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    ES442 Lab 6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation: Objective

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    حماد حسين
    1. The document describes an experiment to implement frequency modulation (FM) and demodulation using simple circuits and MATLAB simulations. 2. In part A, students build an FM demodulator using a frequency discriminator circuit containing a differentiator and envelope detector. They observe the output signals at various stages and measure modulation indices. 3. In part B, students develop an analytical model of the discriminator demodulator. In part C, they use MATLAB code to generate an FM signal and model the discriminator for comparison to the physical circuit.

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    ES442 Lab 6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation: Objective

    Uploaded by

    حماد حسين
    110 views6 pages
    1. The document describes an experiment to implement frequency modulation (FM) and demodulation using simple circuits and MATLAB simulations. 2. In part A, students build an FM demodulator using a frequency discriminator circuit containing a differentiator and envelope detector. They observe the output signals at various stages and measure modulation indices. 3. In part B, students develop an analytical model of the discriminator demodulator. In part C, they use MATLAB code to generate an FM signal and model the discriminator for comparison to the physical circuit.

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    Digital Communication

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    DC LAB

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    1. The document describes an experiment to implement frequency modulation (FM) and demodulation using simple circuits and MATLAB simulations. 2. In part A, students build an FM demodulator using a frequency discriminator circuit containing a differentiator and envelope detector. They observe the output signals at various stages and measure modulation indices. 3. In part B, students develop an analytical model of the discriminator demodulator. In part C, they use MATLAB code to generate an FM signal and model the discriminator for comparison to the physical circuit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views6 pages

    ES442 Lab 6 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation: Objective

    Uploaded by

    حماد حسين
    1. The document describes an experiment to implement frequency modulation (FM) and demodulation using simple circuits and MATLAB simulations. 2. In part A, students build an FM demodulator using a frequency discriminator circuit containing a differentiator and envelope detector. They observe the output signals at various stages and measure modulation indices. 3. In part B, students develop an analytical model of the discriminator demodulator. In part C, they use MATLAB code to generate an FM signal and model the discriminator for comparison to the physical circuit.

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    ES442 Lab#6

    ES442 Lab 6
    Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

    Objective
    1. Build simple FM demodulator by using frequency discriminator
    2. Build simple envelope detector for FM demodulation.
    3. Using MATLAB m-file and simulink to implement FM modulation and
    demodulation.

    Part List
    1uF capacitor (2); 10.0Kohm resistor, 1.0Kohm resistor, Power supply with +/-5V, Scope
    and frequency analyzer, FM signal Generator.

    Estimated Time

    About 90 minutes.

    Introduction

    Frequency modulation is a form of modulation, which represents information as


    variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. In analog applications, the
    carrier frequency is varied in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input
    signal. This is shown in Fig. 1.

    Figure 1, Frequency modulation.


    The FM-modulated signal has its instantaneous frequency that varies linearly with the
    amplitude of the message signal. Now we can get the FM-modulation by the following:

    where K is the sensitivity factor, and represents the frequency deviation rate as a result of
    message amplitude change. The instantaneous frequency is:

    Ver 2.

    ES442 Lab#6

    The maximum deviation of Fc (which represents the max. shift away from Fc in one
    direction) is:
    Note that The FM-modulation is implemented by controlling the instantaneous frequency
    of a voltage-controlled oscillator(VCO). The amplitude of the input signal controls the
    oscillation frequency of the VCO output signal. In the FM demodulation what we need to
    recover is the variation of the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, either above or below
    the center frequency. The detecting device must be constructed so that its output amplitude
    will vary linearly according to the instantaneous freq. of the incoming signal. One approach
    to perform demodulation, is using frequency discrimination:

    In this method we differentiate the FM signal to get an AM signal, then we use an envelope
    detector. The following figure how how to implement such a demodulator:

    In this case, the output of the differentiator will be an AM modulated signal. The AM
    modulated signal can be demodulated using an envelope detector. For more information
    about the envelope detector refer to AM modulation lab.
    See the following animation to see how the differentiator operates:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtC2r09e9mQ
    The differentiator generates an output signal proportional to the first derivative of the input
    with respect to time. The transfer function of this circuit is vo = -RC(dvi/dt)1. Obviously, a
    constant input (regardless of its magnitude) generates a zero output signal.

    Read the following for more information: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_7.html

    Ver 2.

    ES442 Lab#6

    Procedures

    A- Frequency Demodulation with using Frequency Discriminator


    In this section we are going to build a simple FM demodulator.
    1. Use the signal generator to generate an FM signal with the message signal being sine
    signal. The carrier frequency 400Hz, message signal frequency 10Hz, and frequency
    deviation 100Hz. (Carrier Amp: 1Vpp; output: 50 Ohm).
    2. Capture the FM signal using the Scope. Make sure the signal goes through at least four
    periods in the captured signal.
    3. Measure the maximum frequency and minimum frequency by using cursors (DO NOT
    USE QUICK MEASURE). Take a snapshot of the FM modulated signal.
    4. Use the spectrum analyzer to observe the frequency spectrum of the FM signal. Record
    your observation.
    5. Answer the following questions:
    a. What is the maximum peak frequency deviation?
    b. What is the modulation index?
    c. What is the modulating signal frequency?
    d. Calculate the frequency deviation sensitivity for this FM signal.
    e. What will be the time representation for the FM signal?
    6. Build the circuit below on your prototype board. Make sure all the connections are
    properly made. Be careful with the +/- voltages powering up the op-amp. Disable the
    power supply until you have fully checked the circuit. Connect your FM modulated
    signal to the input of the circuit below. Pay attention to the pin outs of the OP-Amp and
    the polarity of capacitors and the diode.

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    ES442 Lab#6

    7. Answer the following questions:


    a. In the circuit above identify the differentiator and the envelope detector
    functional blocks.
    b. Calculate the RC time constant of the envelope detector for this circuit. What
    center frequency can handle? What is the modulating signal?
    c. Write the time domain expression for the differentiator in terms of its input.
    d. What is the frequency domain expression for the differentiator in terms of its
    input? See the Introduction.
    8. Measure the signal at the output of the differentiator. Take a snapshot of the signal.
    How does it look like? How does it look like? What type of a signal is this?
    9. Calculate the modulating index of the output of the differentiator.
    10. Measure the signal at the output of the envelope detector. Take a snapshot of the signal.
    How does it look like? What is the frequency of this signal?
    11. Change the modulating signal on the FM signal generator. What happens to the output
    of the ED?
    12. Change the modulating signal to a square waveform and observe the output of the
    demodulator.
    13. Change the modulating signal back to a sinusoidal waveform. For what range of
    frequencies the output of the ED is non-distorted?
    14. Change the carrier frequency back to 400 Hz.
    15. For what range of modulating signal frequencies the output of the ED is non-distorted?
    16. Assuming we use a slope detector in place of the differentiator, draw the circuit
    diagram. Show all the components. Make sure you use a schematic capture program
    to sketch your circuit. You will not receive a grade if you use Paintbrush or Visio.

    Ver 2.

    ES442 Lab#6

    B- Analytical Mode of a Discriminator Demodulator


    In this section we like to establish an analytical model for the Frequency Discriminator we
    used in the lab. Assume the input signal is
    Find the mathematical expression for the output of the DC Blocker module.

    C- Modeling Discriminator Using Matlab


    In this section we like to use Matlab to generate an FM signal and model the frequency
    discriminator, similar to the circuit we completed in the lab. Carefully, review the Matlab
    code given in Appendix A below. Use the input parameters you used in the lab.
    1- Using the provided Matlab code, plot the FM modulated signal and the modulating
    signal.
    2- Show the frequency spectrum of the FM modulated signal. Is it consistent with what
    you saw on the scope?
    3- Plot the output of the Envelop Detector for different values of R. What happen to the
    signal? What is the best choice of RC? Note that in our case we used C= 1uF.

    Ver 2.

    ES442 Lab#6

    Appendix A:

    FM Modulation

    Frequency Representation of FM Signal

    Differentiator

    Envelope Detector

    Ver 2.

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