Solubility of S-Block Compounds

Group 1 Compounds
Table of Contents
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
4.
1.
2.
The effect of heat on Group 1 compounds

Heating the nitrates
Heating the carbonates
The thermal stability of the hydrogen carbonates
Explaining the trends in thermal stability
Explaining the trend in terms of the polarizing ability of the positive ion
The structure of the carbonate ion
Polarizing the carbonate ion
Extension to nitrates and hydrogen carbonates
The solubility of Group 1 compounds
The carbonates
The hydroxides
The Group 1 hydrides
Preparation of the Group 1 hydrides
Reactions of the Group 1 hydrides
3.
4.
5.
Electrolysis
Reaction with water
Contributors
This page discusses a few compounds of the Group 1 elements (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium), including some
information about the nitrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and hydrides of the metals.
The effect of heat on Group 1 compounds

Group 1 compounds are more resistant to heat than the corresponding compounds in Group 2. Lithium compounds often behave similarly
to Group 2 compounds, but the rest of Group 1 act differently in various ways.
Heating the nitrates

Most nitrates tend to decompose on heating to the metal oxide, brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. For example, a typical
Group 2 nitrate like magnesium nitrate decomposes this way:
In Group 1, lithium nitrate behaves in the same way, producing lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen as shown:
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The other Group 1 nitrates, however, do not decompose completely at regular laboratory temperatures. They produce the metal nitrite and
oxygen, but no nitrogen dioxide:
Each of the nitrates from sodium to cesium decomposes in this way; the only difference is in the temperature required for the reaction to
proceed. For larger metals, the decomposition is more difficult and requires higher temperatures.
Heating the carbonates

Most carbonates decompose on heating to the metal oxide and carbon dioxide. For example, a typical Group 2 carbonate like calcium
carbonate decomposes like this:
In Group 1, lithium carbonate behaves in the same way, producing lithium oxide and carbon dioxide:
The rest of the Group 1 carbonates do not decompose at laboratory temperatures, although at higher temperatures this becomes
possible. The decomposition temperatures again increase down the Group.
The thermal stability of the hydrogen carbonates

The Group 2 hydrogen carbonates such as calcium hydrogen carbonate are so unstable to heat that they only exist in solution. Any
attempt to extract them from solution causes them to decompose to the carbonate, carbon dioxide and water as shown:
By contrast, the Group 1 hydrogen carbonates are stable enough to exist as solids, although they do decompose easily on heating. For
example, this is the reaction for sodium hydrogen carbonate:
Explaining the trends in thermal stability

Detailed explanations are given for the carbonates because the diagrams are easier to draw. Exactly the same arguments apply to the
nitrates or hydrogen carbonates. There are two ways of explaining the increase in thermal stability down the Group. The hard way is in
terms of the energetics of the process; the simple way is in terms of the polarizing ability of the positive ions.
Explaining the trend in terms of the polarizing ability of the

positive ion
A small positive ion has a large amount of charge packed into a small volume of space; this is especially true if it has a charge greater
than +1. An ion with a high charge density has a marked distorting effect on any negative ions which happen to be nearby. A larger
positive ion has the same charge spread over a larger volume of space. Its charge density is therefore lower, and it causes less distortion
to nearby negative ions.
The structure of the carbonate ion

The molecular structure of carbonate is given below:
This figure shows two carbon-oxygen single bonds and one double bond, with two oxygen atoms each carrying a negative charge.
However, experimental data shows that all the carbonate bonds are identical, with the charge spread out over the whole ion
(concentrated on the oxygen atoms). In other words, the charges are delocalized.
This is a more complicated version of the bonding in benzene or in ions like ethanoate. The next diagram shows the delocalized electrons.
The shading shows electron density, implying a greater chance of finding electrons around the oxygen atoms than near the carbon.
Polarizing the carbonate ion

Imagine that this ion is placed next to a positive ion. The positive ion attracts the delocalized electrons in the carbonate ion towards itself.
The carbonate ion becomes polarized. The diagram shows what happens with an ion from Group 2, carrying two positive charges:
If this system is heated, the carbon dioxide breaks free, leaving a metal oxide. The amount of heat required depends on how polarized the
ion was. If it is highly polarized, less heat is required than if it is only slightly polarized.
If the positive ion only has one positive charge, the polarizing effect is lessened. This is why the Group 1 compounds are more thermally
stable than those in Group 2. The Group 1 compound must be heated more because the carbonate ion is less polarized by a singlycharged positive ion.
The smaller the positive ion, the higher the charge density, and the greater the effect on the carbonate ion. As the positive ions get bigger
down the group, they have less effect on the carbonate ions near them. To compensate, the compound must be heated more in order to
force the carbon dioxide to break off and leave the metal oxide.
In other words, carbonates become more thermally stable down the group.
Extension to nitrates and hydrogen carbonates

The polarization argument exactly the same for these compounds. The small positive ions at the top of the Group polarize the nitrate or
hydrogen carbonate ions to a greater extent than the larger positive ions at the bottom. Again, the Group 1 compounds need more heat
than those in Group 2 because the Group 1 ions are less polarizing.
The solubility of Group 1 compounds

Group 1 compounds are more soluble than the corresponding ones in Group 2.
The carbonates
Group 2 carbonates are virtually insoluble in water. Magnesium carbonate (the most soluble Group 2 carbonate) has a solubility of about
0.02 g per 100 g of water at room temperature.
By contrast, the least soluble Group 1 carbonate is lithium carbonate. A saturated solution has a concentration of about 1.3 g per 100 g of
water at 20C. The other carbonates in the group are very soluble, with solubilities increasing to an astonishing 261.5 g per 100 g of water
at this temperature for cesium carbonate.
Solubility of the carbonates increases down Group 1.
The hydroxides
The least soluble hydroxide in Group 1 is lithium hydroxide, but it is still possible to make a solution with a concentration of 12.8 g per 100
g of water at 20C. The other hydroxides in the group are even more soluble.
Solubility of the hydroxides increases down Group 1. In Group 2, the most soluble is barium hydroxideit is only possible to make a
solution of concentration around 3.9 g per 100 g of water at the same temperature of 20C.
It is difficult to explain the trends in solubility. The discussion on Group 2 of the periodic table explains why the usual explanations for
these trends are not accurate.
The Group 1 hydrides

Saline (salt-like) hydrides
Group 1 metal hydrides are white crystalline solids; each contains the metal ion and a hydride ion, H-. They have the same crystal
structure as sodium chloride, which is why they are called saline or salt-like hydrides. Because they can react violently with water or moist
air, they are normally supplied as suspensions in mineral oil.
Preparation of the Group 1 hydrides

Group 1 hydrides are made by passing hydrogen gas over the heated metal. For example, for lithium hydride:
Reactions of the Group 1 hydrides

Two of the most common reactions include electrolysis and reactions with water.
Electrolysis
On heating, most of these hydrides decompose into the metal and hydrogen before they melt. It is, however, possible to melt lithium
hydride and to electrolyze the melt. The metal is deposited at the cathode as expected. Hydrogen is given off at the anode (the positive
electrode); this is convincing evidence for the presence of the negative hydride ion in lithium hydride.
The anode equation is:
The other Group 1 hydrides can be electrolyzed in solution in various molten mixtures such as a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium
chloride. These mixtures melt at lower temperatures than the pure chlorides.
Reaction with water

Group 1 hydrides react violently with water releasing hydrogen gas and producing aqueous metal hydroxide. For example, sodium hydride
reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

Solubility of S-Block Compounds

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Group 1 Compounds

The effect of heat on Group 1 compounds

The effect of heat on Group 1 compounds

Heating the nitrates

Heating the carbonates

The thermal stability of the hydrogen carbonates

Explaining the trends in thermal stability

Explaining the trend in terms of the polarizing ability of the

The structure of the carbonate ion

Polarizing the carbonate ion

Extension to nitrates and hydrogen carbonates

The solubility of Group 1 compounds

The Group 1 hydrides

Preparation of the Group 1 hydrides

Reactions of the Group 1 hydrides

Reaction with water

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