Other Traits

The following rules are purely op2onal and intended as a way of helping round out an opera2ve. They should be used in conjunc2on with the
rules on pg 12 of the GMs Opera2ons Manual.

Sex
AAer determining the sex of the character roll percen2le dice. On a roll of 00-01% the character has the advantage of being androgynous in
appearance; this allows them to impersonate being male or female with equal success.

Race, Eyes, Hair, and Complexion

These vital sta2s2cs are the decision of the player (or can be rolled randomly using the tables in the GMs Opera2ons Manual). Eye colour can
be altered by using contact lenses (if agent is able to wear them). Hair can be coloured, straightened, curled, thinned, or even lengthened with
a hairpiece. Complexion has no eect on Seduc2on.

Race

See annex A for full list.

Eyes
Select eye colour: red/pink (albino), light grey, grey, pale blue, blue, dark blue, light green, green, hazel, light brown, brown, dark
brown, black.(Use of glasses/contact lenses is determined separately).

Hair

Player chooses from one of the following colours: ash blonde, blonde, dark blonde, red-blonde, red, red-brown, light brown, brown,
dark brown, black, blue-black, grey, white (note greying if applicable).
At the same 2me the characteris2cs of the hair must be noted straight, wavy, curly, kinky and amount and length noted full,
balding, fringe, bald; very long, long, shoulder-length, short, close-cropped.

Complexion

Select both colour and texture: albino, pale/light, fair, ruddy, tan, brown, olive, dark, yellow, ivory, black; smooth, average, coarse/
rough, wrinkled, scarred, pocked.

Blood Type
Two major factors must be considered when determining blood type: blood group and Rh factor. To determine blood type, roll percen2le dice
on the following table.

Table 1: Blood Type

Blood
Group

Caucasian

African
American

Hispanic

Asian

AB-
AB+
BA-
BA+
AB-
AB+
AO-

00
01-03
04-10
11-43
44-45
46-54
55-61

00
01-04
05-06
07-29
30
31-48
49-52

00
01-02
03-04
05-32
33
34-42
43-46

00
01-07
08
09-34
35
36-59
60

AO+

62-99

53-99

47-99

61-99

A character with a haemorrhaging wound loses one pint of blood per minute. If rescue facili2es are available roll percen2le dice, once for blood
group and again for Rh factor, on the following table to determine blood type availability for transfusion.
Table 2: Blood Availability

Dice
Roll

Blood
Group

Rh
Factor

01-42
43-85
86-95

O
A
B

Posi2ve
Positive
Negative

96-00

AB

Negative

If that blood type is compa2ble with the injured character, then that blood type is available and the character can receive a transfusion. If the
character needs more than one pint of blood, roll for each pint separately.
If there is not enough whole blood (or packed red blood cells) available, the vic2m will go into shock, even if blood plasma is used. Medical
aden2on will stop haemorrhaging. An average person has about 6 pints of blood.
Blood types that are compa2ble for transfusions are shown on Table 3: Blood Compa2bility.

Table 3: Blood Compa>bility

Recipient
O
A
B
AB

Whole Blood

Red Blood Cells

Plasma

O
A
B
AB

O
O, A
O, B
O, A, B, AB

O, A, B, AB
A, AB
B, AB
O, AB

In all transfusions other than Plasma, Rh factors must also be compa2ble; for example, A- recipients can only receive red blood cell transfusions
from 0- and A- donors.

Table 4: Rhesus Compa>bility

Recipient

Donor

Rh+
Rh-

Rh+ or Rh-
Rh- only

The universal red cell donor has Type O- blood type. The universal plasma donor has Type AB blood type. Frozen blood takes 45 minutes to
thaw. Whole blood can be saved for only 30 days, so a personal stockpile of a rare blood type is limited.

Vision Correction
If vision correc2on is indicated, roll percen2le dice: the result is the percentage (rounded up) of that character's Dexterity that is lost whenever
glasses or contacts are not worn.
Example: Opera2ve 374 has Dexterity of 75, but must wear glasses. The percen2le dice roll was 20, so OP 374s Dexterity will be reduced by
20% of 75 (or 15), and therefore will have a Dexterity of 60 whenever he does not wear glasses.

Distinguishing Characteristics
Fingerprints, voice prints, and re2nal paderns are the most common forms of biometric iden2ca2on. No two persons have iden2cal
characteris2cs. Iden2cal twins and vocal impersonators cannot fool a trained specialist who has the proper equipment. High quality recordings
may fool a voice print iden2er. Fingerprints can be temporarily altered by adhesive covers or singed beyond recogni2on. Re2nal paderns are
the most dicult to fake because of their inaccessibility. Contact lenses may be designed to thwart re2nal scans.
Fingerprints, voice, and re2nal scanners can be connected to a computer system that compares the input data against those in its memory. If
the paderns match, a door can be unlocked, a machine started, or guards alerted. If the paderns are not in the computer's memory other
programmed ac2ons can be taken; the padern could be recorded, or a weapon or alarm could be triggered.
To obtain a numerical equivalent of a set of ngerprints, roll percen2le dice ve 2mes and write the numbers down in sequence. Persons with
more or fewer than 10 ngers s2ll roll the dice ve 2mes. Voice prints and re2nal paderns can be given numerical equivalents the same way.
For example, if ve consecu2ve dice rolls are 01, 93, 85, 33, and 17, then the character's ngerprint padern is 0193853317. The odds against
another character having the same padern are 10 billion to 1. If par2al prints at the scene of a crime were 0193853--, the owner of the prints
would be highly suspect. An iden2ca2on check that combines ngerprints with other iden2fying codes is very dicult to fool.
Other iden2fying characteris2cs include scars, tadoos, ear prints, foot prints, accents, facial features, eye colour, mannerisms, limps, and
speech. Many of these can be copied, altered, or hidden, and should not be relied upon as posi2ve iden2ers.

Personal Life
Birthplace and Residence
The loca2on where a character grew up or lives is the choice of the player. No modiers are allowed for dierences in upbringing. A player
character from an urban slum has no advantages or disadvantages when compared to a player character from a farm community or
wilderness.

Education
Some players may decide that their opera2ve has one or more degrees, provided the requirements listed in Table 5 are met.

Table 5: Degrees
Logic

Min. Age

Degree

51 - 60
61 - 70
71 +

22
24
26

Bachelors
Masters
Doctorate

A Level of 1 in the Academic, Medic or Technician skills may indicate a possible degree subject. Primary and secondary talents, along with an
opera2ves background, can also help decide this. Annex D has a broad lis2ng of degrees to help the player choose.
Bachelor's Degree or equivalent training. Most Bachelor's degrees are either BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). Certain elds
have specialized degrees, such as BBA (Bachelor of Business Administra2on) or BFA (Bachelor of Fine Arts).
Master's Degree or equivalent training. Agents that studied law earn an LLM (Master of Laws) degree. Agents that study religion earn a MDiv
(Master of Divinity) degree. To earn a Master's Degree in a post-secondary school the agent must add 3 or 4 years to his star2ng age.
Doctorate (PhD) Degree or equivalent training. Agents that studied law earn an LLD (Doctor of Laws) degree. Agents that studied religion get a
DD (Doctor of Divinity) degree. Agents that studied medicine have an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery) degree.

Military Record
If an opera2ve has served in the military, the branch of the military served under is the player's choice.
Roll percen2le dice and check Table 6: Military Record to determine the highest rank earned by the character. The table is based on NATO
codes (see Annex C: Military Ranks); opera2ves from other countries hold equivalent ranks. A roll of 00 indicates that an opera2ve held a rank
above Colonel (Army) or Captain (Navy). The player can choose which of these ranks was held (other than OF-10).
The number of years spent in the service is also up to the player, with certain restric2ons. The maximum equals the character's age minus 15
years. Service in many countries (mandatory or voluntary) begins at age 17 or 18. Assume that characters who enlisted younger than 17
somehow falsied their age records.
The average rate of promo2on is one rank per two years of service. Any character exceeding this average will have reached the highest rank
adainable with average promo2ons; he also receives one military honour or decora2on for every two ranks between the rank rolled and the
rank adained.
Example: A player with a 27 year old opera2ve that was in the army for 9 years rolls a 97. The character earned the equivalent of the rank of
Major (OF-3), but in nine years the character could only be promoted four 2mes, to Sergeant (OR-5). Major is eight ranks above Sergeant, so
the character receives four decora2ons, and leaves the army with the rank of Sergeant.
Characters with a Bachelor's degree can enter the military at OF-1 (2nd Lieutenants or Ensigns). A Masters Degree or above allows entry at
OF-2 (Captain in the Army, or Lieutenant in the Navy). Such characters do not roll on the rank table. Instead, they receive promo2ons based
strictly on length of service: one year from 2nd Lieutenant to 1st Lieutenant (OF-1 to OF-1), two years from 1st Lieutenant to Captain (OF-1 to
OF-2), four years from Captain to Major (OF-2 to OF-3), ve years from Major to Lt. Colonel (OF-3 to OF-4), and ve years from Lt. Colonel to
Colonel (OF-4 to OF-5). Notwithstanding this rule, a player must roll 99 or 00 with percen2le dice for a character to become a Colonel or higher
rank ocer (Naval ocers receive Navy equivalent ranks). Opera2ves may s2ll get promoted whilst serving in the Secret Services (up to OF-4).

Table 6: Military Record

Other Ranks (Enlisted)
Dice Roll

01-10

11-30

31-60

61-69

70-75

76-81

82-85

86-88

89-90

NATO Code

OR-1

OR-2

OR-3

OR-4

OR-5

OR-6

OR-7

OR-8

OR-9

Ocer Ranks
Dice Roll

91-92

93-95

96

97

98

99

00

00

00

00

NATO Code

OF-1

OF-1

OF-2

OF-3

OF-4

OF-5

OF-6

OF-7

OF-8

OF-9

Political and Economic Alignment

Opera2ves have three dimensions of character alignment: toward poli2cal systems, economic systems, and poli2cal change. These dimensions
are represented on the Alignment Chart.
The favoured government or poli2cal system is represented on the ver2cal axis, ranging from democracy (coopera2ve rule by all ci2zens) at the
top to autocracy (absolute rule by a single person) at the bodom. In between are republicanism, neutrality, and authoritarianism.
Viewpoints on poli2cal change are represented on the horizontal, ranging from radical to reac2onary. Extreme liberals are radicals favouring
extreme and rapid changes such as those experienced by the Soviet Union or China during their revolu2ons. Liberals favour reform, while
conserva2ves prefer to maintain adequate systems intact. Reac2onaries are extreme conserva2ves who favour a return to a previous form of
government.
The third axis, perpendicular to the other two axes, represents economic alignment. At one end is the free market, with no government
controls and private ownership of all capital. At the other end of the axis is communism (common ownership of the means of produc2on).
Between these extremes are unionism and socialism (state ownership of the means of produc2on).
Character alignment can be determined several ways. For simplicity, players should choose only extreme or neutral posi2ons, such as
Democra2c-Radical-Neutral. For more detail, players can choose moderate posi2ons between the extremes, such as Authoritarian-Liberal-
Socialism. If players want to choose their alignments randomly, roll percen2le dice three 2mes and refer to Table 7: Alignments for each
dimension; poli2cal systems, change, and economic systems.

Alignment Chart

Table 7: Alignments
Percentile
Dice Roll

Political

Alignments
Change

Economic

01-06
07-18
19-82
83-94
95-00

Democratic
Republic
Neutral
Authoritarian
Autocratic

Radical
Liberal
Neutral
Conservative
Reactionary

Capitalist
Unionist
Neutral
Socialist
Communist

Characters with similar alignments will get along well together, because they understand each other's poli2cal and economic views. Characters
with opposite alignments on any axis will not get along well. If their alignments are opposite on more than one axis, the characters may be
hos2le to one another. When characters with opposite alignments must work together for an extended 2me, nd the numerical dierence
between their alignments on each axis. The average of these three dierences is the percentage chance there will be trouble.
Example: Bobby's alignment is 10/33/55, and Karl's alignment is 10/44/95. The dierences are 0/11/40. The average of these dierences is
(51/3) = 17. If the GM rolls 17 or less on percen2le dice, these two agents will clash at some point during the mission.
The GM should never force characters to ght each other, but should use coincidences and accidents to create a mood of tension and suspicion
between the characters, allowing the players to resolve their dierences themselves.

Religion
A player should select a religion from the following list for his opera2ve (even if the opera2ve is not ac2vely prac2sing the religion). If the player
does not want his character to have a religion, this should be specied on the character sheet as None.
Chris2an (including Church of England, Church of Scotland, Church of Ireland, Catholic, Protestant and all other Chris2an denomina2ons),
Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, any other religion (specify) or no religion at all.
It should be noted that the majority of people are considered to be a member of a religion even if it isnt ac2vely prac2sed.

Tags
A "tag" is a vivid trait of some kind that becomes apparent to anyone mee2ng the character. Select one or two from the list, or make up your
own, for each PC. Men2oning these tags or ac2ng them out will make these characters much more lifelike and memorable.

Suggested Tags
Bossy/Rude
Apologe2c/Meek
Gum/Tobacco Chewing
Gaze, ShiAy/Staring: Repeated Gesture (hand through air, scratch nose, etc.)
Laugh (unusual)
Dis2nc2ve Style (punk, disco)
Unusual Walk
Chain Smoking
Depressed/Morose
Angry/Frustrated
Sexy/Flirta2ous
Ever-present Pet/Companion
Nervous/Fidgety
Prejudiced Unusual Breathing (wheezing, rapid)
Drinking Ever-present Possession (cane, monocle, ring)
If you want your PC to have tags, write your selec2ons (or new tags of your own crea2on) in the Appearance/Descriptor sec2ons of the
character dossier. Like other aspects of the prole, tags have no game eect - they're strictly role-playing aids.

Voice:
How characters sound can determine how other characters react to them. A character's voice can embellish or even dene his or her
personality.

Accents:
These are simple and eec2ve means of depic2ng a PC. They reinforce character's na2onality, which can oAen be important.
Many accents are rela2vely easy to mimic. Watching movies in which actors speak with accents can enhance your skill at mimicking
vocal styles.

Pitch and Tone:

These are factors you can vary from 2me to 2me to reect the diversity of PCs. Altering your voice slightly when playing a PC will
help other players to visualize your character.

Dis>nc>ve Speech Traits:

A nasal tone or lisp can also be used to make a PC memorable in the minds of other players.

Finances
The following sec2on on nances should only be considered if using the op2onal rules star2ng on pg 26 of the GMs Opera2ons Manual.

Taxes and Evasion

Characters living in a communist country pay no tax. A character in a democra2c or socialist na2on is expected to pay taxes annually. Payment
for espionage work is not exempt (opera2ves are classied as Civil Servants or Freelancers). The amount of tax owed is dependant on an
opera2ves Yearly Income - this is calculated using the following formula and consul2ng Table 8: Income Tax.
Yearly Income = (Monthly Disposable Income x 12) + (all mission payments for the year)

Table 8: Income Tax

Tax Rate

Yearly Income

10%
15%
25%
28%
33%
35%
40%

$0 - $9,275
$9,276 - $37,650
$37,651 - $91,150
$91,151 - $190,150
$190,151 - $413,350
$413,351 - $415,050
$415,051 +

A character that does not pay his taxes, or pays only part of what is owed, will be detected on a percen2le dice roll determined by the
dierence of the tax he owes compared to the amount he actually pays.
Example: A character has earned $95,000 over the last year. He is due to pay 28% in taxes which amounts to $26,600. The player feels that this
is too much and decides to only pay $15,000 which approximates to nearly 16%; the Inland Revenue will detect his fraud on a roll of 12% or
under.
Detected tax evaders are pursued and arrested by police.

Living Expenses
AAer taxes, annual living expenses account for 76% to 85% (75 + 1d10) of a character's net annual income, plus 1% per dependent. All earnings
leA aAer taxes and living expenses can be saved, invested, or spent as the player chooses.

Investing
Opera2ves can invest in oil, gold, coins, stamps, an2ques, silver, rare books, art, gemstones, real estate, stocks, currency exchange, bonds, or
unique objects. Unique objects include precious metals other than gold and silver, sports memorabilia, comic books, toys, games, war
souvenirs, and other esoteric items.
Roll 2d10 and add the two numbers together, trea2ng 0s as 10s. Subtract 9. The result is the percentage gain, or loss, on the investment in one
game year.
Example: A character invests 1,000 in diamonds on January 1. Diamonds are considered gemstones. A year later on January 1 percen2le dice
are rolled and the numbers are 5 and 1, for a total of 6. Subtrac2ng 9 leaves nega2ve 3. This means the value of the diamonds declined 3%. The
character invested 1,000 and is paid back 970. The best possible investment would have produced 11 % or 1,110. Over a period of 10 years
an average investment will produce a 10% prot.

Interest
Assume that annual interest from all bank savings accounts is 1 to 10 percent, determined randomly. To earn interest money must remain,
unused, in the bank for one game year.

Swiss Bank Accounts

Characters may want to open Swiss bank accounts, because no income tax is charged on bank deposits in Switzerland. The character is assigned
an account by number instead of by name, to assure privacy. Individuals or agencies may open Swiss accounts so opera2ves can transfer cash
easily, or in return for specic goods or services.

Switzerland IBAN Format Example

An IBAN (Interna2onal Bank Account Number) consists of a two-leder country code, two check digits and a Basic Bank Account Number (BBAN).
A BBAN includes informa2on about the domes2c bank and account number. The IBAN print format adds one space aAer every four characters
whereas the electronic format contains no spaces.
IBAN
ISO Country Code
IBAN Check Digits
BBAN
Bank Iden2er
Account Number
SEPA Member

CH93 0076 2011 6238 5295 7

CH (Switzerland)
93
0076 2011 6238 5295 7
00762
011623852957
Yes

Above is an example Swiss IBAN. The country code for Switzerland is CH. The IBAN check digits 93 validate the rou2ng des2na2on and account
number combina2on in this IBAN. The BBAN is 0076 2011 6238 5295 7, which contains the country-specic details of the account number. The
bank iden2er is 00762 and the account number is 011623852957. Switzerland is a member of the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA).
To roll up a random Swiss IBAN for a character just roll %dice for each pair of digits and complete the number by rolling 1d10 for the nal digit.

Relatives and Dependents

Players can decide whether their opera2ves are single, married, separated, or divorced, and how many rela2ves and dependents each has.
While rela2ves and dependents are not likely to know that the character is an ac2ve espionage agent, they can unknowingly provide useful
informa2on, contacts, or shelter. They can also be threatened, kidnapped, or used to extort goods or services from a character. An opera2ves
dependents also aect tax deduc2ons and living expenses. The number of rela2ves or dependents a character has can be adjusted by +/- 1 per
game year.

Life Insurance
An character can buy life insurance for 10% of the policy's total payo (e.g. a 10,000 policy costs 1,000). The named beneciary may not be,
or become, a player character. The beneciary loses the benet if he is even indirectly the cause of the character's death. A posi2vely iden2ed
body is required for the benet to be paid. If the body is missing, the benet will be paid if the body is not found for 7 years.

Wills
A player character can prepare a will leaving up to 75% of his or her possessions (excluding special devices) and money to one or more
individuals, agencies, or chari2es. An inheritance should never be given to another player character or to a descendant that later will become a
player character. Agencies generally put any inheritances in an educa2on or development fund for use by their employees; agencies will not
turn an en2re inheritance over to a par2cular individual. If a player character dies without a will all possessions go to the state. Agency
equipment that is iden2ed is usually returned to the agency, if the agency is recognized by the state.

Languages
The Covert Ops Core Rulebook lists the the top ten most spoken languages in the modern world on pg 61. Appendix B of this document
provides a more detailed list of the major languages of the world. Below are three addi2onal languages that opera2ves might want to learn.

Sign Language, Lip Reading & Braille

Sign language cannot be a na2ve language, but it may be chosen as an addi2onal language. It is usable only when contacts are within short
range. The speaker must have at least one arm free to send messages with. Sign should be listed directly aAer the spoken language on the
character record. For example:
1. (Na2ve) English
2. English sign
3. French
4. French sign
5. Lip reading
Lip reading (or speech reading) is possible only aAer learning to speak or sign that language, even a na2ve language. Language is usually
acquired by hearing; when this sense is impaired language must be learned by observing, by reading speech on the speaker's lips, by reading,
and through intensive study. A character must know a language before learning to read speech in that language. Although speech reading is a
skill, it should be listed as a separate language on the character record. Speech reading is universal, so a character with this skill can lip read
any language he knows. Anyone can learn sign language or speech reading.
To lip read, the speaker's face must be visible (at least in prole, if not full view) and the speaker must be at short range. Binoculars and scopes
can bring the image of a speaker into short range. Divide the actual distance to the speaker by the power of the scope.
Only 26% of speech is visible on the lips, so even the best lip readers cannot read everything that is said. Being able to read lips does not allow
an agent to speak silently to someone who is not trained to read speech. Anyone can communicate generally by using universal body
language, gestures, and facial expressions. Such communica2on should be role-played with a high chance of NPCs' misunderstanding PCs.
It is assumed that if a character can speak, sign, or lip read a language, that character can write and read it too. To be literate in Braille, a
character must designate it as an addi2onal language aAer mastering the parent language. For example:
1. (Na2ve) English
2. English (Braille)
A character who can read Braille with her nger2ps can read it by sight also. Such skills may prove invaluable if, for example, characters are
trapped in a dark elevator, blindfolded, or temporarily blinded. Some languages, such as Chinese, Hebrew, and ancient Egyp2an, do not have
raised dot alphabets. In these cases, even raised or inscribed hieroglyphics may be impossible to read by touch. Opera2ves probably should
concentrate on Indo-European languages.

Annex A: Race
Eleven Categories of Classica2on (UK Census).

Presentation Group

Combined Categories

White



White Bri2sh




White Irish




Any Other White
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mixed



White and Black Caribbean




White and Black African




White and Asian




Any Other Mixed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indian



Indian
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pakistani


Pakistani
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bangladeshi


Bangladeshi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Asian


Other Asian
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Black Caribbean


Black Caribbean
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Black African


Black African
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Black


Other Black
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese


Chinese
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other ethnic group

Other Ethnic Group
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of how write-in answers are allocated to main census ethnic groups (UK).

Write-in answer

Census category

English


White Bri>sh
Scowsh
Welsh
Cornish
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northern Irish


Other White
Cypriot
Gypsy/Romany
Former USSR
Bal2c States
Former Yugoslavia
Other European
White South African
American
Australian
New Zealander
Mixed White
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bri2sh Indian


Indian
Punjabi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bri2sh Pakistani


Pakistani
Kashmiri
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bri2sh Bangladeshi

Bangladeshi
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bri2sh Asian


Other Asian
East African Asian
Sri Lankan
Tamil
Sinhalese
Caribbean Asian
Bri2sh Asian
Nepalese
Mixed Asian (i.e. mixture of
descrip2ons in the Asian sec2on)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caribbean and West Indian

Black Caribbean
islands (and also Guyana) apart
from Puerto Rican, Dominican
and Cuban, which are La2n
American
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nigerian


Black African
Somali
Kenyan
Black South African
Other Black African countries
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Black Bri2sh


Other Black
Black American
Mixed Black
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hong Kong


Chinese
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Japanese


Other Ethnic Group
Vietnamese
Filipino
Malaysian
Aborigine
Afghani
Burmese
Fijian
Inuit
Maori
Na2ve American Indian
Thai
Tongan
Samoan
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other categories that cannot be systema2cally allocated to census ethnic groups (UK).

Main Write-In Responses

Details / Examples

Arab
Buddhist
Hindu
Iranian
Israeli
Jewish
Kurdish
La2n American


Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Hispanic
Moroccan
Mul2-ethnic islands

Mauri2an, Seychellois, Maldivian, St Helena
Muslim
Other Middle Eastern

Iraqi, Lebanese, Yemeni
Other North African
Sikh
South American


includes Central American
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

USA Censor Definitions

White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their
race as ''White'' or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.
Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as
''Black, African Am., or Negro,'' or who provide wriden entries such as African American, Afro American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Hai2an.
American Indian and Alaska Na>ve. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central
America), and who maintain tribal alia2on or community adachment. It includes people who classify themselves as described below.
American Indian. Includes people who indicate their race as ''American Indian,'' entered the name of an Indian tribe, or report such entries as
Canadian Indian, French-American Indian, or Spanish-American Indian.
Alaska Na>ve. Includes wriden responses of Eskimos, Aleuts, and Alaska Indians as well as entries such as Arc2c Slope, Inupiat, Yupik, Alu2iq,
Egegik, and Pribilovian. The Alaska tribes are the Alaskan Athabascan, Tlingit, and Haida. The informa2on for Census 2000 is derived from the
American Indian Detailed Tribal Classica2on List for the 1990 census and was expanded to list the individual Alaska Na2ve Villages when
provided as a wriden response for race.
Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcon2nent including, for example,
Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Phillippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes ''Asian Indian,'' ''Chinese,''
''Filipino,'' ''Korean,'' ''Japanese,'' ''Vietnamese,'' and ''Other Asian.'' Asian Indian. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Asian Indian'' or
iden2fy themselves as Bengalese, Bharat, Dravidian, East Indian, or Goanese.
Chinese. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Chinese'' or who iden2fy themselves as Cantonese or Chinese American. In some census
tabula2ons, wriden entries of Taiwanese are included with Chinese while in others they are shown separately.
Filipino. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Filipino'' or who report entries such as Pilipino, Phillipine, or Filipino American.
Japanese. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Japanese'' or who report entries such as Nipponese or Japanese American.
Korean. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Korean'' or who provide a response of Korean American.
Vietnamese. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Vietnamese'' or who provide a response of Vietnamese American.
Other Asian. Includes people who provide a response of Bangladeshi, Burmese, Cambodian, Hmong, Indonesian, Lao2an, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
or Thai.
Na>ve Hawaiian and Other Pacic Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacic
Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as ''Na2ve Hawaiian,'' ''Guamanian or Chamorro,'' ''Samoan,'' and ''Other Pacic Islander.''
Na>ve Hawaiian. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Na2ve Hawaiian'' or who iden2fy themselves as ''Part Hawaiian'' or ''Hawaiian.''
Guamanian or Chamorro. Includes people who indicate their race as such, including wriden entries of Chamorro or Guam.
Samoan. Includes people who indicate their race as ''Samoan'' or who iden2ed themselves as American Samoan or Western Samoan.
Other Pacic Islander. Includes people who provided a write-in response of a Pacic Islander group such as Tahi2an, Northern Mariana
Islander, Palauan, Fijian, or a cultural group, such as Melanesian, Micronesian, or Polynesian.
Some Other Race. Includes all other responses not included in the ''White,'' ''Black or African American,'' ''American Indian and Alaska Na2ve,''
''Asian,'' and the ''Na2ve Hawaiian and Other Pacic Islander'' race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as
mul2racial, mixed, interracial, or a Hispanic/La2no group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the ''Some other race'' category are
included in this category.
Two or More Races. People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by
providing mul2ple write-in responses, or by some combina2on of check boxes and write-in responses. The race response categories shown on
the ques2onnaire are collapsed into the ve minimum race groups iden2ed by the OMB, plus the Census Bureau ''Some other race'' category.
For data product purposes, ''Two or More Races'' refers to combina2ons of two or more of the following race categories: o White o Black or
African American o American Indian and Alaska Na2ve o Asian o Na2ve Hawaiian and Other Pacic Islander o Some other race.

Annex B: Major Languages of the World

The following appendix is designed to aid in selec2ng languages for characters. The lis2ng is not intended to be complete and oers only a
selec2on of groups with many languages (such as the North American Indian sampling). S2ll, this lis2ng covers the majority of the languages
currently spoken by large numbers of people.

FAMILY OR
SUBGROUP

MAJOR LANGUAGES

Germanic:

Italic:


Romance:

Cel>c:


Hellenic:

Slavic:


Bal>c:


Iranian:

Indic:


Finno-Ugric:

Turkic:

Mongolian:

Southern Caucasian:
Sini>c:

Tibeto-Burman:

Thai:


Polynesian:

Indonesian:

Eskimo-Aleut:

Benue-Congo:

Semi>c:

Egyp>an:

Chari-Nile:

North American Indian:
Independent:

Creole:

Ar>cial:

Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Flemish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Yiddish
La2n
French, Italian, Portuguese, Rumanian, Spanish
Irish Gaelic, Scowsh Gaelic, Welsh
Greek
Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croa2an, Slovak, Ukrainian
Latvian, Lithuanian
Kurdish, Persian
Bengali, Hindi, Nepali, Sanskrit
Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian
Tatar, Turkish
Mongolian
Georgian
Chinese
Burmese, Tibetan
Lao, Thai
Hawaiian, Tahi2an
Indonesian, Malagasay, Malay
Aleut, Eskimo (Inuit)
Bantu, Kiswahili
Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Maltese
Cop2c
Bushman, Hodentot, Nubian
Cherokee, Cheyenne, Comanche, Maya, Sioux, Yuma
Albanian, Armenian, Basque, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Vietnamese
French Creole, Taki-Taki
Esperanto, Interlingua
Most Influential Languages2

Languages Ranked By Number Of Countries Where Each Is Spoken1

Rank

Language

Core

Outer Core

Fringe

Total

Rank

Language

Points

English

24

82

115

English

37
23

French

18

12

35

French3

Arabic

18

24

Spanish

20

Spanish

19

20

Russian

16

Russian

11

16

Arabic4

14

German

Chinese5

13

Mandarin

German

12

Portuguese

Japanese

10

Hindi/Urdu

Portuguese

10

10

Bengali

10

Hindi/Urdu

10

Japanese

Notes to tables above

1. The number of countries includes core countries (where the language has full legal or ocial status), outer core countries (where the
language has some legal or ocial status and is an inuen2al minority language, such as English in India or French in Algeria), and fringe
countries (where the language has no legal status, but is an inuen2al minority language in trade, tourism, and the preferred foreign
language of the young, such as English in Japan or French in Romania).
2. AAer weighing six factors (number of primary speakers, number of secondary speakers, number and popula2on of countries where used,
number of major elds using the language interna2onally, economic power of countries using the languages, and socio-literary pres2ge),
Weber compiled the following list of the world's ten most inuen2al languages (number of points given in last column).
3. French: French / Hai2an Creole French
4. Arabic: Egyp2an / Algerian / Moroccan / Saidi / Sudanese / North Levan2ne / Mesopotamian / Najdi / Khaliji / Hejazi / Tunisian / Sanani
5. Chinese: Mandarin / Xiang /Hakka /Gan / Minbei

Annex C: Military Ranks

Useful Links:

hdps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_NATO
hdps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compara2ve_military_ranks

NATO Rank Codes

While countries outside the NATO command structure (including some NATO member countries such as France) do not strictly fall into this
classica2on structure and there may be incidences of overlap (par2cularly in ranks between countries) the codes s2ll provide a useful gauge in
determining what ranks are broadly equivalent.

British, US, and German Officer Ranks

NATO
Rank
Code

British Army
and Royal
Marines1

OF-104

General of the
Army
Field Marshal General of the Admiral of the
(not RM)
Air Force
Fleet
(no USMC
equivalent)

OF-9
OF-8
OF-7

General
Lieutenant
General

US Army,
USAF and
USMC2

General
Lieutenant
General

Major General Major General

Royal Navy

Admiral
Vice Admiral
Rear Admiral

US Navy

RAF3

Bundeswehr Heer
and Luftwaffe

Bundesmarine

Fleet Admiral
(FADM)

Marshal of the
Royal Air Force

Admiral (ADM)
Vice Admiral
(VADM)
Rear Admiral
(Upper Half)
(RADM)
Rear Admiral
(Lower Half)
(RDML)

Air Chief Marshal

General

Admiral

Air Marshal

Generalleutnant

Vizeadmiral

Air Vice Marshal

Generalmajor

Konteradmiral

Air Commodore

Brigadegeneral

Captain (CAPT)

Group Captain

Oberst

Kapitn zur See

Oberstleutnant

Fregadenkapitn

Major

Korvedenkapitn

Stabshauptmann

Stabskapitnleutnant

Hauptmann

Kapitnleutnant

Flying Ocer

Oberleutnant

Oberleutnant zur See

Pilot Ocer

Leutnant

Leutnant zur See

Ocer Designate

Oberf hnrich

Oberf hnrich zur See

Ocer Cadet

Fahnrich

Seekaded

OF-6

Brigadier

Brigadier
General

OF-5

Colonel
Lieutenant
Colonel

Colonel
Lieutenant
Colonel

OF-3

Major

Major

Lieutenant
Commander

Lieutenant
Commander
(LCDR)

Squadron Leader

OF-2

Captain

Captain

Lieutenant

Lieutenant (LT)

Flight Lieutenant

OF-4

Lieutenant

First
Lieutenant

Second
Lieutenant

Second
Lieutenant

OF-1

OF(D)

Ocer
Designate
(not RM)

Student
Ocer

Ocer Cadet

Commodore
Captain
Commander

Commander (CDR) Wing Commander

Sub Lieutenant
Lieutenant, Junior
(junior to Army/
Grade (LT(JG))
RAF equivalent)
Ac2ng Sub
Lieutenant
Ensign (ENS)
(junior to Army/
RAF equivalent)
Midshipman

Cadet

Ocer Cadet

Midshipman

Notes to table above

1. The Royal Marines rank alongside their army equivalents. However, when borne on the books of any of HM Ships or Naval Establishments
Royal Marines are subject to the Naval Discipline Act 1957 and in these circumstances many ocer ranks in the Royal Marines enjoy greater
status. Second Lieutenants are equivalent to Sub Lieutenants and ranks from Lieutenant to Major may be considered equivalent to one rank
higher (0F-2 to 0F-4). Lieutenant Colonels are considered equivalent to RN Captains with less than six years in the rank, and Colonels would
be equivalent to Captains with more than six years seniority. Higher ranks follow the equivalence on the table above.
2. Note that the US military usually uses O-1 to 0-11 to symbolize ocer, and not the NATO codes of OF-1 to OF-10 in which all subaltern
ocers are classed as OF-1 (O-1 and O-2 in US).
3. RAF-style ranks are also used by the Royal Australian Air Force, Royal New Zealand Air Force, Nigerian Air Force, Indian Air Force, Pakistan Air
Force, Bangladesh Air Force and Sri Lanka Air Force. The Ghana Air Force and Air Force of Zimbabwe (previously Royal Rhodesian Air Force)
also use the same basic system, but replace Pilot Ocer and Flying Ocer with Air Sub Lieutenant and Air Lieutenant. The Royal Canadian Air
Force and Royal Malaysian Air Force also previously used the system.
4. 0-11 (OF-10 NATO Rank) ranks in the United States can only be adained during war 2me. This is also now generally the case in the UK,
although provision is made to award them under special circumstances in peace2me (no promo2ons to these ranks have been made since
they were generally suspended in 1997).

Not listed are US warrant ocers. In accordance with Army Regula2on (AR) 135-100 , (Para. 3-5, Department of the Army Pamphlet 600-3, 14
October 2005) [hdps://warrantocerhistory.org/ArmyWOdened.htm], a warrant ocer is an ocer who can and does command, carry out
military jus2ce ac2ons and sits on both selec2on and promo2on boards. A warrant ocer is a single-track specialty ocer ini2ally appointed by
the Secretary of the Army; he/she receives a commission upon promo2on to Chief Warrant Ocer Two (CW2).

Enlisted Ranks
(Germany: see below)
NRC
note 1

nominally
supervises
(US forces)

US Army

USAF

USMC

USN

British Army

The senior
Chief Master Sergeant Master Chief
Sergeant
enlisted
Sergeant of Major of Pedy Ocer
Major of the
person in
the Air Force the Marine of the Navy
Army
each service
(CMSgtAF)
Corps
(MCPON)
Brigade
(Army), Wing
Command
Command
Command
Sergeant
(USAF),
Chief Master
Master Chief Warrant Ocer2
OR-9
Sergeant
Major
Regiment
Sergeant
Pedy Ocer Class 1 (WO1)
Major (CSM)
(SgtMaj)
(USN, USMC)
(CMSgt)
(CMCPO)
or higher
Badalion
Master
Chief Master
Master Chief
(Army, USN, Sergeant
Gunnery
OR-9
Sergeant
Pedy Ocer
USMC), Group Major (SGM)
Sergeant
(CMSgt)
(MCPO)
(USAF)
(MGySgt)
Company
(Army, USN,
First
First
USMC),
Sergeant
Sergeant
Senior Master
Senior Chief
Squadron
(1SG)
(1st Sgt)
Warrant Ocer2
OR-8
Sergeant
Pedy Ocer
(USAF)
Class 2 (WO2)
(SMSgt)
(SCPO)
Master
Master
Sergeant
Sergeant
(MSG)
(MSgt)

Royal
Marines

Royal Navy

RAF

Household
Cavalry

OR-9

Sergeant
Platoon
First Class
(Army, USN,
OR-7
(SFC) or
USMC), Flight
Platoon
(USAF)
Sergeant

Master
Sergeant
(MSgt)

Gunnery
Sergeant
(GySgt)

Squad or
Sec2on

Sta
Sergeant
(SSG)

Technical
Sergeant
(TSgt)

Sta
Sergeant
(SSgt)

Fireteam

Sergeant Sta Sergeant Sergeant

(SGT)
(SSgt)
(Sgt)

OR-6
OR-5
note 4

OR-4

OR-3

OR-2

OR-1

Warrant
Ocer2
Class 1
(WO1)

Warrant
Warrant
Warrant
Ocer2 Ocer2 (WO) Ocer2
Class 1
or Master
Class 1
(WO1)
(Aircrew)
(WO1)

Warrant
Ocer2
Class 2
(WO2)

Warrant
Ocer2
Class 2
(WO2)

No OR-8
equivalent

Warrant
Ocer2
Class 2
(WO2)

Charge Chief
Pedy
Flight
Colour
Ocer3
Sta
Chief Pedy Sta Sergeant
Sergeant or
Sergeant
(CCPO)
Corporal
Ocer (CPO)
(SSgt)
Chief
(CSgt)
(SCpl)
Chief Pedy
Technician
Ocer
(CPO)
Pedy Ocer
1st Class
(PO1)
Sergeant Pedy Ocer
Corporal of
Sergeant (Sgt)
Sergeant (Sgt)
(Sgt)
(PO)
Horse (CoH)
Pedy Ocer
2nd Class
(PO2)

Corporal
Lance
(CPL) or
Pedy Ocer Corporal (Cpl)
Senior Airman Corporal
Corporal Leading
Corporal of
Specialist
3rd Class or Bombardier
Corporal (Cpl)
(SRA)
(Cpl)
(Cpl)
Rate5
Horse
Four (SP4 or
(PO3)
(Bdr)
(LCoH)
SPC)
Lance Corporal
Lance
Lance
Lance
Private First Airman First
(LCpl) or Lance
No OR-3
No OR-3
Corporal Seaman (SN)
Corporal
Corporal
Class (PFC) Class (A1C)
Bombardier
equivalent equivalent
(LCpl)
(LCpl)
(LCpl)
(LBdr)
Junior
Technician
(technical
Private (Classes
trades only
Seaman 1 to 3) (Pte) or
Private First
Marine
Trooper
Senior
Private (PV2) Airman (Amn)
Appren2ce other corps 2tle
Able Rate6
Class (PFC)
(Mne)6
(Tpr)
AircraAman
(SA)
such as Sapper,
(SAC)
Gunner etc.
Leading
AircraAman
(LAC)
Airman Basic
Seaman Private (Class 4)
Ordinary AircraAman
Private (PV1)
Private (Pvt)
(AB)
Recruit (SR)
or Junior
Rate
(AC)

Notes to table on previous page

1. NATO Rank Code: Pay grade is used in the US military to normalize the equivalent enlisted and ocer ranks respec2vely. For example, the
base pay of an E-8 is the same in the Air Force and the Army. In theory, those two E-8s will have equivalent levels of seniority and
responsibility. When enlisted men from several services are together, the senior enlisted man is responsible for the group. For comparing
ranks with other countries the Pay grade numbers match with the NATO Codes for Enlisted (Other) ranks. Hence OR-1, at least for this
purpose, can be considered the same as E-1, OR-2 as E-2 and so on.
2. A Warrant Ocer in UK Services is a senior enlisted rank not comparable to the various grades of Warrant Ocer in the US. The US rank is
held by single track career specialists (ranking between Enlisted Ranks and 2nd Lieutenant) and have no NATO equivalent. An RN Warrant
Ocer Class 1 incorporated the former rank of Fleet Chief Pedy Ocer.
3. A Charge Chief Ar2cer could be given a NATO OR-8 status, but like other Charge Chiefs, it was considered a substan2ve CPO (OR-7) and
ranked below WO2 in other services. In April 2004 Charge Chief Ar2cers were renamed Warrant Ocers Class 2 as a separate rank.
4. Bri2sh Sergeants/Pedy Ocers are seen as equal to OR-5 and OR-6 although Corporals as well as Sergeants may be appointed to an ocial
OR-5 (i.e. E-5) military role as is suited to the par2cular situa2on.
5. Leading Rate is junior to Corporals in other Services.
6. From April 1, 1999 Able Ra2ng and Ordinary Ra2ng Merged, Marine 1st Class and Marine 2nd Class Merged. Junior Ra2ng and Junior Marine
Abolished.

German Enlisted Ranks

NATO Rank Code

Bundeswehr (Army)
and
Luftwaffe (Air Force)

Bundesmarine (Navy)

OR-9
OR-8
OR-7
OR-6a
OR-6b
OR-5a
OR-5b
OR-5c
OR-4a
OR-4b
OR-3a
OR-3b
OR-2
OR-1

Oberstabsfeldwebel
Stabsfeldwebel
Haupeldwebel
Oberfeldwebel
Feldwebel
Stabsunterozier
Fahnenjunker
Unterozier
Oberstabsgefreiter
Stabsgefreiter
Hauptgefreiter
Obergefreiter
Gefreiter
Schtze/Flieger

Oberstabsbootsmann
Stabsbootsmann
Hauptbootsmann
Oberbootsmann
Bootsmann
Obermaat
Seekaded
Maat
Oberstabsgefreiter
Stabsgefreiter
Hauptgefreiter
Obergefreiter
Gefreiter
Matrose

Warrant Officer Ranks in the United States Army

NATO Rank
Code

United States Army

WO-1

WO-1 Warrant Ocer 1

WO-2

CW-2 Chied Warrant Ocer 2

WO-3

CW-3 Chied Warrant Ocer 3

WO-4

CW-4 Chied Warrant Ocer 4

WO-5

CW-5 Chied Warrant Ocer 5

Warrant Ocers (WO) and Chief Warrant Ocers (CWO) in the US Military rank below ocers but above ocer candidates and enlisted
servicemen. A player who wants his character to have served in the US Army may choose to replace Ocer ranks OF-1 to OF-5 on Table 5 with
the equivalent Warrant Ocer rank in the table above.

Canadian Armed Forces Ranks

Canadian Non-Commisioned Members
NATO Rank Code Canadian Forces Land Force Command
and Canadian Forces Air Command

OR-9

Chief Warrant Ocer

OR-8

Master Warrant Ocer

OR-7

Warrant Ocer

OR-6

Sergeant

OR-5

Master Corporal

OR-4

Corporal

OR-3

Private (Trained)

OR-2

Private (Basic)

OR-1

Private (Recruit)

Canadian Ocer Ranks

NATO Rank
Code

Canadian Forces Land Force

Canadian Forces Maritime
Command and Canadian Forces Air Command
Command

OF-10

OF-9

General

Admiral

OF-8

Lieutenant-General

Vice-Admiral

OF-7

Major-General

Rear-Admiral

OF-6

Brigadier-General

Commodore

OF-5

Colonel

Captain

OF-4

Lieutenant-Colonel

Commander

OF-3

Major

Lieutenant Commander

OF-2

Captain

Lieutenant

Lieutenant

Sub-Lieutenant

Second Lieutenant

Ac2ng Sub-Lieutenant

OF-1
OF(D)

Student Ocer Ocer Cadet

Naval Cadet

French Armed Forces Ranks

French Ocer Ranks
NATO Rank
Code

OF-10

Arme de terre1 / l'air

Marchaux de
France

Marchal de France

OF-9

Gnral darme (arienne)

OF-8

Gnral de corps d'arme / arienne

OF-7

Ociers Gnraux2

Gnral de division (arienne)

OF-6

Gnral de brigade (arienne)

OF-5

Colonel

OF-4

Ociers suprieurs Lieutenant-Colonel

Marine nationale

Great Ocers

Amiral de France
Amiral

Ociers Gnraux

Vice-Amiral d'escadre
Vice-Amiral
Contre-Amiral

Capitaine de vaisseau
Ociers suprieurs Capitaine de frgate

OF-3

Commandant

Capitaine de corvede

OF-2

Capitaine

Lieutenant de vaisseau

OF-1

Lieutenant

OF-1

Ociers subalternes Sous-Lieutenant

OF(D)

Aspirant

Student Ocer

lve ocier

Ociers
subalternes

Enseigne de vaisseau de premire classe

Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxime classe
Aspirant
lve ocier

French Enlisted Ranks

NATO Rank
Code

Arme de terre (cavalry)1 / l'air

Marine nationale

OR-9

Major

Major

OR-9

Adjudant-chef

Matre principal

OR-8
OR-7

Sous-ociers

Adjudant
No OR-7 equivalent

Ociers mariniers

Premier matre
No OR-7 equivalent

OR-6

Sergent-chef (Marchal-des-logis-chef)

Matre

OR-5

Sergent (Marchal-des-logis)

Second-Matre

OR-4

Caporal-chef de premire classe

OR-4

Caporal-chef (Brigadier-chef)

OR-3

Militaires du rang

Caporal (Brigadier)

OR-2

Soldat / Aviateur de premire classe

OR-1

Soldat / Aviateur de deuxime classe

Quar2er-matre de 1re classe

Matelots et
quar2ers-matres

Quar2er-matre de 2me classe

Matelot brevet
Matelot

1. Rank insignia in the French army depend on infantry or cavalry units. The infantry arms (armes pied) include normal infantry, naval troops,
the Foreign Legion and engineers; cavalry arms (armes cheval) include armoured cavalry, ar2llery, maintenance and logis2cs. Gold insignia
are used for the infantry and silver/white for the cavalry. The ar2llery, however, uses gold as the main colour, despite being a cavalry branch,
and spahis use gold as the main colour despite being part of the cavalry, a dis2nc2on represen2ng the armoured cavalry.
2. There is no dis2nc2on between infantry and cavalry generals, since they are all supposed to be able to command any type of unit.

Israeli Defence Forces Ranks

Ocer Ranks of the Israeli Defence Forces.
Academic Officers Junior Officers
Rank in Hebrew

Abbreviations Pronounced as...

US & NATO Equivalent

"

Katzin Miktzoa Akademai (Kama) Professional Academic Ocer

"

Katzin Akademai Bakhir (Kaab)

Senior Academic Ocer

"

Segen Mishne (Sagam)

OF-1 Second Lieutenant

none

Segen

OF-1 Lieutenant

none

Seren

OF-2 Captain

Senior Officers General Officers

Rank in Hebrew

Abbreviations Pronounced as...

"

Rav Seren (Rasan)

US & NATO Equivalent

OF-3 Major

"

Sgan Aluf (Saal)

OF-4 Lieutenant Colonel

"

Aluf Mishne (Alam)

OF-5 Colonel

"

Tat Aluf (Taal)

OF-6 Brigadier General

none

Aluf

OF-7 Major General

"

Rav Aluf (Raal)

OF-8 Lieutenant General or General

Note about ranks: If the ranks of the IDF are to be translated one-to-one to Western ranks then a "Rav Aluf" is equivalent to Lieutenant General
(since Major General is "Aluf") but, since Rav Aluf in Israel is the high commander of the army (including air force and navy), the transla2on of it
as "General" is more appropriate.
Enlisted Ranks of the Israeli Defence Forces.
Enlisted Ranks
Rank in Hebrew

Abbreviations

Pronounced as...

US & NATO Equivalent

none

Turai

OR-2 Private

"

Rav Turai (Rabat)

OR-4 Corporal

none

Samal

OR-5 Sergeant

"

Samal Rishon (Samar)

OR-6 Sta Sergeant

NCO Ranks of the Israeli Defence Forces.

NCO Ranks
Rank in Hebrew

Abbreviations

Pronounced as...

US & NATO Equivalent

"

Rav Samal (Rasal)

OR-7 Sergeant First Class

"

Rav Samal Rishon (Rasar)

OR-8 Master Sergeant

"

Rav Samal Mitkadem (Rasam) OR-8 Sergeant Major

"

Rav Samal Bakhir (Rasab)

OR-9 Command Sergeant Major

"

Rav Nagad Mishne (Ranam)

OR-9 Warrant Ocer

"

Rav Nagad (Ranag)

OR-9 Chief Warrant Ocer

Russian Federation Forces Ranks

Ocer Ranks of the Russian Federa2on Army and Air Force
Category

Rank

Supreme Ocers
or
General Ocers

Rank in Russian

Marshall of the Russian Federa2on

Army General
Colonel General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Colonel

NATO
Equivalent

-
-
-

Mrshal Rossyskoy Federtsii

Generl rmii
Generl-polkvnik
Generl-leytennt
Generl-mayr
Polkvnik

OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5

Podpolkvnik

OF-4

Mayr

OF-3

Captain

Kapitn

OF-2

Senior Lieutenant

Strshiy Leytennt

OF-1a

Lieutenant

Leytennt

OF-1b

Junior Lieutenant

Mldshiy Leytennt

OF-1c

Senior Ocers
or
Lieutenant Colonel
Field Grade Ocers Major
Junior ocers
or
Company Grade
Ocers

Pronounced as...

Warrant Ocers and Other Ranks of the Russian Federa2on Army and Air Force
Category

Rank

Warrant Ocers / Under-Ocers or Senior warrant ocer

Master Non-Commissioned Ocers Warrant ocer
Starshina
Senior sergeant
Sergeants and Pedy Ocers
Sergeant
Junior sergeant
Soldiers and Airmen

Rank in Russian

Pronounced as...

NATO
Equivalent

Starshiy praporshchik
Praporshchik
Starshin
Strshiy serzhnt
Serzhnt
Mldshiy Serzhnt

OR-9
OR-8
OR-7
OR-6
OR-5
OR-4

Private rst class

Yefrytor

OR-3

Private

Ryadovy

OR-2

Ocer Ranks of the Russian Federa2on Navy

Category

Rank

Admiral of the eet2

Rank in Russian

Pronounced as...

NATO
Equivalent

Supreme Ocers
or
General Ocers1

Admiral
Vice admiral
Counter admiral

-
-

Admiral ota
Admiral
Vitse-admiral
Kontr-admiral

Senior Ocers
or
Field Grade Ocers

Captain 1st Rank

Kapitan pervogo ranga

OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5

Captain 2nd rank

Kapitan vtorogo ranga

OF-4

Captain 3rd rank

Kapitan tret'yego ranga

OF-3

Captain lieutenant

Kapitan-leytenant

OF-2

Senior lieutenant

Starshiy leytenant

OF-1a

Lieutenant

Leytenant

OF-1b

Junior lieutenant

Mladshiy leytenant

OF-1c

Junior Ocers
or
Company Grade Ocers

1. Note that there is doubt about rank equivalence in countries that have eet admirals but no commodores, such as the former German
Empire and Russia - oAen it is considered that in these countries a eet admiral equates to an OF-9 rank, an admiral to OF-8, a vice admiral to
OF-7, and a rear admiral to OF-6 (i.e. the ranks all move down one grade).
2. Rank not awarded since Vladimir Masorin's re2rement in 2007.
Warrant Ocers and Ra2ngs of the Russian Federa2on Navy
Rank

Rank in Russian

Pronounced as...

NATO
Equivalent

Senior michman
Michman
Chief of the ship
Chief pedy ocer
Pedy ocer rst class
Pedy ocer second class

starshy michman
michman
Glavny starshina of the ship
Glavny starshina
Starshina pervogo staghe
Starshina vtorogo staghe

OR-9
OR-8
OR-7
OR-6
OR-5
OR-4

Leading seaman

starshy matros

OR-3

Seaman

Matros

OR-2

Category

Warrant Ocers

Pedy Ocers

Seamen

Annex D: British Degree Abbreviations

Abbrevia2ons are normally used to specify a degree, rather than spelling out the name in full. Many degrees have more than one abbrevia2on.
This list is a 'work in progress' - please add to it.
Note that usage in some Scowsh universi2es, par2cularly the ancient universi2es, diers from that in England and Wales in that MAs are given
out in place of BAs as rst degrees, where the course of study is four years rather than the three years typical in England.
The usage in the two ancient English universi2es of Oxford and Cambridge also diers slightly from that in other UK universi2es - the MA
degree is not a substan2ve qualica2on, but reects the ancient prac2ce of these universi2es of raising BAs to MAs (and thus full membership
of the University) a few years aAer gradua2ng. Conversely, some bachelor's degrees in the higher facul2es (i.e. those other than arts) at those
universi2es are postgraduate qualica2ons (e.g. the BCL and BMus at Oxford). Many have been changed to the corresponding masters degree
(e.g. BSc is now MSc), but only within the last genera2on. The BD remains a higher degree at a some older universi2es (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge
and Durham) but is an undergraduate degree at most (e.g. London, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Glasgow). Oxford and Cambridge grant BAs aAer
three years to students on undergraduate courses las2ng longer than this (the undergraduate masters degrees and the MB, BCh in medicine).
Undergraduate degrees may be awarded "with Honours" or may be "Ordinary" or "Pass" degrees. The meaning of non-Honours degrees
changed in the course of the twen2eth century, and varies somewhat between England and Wales on the one hand and Scotland and Northern
Ireland on the other, and also between ins2tu2ons. But in most places to be awarded an Ordinary or Pass degree is nowadays a euphemism for
failure. However, in the Open University and some of the newer universi2es with a strong commitment to broadening access to higher
educa2on, the Pass degree remains a valuable qualica2on though of a lower standard (or indica2ng a shorter period of study) than an
Honours degree. Honours degrees are usually awarded with rst, upper-second, lower-second or third class honours, though Oxford retains a
fourth-class degree; to earn one is said to require considerable ingenuity.
Usage of 2tles of masters degrees (in par2cular the undergraduate masters degrees) is in con2nuing ux, not least because of discussions of
harmonisa2on of qualica2ons within the European Union as part of the Bologna process.

Bachelor's Degrees (Min. 22 years of age)

These are normally awarded as honours degrees, some2mes indicated by '(Hons)' aAer the degree abbrevia2on without a space, for example
'BA(Hons)'.
Some of the following are postgraduate degrees in a few universi2es, but generally bachelors are undergraduate degrees.

BA - Bachelor of Arts
BBA Bachelor of Business Administra2on
BSc - Bachelor of Science
BFA - Bachelor of Fine Art
BTech - Bachelor of Technology (not to be confused with BTEC)
BTh or BTheol - Bachelor of Theology
BD - Bachelor of Divinity
BMin - Bachelor of Ministry
BCL - Bachelor of Civil Law
LLB - Bachelor of Laws
BLid or LidB- Bachelor of Literature or Bachelor of Leders
BChir, BCh, ChB or BS - Bachelor of Surgery
BDS - Bachelor of Dental Surgery
MB or BM - Bachelor of Medicine
BNurs or BN - Bachelor of Nursing
BMid - Bachelor of Midwifery
BEd or EdB - Bachelor of Educa2on
BEng or BE - Bachelor of Engineering
BPhil - Bachelor of Philosophy
BMus or MusB- Bachelor of Music

Master's Degrees
Undergraduate (Min. 24 years of age)
These, like most bachelors degrees, are honours degrees, indicated by puwng '(Hons)' aAer the degree abbrevia2on. The majority of
undergraduate masters degrees are within science and engineering subjects. The undergraduate MAs of some Scowsh universi2es are also
honours degrees and may also add '(Hons)'. MEng used to be oered by some universi2es as a postgraduate degree, but is now an
undergraduate degree.

MEng - Master of Engineering

MNatSc - Master of Natural Science
MSci - Master in Science (Master of Natural Science at Cambridge)
MMath - Master of Mathema2cs
MStat - Master of Sta2s2cs
MPhys - Master of Physics
MGeog - Master of Geography
MGeol - Master of Geology
MGeophys - Master of Geophysics
MESci - Master of Earth Science
MOcean - Master of Oceanography
MEnvSci - Master of Environmental Science
MChem - Master of Chemistry
MBiochem - Master of Biochemistry
MBiol - Master of Biology
MPharm - Master of Pharmacy
MDiv - Master of Divinity
MEcon - Master of Economics

Postgraduate (Min. 25 years of age)

Postgraduate degrees are not honours degrees, and do not add '(Hons)' to indicate this. MA(Hons) is only used for the undergraduate degree of
the ancient Scowsh universi2es: as there are no examina2ons for the MAs in Oxford and Cambridge there are consequently no honours to be
awarded. The Oxbridge MA may be dieren2ated by puwng the name of the ins2tu2on aAer the degree, thus 'MA (Oxon)' or 'MA (Cantab)'.
The MPhil is normally reserved for longer (oAen two year) research-based masters degrees. The MUniv is only ever an honorary degree.

MA - Master of Arts
MSc - Master of Science
LLM - Master of Laws
MJur - Master of Jurisprudence (Law) (Magister Juris at Oxford)
MRes - Master of Research
MEd - Master of Educa2on
MLib - Master of Librarianship
MSt - Master of Studies
MMus or MusM- Master of Music
MBA - Master of Business Administra2on
MeB - Master of Electronic Business (eBusiness)
MTh or MTheol- Master of Theology
MLid - Master of Leders
MFA - Master of Fine Art
MPH - Master of Public Health
MUniv - Master of the University
MPhil - Master of Philosophy

Doctor's Degrees
Due to the exibility of La2n word order, there are two schools in the abbrevia2on of doctor's degrees. At Cambridge, D follows the faculty (e.g.
PhD, LidD.), while at Oxford the abbrevia2on D precedes the faculty (e.g. DPhil, DLid). Most universi2es in the UK followed Oxford for the
higher doctorates but followed interna2onal precedent in using PhD for Doctor of Philosophy. The degree of Doctor of Medicine is normally
considered a higher doctorate, although in some universi2es it is a professional doctorate (similar to the DEd). Doctor of Philosophy is normally
reserved for doctorates awarded on the basis of original research, other junior doctorates have substan2al taught elements. Higher doctorates
are normally awarded as honorary degrees (hons causa), but can also be awarded on the basis of published work. Doctor of Medicine (MD or
DM) is some2mes a higher doctorate and some2mes a professional doctorate. DUniv is only ever an honorary degree. The sor2ng between
junior doctorates and higher doctorates below is dependent on the gran2ng ins2tu2on. Several ins2tu2ons consider some of the junior
doctorates listed below as higher doctorates.
Junior Doctors (Min. 26 years of age)

EdD - Doctor of Educa2on

DBA - Doctor of Business Administra2on
DClinPsych - Doctor of Clinical Psychology
EdPsychD - Doctor of Educa2onal Psychology
DNursSci - Doctor of Nursing Science
HScD - Doctor of Health Science
EngD - Doctor of Engineering
SocSciD - Doctor of Social Science
DMin - Doctor of Ministry
ThD - Doctor of Theology
PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (most universi2es)
DPhil - Doctor of Philosophy (Oxford University and a few others)

Higher Doctors (Min. 27 years of age)

DSc or ScD- Doctor of Science

DLit - Doctor of Literature
DLid or LidD - Doctor of Leders
DMus or MusD - Doctor of Music
DCL - Doctor of Civil Law
LLD - Doctor of Laws
DD - Doctor of Divinity
MD or DM - Doctor of Medicine
DDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery
DUniv - Doctor of the University