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Show How Digital Signals Changed Between Two Fundamental States (1 or 0) With Time

This document provides an introduction to digital systems. It discusses how digital signals use two states represented by 1s and 0s, as was done in early telegraph systems using long and short pulses. Timing diagrams show how digital signals change between states over time. Digital values are represented discretely using digits rather than continuously as in analog. Common number systems for digital values are binary and hexadecimal. Analog signals can be converted to digital by sampling at regular intervals and storing the values as binary numbers. Digital circuits are designed to operate within defined voltage ranges for 0s and 1s. Memory circuits can retain output states even after inputs are removed. Major computer components include input, memory, control, processing, and output units.

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52 views

Show How Digital Signals Changed Between Two Fundamental States (1 or 0) With Time

This document provides an introduction to digital systems. It discusses how digital signals use two states represented by 1s and 0s, as was done in early telegraph systems using long and short pulses. Timing diagrams show how digital signals change between states over time. Digital values are represented discretely using digits rather than continuously as in analog. Common number systems for digital values are binary and hexadecimal. Analog signals can be converted to digital by sampling at regular intervals and storing the values as binary numbers. Digital circuits are designed to operate within defined voltage ranges for 0s and 1s. Memory circuits can retain output states even after inputs are removed. Major computer components include input, memory, control, processing, and output units.

Uploaded by

Yoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital system

Chapter 1
1.1 introduction to digital 1s and 0s
(a) telegraph system
1. Two states of the system: code key and
clacker down; code key and clacker up
2. Two symbols to transmit any word or
number
Short and long electric pulse (interval of
holding the code key down) ------ dots and
dashes
(b)Timing diagrams
Show how digital signals changed
between two fundamental states (1 or 0)
with time
[Especially the relationship between two or
more digital signals in the same circuit or
system]
1.2 numerical representations
two ways representing the numerical values of
quantities
analog and digital
(a) analog representation
1. quantity is represented by a continuously
variable, proportional indicator.
EX. Classic automobile speedometer
The deflection of the needle is proportional
to the speed of the car, no sudden change.
(b) Digital representation
1. . is represented by symbols called
digits
EX. Digital indoor thermometer
The actual temperature gradually increase
but the digital one changes suddenly from 72
to 72.1
COMPARE:

Analog ------- continuous


Digital -------- discrete (step by step)

1.3 digital and analog systems


(a) party-line pone network
Signaling (rings) and switching use digital
representation
Voice communication use analog system
(b) Modern cell phone
Signaling (rings), switching and audio is
digital encoded
Radio frequencies that carry the digital
information are analog. The microphone
changes sound to an analog signal and
the speaker change an analog signal into
sound.
(c) Advantage of digital techniques
(d) Limitation of digital techniques
The real world is analog
Processing digitized signals takes time
1.4 digital number system
Most common number system:
decimal, binary, hexadecimal
(a) decimal system {or called base-10
system}

Composited of 10 numerals [0,1,2,39]


A positional-value system
(b) binary system {or called base-2 system}
Composited of 2 symbols [0/1]
1.5 representing binary quantities
analog signals can be converted to digital by
taking measurements or samples of the
continuously varying signal at regular
intervals ;
the appropriate time between samples
depends on the maximum rate of change of
the analog signal;
the quantities that are measured are stored

as binary numbers
1.6 digital circuits/logic circuits
are designed predictably to input voltages
that are within the defined 0 and 1 ranges.
Basic digital circuits : integrated circuit -----ICs
(a) Most common one : CMOS ------Complementary
Metal-OxideSemiconductor
1.7 parallel and serial transmission
parallel:
all
the
bits
transmitted
simultaneously (faster); require more signal
lines
serial: transmit one bit at a time; one signal
line
1.8 memory
memory: when an input is applied to such a
circuit, the output will change its state, but it
will remain in the new state even after the
input is removed
1.9 digital computers
(a) a computer ------ a system of hardware
that performs arithmetic operations,
manipulation data (usually in binary form)
and makes decisions
(b) major functional units of a computer
1. input unit 2. Memory unit 3. Control unit
4. Arithmetic/logic unit (central processing
unit [CPU]) 5. Output unit

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