magazines were:
1. KISLAP
2. BULAKLAK
3. EXTRA HOT
4. JINGLE SENSATION
Like mushrooms, comics also proliferated everywhere and were enjoyed

by the masses. Among these were:
1. PILIPINO
4. HIWAGA
2. EXTRA
5. KLASIK
3. LOVE LIFE
6. ESPESYAL
F. PALANCA AWARDEES
SHORT STORY CATEGORY

1972-73
First Prize SPOTS ON THEIR WINGS AND OTHER STORIES Antonio
Enriquez
Second Prize ON FRIENDS YOU PIN SUCH HOPES Ines Taccad Camayo
Third Prize THE LIBERATION OF MRS. FIDELA MAGSILANG Jaime A.
Lim
1973-74
First Prize THE CRIES OF CHILDREN ON AN APRIL AFTERNOON IN
THE YEAR 1957 Gregorio C. Brillantes
Second Prize THE WHITE DRESS Estrella D. Alfon
Third Prize TELL ME WHO CLEFT THE DEVILS FOOT Luning
Bonifacio Ira
Honorable Mention SCORING Joy T. Dayrit
1974-75
First Prize co-winners
1. THE DAY OF THE LOCUSTS Leoncio P. Deriada
2. ROMANCE AND FAITH ON MOUNT BANAHAW Alfred A. Yuson
Second Prize co-winners
1. THE MAN WHO MADE A COVENANT WITH THE WIND Cirilo F. Bautista
2. ONCE UPON A CRUISE: GENERATIONS AND OTHER LANDSCAPES
Luning Bonifacio Ira
3. AGCALAN POINT Jose Y. Dalisay, Jr.
Third Prize co-winners
1. THE DOG EATERS Leoncio P. Deriada
2. THE PEOPLES PRISON Mauro R. Avena

3. DISCOVERY Dr. Porfirio F. Villarin, Jr.
4. A SUMMER GOODBYE Linda Ledesma and Benjamin Bautista
PLAY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize THE HEART OF EMPTINESS IS BLACK Ricardo Demetillo
Second Prize GO, RIDER! Azucena Crajo Uranza

Third Prize THE RICEBIRD HAS BROWN WINGS Federico Licsi Espino, Jr.
1973-74
First Prize (No Award)
Second Prize AFTERCAFE Juan H. Alegre
Third Prize DULCE EXTRANJERA Wilfredo D. Nollede
1974-75
First Prize A LIFE IN THE SLUMS Rolando S. Tinio
Second Prize PASSWORD Paul Stephen Lim
Third Prize THE MINERVA FOUNDATION Maidan Flores
POETRY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize CHARTS Cirilo F. Bautista
Second Prize A TRICK OF MIRRORS Rolando S. Tinio
Third Prize ALAPAAPS MOUNTAIN Erwin E. Castillo
1973-74
First Prize co-winners
1. MONTAGE Ophelia A. Dimalanta
2. IDENTITIES Artemio Tadena
Second Prize co-winners
1. BOXES Ricardo de Ungria

2. GLASS OF LIQUID TRUTHS Gilbert A. Luis Centina III
Third Prize co-winners
1. A LIEGE OF DATUS AND OTHER POEMS Jose N. Carreon
2. RITUALS AND METAPHORS Celestino M. Vega
1974-75
First Prize TELEX MOON Cirilo F. Bautista
Second Prize ADARNA: SIX POEMS FROM A LARGER CORPUS Wilfredo
Pascua Sanchez
Third Prize THE CITY AND THE THREAD OF LIGHT Ricardo Demetillo
REPUBLIC CULTURAL HERITAGE AWARDEES
(1960-1971)
NATIONAL ARTISTS
1973
Amado V. Hernandez (Posthumous) (Literature)
Jose Garcia Villa (Literature)
Francisco Reyes Aquino (Dance)
Carlos V. Francisco (Posthumous) (Painting)
Antonio J. Molina (Music)
Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture)
1976
Nick Joaquin (Literature)
Napoleon V. Abueva (Sculpture)
Pablo Antonio (Posthumous) (Architecture)
Lamberto V. Avellana (Movies)
Victorio G. Edades (Painting)
Jovita Fuentes (Music)
G. AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATUE DURING THE NEW SOCIETY

Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National
Education as early as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial
Rule in September 21, 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in
the different levels of education. The focus of education and culture was
on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a

firm resolves to carry out plans and programs.
The forms of literature that led during this period wee the essays,
debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no
different in style from those written before the onset of activism.
Some of the books that came out during this period were:
I Married a Newspaperman (essay) by
newsapaperman Salvador B. Lopez), 1976
Maria
Luna
Lopez
(wife
of
The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia Melendrez Cruz, 1980

Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature, by Rustica D. Carpio, 1976
Brief Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcaco
Medium Rare and Tell the People (feature articles and TV Program) by Julie Yap
Daza
Exercises
1.
The new Society tried to stop ______
2.
The office established by the military government that supervised the

newspaper book and other publication.
3-5.
The government took part in reviving old plays like ______,______, ______
6-9. Identify the themes of the ff. slogans

6.
Sa ikauunlad ng bayan,
Disiplina ang kailangan
7.
Ang pagsunod sa magulang

Tanda ng anak na magalang
8.
Tayoy magtanim
Upang mabuhay
9.
Tayoy magbigayan
At wag magsiksikan
10.
Which song of Freddie Aguilar became an instant success because of

the spirit and emotions revealed in it.
11.
Festival which lasted usually for a month, only Filipinos films were
shown in all theaters in Metro Manila
12.
Example of Leading Papers during the period of new society
13.
Example of magazine during that period
14. _______ was initiated by the Board on National Education as early as 1958
and continued up to the period of martial rule in September 21, 1972
resulted in the
(15.) _________
Chapter 10
Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino
which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on
January 2, 1981.
To those in government, the lifting of military rule heralded a change. To
their perceptions, the Philippines became a new nation and this; former
President Marcos called The New Republic of the Philippines.
A historian called this the Third Republic. The First Republic he claimed was
during the Philippine Republic of Emilio Aguinaldo when we first got our
independence form the Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
The Second was when the Americans granted us our independence on July 4,
1946. This period, January 2, 1981, was the Third Republic when we were
freed from Military Rule.
During this period, it cannot be denied that many people seethed with rebellion
and protest because of the continued oppression and suppression.
This was further aggravated when former Senator Benigno S. Aquno Jr.,
the idol of the Filipino masses, whom they hoped to be the next president,
was president, was brutally murdered on August 21, 1983.
This stage of the nation had its effect on our literature. After the Aquino
assassinated, the peoples voices could no long be contained. Both the
public and private sectors in government were chanting, and shouting;
women, men and the youth became bolder and their voices were raised in
dissent.
We can say that Philippine literature, in spite of the many restrictions,

still surreptitiously retained its luster.
THE PALANCA AWARDS
The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for literature which was
launched in 1950 (see Chapter 7, The Renaissance Period), continued its
recognition of the best in the literary fields poetry, short story, essays,
and the one and three-act plays.
In 1981, the winners were the following:
First Prize:
Jessie B. Garcias In Hog Heaven
Second Prize: Luning Bonifacio Iras The Party Hopper
Third Prize:
Jesus Q. Cruz In These Hallowed Halls
In 1982, those who won were:

First Prize: Heart Island by Jose Dalisay Jr.
Second Prize: Pas de Deux by Azucena Grajo Uranza
Third Prize: The Sky Is Always Blue by Joe Marie A. Abueg
In 1983, the mood was restive, characteristics of the times. The nation was
angry after the murder of opposition leader Benigno Aquino but the awards
ceremonies continued after a delay. The winners are:
First Prize: Oldtimer by Jose Dalisay Jr.
Second Prize:
Games by Jesus O. Cruz
Third Prize: Perfect Sunday by Jose Y. Ayala
First Prize in poetry (Pilipino): Jose F. Lacaba
Second Prize (English essay): Gregorio Brillantes
Third Prize (English essay): Adrian Cristobal
In 1984, the winners were:
First Prize: The Reprieve by Susan S. Lara
Second Prize:
The Tangerine Gumamela by Sylvia Mendez Ventura
Third Prize co-winner: The Little Wars of Filemon Sayre by Lemuel
Torrevillas
Third Prize: Stranger in an Asian City by Gregorio Brillantes
In 1985, those who won were:
First Prize: The Hand of God by Conrado de Quiros
First Prize: A Novel Prize for Jorge by Eli Ang Barroso
No awards for second prize
Third Prize: Mecca of the East by Charles Loong
In 1984, the Palanca Awards started choosing the best in novel writing.
This contest, held every three years, gives time for local writers to write
more beautiful and quality works. The next contest on the best novel was
held in 1987. La Tondea continues to be its sponsor.
B. FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and
revolutionary.
Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the
government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery,
colorful, violent, profane and insulting language.
C. FILIPINO SONGS
Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like
those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country
and of fellowmen.
Many composers, grieved over Ninoy Aquinos treacherous assassination
composed songs. Among them were Coritha, Eric and Freddie Aguilar.
Coritha and Eric composed asong titles LABAN NG BAYAN KO and this
was first sung by Coritha during the National Unification Conference of
the Opposition in March, 1985.
This was also sung during the
Presidential Campaign Movement for Cory Aquino to inspire the
movement against Marcos in February 1986.
Freddie Aguilar revived the song BAYAN KO which was written by Jose
Corazon de Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American period.
D. PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD
The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this
period. The peoples love for sex films also was unabated. Many producers
took advantage of this at the expense of public morality.
E. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THE THIRD REPUBLIC
Most especially, during the wake of the tragic Benigno Aquino Jr.s
incident, people reacted with shock, appalled by the suddenness and the
unexpectedness of events.
Alfredo Navarro Salanga, a consistent writer of Philippines Panorama Magazine

in his column Post-Prandal Reflections aptly said it: darkness in the mind
and soul is how some forgotten poet puts it. Its suddenness was so profound
that we couldnt but react to it in any other way.
Elemental to us (poets or writers) was how to grasp to some meaning in a
symbol, a phrase or word in the language of heart and tongue, the poets only
candles. So we tried to reach out in the next and perhaps the only way we
could: by putting pen to paper and speaking out as partisans in a human
drama.
Poets, surprisingly, by common consent, found themselves writing on a
common subject. Reproduction of some of them is reprinted here. We aptly
call them Protest Poetry of the 80s.
The themes of most during this time dealt with courage, shock and grief
over the treachery inflicted upon Aquino.
F. MEDIA OF 1983
Sheila S. Coronel, a PANORAMA staff stalwart, reporting on the state of
the media during these times said: it was a year of ferment, and change,
of old problems made more oppressive by the new throbbing beat of the
times.
For journalists, it was a year loaded with libel charges, lawsuits and
seditious trials which they gallantly bore as harassment suits.
JAJA (Justice for Aquino, Justice for All) Movement called for a boycott of
government controlled newspapers in protest of media suppression.
People picketed newspapers offices with coffins to symbolize the death of
press freedom.
In campuses, newspapers were set afire to protest lack of free expression.
Journalists suffered physically and otherwise.
Journalists of 3 major dailies demanded a dialogue with their publishers
to restore credibility and respectability to newspapers.
Opposition tabloids flourished. They sold our papers with the red news
to the starved public; hence, smut magazines like the TIKTIK, PLAYBOY
SCENE, and SAKDAL also played the sidewalks.
Radio led by RADIO VERITAS started reporting coverage of
demonstrations.
Information Minister Gregorio Cendaa called the
tabloids the mosquito press and called their new political
pornography.
However, there was a perceptible liberalization of editorial policies in the
major newspapers.
G. CHILDRENS BOOKS
Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during this period
were those of childrens stories. The Childrens Communication Center
(CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario already has built up
an impressive collection of these kinds of books. The following are some of
the books of the period.
1982: PLAYS FOR CHILDREN by Jame B. Reuter S.J. (New Day Pub.)
1983: STORY TELLING FOR YOUNG CHILDREN
1983: JOSE AND CARDO by Peggy Corr Manuel
1983: Joaquinesquerie: MYTH A LA MOD (Cacho Hermanos)

1983: LAHI: 5 FILIPINO FOLK TALES (of 5 English books and 1 cassette
tape)
1984: RIZALIANA FOR CHILDREN: ILLUSTRATIONS and FOLKTALES by:
Jose P. Rizal, Intoduced and annotated by Alfredo Navarro Salanga
1984: GATAN AND TALAW by Jaime Alipit Montero
H. (PROSE) FABLES
The peoples cry of protest found outlets not only in poetry but also in
veiled prose fables which transparently satirized the occupants of
Malacaang. Among those that saw prints were:
1. The Crown Jewels of Heezenhurst by Sylvia Mendez Ventura
2. The Emperors New Underwear by Meynardo A. Macaraig
3. The Kings Cold by Babeth Lolarga
4. The Case of the Missing Charisma (unfinished) by Sylvia L. Mayuga.
In all the fables, the king, differently referred to as Totus Markus or the
king or Haring Matinik was meant to poke fun at the ruler at Malacaang;
similarly, Reyna Maganda or the Queen, was a veiled thrust at his queen.
They were both drunk with power and were punished in the end for their
misdeeds.
1. THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH AT THIS TIME

Isagani Cruz, writing about Philippine literature in the Age of Ninoy,
makes the following observations:
Philippines literature is definitely changing, and he summarizes these
as follows:
1. Change in the direction of greater consciousness in content and form.
2. Change in the number of readers and the number of writers and the
kind of class of writers. Writers who joined the ranks came not only from
the established or professional groups but from all ranks clerks,
secretaries, drivers, housewives, students; in short, the masses.
3. The resurgence of Balagtasismo and the continued dominance of
Modernismo. While Balagtasismo turned its back on the American
challenge to Philippine literature its conservative conventions, Modernismo
adapted Americanization for its own ends.
4. The birth of a new poetic movement still dims in outline.

5. The apparent merging of the erstwhile separate streams of oral and
written literature.
J. SOME WRITERES DURING THIS PERIOD

1981-85
1981: PHILIPPINE FOLK LITERATURE by Damiana Eugenio
1981: ADVENTURES OF MARIAN by Carissa Orosa Uy
1982: SOMEWHERE BETWEEN YOUR SMILE AND YOUR
FROWN AND OTHER POEMS by Bienvenido M. Noeiga Jr.
1983: PARES-PARES by Bienvenido M. Noriega Jr.
1983: AGON: POEMS, 1983 by Edgar B. Maranan
1984: THE FARMER by Alfredo Navarro Salanga
1984: THE ROAD TO MOWAB AND OTHER STORIES by
Leoncio P. Deriada
Exercises
1.
After _________ of military rule and some changes on the life of the
Filipino which started under the new society, martial rule was at last
lifted on January 2, 1981.
2.
The Philippines became a new nation and former President Marcos

called it _______.
3.
The historian called this the __________.
4.
What happened on June 12, 1898?
5.
The Americans granted us on ____________
6.
Controlled newspaper in protest of media suppression
7.
Who is the idol of the Filipino masses
8.
What is the song composed by Coritha and Eric and sung by Coritha
during the National Unification Conference of the opposition in March
1985
9.
Freedie Aguilar revived the song __________ which was written by Jose
Corazon de Jesus and C. de Guzman during the American Period.
10.
CCC stands for?
Chapter 11
Periods (1986-1999)
History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their
independence which they lost twenty years ago.
In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People
Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, the people barricaded the
streets petitioning the government for changes and reforms. Freedom
became a reality won through a peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed
revolution.
Philippine society was in turmoil for a few weeks but the rejoicing after the
Pres. Marcos was toppled down from power was sheer euphoria. Singing,
dancing and shoutings were the order of the day.
The events created overnight heroes. In this historical event, the role played by
two big figures in history cannot be doubted. To Defense Minister Juan Ponce
Enrile and Armed Forces Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos, as well as to the cause
of freedom do the Filipinos owe their gratitude for the blessing of
Independence?
To the Filipino people, this is the true Philippine Republic, the true Republic of
the Philippines.
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD:

In the short span of the existence of the true Republic of the Philippines,
several changes already became evident. This in noticed in the new
Filipino songs, in the newspapers, in the speeches, and even in the
television programs.
1. On Newspapers and other publications: Newspapers which were once
branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight.
This was true of BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper.
The now crony newspapers that enjoyed an overnight increase in
circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLES JOURNAL.
Newspapers felt that the shackles that muzzled their voices during the
repressive years had been broken and, like a bird trying its wings after a
long time of bondage, the desire to write about this miracle of change
was electric.
Columnists became vocal and unrestricted in there are and a bumper crop
of young journalists emerged. The old stalwarts of the former dispensation
like Maximo Soliven, Louie Beltran, Hilarion Henares, and Francisco Soc
Rodrigo came back with a vengeance.
By June 12, 1986, a total of 19 local dailies both in English and Filipino
were in circulation. Nowhere since the 1950s had there been such a big
number of newspapers in circulation (excluding tabloids).
These newspapers include: BULLETIN, TEMPO, BALITA, MALAY,
MIDDAY, MASA, MANILA TIMES, NEWS HERALD, TRIBUNE, NGAYON,
INQUIRER, EXPRESS TONIGHT, EVENING POST, PEOPLES, DAILY
MIRROR, BUSINESS DAY, and MANILA CHRONICLE.
2. On Books: Philippine literature is still in the makingwe are just
beginning a new era.
The Phillippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that will carry
the Filipinos through another epoch in Philippine history is still being
documented just as they have been in the countless millions who

participated in body and spirit in its realization.
Two books were conceived during the period. PEOPLE POWER was
produced under a grant by the PCI Bank Human Resources Development
Foundation, edited by Monina Allarey Mercado and published by the
James B. Reuter, S.J. Foundation.
Another one BAYAN KO was published by Project 28 Days LTD. in June,

1986 in Kowloon, Hong Kong and co-published in the Philippines by
Veritas Publications and Communications Foundation.
In March 19, 1987 the Seventh National Book Awards cited several best
books published in 1987 according to the choices made by the Manila
Critics Circle. Among those awarded were: Dreamweavers Selected Poems
(1976-1986) by Marjorie Pernia and Awit at Corrido: Philippine Metrical
Romances by Damiana L. Eugenio.
Bookfair Manila 88 organized by the Philippine Exhibit Company was held
on February 20-28, 1988. It was held with the belief that requisition of
knowledge not only enhances individual skills and capabilities but more
importantly, makes positive contributions to the nations development
program.
B.
FILIPINO SONGS DURING THIS PERIOD
Here are a few Filipino songs that were often heard. They were often aired
in radio and television and often accompanied the historical events that
transpired in the Philippines and gained for the Filipinos world-wide
acclaim.
An album named HANDOG NG PILIPINO SA MUNDO carried a compilation
of some of these. The song that continued to be sung throughout the
trying period of the Revolution, almost like a second national anthem and
which gave fire to the Filipino spirit was BAYAN KO. Its lyrics were written
by Jose Corazon de Jesus way back in 1928.
Exercises
1.
In the span of four days from February 21-25 1986, the so-called
people power( Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed together, the people
barricaded the streets petitioning the government for _______ and (2.)
_________
Freedom became a reality- won through a (3.)________, (4.)________,
(5.)_________
Columnists became (6.)_______ and (7.) _______ in their art and a bumper
crop of young journalists emerged.
8-9.
What are the two books that conceived during the period?
10. What newspaper became the opposition paper?
Part II Representative Compositions

through the Years
1. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)
A. Period of Re-Orientation 1898-1910
Air Castles (Poetry) by Juan F. Salazar (1909-1910)
B. Period of Imitation 1911-1925 (American Period)
The Sea by Natividad Marquez (Poetry)
C. Period of Self Discovery (1925-1941)
Poetry
1896 by Aurelio Alvero
To a Lost One by Angela Manalang Gloria
Prayer of a Student by Trinidad L. Tarrosa Subido
Short Story
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez

The Making of A Writer by Salvador P. Lopez
Shadow and Solitude (A translation of Solo Entre Las Sombras) by Claro
M. Recto translated by Nick Joaquin
2. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
To My Native Land by Tarrosa Subido
My Fathers Tragedy by Carlos Bulosan
Shall We Walk? by Pura Santillan Castrence
3. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)
Poetry
When I see a Barong-Barong by Maximo Ramos (1946)
Short Story
Plighted Word by Narciso G. Reyes
Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos
Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino
They Called It BROTHERHOOD by Maximo V. Soliven
4. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
Valedictorian sa Hillcrest ni Rolando Tinio
Beggar Children by Emmanuel Torres
5. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY (1972-1980)
Poetry
Philosophers Love Song by Tita Lacambra-Ayala
The Tomato Game by N.V.M. Gonzales
I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Luna-Lopez
6. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-85)
Poetry
Death Like Stone for Benigno S. Aquino Jr. from PHILIPPIN PANORAMA
Fables
The Emperors New Underwear by Mynardo A. Macaraig
The Crown Jewels of Heezenhurst by Sylvia Mendez Ventura

The Kings Cold by Babeth Lolarga
Short Story
Hunger by Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Play
Sepang Loca by Amelia Lapea-Bonifacio
Speech
Aquinos Speech in Singapore
President Aquinos Speech before the U.S. Congress
Cory Bats for the Rights of the Worlds Oppressed
Part III Literary Compositions from 1986-1999

Introduction
Life goes on and the world continues in its process of undergoing a real
historical transition with altering social, political, moral and aesthetic values
inevitably leaving its imprint in literature.
And, as Salvador Lopez aptly said in his Literature and Society: Absolute
divorcement from the world by writers is impossible, for literature is, in some
way, rooted in the earth of human experience.
The writer must, therefore, be a man of historic propensities reacting to
the social-political currents of his time and striving earnestly to change
the world, knowing that society has a claim on his attention.
The years 1986-1999 a span of 14 years, cover the careers of three
presidents: Corazon C. Aquino, Fidel V. Ramos and Joseph Ejercito
Estrada.
Spates of literary enthusiasm continue unabated, unhampered by
compelling handicaps, hard times and the transient problems of the
period.
Thus, as we present some of the credible works of our writers during these
periods which had been judged as contest winner and may therefore, in the
words of Edith Tiempo, be acknowledged as pretested literature, we leave the
learners to their own particular definition of literary trends and qualities based
on the social attitudes and the moral commitments of a nation as revealed
through the works of its writers.
These pieces, though randomly selected, are part of what we may term, the
undaunted expression of the Filipino propensities revealing the Filipino psyche.
It is also notable that The Cultural Center of the Philippines, with the
Philippine Centennial Commission, has chosen 100 outstanding awardees
that have helped build the nation through their achievements in arts and
culture from 1898 to 1998. The list excludes those in film, broadcast arts
and theater.
Briefly, we mention those chosen for recognition in literature:
Teodoro Agoncillo
Virgilio Almario
Manuel Aguilla
Carlos Bulosan
Jose Corazon de Jesus
Isabelo de los Reyes
Damiana Eugenio
Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Lucila Hosillos
Emmanuel Lacaba
Jose Lacaba
Salvador Lopez
Bienvenido Lumbera
Rosil Mojares
Claro M. Recto
Epifanio San Juan, Jr.
Lope K. Santos
Juan Crisostomo Sotto
Vicente Sotto
As an incentive, the Centennial Literary Prize would be doubled for that
millennium for all categories (novel, poetry, essay, drama and screenplay)
according to President Estrada so that the first prize would be P 2

million; second, P 1.5 million and third, P 1 million.
There are only three living National Artist for Literature today: Nick
Joaquin, Francisco Arcellana, (RIP), Levi Celerio and Carlos Quirino;
Amado V. Hernandez got a posthumous award.
A. POETRY
From the highly passionate and lyrical forms of poetry in the early 50s,
contemporary poetry manifests a skillful manipulation of symbolic
representations and is more insightful and abstract.
Various literary organizations conduct live reading sessions in public
places to make poetry accessible to the masses.
The UMPIL (Unyong ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas) and the LIRA
(Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo) hold such sessions at Ora Caf,
Kamias, Quezon City (PDI Dec. 12, 1998).
The Creative Writing
Foundation and the Philippine Literary Arts Council also conduct such
sessions, even inviting guest poets and writers.
Poetry reading sessions are also being held in public libraries in Metro
Manila, Cebu, Naga and Tacloban.
The head of the NCCA (National Commission for Culture and the Arts)
Committee on Literature is Prof. Ric de Ungria.
B. ESSAYS
Filipino essays address societal issues, are more free and daring,
manifesting a more liberated atmosphere, however pointing out moral
degradation, indicating injustice, suggesting alternatives, and directing
thought.
Essays were given incentives by newspaper daily in columns Young
Blood/High Blood where entries were compiled in book forms and prizes
awarded to writers of outstanding pieces.
Popular topics were on personal (happy or tragic) experiences abortion,

separation, alternative routes in life and new-found happiness.
The Carlos Palanca Memoriral Awards for Literature have started from
1998 a new category the Kabataang Essay for high school students both
in Filipino and in English.
In this connection, Conrado de Quiroz, in his column Deterioration at
the Philippine Daily Inquirer, deplores the apparent decline in writing
ability among the youth after standing judge over many high school essay
contests attributing this to the tremendous decline in reading.
Its not that few people are using English or Filipino; it is that few people
are reading. With few people reading, few people are writing, or writing
well.
In this country, he added, everyone who has written a letter calls himself
a writershowing in what low esteem the art or craft is held.
He attributes the culprits to TV and the computer.
The enemy of education isnt English or Filipino or bilingualism, he
continues, but the TV. Along with TV, computers are creating a visual
culture antithetical to reading and writing.
C. SHORT STORIES
Obviously, the short story is still the more popular venue of writers up
to this period.
The new breed of writers seem to excel in the skillful handling of
techniques and in coming out with original forms.
Short romantic fiction in the vernacular has caught the fancy of many
readers who perhaps find these less time-consuming, as well as less
expensive, giving more time for remunerative work and earning a living.
In 1997, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards opened three new divisions
in the short story: Ilocano, Cebuano and Hiligaynon.
Short story first prize winners in the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in
English in 1996 and 1997 were Carlos Ojeda Aureus (Martillo) for his The
Latecomer and The Amulet by David C. Martinez (Michaela Sanchez),
respectively.
In the Maikling Kuwento category, we had Pag-uugat, Pagpapakpak by
Levy Balgos de la Cruz (Lea Victoria) and Nang Gabing Mamatay ang Nana
Soling by Alvin B. Yapan (Jose Agustin) in 1996 and 1997.
D.
PLAYS
Scriptwriting, a popular and developing literature form is probably

due to the growing interest in TV and the visual arts.
The following can be attributed to this trend:
1. TV and stage patronage
2. Theater groups like Dramatis Personae, PETA (Philippine Educational
Theater Association), Dulaang UP, CCPDramatic Arts Division Teatro
Telesine, Gantimpala Theater Foundation, Mobile or Touring Childrens
theater groups
3. Substantial awards in film-making
4. Expansion to cater to childrens needs (TVs Channel 5s Batibot, and
Tanghalang Pambata)
5. The popularity of Taglish which pepper todays yuppy lingo and which
reach out to the masses
6. The notion of seeking popularity and ratings through exposure
7. Creative writing workshops
From its original Short Stories category, the Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards have expanded its prizes to One-act Plays and Full-length plays
both in English and in Filipino.
D. NOVELS
Many of our writers have turned to the more remunerative and shorter
literary forms than the longer novels which are indicative of more
practical considerations.
Out better novel writers have settled in their twilight years, some to
foreign lands or may have perhaps lost the feel of the Filipino psyche.

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P h i l i p p i n e L i t e r a t u r e | 1 MVP

expresses the feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday

The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910

Literature and History

Events that can be written down are part of true literature.

Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be

One Thousand and One Nights or the Arabian Nights From

General Types of Literature

Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in

Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a

i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science

Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be

FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas

3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic

reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of a

Ang Oyayi o Hele - Lullaby

OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY

A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

B. THE FIRST BOOKS

2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language).

Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary). The first Tagalog

5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary). The best language

Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language).

Here are examples:

As early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes,

I. THE BALAGTASAN. This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on

Some use these two interchangeably

The first spanish governor-general in the Philippines.

What are the changes occured in the lives of

The first Filipino Alphabet.

This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in

This is a book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.

A book by Modesto de Castro, the so-called Father of Classic Prose in

This is a short musical comedy popular during the 18th century.

It is a personalized and usually deal with the life, sufferings and

the Filipinos during the

There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the

2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to

4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (Gods Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it

DUPLUHANDALITMGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative

7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines). This shows

Graciano Lopez Jaena died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20,

2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at

Shows the importance of a mother

3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems). A

JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)

He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established

1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)

2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION

Give 2 objectives of Propaganda Movement to seek reforms and changes.

This is a sequel for the NOLI ME TANGERE

This became the official voice of the Associacion Hispano de Filipinas

He is the Father of Filipino Democracy and the Father of the Katipunan

He is the Brains of the Katipunan