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    Ancient Civilizations

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    Angel-Alex Haisan
    The document discusses the lecture objectives which are to analyze the development of major ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, India, and the Hebrews and their influence on modern philosophies and practices of physical education. It then provides details on the origins and evolution of early human species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It explains how the transition to settled life along rivers led to the formation of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and along the Nile and Yellow rivers of Egypt and China respectively. Specific details are given on the Sumerian civilization including their legal code, writing system, art, religion, and the role of sport and physical activity.

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    Ancient Civilizations

    Uploaded by

    Angel-Alex Haisan
    577 views9 pages
    The document discusses the lecture objectives which are to analyze the development of major ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, India, and the Hebrews and their influence on modern philosophies and practices of physical education. It then provides details on the origins and evolution of early human species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It explains how the transition to settled life along rivers led to the formation of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and along the Nile and Yellow rivers of Egypt and China respectively. Specific details are given on the Sumerian civilization including their legal code, writing system, art, religion, and the role of sport and physical activity.

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    Physical exercises in Ancient Civilizations

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    The document discusses the lecture objectives which are to analyze the development of major ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, India, and the Hebrews and their influence on modern philosophies and practices of physical education. It then provides details on the origins and evolution of early human species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It explains how the transition to settled life along rivers led to the formation of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and along the Nile and Yellow rivers of Egypt and China respectively. Specific details are given on the Sumerian civilization including their legal code, writing system, art, religion, and the role of sport and physical activity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    577 views9 pages

    Ancient Civilizations

    Uploaded by

    Angel-Alex Haisan
    The document discusses the lecture objectives which are to analyze the development of major ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, India, and the Hebrews and their influence on modern philosophies and practices of physical education. It then provides details on the origins and evolution of early human species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It explains how the transition to settled life along rivers led to the formation of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and along the Nile and Yellow rivers of Egypt and China respectively. Specific details are given on the Sumerian civilization including their legal code, writing system, art, religion, and the role of sport and physical activity.

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    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    Some of the key takeaways are that early civilizations emerged along major river valleys and that physical activities like games and dances were an important part of education in ancient societies.

    Some early theories about the origins of play included that play emerged from survival skills, that humans have an innate need for play, and that play served ritualistic purposes.

    Ball games were very popular and prominent in ancient Mesoamerican cultures like the Maya and Aztecs. Some ball games had religious significance and human sacrifice was sometimes associated with them.

    Lecture Objectives

    Pre-History and Ancient


    Civilizations
    KIN 375 -History and
    Philosophy of Physical
    Education and Sport

    World Atlas

    Discuss the causes for the evolution of


    the major civilizations of the ancient
    world and the development of their
    education as well as physical education
    systems
    Discuss Egypt, China, India, and the
    Hebrews and their contribution to, and
    lasting effects on current day
    philosophies and practices

    Africa

    http://www.graphicmaps.com/webimage/
    world/polit/politf.htm

    Europe

    Middle East

    Asia 2001

    http://www.wilderdom.com/evolution/HumanEvolutionPictures.htm
    http://www.graphicmaps.com/webimage/countrys/as.htm

    PrePre-History
    For tens of thousand of years Homo sapiens
    lived in caves:
    Homo
    - sapiens- means "wise man
    Homo
    - habilis- means "handy man" or man
    with ability 2 million years ago used stone
    tools
    Homo
    - erectus
    - means "the man who walks
    erect"
    Hunters
    food gatherers, and
    nomads

    The Formation of Civilizations


    Rivers provided a stable supply of water and
    facilitated discovery of
    Farming
    specialized production of goods &
    exchange of goods

    cessation of a nomadic existence &


    control of the environment
    social structure and
    organization and the evolution of a complex
    civilization

    PrePre-History
    About ten thousand years ago humans
    started living in settlements along great
    rivers:
    Yang Tze
    Ganges
    Euphrates & Tigris and
    Nile

    PrePre-History and Physical


    Activity
    Observations of
    African Bushmen,
    American Indians, and
    Australian Aborigines
    suggest that physical
    activities and games
    are an important part
    of education
    (achieved through
    imitation of adult
    activities)

    Tonga Dancers
    africaelephants.com/

    The Origins of Play


    What conditions led to the evolution
    of play and games?
    Numerous functions have been
    attributed to play but nearly all fall into
    three general categories: play as
    physical training, play as social
    training, and play as cognitive training

    THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF PLAY

    Play as a utilitarian
    behavior
    play emerged
    from and was
    linked to survival
    skills such as
    hunting, fishing,
    and boxing.

    (Bekoff & Byers, 1981).


    http://www.wilderdom.com/evolution/HumanEvolutionPictures.htm

    THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF PLAY

    Play as an instinctive
    behavior
    humans have a natural
    need for play
    play behaviors are also
    readily observed in the
    animal kingdom
    What people learn is
    immaterial to whether or
    not people play.

    THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF PLAY

    Play as a ritualistic behavior


    games explain forces in the world that are
    not understood. By participating in the ritual
    one explains the meaning of a certain kind
    of event.
    http://www.ballgame.org/

    http://www.researchmagazine.uga.edu/summer2002/kittens.htm

    Cultural Components of
    Civilizations
    As is the case today, ancient societies
    valued
    Athletic ability
    Physical fitness
    Competition
    Play

    These similarities serve evolutionary


    purpose

    Sport and Adaptation


    Survival dependent on individual and
    team hunting skills
    Best hunter honored and is engaged
    in activities that highlight his talents
    Desire to survive, compete for honor,
    and win is part of culture and
    expressed through games and sports

    E.g. survival of the fittest


    Source: Mechikoff (2010)

    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    Sport and Warfare

    Timeline of Civilizations of
    the Ancient World

    Warfare was very common in ancient times


    Armies promoted physical training
    programs and warriors
    Military combat training included
    endurance running, wrestling, and
    swimming
    Led to emergence of Combat Sports:
    martial arts, boxing, wrestling, spear throwing
    (javelin), and archery
    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)
    Source: http://www.harappa.com/indus2/timeline.html

    Sumer 4000 BCE


    One of the ancient world's first known
    civilization
    Located in Mesopotamia, a region
    lying in present-day Iraq
    cradle of civilization

    Sumerian civilization flourished more


    than 5,000 years ago
    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    Sumerian Society
    Created laws called Hammurabi's
    Code 1800 BCE
    If a man takes a woman to wife, but has
    no intercourse with her, this woman is no
    wife to him.
    If a son strikes his father, his hands shall
    be hewn off.
    If a man knocks out the teeth of his equal,
    his teeth shall be knocked out.
    Source: Source: http://wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM

    Sumerian Society
    Developed cuneiform
    writing
    Replaced oral
    tradition as first
    written system of
    communication
    Cuneiform - From Latin cuneus, meaning "wedge-shaped."

    Source: http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/cuneiform.html

    Hammurabi
    Hammurabis Code
    Code (1800 BCE)
    If any one brings an accusation of any crime
    before the elders, and does not prove what
    he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital
    offense charged, be put to death.
    If any one steals the property of a temple or
    of the court, he shall be put to death, and also
    the one who receives the stolen thing from
    him shall be put to death.
    Source: Source: http://wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM

    Hammurabi
    Hammurabis Code
    Code (1800 BCE)
    If a man rents his field for tillage for a
    fixed rental and receives the rent of his
    field but bad weather come and
    destroys the harvest, the injury falls
    upon the tiller of the soil.
    If any one breaks a hole into a house
    (breaks in to steal), he shall be put to
    death before that hole and be buried.

    Sumerian Literary Tradition


    The Epic of Gilgamesh
    The oldest known written
    poem dating back to 27502500 BCE ancient Sumer
    (Mesopotamia). The
    adventures of the historical
    King of Uruk are portrayed
    in cunieform script on 11
    clay tablets.

    Source: Source: http://wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM

    Gilgamesh
    Image source: http://www.dromo.info/gilgamesh.htm

    Sumerian Theology
    Shamash - the god of the Sun, seated on
    his throne - on the tablet of Sippar.

    Sumerian Changing
    Theology
    Rulers (kings) broke free from
    subservience to gods
    Became representatives of the gods
    Finally synonymous with gods

    Only gods and kings had right to express


    individuality
    Ordinary people were expendable
    View of the body:

    Note that the


    Hebrew
    word shemesh
    means sun.

    Sumerians did not place much value on the


    body
    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    Source: http://mythfolklore.net/3043mythfolklore/reading/
    gilgamesh/images/shamash.htm

    Sumerian Art
    The human body was rarely used as
    a subject by Sumerian artists.
    Nakedness expressed humiliation
    and subjection (Olivova, 1984)

    Sumeria and Sport


    Lion hunting a popular sport: warriors and
    aristocrats displayed courage, athletic ability
    Sumerian society demonstrates the
    connection that religion had with sport in pre
    modern cultures.
    Most famous Sumerian king was Gilgamesh,
    who ruled during 27th 25th century BCE.
    Honored as being excellent hunter and warrior

    Source: Adapted from


    Mechikoff (2010)

    London: British Museum

    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    Sumeria and Sport


    Highly developed economic and political
    system
    Trade, travel, entertainment, and
    warfare were the main activities
    Warriors developed their athletic ability
    and the necessary physical fitness for
    warfare

    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    Early Civilizations: Egypt


    Developed a formalized
    style of painting and
    sculpture
    Were very spiritual and
    believed in life after
    death

    The gold coffin of King Tutankhamen.


    Art Archive(Egyptian Museum, Cairo)

    Early Civilizations: Egypt


    Egyptian civilization was admired by ancient
    Greeks and Romans
    Science of medicine emerged in Egypt
    Magic used to cure diseases
    Doctors and surgeons known all over the
    ancient world

    Culture and the significance of sport and


    play are revealed by tomb paintings

    Early Civilizations: Egypt


    Remarkable astronomists
    (12 month calendar)
    Amazing Architects,
    engineers and navigators
    Invented the numerical
    system, and a
    phonetic/pictorial alphabet
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/timeline.shtml

    Early Civilizations: Egypt


    Participated in war dancing,
    gymnastic games, swimming
    and especially wrestling
    Children had toys, such as,
    dolls, tops, hoops, jumping
    jacks, skin or leather balls,
    marbles, and dice.
    Ball games included mostly
    Cleopatra VII (51 30 BC)
    tossing and juggling
    Source: Touregypt.net

    Egypt: Early Dynastic


    Period (3000 1500 BCE)
    "Meni" (or Menes in
    Greek) believed to
    have united the two
    kingdoms of Upper
    and Lower Egypt
    (around 3200 BCE).
    Map of lower & upper Egypt
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt

    Egypt: Early Dynastic Period (3000


    1500 BCE)

    Sport in
    Egypt
    Sports were a
    means by which
    famous Egyptian
    monarchs
    represented
    themselves to
    their people.

    Menes: unifier of upper & lower kingdoms


    http://www.britannica.com/

    Sport in Egypt

    J. E. Quibell et al., Egyptian Research Account 1896 The Tomb of Ptahhetep, Plate 33

    Early Civilizations: China


    Around the 8th century B.C.,
    Chinas central government was
    replaced by warring factions.
    Education was neglected and old
    traditions abandoned.
    Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
    embarked on a mission to restore
    the original principles of Chinese
    morals.
    Image source:
    www.csun.edu/~hbchm009/confucius.html

    http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/games.htm

    Early Civilizations: China


    Chinas known history predates
    Christianity by 2,500 years. One the
    earliest centers of civilization based on
    a strong family structure and ancestral
    worship.
    Chinese education during the Chou
    dynasty (1028-249 B.C.) incorporated
    physical, mental, moral, and aesthetic
    teaching.
    Duan Fang altar set
    Source: www.wisc.edu/arth/

    Early Civilizations: China


    As was the case in other early
    cultures, Chinese sports reflected
    military needs: archery, boxing
    (precursor to Japanese ju
    - jitsu),
    charioteering, horsemanship,
    wrestling, , and recreational,
    i.e., cockfighting, fishing, flying
    kites, football, hunting, polo,
    swimming
    Board games (using military
    tactics, i.e., the games of chess,
    which has earlier origins in Egypt)

    www.geocities.com/
    wchch/crt00/index.html

    Early Civilizations: India


    One of the main three
    early river civilizations,
    India emerged along the
    Indus River (2,500
    - 1,500
    B.C.)
    Hinduism was based on
    Dharma (pietyreligious
    virtue) and the caste social
    system.
    Buddhism started as a
    reform movement against
    the excesses of the caste
    system.

    http://home.earthlink.net/
    ~srama/

    Mesoamerica

    Early Civilizations: India


    Physical education was most prominent in the
    Kshatriyas or military caste in this otherwise
    passive and peaceful culture.
    Physical training and dance revolved around
    religious practices and ceremonies.
    A strong emphasis on personal hygiene was
    tied into physical exercise and spiritual
    purification.
    Charaka and Susruta (ancient medicine)
    recommended exercise.

    Mesoamerica

    Geographical region
    northern Mexico southward to Belize,
    Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador

    Ball games were popular in


    antiquity, just as they are today
    Ulama: ball game beginning in
    1800 B.C., continued by Mayans &
    Aztecs
    Religious, cultural, competitive
    elements.
    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)
    http://www.lib.uci.edu/about/publications/exhibits/meso/images/3.jpg

    Mesoamerica
    Ulama: ball courts discovered dating
    from 1500 B.C.
    Tchlactli: magnificent ballcourts

    Games had strong religious overtones


    Human sacrifice: a common component
    (losing and/or winning teams might be
    sacrificed, to give gods the best)

    Served ritualistic purposes


    Fertility, harvest, appease the gods
    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    Mesoamerica
    Ball court characteristics
    Oblong shape, similar to letter I
    Thick, high ornamental walls
    Stone ring (tlachtemalacatl) in middle of
    side wall served as goal

    Ball court at Chichen Itza is the largest


    discovered; reliefs show players and
    ritual sacrifice
    Source: Adapted from Mechikoff (2010)

    The Maya
    The Maya, who flourished between
    about A.D. 250 and 900, perfected the
    most complex writing system in the
    hemisphere, mastered mathematics and
    astrological calendars of astonishing
    accuracy, and built massive pyramids all
    over Central America, from Yucatan to
    modern Honduras.

    Pokatok
    (El Juego de Pelota)
    Pelota)
    The Ancient Royal Ballgame of Life and
    Death
    http://www.americasculturalcenter.org/poka
    tok.pdf
    The Mesoamerican Ballgame
    http://www.ballgame.org

    Source: http://www.indians.org/welker/maya.htm

    Test Your Comprehension


    What was the main role of physical
    education in ancient cultures?
    In what context were games, physical
    training, and dance practiced in ancient
    societies?
    What games and sports of ancient origin
    are still popular today?
    In what ways do ancient sports differ
    from modern sports?

    Questions, Comments
    Discussion
    For additional information visit the KIN
    375 web site at:
    http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl
    /CURR/kin375/kin375_infc.html

    Cultural Diffusion of
    Games and Sports
    The cultural diffusion that is
    the trend of the modern era
    is responsible for increasing
    uniformity in games people
    play. The universality of
    games is also influenced by
    the increasing influence of
    the corporate world.

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