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Foliation and Lineation

This document discusses different types of foliation and lineation that form in deformed rocks. It describes how foliation forms through the alignment of planar fabric elements and can range from slaty cleavage at low grades to gneissic foliation at high grades. It also discusses discontinuous foliations like spaced cleavage and crenulation cleavage. The document then describes different types of lineations including elongation lineations defined by aligned minerals or clasts, and intersection lineations formed by the crossing of two planar fabrics. Other linear features discussed include boudinage, mullion structure, fold hinge lines, and slickenlines.

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DanielAdrianGarcia
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455 views

Foliation and Lineation

This document discusses different types of foliation and lineation that form in deformed rocks. It describes how foliation forms through the alignment of planar fabric elements and can range from slaty cleavage at low grades to gneissic foliation at high grades. It also discusses discontinuous foliations like spaced cleavage and crenulation cleavage. The document then describes different types of lineations including elongation lineations defined by aligned minerals or clasts, and intersection lineations formed by the crossing of two planar fabrics. Other linear features discussed include boudinage, mullion structure, fold hinge lines, and slickenlines.

Uploaded by

DanielAdrianGarcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Foliation and lineation

Goal: To interpret some common types of foliation and lineation in


deformed rocks.
Part-I foliation
Foliation: Any mesoscopically penetrative subparallel alignment of planar
fabric elements in a rock. Expand on fabric elements, mesoscopic,
and penetrative
Typically forms in metamorphic rocks

Combines mineral Shape-preferred orientation and compositional


banding

A. Nomenclature S0 = bedding, S1 = first foliation, S2 = second


foliation....
B. Continuous foliations: Will work from low-grade to high-grade
Expand on high-grade and low-grade
1. Slaty cleavage: Low-grade (lower- to middle-greenschist facies),
microscopically penetrative foliation that causes rocks to split into
slabs along cleavage planes. Expand on why I dont like
cleavage. Hard to define, confuses rocks with minerals. Entrenched
in literature.
a) Hand-specimen description (not shiney) pass around
example
b) Micro-scale description
M-domains and Q-F-domains at micro-scale

Roles of pressure-solution/reprecipitation and rotation in


forming slaty cleavage Enormous volume loss in slates
2. Phyllitic cleavage/foliation (in book): Higher-grade version of slate
(middle- to upper-greenschist-facies conditions).
Hand-specimen description: Shiney, still cannot make out individual
mineral grains with naked eye. Pass around example
3. Schistose foliation: Penetrative foliation in which individual mineral
grains are visible. (upper-greenschist facies to lower-amphibolite
facies)
May also be able to see M-domains and Q-F-domains with
naked eye.
May contain large metamorphic minerals (garnet, staurolite, Alsilicates, ect.)
Metamorphic reactions play an important role in growing
aligned minerals
4. Gneissic foliation: Shape-preferred alignment of medium- to coarsegrained minerals accompanied by compositional banding. (middleamphibolite facies to granulite facies)
Requires compositional segregation... not fully understood
Pre-existing sedimentary
Metamorphic/igneous segregation
C. Discontinuous foliations (Disjunctive foliations): Mesoscopically visible,
unfoliated domains between individual foliation surfaces.

1. Spaced cleavage: Array of anastomosing, fracture-like partings that


are often occupied by clay minerals or carbonaceous material
(graphite). Generally weak deformation at low-grades.
2. Crenulation cleavage: Forms by mm- to cm-scale folding of a preexisting continuous foliation. Significant in that it marks a second
phase of deformation with different stress-axes!!
As pre-existing foliation is rotated into the limbs of micro-folds,
pressure solution preferentially removes Q-F-domains in limbs of
these folds, leaving new, concentrated M-domains.
Part-II lineation
Lineation: Subparallel alignment of elongate, linear fabric elements in a
deformed rock.
A. Nomenclature L1 = first lineation, L2 = second lineation....
B. Elongation lineations: Always in the plane of foliation. Define one of the
principal axes along which the rock was stretched.
1. Mineral lineations: Preferred alignment of tabular or acicular (needleor splinter-shaped) mineral grains. Not always a true elongation
lineation!!!
2. Elongated clasts: Can include cobbles, pebbles, sand grains, breccia
clasts, ect.
3. Rodded quartz: Quartz grains that have been elongated into rod or
blade shapes.

C. Intersection lineations: Form due to the intersection of two planar fabric


elements (e.g. S0 and S1, S1 and S2....).
Nomenclature L0x1 = S0 crossed by S1, L1x2 = S1 crossed by S2....
D. Other linear elements
1. Boudinage: Forms due to competency contrast between two layers.
Stronger layer is pulled apart into sausage-shaped pods.
2. Mullion structure: Also forms due to competency contrast. Very low
wave-length folds with mullion pointing outwards towards less
competent layer.
3. Fold hinge lines: Lines of maximum curvature on folded surface
4. Slickenlines: Grooves or fibers that form on a fault surface. Give
direction of fault slip.

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