KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd

HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB II

2nd SEMESTER (M Tech. Civil)

Department of Civil Engineering

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, Raipur
(Session.)

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd

INDEX
S.
No.

Date of
Experim
ent

Name of Experiment

Date of
submiss
ion

Grad
e

Teache
r sign

Remar
k

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Submitted by
Name of the student
Roll No.
:

:
:
Prof. lab Incharge

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Traffic Volume Studies.
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS: - (1) A watch (2) supply of field data sheet (3) pencil eraser

sharpener (4) clipboard

THEORY: -traffic volume is measure to quantify the traffic flow. Traffic volume

is expressed as the no. of vehicles that pass across a given transverse

line of the road during unit time. The traffic volume generally
expressed as no. of vehicle per hour or per day, per traffic lane.
The vehicles of traffic stream may be classified into different vehicle classes. They
consist of :1. Fast moving vehicles like-(a) passenger car (b) bus (c) truck (HCV) etc. (d)
LCV (e) auto rickshaw (f) two-wheeler auto mobile.
2. Slow moving vehicle like bullock cart, cycle rickshaw, pedal cycle etc.
Each vehicle class assigned an equivalency factor called passenger car unit in
terms of a standard passenger car.
Traffic volume studies at intersections include recording of turning movement also.
On road note worthy pedestrian traffic, direction wise pedestrian counts are also
made during different periods of day.
Methods of traffic volume study:(1) Manual count: - By this method, it is possible to obtained all the detail of
the classified traffic data which cant be collected by mechanical or automatic
counts. It is possible to obtain detail such as 1.Classification of different type
of vehicles and their counts at desire time interval
2. Noting the direction wise movements.
3. NO. of commercial vehicles (HCV and LCV) with detail of load.
4. Desired details of pedestrian volume counts.
(2) Mechanical or automatic count: - these may be either fixed or permanent
type or portable type of count. The mechanical counter can automatically
3

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
record the total no. of vehicle crossing a section of the road in a desire period.
Traffic count is recorded by electrically operated counters and recorders
capable of recording the impulse.
OBSERVATIONS:TABLERoad classification.
Date and day of week..
mileage.

Fromto
Rout

no
Dist..
state.

Type of
vehicle/
Hour of
count

Fromhour
To- hour
Hourly
total
Fromhour
To- hour
Hourly
total
Fromhour
To- hour
Hourly
total
4

car,
jeep,
three
wheele
rs

Buses

trucks

Motor
cycle
and
scoote
r

Anima
l
drawn
vehicl
e

Cycle

Other(spec
ify)

Remar
ks
includi
ng
weath
er
conditi
on

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
Fromhour
To- hour
Hourly
total
RESULT:-

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Name of Experiment
AIM:-Spot Speed Studies
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-Endoscope, stop watch
THEORY:-spot speed is the instantaneous speed of the vehicle at a specified
location. Observed speeds are used for capacity analysis, geometric

design, safety measures, speed trends and assessment. Speed studies

aid in the decision making processes and in before-and-after studies to
assess the effectiveness of roadway modifications. Therefore required
to select a section of a road outside the university campus and away
from close intersections and unusual traffic activities. Information
about the selected section of the road is gathered such as section
speed, number of lanes, and general description of location. Data is to
be collected during off peak periods on a week day.
Procedures

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
Step 1: Organize Study Plan: - Essential to this initial step is to identify
the reason for conducting the study and nature of the problem to be
evaluated. Other considerations for the study plan are the date(s) and
time(s) during which the study should be completed, and the number of
vehicles that should be observed as part of the study. The timing of the study
should be consistent with the reason for conducting the study.
Step 2: STOPWATCH METHOD:-The stopwatch method can be used to
successfully complete a spot speed study using a small sample size taken
over a relatively short period of time. The stopwatch method is a quick and
inexpensive method for collecting speed data.
Step 3: Location Selection and Collect Field Data:- The specific location
of a study should be chosen carefully so that recorded speeds reflect how
vehicles typically travel along unimpeded sections of the road under free
flow conditions.
Step 4: Speed Data Reduction and Analysis:-After the study is
completed and the data have been tabulated the following steps may be
considered as part of the typical data analysis. Specifically, the idea would
be to identify key Parameters associated with roadway speeds, which may
include any or all of the following:
Mean Speed: The average speed; calculated as the sum of all speeds
divided by the Number of speed observations
.
85th Percentile Speed: The speed at or below which 85 percent of a
sample of free Flowing vehicles is travelling; this is typically used as a
baseline for establishing the speed (Based on a spot speed study)
95th Percentile Speed: The speed at or below which 95 percent of a
sample of free Flowing vehicles is travelling (based on a spot speed study)
Median (50th Percentile Speed): The speed that equally divides the
distribution of spot Speeds; 50 percent of observed speeds are higher than
the median; 50 percent of observed Speeds are lower than the median.
Mode: The number that occurs most frequently in a series of numbers.

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
Speed Variance: The difference in travel speeds for vehicles on the road.
Mathematically, variance is the average of the squares of the difference to
the mean for each observed speed.
Pace: A 10 mile-per-hour increment in speeds that encompasses the
highest portion of observed speeds; often is the mean speed plus/minus five
miles per hour (19).
Step 5: Interpret and Report Findings:- Using the descriptive speed
characteristics determined in Step 4, it is likely that there is now sufficient
data to answer the primary questions for which the spot speed study was
originally Initiated.

OBSERVATION:TABLE:Vehicle no.

speed observed
(km/h)

From the table above:

Min speed = ...... km/h
7

Vehicle no.

speed observed
(km/h)

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
Max speed = ......km/h
Speed range = Max speed Min speed
RESULT:-

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Headway and Gap-Acceptance Studies
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:THEORY: Gap acceptance: - Gap acceptance is one of the most important components in
microscopic traffic characteristic. The gap acceptance theory commonly used in the
analysis of uncontrolled intersections based on the concept of defining the extent
drivers will be able to utilize a gap of particular size or duration. A driver entering
into or going across a traffic stream must evaluate the space between a potentially
conflicting vehicle and decide whether to cross or enter or not. One of the most
important aspects of traffic operation is the interaction of vehicles with in a single
8

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
stream of traffic or the interaction of two separate traffic streams. This interaction
takes place when a driver changes lanes merging in to a traffic stream or crosses a
traffic stream. Inherent in the traffic interaction associated with these basic
maneuvers is concept of gap acceptance.

Gap means the time and space that a subject vehicle needs to merge
adequately safely between two vehicles. Gap acceptance is the minimum
gap required to finish lane changing safely. Therefore, a gap acceptance
model can help describe how a driver judges whether to accept or not.
1. Gap acceptance: The process by which a minor stream vehicle
accepts an available gap to manoeuvre.
2. Critical gap: The minimum major-stream headway during which a
minor-street vehicle can make a manoeuvre.
3. Lag: Time interval between the arrival of a yielding vehicle and the
passage of the next priority stream vehicle (Forward waiting time).
4. Headway: The time interval between the arrivals of two successive
vehicles. Headway differs from gap because it is measured from the
front bumper of the front vehicle to the front bumper of the next
vehicle.
5. Minimum Headway: The minimum gap maintained by a vehicle in
the major traffic stream.
6. Follow-up time: Time between the departure of one vehicle from the
minor street and the departure of the next vehicle using the same gap
under a condition of continuous queuing.
7. Delay: The additional travel time experienced by a driver, passenger
or pedestrian.
8. Conflicting movements: The traffic streams in conflict at an
intersection.
9. Capacity: The maximum hourly rate at which persons or vehicles can
reasonably be expected to traverse a point or uniform section of a lane
or a roadway during a given time period under prevailing roadway,
traffic, and control conditions.
Base critical gap and follow up times
Base Critical Gap,
Vehicle Movement

,base (s)

Two-Lane

Four-Lane

Major Street

Major Street

Base Follow-up
Time
(s)

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
Left turn from major
Right turn from minor
Through traffic on minor
Left turn from minor
Headway: - An imp variable that describes the traffic flow is the spacing
and headway b/n individual vehicles in a traffic stream. The term spacing
and headway have been used freely to denote the position of vehicle in the
traffic stream, through a suitable difference b/n the two terms is made out by
the HIGHWAY CAPACITY manual which is defines spacing as the distance
measure and headway as the time measure from head to head of each of
successive vehicle.
HEADWAY (sec) =spacing (m)/speed (m/sec)
SPACE HEADWAY: - (s) It is the distance between the front of successive
vehicle. It is measured in meter. The clear gap b/n two successive vehicles
and the space headway depend on the speed. When the vehicle are stopped
the vehicle will have the closest space gap b/n them. As the speed of the
stream increases, the minimum gap as well as space headway b/n
successive vehicle increases. This is because the driver of the following
vehicle allows a safe gap depending on the speed, so as to avoid collision in
case the lead vehicle suddenly slowdown or stop.
TIME HEADWAY: - Time headway or simply headway (h) is the time interval
between the passages of the front of successive vehicles at a specified point,
It is measure in second. At low speed the time head way is high and the no.
Of vehicles crossing a point or the flow rate is also low. As the speed of
stream gradually increases the minimum time head way decreases up to a
lowest value at the certain speed. If the speed of the traffic stream is further
increased the minimum time headway starts increase resulting in decrease
in flow rate.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Delay Studies
10

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-

THEORY: - Delay Studies are usually conducted at intersections, where

traffic delay due to a traffic signal or traffic sign were recorded through
numerous techniques.
In Stop Sign Delay, we record the amount of time that vehicles sit at the stop
sign while stopped, starting time recording when a vehicle pulls up to stop
sign at complete stop and ending time recording when the vehicle pulls out
to "point of no return". JAMAR has a specific study type on the manual
counter for this particular purpose.
Delay is defined as an extra time spent by drivers against their expectation.
Delay can have many forms depending on different locations. A study made
to provide information concerning the amount, cause, location, duration and
frequency of delay as well as travel time and similar value. The time lost by
traffic due to traffic friction and traffic control device is called delay.
1. Congestion delay- Congestion delay is the delay caused by the
constricting or slowing down effect of overloaded intersections,
inadequate carriageway widths, parked cars, crowded pavement and
similar factor.
2. Fixed Delay- The delay to which a vehicle is subjected regardless of
the amount of traffic volume and interference present.
3. Operational Delay-The delay caused by interference from other
component of the traffic stream. Examples include time lost while
waiting for a gap in a conflicting traffic stream, or resulting from
congestion, parking manoeuvres, pedestrians, and turning movement.
4. Stopped Delay- The time a vehicle is not moving.
5. Travel Time Delay- The difference between the actual time required
to traverse a section of street or highway and the time corresponding
to the average speed of traffic under uncongested condition. It
includes acceleration and deceleration delay in addition to stopped
delay.
11

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
6. Approach Delay -Travel time delay encountered to an approach to an
intersection.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Pedestrian Survey
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-

THEORY: - People walk for many reasons: to go to a neighbours house, to

run errands, for school, or to get to a business meeting. People also walk for
recreation and health benefits or for the enjoyment of being outside. Some
pedestrians must walk to transit or other destinations if they wish to travel
independently. It is a public responsibility to provide a safe, secure, and
Comfortable system for all people who walk. In this lecture we will discuss
about the pedestrian problems, pedestrian survey (data collection),
characteristics, different level of services, and design principles of pedestrian
facilities. There are many problems related to safety security of Pedestrians.
PROCEDURE:1. Pedestrian speed is the average pedestrian walking speed, generally
expressed in units of Meters per second.
2. Pedestrian flow rate is the number of pedestrians passing a point per
unit of time, ex-Pressed as pedestrians per 15 min or pedestrians per
minute. Point refers to a line of sight across the width of a walkway
perpendicular to the pedestrian path.
3. Pedestrian flow per unit of width is the average flow of pedestrians per
unit of effective walkway width, expressed as pedestrians per minute
per meter (p/min/m). Pedestrian density is the average number of
pedestrians per unit of area within a walkway or queuing area,
expressed as pedestrians per square meter (p/m2).
4. Pedestrian space is the average area provided for each pedestrian in a
walkway or queuing area, expressed in terms of square meters per
pedestrian. This is the inverse of density, and is often a more practical
unit for analyzing pedestrian facilities.
12

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
5. Platoon refers to a number of pedestrians walking together in a group,
usually involuntarily, as a result of signal control and other factors.
6. Before deciding on the appropriate extent and standard of pedestrian
facilities, it is important to assess the potential demand. The possible
methods of obtaining such estimates are manual count, video survey,
and attitude survey described as follows.
Manual counts
Count the flow of pedestrian through a junction, across a road, or along a
road section/footway manually using manual clicker and tally marking sheet.
Manual counts need to satisfy the following conditions.
1. The time period(s) in the day over which the counts are undertaken
must coincide with the peak times of the activity of study.
2. The day(s) of the week and month(s) of the year when observations
are made must be representative of the demand. School holidays,
early closing, and special events should be avoided since they can
result in non-typical conditions.
3. The survey locations need to be carefully selected in order to ensure
that the total existing demand is observed.
Video survey
Cameras are setup at the selected sites and video recording taken of the
pedestrians during the selected observation periods. A suitable vantage
point for the camera is important. Such survey produces a permanent record
of pedestrian movement and their interaction with vehicles. In it the record
of behaviour pattern is also obtained which helps in analyzing the crossing
difficulties.
Attitude survey
Detailed questionnaire requires enabling complete information about
pedestrians origins and destination points, also can gather information on
what new facilities, or improvements to existing facilities, need to be
provided to divert trips to walking, or increase the current pedestrian
activities.
OBSERVATION:RESULT:-

13

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Parking Surveys: On-Street Parking Studies
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-

THEORY: Before taking any measures for the betterment of conditions, data regarding
availability of parking space, extent of its usage and parking demand is
essential. It is also required to estimate the parking fares also. Parking
surveys are intended to provide all these information. Since the duration of
parking varies with different vehicles, several statistics are used to access
the parking need.
On street parking
On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street
itself. This will be usually controlled by government agencies itself. Common
types of on-street parking are as listed below. This classification is based on
the angle in which the vehicles are parked with respect to the road
alignment. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5x2.5
metres and that for a truck is 3.75x7.5 metres.
Parallel parking: The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here
there is no backward movement involved while parking or unparking the
vehicle. Hence, it is the safest parking from the accident perspective.
However, it consumes the maximum curb length and therefore only a
minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerb length. This
14

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
method of parking produces least obstruction to the on-going track on the
road since least road width is used. The length available to park N number of
vehicles, L =N

300 parking: In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30 0 with
respect to the road alignment. In this case, more vehicles can be parked
compared to parallel parking. Also there is better manoeuvrability. Delay
caused to the track is also minimum in this type of parking.
AB = OBsin300 = 1:25;
BC = OPcos300 = 4:33;
BD = DQcos600 = 5;
CD = BD-BC = 5-4:33 = 0:67;
AB + BC = 1:25 + 4:33 = 5:58
For N vehicles, L = AC + (N-1) x CE =5.58+ (N-1)5 =0.58+5N

450 parking: As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles

can be parked. Hence compared to parallel parking and thirty degree
parking, more number of vehicles can be accommodated in this type of
15

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
parking length of parking space available for parking N number of vehicles in
a given kerb is L = 3.54 N+1.77

600 parking: The vehicles are parked at 600 to the direction of road. More
number of vehicles can be accommodated in this parking type. Length
available for parking N vehicles =2.89N+2.16.

Right angle parking: In right angle parking or 90 0 parking, the vehicles are
parked perpendicular to the direction of the road. Although it consumes
maximum width kerb length required is very little. In this type of parking, the
vehicles need complex manoeuvring and this may cause severe accidents.
This arrangement causes obstruction to the road traffic particularly if the
road width is less. However, it can accommodate maximum number of
vehicles for a given kerb length. Length available for parking N number of
vehicles is L = 2.5N.

16

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Parking Surveys: Off-Street Parking Studies
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-

THEORY:Off street parking:In many urban centres, some areas are exclusively allotted for parking which
will be at some distance away from the main stream of track. Such a parking
is referred to as off-street parking.
Off-street parking is an important part of the transportation system. It is an
efficient means of storing vehicles while they arent in use, and it causes
little disruption to the neighboring roadways. Additionally, since parking is
the terminal or destination for a trip, the availability of off-street parking can
affect the attractiveness of destinations as well as transportation modes. The
attractiveness of a destination is reduced if there is a delay or difficulty in
17

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
parking. The use of transit systems is increased in areas where parking is
scarce. To be efficient, the transportation system must include adequate
parking facilities at all places that attract trips.
Off-street parking plays an important role in the efficiency of the overall
transportation system. This chapter is designed to help the undergraduate
engineering student understand the fundamentals of planning and designing
off-street parking.

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Name of Experiment
AIM: - MX Roads
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-

THEORY:MX Road is an advanced string based modeling tool that enables the rapid
and accurate design of all types of roads.
It is widely used by civil engineers, designers, professional surveyors,
geotechnical engineers, storm drainage/water/sewer system designers and
civil engineering consultants.
18

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd
Why should you learn?
MX Road is a proven, powerful, and concise method of creating any 3D
surface. It automates much of the design detailing process, thus saving your
time. You can quickly find design alternatives to achieve the ideal road
system
Learning Objectives:
At CADD Centre, we help you master some of the following features of MX
Road:

Interoperable database - creation and annotation of 3D project models

in popular CAD

Digital Terrain Model creation and analysis

Integration with Google Earth

Learning Outcome:

You will learn how to design 2D, 3D drainage design

You will know how to automate production of contract drawings
You will learn to design storm drainage, water/sewer system

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Name of Experiment
AIM: - Road Safety Auditing
IS Code Reference: APPARATUS:-

THEORY:19

KALINGA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

Sub Code & Name : MTHE206
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING LAB-II

Branch: MTECH CIVIL (HIGHWAY ENGINEERING)

Semester: 2nd

20