Rapson, Edward James

Sources of Indian
history

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

INDO-ARYAN

RESEARCH

EDITED BY G. BUHLER
VOL. II, PART 3, B.

>

------ ---------

SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

BY

E. J. R A P S O N .
L INTRODUCTION.
i. Limits of the Contribution. The object of this contribution is to
give an account from the historical point of view of all the known coinages
of ancient and mediaeval India, beginning with the earliest times and
extending in each particular instance to a period determined by the
following considerations. In the case of the states of Northern India
generally, and those also of Southern India which were situated to the
north of the river Kistna, our subject is naturally bounded by those welldefined limits which are, as a rule, afforded by the introduction of the
Muhammadan form of coinage as a result of the progress of
Muhammadan conquest between c. 1000 and 1310 A.D. In the extreme
south, where Muhammadan supremacy was never absolute, and where,
consequently, no similar break of continuity occurs in the coinage, our
survey will not extend beyond the rise of the kingdom of Vijayanagar in
1326 A.D.
Beyond these limits reference will, however, be made to any noteworthy instance in which, from some special cause, such as the isolation
or inaccessibility of a state, the use of an early form of coinage has
survived until a later date.
2. Classification. Ancient and mediaeval Indian coins, as thus
defined, fall naturally into three main classes (1) a primitive native
coinage, which, so far as the present state of our knowledge will allow us
to judge, seems to have been very widely used throughout India and in
Ceylon; and, following this, the classes which numismatists have usually
distinguished geographically as (2) Northern, and (3) Southern. These
terms are not strictly accurate, as any rigid geographical classification is,
in this case, impossible. The real distinction between the two classes so
called is due to the disturbing influence of foreign invasions; and, while it
is true that all the successive waves of foreign influence came in at the N.
W. corner of India, it is equally true that most of them had spent their
force not only before reaching the south, but even before reaching the
centre or the north-east On the other hand, intercourse with the north
gave to the coinage of certain southern states, e. g. that of the Andhras,
some of the usual northern characteristics. In the numismatic sense,
therefore, the term Northern should be understood as denoting that
class of Indian coins in which the primitive native system of coinage is
very greatly modified by foreign influence, and the term Southern as
denoting that class in which, for the most part, an independent and dis tinctively Indian development is to be traced.
3. Literature. The following are standard works on the different
branches of Indian numismatics. Further references are given in or at the
end of each section.
Indo-Aryan Research. II. 3 B.

(1) G R A E C O - B A C T R I A N A N D I N D I A N G E N E R A L L Y H. H. WILSON, Ariana Antiqua,

1841; J. PRINSEP, Essays on Indian Antiquities (originally published in JBA. 1832
38), edited and supplemented by E. THOMAS, 1858.
(2) G R A E C O - B A C T R I A N , G R A E C O - I N D I A N , A N D E A R L Y I N D O - S C Y T H I C A.
CUNNINGHAM, Coins of Alexanders Successors in the East, 1873 (= NChr. 1868,
pp. 93. 181.257; 1869, pp. 28. 121. 217. 293; 1870, pp. 65. 205; 1872,p.157; 1873, p.
187); A. VON SALLET, Nachfolger Alexander d.Gr. in Baktrien und Indien, 1883 (=
ZfN. 1879, pp.165.271; 1880,p.296; 1881,pp.109.279; 1882,p.158; 1883, p. 156), For
a list of previous works on the subject v. p. 79 (=ZfN. 1879, p. 283), and also PE.
II, p. 172, note; P. GARDNER, Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum:
Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, 1886; G. BDHLER, KharosthT
Inscriptions on Indo-Grecian Coins, WZKM. VIII, p. 193.
(3) I N D O - S C Y T H I C E. DROUIN, Chronologie et Numismatique des Rois IndoScythes, 1888 ( = = Rev. Num. pp. 8. 185); A. CUNNINGHAM, Coins of the IndoScythians (i. e. Sakas and Kusanas), 1892 (= NChr. 1888, p. 199; 1889, p. 268;
1890, p. 103; 1892, pp. 40. 98); id., Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians, (i. e. Later
Great Kusanas, Scytho-Sassanians, Little Kusanas, and Ephthalites or White
Huns), 1894 (= NChr. 1893, PP- 9 3 - 166. 184; 1894, p. 243), Resume by V. A.
SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 179; E. DROUIN, Monnaies des Grands Kouchans (i. e. the
Scytho-Sassanians of C.) Rev. Num. 1896, p. 154.
(4) N A T I V E S T A T E S E. THOMAS, Ancient Indian Weights, 1874 (= International
Numismata Orientalia I, Part 1); A. CUNNINGHAM, Coins of Ancient India, 1891;
id., Coins of Mediaeval India, 1894; BHAGVANLAL INDRAJT, Coins of the Western
Ksatrapas (ed. RAPSON), JRAS. 1890, p. 639; V. A. SMITH, Coinage of the Early or
Imperial Gupta Dynasty of Northern India, JRAS. 1889, p. 1; id., Observations on
the Gupta Coinage, JRAS. 1893, p. 77; id., History and Coinage of the Gupta
Period, JBA. 1894, p. 164.
(5) S O U T H E R N I N D I A W. ELLIOT, Coins of Southern India, 1886 (= International
Numismata Orientalia III, Part 2).
(6) C E Y L O N T. W. RHYS DAVIDS, Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon, 1877 (=
International Numismata Orientalia I, Part 6).

In the N.W. the influence of the Greek settlers in the early part of the
2ND cent. B.C. greatly modified this coinage; but, in other parts of India, this

primitive coinage continued for some centuries longer (Th. AIW. p. 57).
5. Form of the coins. The shape of these coins is approximately
square or oblong, the silver coins having been, as a rule, cut from a flat
sheet of metal, and the copper coins from a bar. These primitive coins are
little more than weights of metal, on which was stamped from time to
time the symbol of the authority responsible for their correctness and
purity. From this method of marking, they have usually been called
P U N C H - M A R K E D coins ( P L A T E I , 1 ) .

C.CAI. p. 42, PI. I, 123; C.ASR. VI, 213; TILAIW. p. 57; Collection of symbols,

THEOBALD, JBA. 1890, p. 181 (rev. Rev. Nam. 1892, p. 91); 1894, p. 73. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p.
403; JBRA. X, p. XXL
I

6. Guild-tokens. To the same period belong the pieces ( P L A T E

I, 2) which BOHLER has recognised as G U I L D T O K E N S (Indian Studies IIP,
p. 49; cp. C.CAI. p. 63, PI. Ill, 812); and, perhaps of a slightly later date,
the pieces of C A S T C O P P E R , which, like these, bear inscriptions in Indian
characters of an ancient form or designs of purely native art unmodified
by any foreign influence (e. g. C.CAI. PI. II, 21.22).
Cp. also C.CAI. p. 59, PI. I, 2429; PE. I, p. 214; TH.AIW. p. 55.

III. EARLY FOREIGN COINS IN INDIA.

7. Early Persian Coins. During the period of Achaemenid rule (c.
500331, B.C.) P E R S I A N coins circulated in the Panjab. Gold double
S T A T E R S ( P L A T E I , 5 ) were actually struck in India, probably in the
latter half of the 4th cent. B.C. (E. BABELON, Les Perses Achemenides, pp.
xi. xx. 16, PI. II, 1619, and 27). Many of the silver S I G / O I , moreover,
bear countermarks so similar to the native punch-marks as to make it
seem probable that the two classes of coins were in circulation together
( P L A T E I , 3), and this probability is increased by the occurrence on
sigloi of characters which have been read as BrahmT and KharosthI
letters ( P L A T E I , 4 ) .
BUHLER, Indian Studies III2, p. 113; RAPSON, JRAS. 1895, p. 865. BABELON, op. cit. p.
XI, attributes these countermarks to other provinces of Asia.

8. Early Persian standard. As a result of the Persian occupation is

probably to be regarded the establishment in the Panjab of a weightsystem apparently derived from the Persian (siglos = 86,45 g rs-> or 5 >601
grms.), which was subsequently used in the coinages of nearly all the
Greek princes.
GARD. p. LXVIII; C.NChr. 1888, p. 216, explains this change of standard as due to an
alteration in the relative value of gold and silver; VON SALLET also, ZfN. 1879, p. 193,
regards the new standard as reduced from the Attic.

9. Athenian coins. At an early period, the O W L S of Athens were

carried in the course of commerce to the East; and, when the supply from
the Athenian mint grew less (i. e. for about a century before B.C. 322,
when the mint was closed) imitations were made in N.India. Some of
these are merely attempts to faithfully reproduce the originals ( P L A T E I ,
6 ) ; others, probably somewhat later in date, substitute for the owl on the
reverse an eagle ( P L A T E I, 7). From the latter class, the coins of Sophytes
(v. inf. S n), who, at the time of Alexanders invasion (326 B.C.) ruled over
a district on the banks of the Acesines, seem to be copied ( P L A T E I , 8 ) .
HEAD, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Brit. Mus., Attica, pp. xxxi. xxxii, Athens, nos.
267276a, Pl. VII, 3 GARDNER, NChr, 1880, p. 191 > PL X, 5* 6. Cp. ALSO C.NChr. 1866,
p. 220; GARD. p. xix.

 10. Alexanders coins. It is probable that certain copper coins of

square Indian form, bearing the name AAEZANAPOY, were struck in
India by Alexander the Great.
VON

GARD. P. XVM. DANNENBERG who first noticed these coins attributed them to Bactria,
SALLET, ZfN. 1879, p. 285, Pi. IV, I.

11. Indian relations with the Seleucids. From the date of the
eastern expedition of Seleucus and his alliance with Candragupta in B.C.
306 (Appian, Syr. 55), a constant intercourse was maintained between
the Seleucid kingdom of Syria and the Maurya kingdom of N.India, as is
shown by the Seleucid embassies established under Megasthenes and
Daimachus at the court of Pataliputra, and by the mention of Greek kings
in Asokas inscriptions (L.IA. II, p. 241). The adoption of the elephant as a
type on Seleucid coins, and the similarity between certain coins of
Seleucus (e. g. BABELON, Rois de Syrie, PI. I, 15) and those of Sophytes, are
no doubt due to this intercourse.

It has been generally assumed (e. g. GARD. p. xx) that the coins of Sophytes were
copied from those of Seleucus; but the opposite may have been the case, or, perhaps, both
of these classes may have been derived from the same originals the imitations of
Athenian coins made in India (v. s-. 9). For Sophytes, v. C.JBA. 1865, p. 46; NChr. 1866,
p. 220; Geog. Ind. p. 157; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879^.285, PI. IV, 2; GARD. pp. XIX. 2, PI. I, 3;
SYLVALV LVI, JA. 1890 (XV), p. 237. Cp. also NChr. 1893, P- 101; Proc. BA. 1867, p. 106;
Rev. Num. 1890, p. 496; ZfN. 1883, p. 2, 1J1. I, 1.

12. Graeco-Bactrian influence. But, until the beginning of the 2 nd

cent B.C., no extensive modification of the native Indian coinage had been
caused by foreign influence. It was from the kingdom of Bactria,
established by Diodotus (Plate I, 9), who revolted from the Seleucid
sovereign Antiochus 1 1 , c. B.C. 248, that there came eventually the
influence which completely changed the form and character of the
coinage of N.W.India (v. inf. 18).
13. Parthian influence.Parthian characteristics, due no doubt to
the contact between Parthians and Sakas in Bactria, are found in the Saka
coinages of India, the earliest of which those of Maues belong to
the latter half of the 2 nd cent. B.C. (v. inf. 29). The dynasty of Vonones,
which seems to have exercised a sort of suzerainty over the successors of
Maues in the I cent, B.C., is very probably Parthian in origin (v. inf. 30).
The later dynasty of Gondophares in the I cent. A.D. is certainly Parthian
(v. inf. 61).
14. Roman coins, dating from the beginning of the empire onwards
are found in great numbers in many parts of India both north and south
(v. inf. MS 4 o. 123).
ST

ST

AR. II (1790), p. 331; C.ASR. II, p. 162; XIII, p. 72; JBA. I (1832), pp. 392. 476; 1834,
pp. 562. 635; 1S51, p. 371; Proc. BA. 1879, pp. 77. 122. 205. 210; 1SS0, p. 11S; 1886, p. 86;
NChr. 1843 (v), p. 202; 1843 (vU, pp. 111. 160; 1891, p. 199; PE. I, p. 148.

15. Roman influence. With regard to their influence on Indian

coinages, two points at least seem clear (1) the head on the Kusana
copper coins bearing the name Kozola Kadaphes is directly imitated from
the head of Augustus (v. inf. 66); (2) the gold coinage of the Kusanas
follows a weight-standard identical with the Roman (v. inf. 70).
16. Sassanian influence. The result of intercourse between the
Sassanian monarchy of Persia and the Kusana kingdom of Kabul, during
the period from c. A.D. 300 to 450, is shown by a class of coins struck in the
Oxus territory and known as Scytho-Sassanian a class which is of great
chronological importance from the fact that most of the issues can be
attributed

to the different Sassanian monarchs who reigned within these limits (v.
inf. 75). There is also further evidence of relations between Persia and
India during the reign of VarahranV, A.D. 420438 (DROUIN, HE. p.24,
from theMuseon 1895). But the most extensive importation of Sassanian
coins into India was due to the invasion of the Htinas (last quarter of the
5th cent, A.D.), who brought with them the proceeds of the plunder of
Sassanian treasuries. Some of the coins thus introduced were restruck in
R E P O U S S I by the Hunas (v. inf. 104); others no doubt were used as
currency with little or no modification and formed the patterns from
which subsequent Huna and also other Indian coinages were copied (v.
inf. 105). In this manner the Sassanian type of coin O B V . Kings Head:
R E V . Fire-Altar became firmly established in certain parts of India, and
continued to be used during several centuries (v. inf. 122). During the 7 th
cent, also, as is proved by the coins, Sassanian kingdoms existed in
Multan and Sind (v. inf. 109).
IV. GRAECO-INDIAN COINS.
17. The Greek invasion. The incursions of the Bactrian princes
into the Kabul Valley and Northern India must have begun about the
beginning of the 2nd cent. B.C. The war between the Seleucid Antiochus III
and the Bactrian Euthydemus ended in an alliance between them (B.C.
206). Probably in the same year, Antiochus crossed the Paropanisus and
renewed friendly relations with the king then reigning in the Kabul Valley,
Sophaga- senus or Subhagasena, who has been identified (L.IA II, p. 273)
with Jaloka.
POLYBIUS, EXC. Hist. XI, 34, II.

18. Euthydemus and Demetrius. It was during the reign of

E U T H Y D E M U S ( P L A T E I , 1 8 ) , and, perhaps, under the leadership of his
son Demetrius, that the first Indian conquests were made (CARD. p. xxn). As
evidence of this early settlement in India, there exists a coin of
D E M E T R I U S which is, perhaps, the first to show the result of a
compromise between the Greek and Indian methods of coinage ( P L A T E
I , 1 0 ) . The regular types of the Greek system are retained, but the coin is
of the square Indian form, and, on the reverse, is added an Indian
translation in Kharosthl characters of the Greek legend on the obverse.
C.NChr. 1869, p. 136, PI. IV, II; GARD. PI. XXX, 3. For tlie extent of the Indian
conquests of Demetrius, v. VON GUTSCHMID, Gesch. Irans, p. 44, and GARD. P. XXIII.

19. Eucratides.Next, in point of date, come the Indian conquests

of E U C R A T I D E S , c. B.C. 190160, the rival and conqueror of Demetrius
(JUSTIN XLI, 6). His coins are found at Balkh, in Seistan, in the Kabul
Valley, and, more rarely, in the Panjab.

C.NChr. 1869, p. 217, P1 I. VI. VII. For the date of Eucratides: VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879,
p. 170; GARD. p. xxvi. Parthian coins attributed to Mithradates I (B.C. 171138) imitated
from those of Eucratides: GARD., Parthian Coinage, p. 32, PI. II, 4 (= Internat. Num.
Orient. I, Part $\ Gold piece of 20 staters struck by Eucr.: CHABOUILLET, Rev. Num.
1867, p. 382, PI. XII, nLes textes relatifs a Eucra- tideo, id. p. 407. Gold coin of Eucr.:
MONTAGU, NChr. 1892, p. 37, PI. Ill, 11. Cp. also ZfN. 1879, p. 295. Silver medal
(decadrachm) attributed to Eucratides or Heliocles, GARD., NChr. 1887, p. 177, PI. VII, I.
Coins of Eucratides bearing also the name of Heliocles and Laodice: VON SALLET, ZfN.
1879, p. 188; VON GUTSCHMID, Gesch. Irans, p. 48; GARD. p. xxiv.

S 20. Dates on G.I. coins. Important for the chronology of this

period is the unique tetradrachm of P L A T O , copied from the tetradrachm
of Eucratides, and bearing the date 147 of the Seleucid era = B.C. 165. The
occurrence of other dates on Bactrian coins is less certain.

GARD. P. 20, PI. VI, 11; VAUX, NChr. 1875, p. I; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879, pp. 173. 190.
Cp. also Proc. BA. 1872, PP. 34 . 1 745 C.NChr. 1869, p. 226; 1892, P. 45; HOERNLE, IND.
Ant. 1879, P. 196; TH.JRAS. 1877, P. 3; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1S79, P. 184.
_
__

21. Pant ale on, Agathocles. Contemporary with the reign of Eucratides in India are those of P A N T A L E O N and A G A T L I O C L E S , whose
coins are found both in the Kabul Valley and W.Panjab those of
Agathocles also as far south as Kandahar (C.NChr. 1869, p. 41)- The
Indian coins _ of thesejwo rulers are the only coins of Greek princes
which bear inscriptions in BrahmT characters ( P L A T E I , 1 2 , Pantaleon).
Certain copper coins of Agathocles have legends on both O B V . and R E V .
in Kharosthl letters ( P L A T E I , 1 6 ) .
C.NChr. 1868, P. 279, PI. VIII, 810, Pi. X; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879, 175, Pi. V; GARD.
Pll. Ill, 8. 9, IV, and XXX, 4. For the .reading of the Kha- rosthi legends on coins of
Agathocles: BUHLER, WZKM. VIII, p. 206.
P. XXVR,

22. Agathocles. Certain M E D A L S (tetradrachms) of Bactrian

fabric struck by Agathocles bear the portraits, types, and inscriptions of
Alexander the Great, Antiochus Nicator ( S I C , v. VON GUTSCH., Gesch. Ir., p.
38; GARD.
. XXVIII, note), Diodotus, and Euthydemus; similar medals of the
Bactrian prince Antimachus also bear those of Diodotus and Euthydemus.
GARD. PI. IV, 13, and XXX, 5. 6. (The medal of Antimachus AND Euthydemus is in
the possession of an Indian coin-dealer, and is as yet unpublished). For the historical
significance of these: VON SALI.ET, ZfN. 1879, P- 176; 1881, P. 279; GARD. P. XXVIII. Cp.
also NChr. 1S6S, p. 278; 1869, p. 31; 1S80, p. 181; PE. I, p. 28.

23. Antimachus. The types on the coins of A N T I M A C H U S point to

some naval victory won by him, perhaps on the Indus or some other large
river.
GARD. pp. XXIX. 12, PI. V, 13; C.NChr. 1869, p. 39.

24. Heliocles. After the reign of H E L I O C L E S (c. n.c. 160120) the

transference of the Greek power from Bactria to territory south of the
Paro- panisus was complete. Until his time, many of the Greek princes
had ruled both in Bactria and in India, and had struck coins both of
Bactrian fabric bearing purely Greek legends, and of Indian fabric with
bilingual inscriptions. Up to this date all the silver coins were struck
according to the Attic standard (drachm = 67,5 grains or 4,37 grammes).
This Attic standard gradually gives place to the Persian standard (v. sup.
8). Heliocles himself, Apollodotus I, and Antialcidas use both standards;
all the later Greek princes use the Persian standard only.
VOX SALLET, ZFN. 1879, P. 193; GARD. P. LXVII. s' 25. Heliocles successors.
The reigns of all the Greek princes who ruled after the date of Heliocles
they are about 20 in number according to the coins must be confined
within about a century, i. e. from
. 120 iix. to 20 is.c., when the Kusanas completed the conquest of India.
There were undoubtedly, for a considerable portion of this period, two or
more distinct dynasties of Greek princes ruling at the same time, and
varying greatly from time to time in power and extent of territory. No
perfectly satisfactory arrangement of these different families or of the
chronology of this period has yet been proposed.

For one suggested arrangement: C.NChr. IS6S, p. 274. Available data and general
chronological table: CARD. p. xxxilff. nDie sicheren Dateno: VON SALLET, ZfN. 1S79, [>.191.
Historical notices of Menander and Apollodotus: GARD. p. xxxvu; I..IA. II, p. 322; BE. I, p.
47; RH.D., SBE. XXXV, p. xix; A'ON GUTSCHMID, Gesch. Ir., P- 104. Coin bearing the names
of Archebius and Ihiloxenus (the genuineness of this specimen and of others struck from
the same dies has been disputed): VON SAI.I.ET, ZfN. 18S8, p. 9, IT. I, 3; id. 1S96, p. 327.
Coin oflolyxenus: RODGERS, NChr. 1896, p. 2C9; of Theophilus, SMITH, JBA. 1897, p. 1.
Interpretation of mono-

grams: C.NClir. 1846, p. 175; 1868, p. 181; 1888, p.204; CHABOUILLET, Rev. Num. 1867, p393 ; TH. JRAS. 1863, p. 121; PE. I, p. 55; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879, p.200; GARD. p. LV;
HOERNLE, Ind. Ant. 18791 p. 196. The metal nickel used for Bactrian coinage: FLIGHT,
NChr. 1868, p. 306.

V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF INDIA.

26. The chronological difficulties of the history of Northern India
during the last two centuries B.C. are not, however, confined to' the Greek
dynasties. The coins bear witness to the existence, during this period, of
two well-defined dynasties of Scythic origin, of other Scythic powers less
clearly marked, and of a number of native Hindu states.
27. The Saka invasion. The history of these Scythic tribes which
came in contact with the Greek kingdoms in Bactria and India is known
from Chinese sources.
For a list of these: DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 13.
For a consideration of their numismatic remains, the following main
dates and facts.will be sufficient.
At the time of the establishment of the Bactrian monarchy, the
territories to the north Sogdiana and Transoxiana were occupied by
a tribe called the Sse (or Sek), who had come from the south of China.
These Sse have usually been identified with the Sakas, who, in
previous ages, had come into conflict with the Achaemenid and
Macedonian powers. In B.C. 165, the Sse were expelled from Sogdiana by
the Yueh-chi, who were themselves flying before the Hiung-nu. The
Sakas, thus dispossessed, invaded Bactria. From this period until the fall
of the,Bactrian monarchy, the Greeks had to contend against both
Parthians and Sakas, while the Parthian and Sakas were alternately the
friends and foes of one another. It is, perhaps, to this association w.ith
the Parthians that the earliest Saka coins of India owe certain Parthian
characteristics , (v. inf 2 9). The Yueh-chi, who now held
the ancient
territories
of theSakas, in turn invaded and gained complete possession of Bactria,c. 120 B.C. This was no doubt the immediate
cause of the first Saka invasions of India. About a century later, or c. 25
B.C., one of the five tribes of the Yueh-chi, the Kusanas, gained the supremacy over the others, crossed over the Paropanisus, destroyed the last
vestiges of Greek rule in the Kabul Valley, and subsequently conquered
the whole of Northern India.
SPECHT, JA. 1883, p. 317 (cp. Ind. Ant. 1886, p.
19); DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1891,
p. 217 = JA. 1891 (XVII),
p. 145.
But see S. LEVI, JA. 1897, p. 1 ff.

28. Saka imitations of older coins. To the period of Saka rule in

Bactria belong the barbarous imitations of Macedonian, Seleucid,
Bactrian, and Parthian coins. These coins are, in general, mere
imitations, and their inscriptions are debased copies of the Greek
inscriptions; but on a few specimens there are legends which have been
recognised as the most ancient examples of the Aramaean writing of
Turkestan ( P L A T E I , 1 8 . 1 9 , Euthydemus: a Bactrian original, and a
Saka copy).
C.NChr. 1889, p. 301, H. XIII; DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1891, p. 222; 1894, p. 174; id. Rev.
Semitique 1893, P- *731 C.CAI. p. 35; PE. I, p. 30.

29. Maues, Mo a. The earliest of the Saka dynasties in India is

that of M A U E S or M O A , who is probably to be identified with the Moga of
theTaxila copper-plate grant (BDHLER, EL IV, p. 54; BH.JRAS. 1894, p.
551). His date is probably not later than c. 120 B.C. This agrees with the
fabric of his coins, which are superior in workmanship to those of the

later Greek princes, and with the fact that some of them are directly
imitated from the

coins of the earlier Greek princes, e. g. Demetrius and Apollodotus

( P L A T E I, 1 4 , imitated from Demetrius, GARD., PI. Ill, 2). The form of
inscription used by Maues B A S I A E C I I B A I I A E Q N M E T A A O Y
( P L A T E I , 1 5 ) I S of Parthian origin (v. sup. 13), and first occurs on the
coins of Mithra- dates I (c. B.C. 171 138). The coins of the dynasty of
Maues are found in the Panjab only particularly in the N.W. and N O T
in Afghanistan (C.NChr. 1890, p. 104). It has accordingly been conjectured
(GARD. p. XLI; DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1888, p.,20; and JA. 1891 (XVII), p. i46 =
Rev.Num. 1891, p. 219) that this band of Sakas, unlike other foreign
invaders, entered India by the Karakoram Pass, and passed through
Kashmir into the Panjab. , C., however, denies the possibility of this, and
supposes that, after the Saka occupation of Arachosia and Drangiana
the country afterwards called Sakasthana a detachment under the
leadership of Maues passed thence into Sind and up the valley of the
Indus.
C.NChr. 1890, p. 103; GARD. p. 68, 11 . XVI; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879, p. 334;
18S2, p. 161; 1SS3, p. 159. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 300; JBA. 1840, p. 100S; NChr.
1861, p. 72; PE. II, p. 200.

30. Vonones. Nearly allied to the dynasty of Maues is that of

V O N O N C S ( P L A T E I , 1 7 : Vonones and Spalagadama), the coins of which
are found in the country around Kandahar and Ghazni, the ancient
Arachosia, and in Seistan, the ancient Drangiana. The Parthian
appearance of the names of these princes is most striking; and,
consequently, the term Indo- Parthian has sometimes been applied to
them. In support of their Parthian origin may also be adduced the fact
that the same territory was, in the i st cent, A.D., governed by an
undoubtedly Parthian dynasty that of Gondophares (61) to which, in
this article, the designation Indo-Parthian is restricted. At the same time,
it is certain that the dynasties of Maues and Vonones were intimately
connected, and it is difficult to separate them so far as to call the former
Saka and the latter Parthian. The difficulty is, perhaps, to be explained by
supposing the existence among the Sakas of this period of a strong
Parthian element due to previous events.
S31. Vonones, Azes. As Vonones strikes coins together with Azes,
the successor of Maues, his date is probably, c. 100 B.C. What the exact
relations between these two ruling families of Sakas or Saka-Parthians
were, it is impossible to say; but it is noticeable that, whenever they strike
coins in common, the members of Vonones family invariably occupy the
obverse, and the members of Maues family the reverse. To judge from
other analogous instances in ancient numismatics, this fact would seem to
show that the former exercised some sort of lordship over the latter.
It would seem probable, that, while the dynasty of Vonones ruled
over Arachosia and Drangiana (Sakasthana), and the dynasty of Maues
over the ' alley of the Indus (i. e. both W.Panjab and Sind) with its capital
at Taxila, the L.Panjab (capital STikala), and the Kabul valley, were still,
for the most part, governed by Greek princes (C.NChr. 1890, p. 109).
C.NChr. 1S90, p. 106, 11 . VII.

Si 32. Satraps of Mathura. As Saka satraps must probably also be

classed the Satraps of Mathurd (or Northern Ksatrapas), probably of the
second half of the C'cent. B.C., on whose history so much light has been
thrown by the inscriptions on the Mathura Lion Capital (Bhagvanlal IndrajT,
ed. BOHLER, W-. 189;. p. 525), and other inscriptions from the same
neighbourhood (UC'Hi.EU, El. II. p. 195).
_ Vor their coins: C.CAI. p. 85, PI. VIII; and BH. ed. RARSOX, JRAS. 1894,
! H1- also JBA. 1854, p. 679; I'E. II, p. 223; SMITH, JBA. 1897, p. 9, PI. I, 15.

 33. Ranjubula. Important chronological data for the period of

these satraps of Mathura are the following: (1) the first satrap,
R A N J U B U L A (Plate II, 5) who is undoubtedly the Rajula of the Lion
Capital, strikes a coinage directly imitated from that of the Greek prince
Strato II (Plate II, 4), (2) the Great Satrap Kusulaa Patika of the Lion
Capital is almost certainly to be identified with the Satrap Patika, son of
Liaka Kusuluka, of the somewhat earlier Taxila copper-plate grant, dated
in the 78th year of the Great King Moga (v. supr. 29, BUHLER, EI. IV, p. 54,
and BH.JRAS. 1894, p. 532). Another class of the coins of Ranjubula, on
which the name is written Raju- bula in Brahml characters (Plate II, 6) ,
and the coins of the Satraps of Mathura generally are related as regards
both types and fabric to those of Pancala (Sungas) and those of the Hindu
princes of Mathura ( V . I inf. 5 2 - 5 3 ),
34. Other Saka Satraps. The attribution of certain other classes of
Scythic coins previous to the period of Kusana supremacy is, at present,
more doubtful. Some of these are imitated from the coins of the
successors ofMaues Azes and Azilises; and, as they bear the title
satrap, they were very probably struck by satraps of this dynasty. The
date of one of these, the Satrap Z E I O N I S E S (Jihonisa, Plate II, 3), son of
the Satrap Manigula is probably as early as 80 B.C. (C.NChr. 1890, pp. 125.
168, PI. XV, 1, 4a). Of a similar date is A S P A V A R M A , son of Indravarma,
the S T R A T E G O S of Azes (id. pp. 126. 169; but v. also inf. 61), and a ruler,
whose name has not yet been discovered and who is only known at
present as the son ofVijayamitra (id. pp. 127. 170). Somewhat later are the
badly executed coins of K H A R A M O S T A , son of Artas (id.).
For the suggested identification of this Kharamosta with the Kharaosta of the
Mathura Lion Capital, v. BUHLERS note JRAS. 1894, p. 533.

35. Doubtful Classes. The precise nationality of the following

Scythic princes, whose coins seem all to belong to the latter half of the I st
cent. B.C., is uncertain.
M I A U S or H E R A T T S (Plate II, 1), the former reading of the name
being that which was finally adopted by C. (NChr. 1888, p. 47). Formerly
the Saka nationality of this ruler was accepted, and a portion of the legend
on his tetradrachms was read I AKA KOIPANOY, prince of the Sakas
(GARD. p.XLVii). OLDENBERG read XAKA-KOPPANGY, the Saka-Kusana,
regarding the Kusanas as a F A M I L Y of the Sakas (cp. the title of Kaniska,
G U S A N A V A M S A - S A Y N V A R D D H A K A ) , and the Sakas and Yueh-ti as either
the same people, or the Sakas as one of the tribes of the Yueh-ti (ZfN.
1881, p. 295 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 215). Thomas read the first part of the
legend as XANAB or XANAX, and regarded the first three letters as an
abbreviation of the word S A M V A T S A R A , the fourth as the Greek numeral
= 1, and the last as, perhaps, denoting some particular mint (JRAS. 1883,
p. 75). C. read XANAB or XANAOB, and KOPPANOY or KOPXANOY,
comparing the legend of the oboli, which is distinctly MIAOY KOPXANOY,
and translated the Kusana prince, supposing the first word to be the
equivalent of a Scythic royal title T S A N Y U or C H A N Y U the title D E V A P U T R A used by the Kusanas in their inscriptions (NChr. 1888, p. 47; 1890,
p. 155). He also suggested that this Miaus may be the adventurer Y I N - M O F U , to whom the Chinese attribute the conquest of Kipin in B.C. 49
(REMUSAT, Nouv. Melanges Asiat. I, p. 207; C.NChr. 1888, p. 51). The silver
coins, tetradrachms and obols, bear legends in Gk. only. It is doubtful
whether the attribution of a bilingual (Greek and KharosthI) copper coin
to Miaus (C.NChr. 1888, PI. Ill, 13) can be supported. If so, its evidence

would prove that Miaus ruled territory to the S O U T H of the Hindu Kush.
This view is strengthened
by the fact that all the obols were found in W.Afghanistan (C. op. cit. p. 50.
For the opposite view, v. CARD. p. XLVIII and inf. 36).
^
For the characteristic differences between the coins of Sakas and Kusanas, the
discussion of which bears on the question of the nationality of Miaus, v. C.NChr. 1889, p.
294.

% 36. The obols of Miaus are similar, both in fabric and in

portraiture, to the coins of Hyrcodes (Plate II, 2), which seem
undoubtedly not to have been struck on the Indian side of the
Paropanisus, but to belong to the class of coins struck by the Kusanas or
Yueh-ti in Bactria at some time subsequent to their settlement there c.
120 B.c. To the same class belong also the coins of Sapaleizes, which bear
the name of the goddess Nannaia ivhose effigy so frequently occurs on the
coins of the Kusanas Kaniska, Huviska, and Vasudeva.
C.NChr. 1889, p. 303; GARD. pp. XLVIII, 117, PL XXIV, S16.

37. No adequate explanation has been given of the following:

(1) The gold piece published in GARD. p. 162, PI. XXIX, 15, and classed as Indo-Scythic,
Uncertain. It is possible that this piece, which differs in important respects from
all known coins, may be a reproduction in gold of the designs of two seals or gems.
(2) The thick piece of silver formerly belonging to General MALCOLM G. CLERK and
now in the British Museum. This is said to have come from the Oxus country, and
bears characters which have not yet been satisfactorily explained. It is possibly
only a modern fabrication, or it may have been intended for use as a charm or
ornament.
Iroc. ASB. 18S4, p. 127; id. 1S85, p. 3.

38. Indo-Chinese coins. Copper coins found in the

neighbourhood of Kashgar (j. R. Geogr. Soc. XLVII, p. 12) bearing inscrr.
in both Indian (KharosthT) and Chinese characters _ show an extension
to this region of some Indian power perhaps Greek or Saka. The
Chinese inscrr. have reference to the weight or value of the coins. The
KharosthT inscrr. on the few known specimens are incomplete, but
certainly contain fragments of the names of more than one ruler. All the
suggested attributions of these coins to known Greek or Saka kings are
merely conjectural.

TERRIEN DE LACOUPERIE, Comptes rendus de PAcad. des Inscrr. 1890, p. 33S (rev.
Rev. Xum. 1890, P. 256); GARD., NChr. 1879, p. 274 (appendix on geog., IIOWORTH P.
279); GARD. P. 172, no. 4.

VI. COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN STATES FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO C. 50 A.D.

. 1 39. This branch of Indian numismatics has only recently received

any systematic treatment, and is still so full of difficulties, that the most
convenient plan here will be to give in alphabetical order a list of those
states whose earliest coins can, with any probability, be included within
the wide limits given above.
; F 40. Aim ora. There are three specimens, found near Almora,
and now in the li. M., which are different in fabric from every other
known Indian coinage. They appear to be of some alloy of silver and are
heavier than any other Indian coins. Two of them bear in large llrahml
characters, probably of a date between the i st cent. B.C. and the 2nd cent, A.D.,
the names Sivadatta and Sivapali[ta]. The R E V . type a Caitya-railing
is

somewhat similar to that of some of the coins of Pancala (v. 53) and on
the O B V . appears a Stag, as on the coins of the Kunindas (v. 50).
PE. I, p. 224.

41. Aparanta. The legend on these coins has been read M A H A R A J A S A A P A L A T A S A . As they are similar in appearance to the coins
struck by the Satraps of Mathura ( 32) and also by Hindu princes ruling
in the same neighbourhood (v. inf. sub Mathura. 52) their date is
probably the latter part of the I cent. B.C. or the first part of the I cent. A.D.
ST

ST

GCAL p. 103; C.ASR. XIV, p. 136, PL XXXI, 3. 4; PE. II, PI. XLIV, 25. 26. Eor the
locality ot Aparanta = Northern Konkan: BHANDARKAR, Tr. I. Or. Congr. 1 ^74 , p- 3 3 ; an(l
Hist. Dek. p. 17, note 4; C., however, CAI. p. 102, contends that Aparanta = W.Rajputana.

S 42- Arjunayana ( P L A T E I I I , 2 0 ) . The coins belong to the same f

class and period as the preceding. The Arjunayanas are mentioned in the
Allahabad Pillar inscr. of Samudragupta (FLEET, CII. HI, p. 8, and preface, p.
10).
C.CAI. p. 90, PI. VIII, 20; PE. PL XLIV, 22.

43. Audumbara or Odumbara ( P L A T E I I I , 8 ) . The coins, found

in the district of Pathankot, are in style like the hemidrachms of the
Greek prince Apollodotus and are found together with them. Their date
is, therefore, probably c. 100 B.C. A similarity in style is also observable
between the Audumbara coin given in C.CAI, PI. IV, 1, and one of Azilises
in NChr. 1890, PL X, 5 a. Like their contemporaries the Kunindas ( 50)
the Audumbaras use both Brahml and Kharosthi coin-legends.
C.CAI. p. 66, Pl. IV; C.ASR. XIV, p. 115, PL XXXI, 1. 2; Proc. BA. 1885, p. 96;

RODGERS, Cat. Lahore Mus. Ill, p. 151; SMITH, JBA. 1897, p. 8, PI. I, 12.

44. Ayodhya.--The oldest coins seem to be the cast pieces ( P L A T E

I V , 2 , and C.CAI. PI. IX, L3), the date of which is, perhaps, before 200
B.C. The square inscribed pieces, most of which are also cast ( P L A T E I V ,
4 , and id. 411), may belong to the 2nd cent. LI.C. The other coins, which
bear names ending in -mitra ( P L A T E I V , 3, and id. 1219, v. also SMITH,
JRAS. 1889, p. 51) seem to belong to the same and following centuries.
The relation of these Mitra coins to those found;in N.Pancala, and the
relation of either or both of these classes to the Sunga dynasty are at
present matters of uncertainty (v. inf. 53).
C.CAI. p. 90, PL IX; RIVETT-CARNAC, JBA. 1880, Pll. XVI. XVII; IE. I, p. 418, PL
XXXIV, 19-21 etc.

45. Baran. C. supposed this to be the ancient name of Bulandshahr and read the legend on the coins G O M I T A S A B A R A N A Y A (C.CAI. p.
88, PI. VHI, 10; C.ASR. XIV, p. 147, PI. XXXI, 15); but, as has been pointed
out by BCHLER, the old name of this place was V A R A N A , and the reading
of the coin-legend is extremely doubtful. This Gomitra has usually been
identified with one of the Hindu princes of Mathura of the same name (v.
inf. 52); but the types of his coins are different and the forms of the
Brahml letters of his coin-legends seem to be more ancient.
46. Eran Erakina. The coins found on the site of this ancient
city in the Sagar District are remarkable as being the finest specimens of
purely native money ( P L A T E I V , 8 ) . It is possible to trace here the
development of the P U N C H - M A R K system into the T Y P E system. In the
place of a number of symbols punched on to the coin from time to time,
there appears at a later period a definite type, made up of a collection of
these symbols struck from a die. This is usually the case in those parts of
India which were least affected by foreign influence (cp. inf. 129).

12

II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

C.CAI. p. 99, H. XI; C.ASR. X, p. 77 , PI- XXIV, 1517; id- XIV, p. 149, PI. XXXI, 17.
18. For the reading of the legend of a very ancient coin from Eran (Plate IV, 7), V. BUHLER,
IND. Stud. Ill, P. 42; for other coins, of a later date, bearing the name of the city, v. C.ASR.
X, 1 . c.

47. Janapada. No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of

the coins which bear the legend R A J N A J A N A P A D A S A , sometimes
written in BrahmT and sometimes in KharosthI letters. C. suggests (loc.
inf. cit.) that this may be a place-name = Rajasthan, or perhaps the name
of the inhabitants of this place = the Xatpiatot, i. e. Ksatriyas, of Ptolemy
(VII, 1.64; cp.L.IA. Ill, p. 141). To judge from style, the coins bearing an
inscr. in KharosthI characters ( P L A T E I I I , 1 8 ) seem to belong to an
earlier period than the others which are in fabric like the coins of the
Satraps of Mathura ( P L A T E I I I , 1 9 ) .
C.CAI. P- 89, PI. VIII, 19; C.ASR. XIV, P. 151; PE. II, II. XLIV, 1 719- 48. Kada
( P L A T E I I I , 7). The attribution of the coins of cast copper, which
bear the legend Kadasa in BrahmT characters, is uncertain. BUHLER
explains Katjasa as the genitive of Kada, the name of a king, a N.Indian
form = Sk. K A L A or Pali K A L A , black, and for the equation N.Indian
d = Sk. 1 compares forms found in the Girnar edicts, e. g. M A H I P A Y O =
Sk. M A / I I L D / J . women. The coin figured in C.CAI. PI. V, 6, was found
among coins of the Kunindas, and this fact led C. to conjecture that it may
belong to the ancestors of the present Kaijaik branch of the Kunets
(C.CAI. p. 71; v. also ^ 50).
C.CAI. PI. II, 21. 22; C.ASR. II, p. 10; VI, p. 167.

49. Koshmbl or Vatsa-pattana, an ancient city in the Allahabad

District. (For its identification with the modern Kosam on the Jamna, and
an outline of its history, v. C. Geog. p. 391.) The large cast coins which
may be compared vfith those reading Kadasa (v. 48) are probably as
early as the 3rd cent. IS.C. ( P L A T E I I I , 1 2 , cp. C.CAI. PI. V, 710). The
others (e. g. C., 1 . c. 11- -18) may perhaps belong to the two following
centuries. With them may be compared the coins of Pancala and the later
coins of Ayodhya ( 5 3 - 4 4 , and C.CAI. Pll. VII. IX). For the coins which
bear the legend Bahasatimitasa ( P L A T E I I I , 1 1 ) cp. the inscrr. of
Bahasatimita at PabhosS. (EFHRER, EL II, P. 240).
< .CAT. p. 73, PI. V, 7 lS; C.ASR. I, p. 301; X, p. 4, PI. II; PE. PI. VIII, 12 15; |IA.
1S73, pp. 109. 191.

I.
II.

50. K unin da. The territory of the Kunindas would seem to be

the hill districts, on both sides of the Satlej, occupied by the Kunets of the
present day (C.ASR. XIV, 126). Their coins are of two periods. The earlier,
which, like those of the Audumbaras, have legends in both BrahmT and
KharosthI characters, and like them too are found in company with hemidrachms of Apollodotus (v. sup. 43) are probably as early as B.C. IOO
( P L A T E I I I , G ) . The later, which seem to show the influence of the large
copper money of the Kusanas, and which bear inscrr. in a later form of
BrahmT characters, may, perhaps, belong to the 3RD or 4LH centuries, A.D.
( P L A T E I I I , 10). The fact that the coins of the Yaudheyas also fall
naturally into similar classes { % 60) would seem to show that these
Hindu states, and probably others, rose in power as the Greek and
Kusana supremacies successively declined.
C.CAI. p. 70, PI. V, 1 5; C.ASR. XIV, p. 137, I], XXXI, 5, 6; RODGERS,
M. Cat. ILL, p. 9. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 413, 11 . XV, 23; IE. I, pp. 203. 20S,
XIX, 16; Tn.JRAS. 1865, p. 447; JBA. 1S75, P- 89; 1S86, p. 161; Iroc. BA.
1S75, p. 164.

VI. COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN STATES FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES.

13

% S1- Malava. The coins on which the legend M A L A V F I . N A I N

J A Y A L J . has been read were formerly regarded as ancient; but both the
character of

their inscrr., and the fact that they are in fabric somewhat similar to the
coins of the Nfigas of PadmUvatl (SMITH, JRAS. 1897, p. 643; v. inf. 101),
point to a date not earlier than the 5 cent. A.D.
LH

C.ASR. VI, pp. 165. 174; XIV, 149, PI. XXXI, 1925; FLEET, CII. Ill, Pref. p. 67;
RODGERS, I. M. Cat. Ill, p. 15.

52. Mathura. For an ancient cast coin found in the

neighbourhood of Mathura and bearing the inscr. U P A T I K Y A in Brahmi
letters at least as early as the 3 rd cent. B.C. ( P L A T E I I I , 1 7 ) v. C.CAI. p. 86,
PI. VIII, 1; and C.ASR. Ill, pp. 14. 39. The coins of Balabhiiti have Brahmi
characters of, probably, the 2nd cent B.C. (C.CAI. p. 87, PI. VIII, 9). For the
coins of other Hindu princes found at Mathura v. C.CAI. p. 88, PL VIII; and
BH.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, PI. 1014. BH. assigns these to the period of the
decline of Saka power at Mathura, i. e. after the last part of the i s( cent, B.C.,
thufe assuming that they were imitated from the coins of the Saka satraps of
| Mathura ( 32); but some of the coins of R A M A D A T T A ( P L A T E I V , 1;
C.CAI.
Plate VIII, 13; and BH.JRAS. 1894, PI. 14) seem to be undoubtedly earlier, as they
have, for the reverse the incuse square which characterises the coins of Paficala
(Sungas, 53). The coins of Balabhiiti are also connected with
those of Bahasatimita ( 49) by identity of type a Caitya-tree and by their
epigraphy. These considerations would seem to show that some at least of the Hindu
piinces preceded the Saka satraps, who imitated their coins.
K 53. Paficala ( P L A T E I I I , r6). The coins discussed under this
heading have usually been attributed to the Sunga or Mitra dynasty, and
it is by no means certain that they should not still be so classed. The
difficulties affecting this identification are (1) the fact that most of the
coins are found in Rohil- khand, the ancient kingdom of North Paficala,
whereas other indications point to East Malwa as the seat of Sunga
power, (2) the fact that of the dozen names which occur on the coins, only
one, that of Agnimitra, is found in the Sunga dynastic lists given in the
Pur&nas. On the other hand, the F O R M A T I O N of the names which
generally end in - M I T R A is similar in either case; and the Sunga period,
inferred from the Puranas, B.c. 17666, is that of the style and epigraphy
of the coins. There is probably, too, some connexion between these coins
and the Mitra coins found at Ayodhya (v. sup. 44). These Paficala
(Sunga) coins bear inscrr. in Brahmi letters. For the characteristic
features of their fabric, v. sup. 52.

I
I

C.CAI. p. 79, PI. VII; CARLLEYLE, JBA. 1880, p. 21; RIVETT-CARNAC, id. p. 87;
RAJENDRA LALA MITRA, Proc. BA. 1880, p. 8.

S 54. Purl and Ganjam. Numerous specimens of a peculiar class of

bronze coins have been found in the Puri District of Orissa and in the
neighbouring District of Ganjam in the Madras Presidency. They bear no
inscriptions; but their types are evidently borrowed from those of the
bronze Kusana coins of the time of Kaniska (73) viz. standing figure of
the king on O B V . , and the figure of some deity on R E V . In the case of the
chief recorded discovery of these coins in the Puri District, they were
found in company with bronze Kusana coins struck in the ordinary
manner. From this it would seem probable that the two classes the
struck originals and the cast imitations were in circulation at the same
time. It appears, however, to be a fact, that Kusana coins are not, as a
rule, found so far east or south of India as Puri and Ganjam; and it has
been suggested that their occurrence in these districts may be due to
pilgrims who brought them from a distance as offerings at the shrines of
Puri. It is, therefore, possible that the cast imitations in question may

have been made for the same purpose, and that they should be regarded
not as coins, but, like the R A M A -

' of a later date, as temple-offerings. In either case they probably

belong to that part of the Kusana period which lies between the reign of
Kaniska and the end.
TANKAS

For the coins found in the Purl Dist., V. HOERNL, Proc. ASB. 1895, P. 61, 11 . II; for
those found IN the Ganjam I)ist., V. ELLIOT, Numismatic Gleanings p. 33 = JMLS. XX
(New Series IV), p. 75.

55. Sibi = the Sobii of Quintus Curtius (X, 4), the inhabitants of the
country around Chitor. For coins on which this name has been read in
this case, however, the reading cannot be regarded as certain v. C.ASR.
VI, p. 204; XIV, p. 146, PI. XXXI, 13. 14.
56. Taxila, the modern Shahdheri or Dheri Shahan, in the Rawal
Pindi District (C. Geog. p. 104). For the coins of the earliest period, v.
supra 46. The art of striking from a die would seem to have been
known here at an earlier period than elsewhere in India. The earliest
specimens are struck only on one side, and by a method peculiarly Indian,
according to which the metal was stamped while in a semi-molten state,
with the result that the impress of the die was left enclosed in a deep
incuse square. The coins of Pancifla (S 53) and Tripurl (S 57) offer other
examples of this method (BH.JRAS. 1894, p. 553). From the early square
struck coins of Taxila (Plate I , n) are imitated the copper coins of the
Greek princes Pantaleon and Agathocles, c. 190, 11.c. (Plate I , 1 2 ,
Pantaleon). These, like all other Greek coins of the period, have types on
both sides; and the double-die coins of Taxila, the art of which,
moreover, has an undoubtedly Greek appearance, are probably due to
their influence (Plate I, 13). The double-die coins are succeeded by those
of Maues, who probably conquered Taxila in the latter part of the 2 nd cent.
n.c. C. regards Liaka Kusuluka as a Saka satrap of Maues at Taxila,
interpreting the words of the Taxila copper-plate C H A H A R D \ T A \
C U K H S A as one name = Taxila (Geog. p. 109).
C.CAI. p. 60, III. II. Ill; C.ASR. XIV, p. 16, II. X; Ar. Ant. PI. XV, 2631.

57. Tripurl or Tripura, the ancient name ot Tetvar in the Jabalpur

District (C.ASR. IX, p. 54). For the coins which bear this name in Brahml
characters of, probably, the 3rd cent, li.c., v. BH.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, PI. 15.
58. Ujjairi. The earliest coins bear the inscr. U J E N I Y A in Brahml
characters of probably the 2 nd cent. B.C. ( P L A T E I V , 5 ) . All the other
coins known at present are uninscribed, and are distinguished by a
symbol which appears to be characteristic of, though not altogether
confined to, this district ( P L A T E I V , 6 ) . They do not afford sufficient
data to allow of any satisfactory chronological arrangement.
C.CAI. p. 94, PI. X; C.ASR. XIV, p. 148, PI. XXXI, 16; JBA. 1S3S, p. 1054, II. I,XI, 2. 22.

59. Vatasvaka 1 P L A T E I I I , 6 ) . The coins bearing this legend in

Brahml characters similar to those on the square copper coins of
Pantaleon AND Agathocles (c. 190 B.C.) are also connected by identity of type
with some of the single-die coins found in the neighbourhood of Taxila
(cp. C.CAI. PI. II, no. 17 with no. 14). As coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles
are imitated from these earlier single-die coins, the date of the Vatasvaka
coins is probably at least as early as n.c. 200. BUHLER has explained this
name as denoting the Vata (or Fig-tree) subdivision of the Asvaka tribe
(Ind. Stud. Ill, p. 46).
For the Asvakas = Aaca7.T,voi: Arrian, Anab. IV, 25, and Indica I, 1. Cp. also L.IA. II,
p. 129; C.NChr. 1S93, P- mo.

60. Yaudheya. The Yaudheyas have been identified with the

modern Johiyas of Bhawalpur (C. Geog. p. 245), but in ancient times their
territory

VII. INDO-PARTHIAN COINS.

was more extended. The coins may be chronologically arranged as follows:

(1) the smaller copper coins, which, though of rougher workmanship,
may in other respects be compared with the earlier coins of the
Audumbaras ( 43) and Kunindas ( 50) c. 100, B.C. ( P L A T E I I I , 1 3 ) ;
( 2 ) the large copper coins, which show both in their fabric and in
their types the influence of the Kusanas ( P L A T E I I I , 1 4 ) ; the coins
which have as their type a six-headed divinity, perhaps Karttikeya,
are somewhat later ( P L A T E I I I , 1 5 ) .
C.CAI. p. 75, PI. VI; C.ASR. XIV, p. 139, H. XXXI, 712; PRINSEP, JBA. 1834, PI.
XXV, 4 - 5; PE. PI. IV, 11. 12; PI. VII, 4; PI. XIX, 5. 6. 9. 10. 22; PI. XXI, 16. 17. The
Yaudheyas tributary to Samudragupta: FLEET, CII. ILL, pp. 14. 251.

VII. INDO-PARTHIAN COINS.

F
61. Date of I.-P. Dynasty. The Indo-Parthian dynasty, the bestknown member of which is G O N D O P H A R E S , seems to have succeeded the
dynasty of Vonones in Kandahar and Seistan, and to have, at one period,
extended its territories eastwards into the W.Panjab and Sind, which at
an earlier date, formed the kingdom of Maues (v. sup. 29; C.NChr. 1890,
p. 122). With regard to the chronological limits (1) the foundation of
the dynasty seems to be after 1 B.C. (VON GUTSCH. Gesch. Ir. p. 134); and
(2) the date of one of the latest kings, S A N A B A R E S , after 77 A.D. (VON
SALLET, ZfN. 1879, p. 364). For a coin bearing the name of Aspavarma (v.
sup. 34), which seems to join in some manner as yet unexplained the
two branches represented by Gondophares and Azes ( 31) v. RODGERS,
NChr. 1896, p. 268.
GARD., Parthian Coinage p. 46 (v. also DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1895, p. 46) makes
Sanabares contemporary with Phraataces c. B.C. 3 A.D. 4. - This, however, depends on
the reading of a date TIT, Seleucid era 313 = A.D. I, on a coin of Sanabares (TH. Sassanian
Inscrr. 1868, p. 121); and MARKOFF, Zapiski Russian Asiatic Society 1892, p. 297 (v. also
NChr. 1S93, p. 218) has shown that this reading cannot be supported.

62. Gondophares. The date 21 A.D. as the first year of the reign
Gondophares has been obtained from his Takht-i-Bahi inscr. by regarding
the year 103 as Vikrama samvat.

C.NChr. 1890, p. 118; MARKOFF, Russ. As. Soc. 1892, p. 293, rev. DROUIN, Rev. Num.
1893, p. 119, and RAPSON, NChr. 1893, p. 217.

Whether this procedure be justifiable or not, the result well agrees with evidence
derived from the epigraphy of the Greek legends of the coins (GARD. p. XLVI) and with
other indications.

For the coins of this dynasty: GARD. p. 103, Pll. XXII. XXIII; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1880,
p. 296; 1881, p. ILL; C.NChr. 1890, p. 158, Ill. XIII. XIV; MARKOFF, op. cit. PI. IV, 2531;
PE. II, p. 215. Coin of Abdagases with portion of Kharos(hl inscr. written from left to right:
HOERNLE, Proc. BA. 1895, p. 83. For the identification of Gondophares with the
Gundophorus of the apocryphal Acts of St. Thomas: VON GUTSCH., N. Rhein. Mus. f. Philol.
XIX, P. 161; cp. also Gesch. Ir. p. 134; GARD. p. XLIII; PE. II, p. 214.

63. Wrongly attributed coins.-The term I N D O - P A R T H I A N has

also been applied by TH. (JRAS. 1870, p. 503 = NChr. 1870, p. 139 = with
additions, ASWI. 187475 Kathiawhd and Kacch, p. 52 = Dynasty of
Guptas &c. p. 37) to certain thin coins of Sassanian fabric, which are more
probably to be attributed to some dynasty perhaps the Ephthalites or
their Turkish conquerors reigning in territory to the north of India and
at a period not earlier than the middle of the 6th cent. A. D.
RAPSON, NChr. 1896, p. 246. Cp. also MARKOFF, R USS . A S . Soc. 1892, p. 298, PI. IV,
32. 33 (rev. Rev. Num. 1893, p. 130; and NChr. 1893, p. 219). For the epi graphy: DROUIN,
JA. 1891 (XVII), p. 148 = Rev. Num. 1891, p. 222.

16 II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY : COINS.

#

VIII. KUSANA COINS.

64. Definition. As considerable confusion has sometimes arisen

from an inaccurate use of the term Kusana, it should be borne in mind
that it bears two distinct significations, according to the period of which it
is used: (1) the Kusanas were originally one of the five tribes of the
Yueh-ti, who, by c. 120 B.C., had become the predominant power in
Bactria and other neighbouring countries to the north of the Paropanisus;
(2) c.25 B.C., this particular tribe gained a supremacy over the other four
tribes of Yueh-ti, and, from this time onwards, the word Kusana is used
to denote the whole Yueh-ti people united under their leadership. The
first result of this unity of the previously separate and, perhaps,
somewhat discordant forces of the Yueh-ti, was the conquest of the last
remaining Greek kingdom in the Kabul valley under Hermaeus.

SPECHT, JA. 18S3 (II), p. 317; TH., Ind. Ant. 18S6, p. 19; C.NChr. 1889, p. 269; 1892, p.
41. But see S. L EV I , JA. 1897, p. 1 ff.

65. Hermaeus, Kujula Kadphises. The numismatic evidence of the

progress of this Kusana conquest of the kingdom ofHermaeus is
complete. The coins show the following sequence: (1) Hermaeus alone
(CARD. p. 62); (2) Kujula Kadphises associated with Hermaeus, i. e. O B V .
EPMAldY, R E V . in Kharosthi Kujula Kasasa ( P L A T E I I , 7; cp. CARD. p.
120); (3) Kujula Kadphises alone, I . e. O B V . KDZdVAD KAA^IZDV, R E V .
Kujula Kasasa ( P L A T E I I , 8 ; cp. GARD. p. 122). Kujula Kadphises (= Kieutsieu-khio in Chinese) is said to have died at the age of 80, c. A.D. 10, and
the conquest of India, i. e. the Panjab and the territory as far as the Jamna
is ascribed to his successor (SPECHT, JA. 1883 (II), p. 325).
DRoriN, Rev. Nura. 1SS8, p. 23; C.NChr. 1892, p. 45, puts the date of Kujula Kadphises
rather later, viz. c. U.C. 10, and regards Hima Kadphises as having immediately succeeded
him, c. A.D. 30. For the Greek inscr. on coins of Hermaeus and Kujula Kadphises, v.
RAPSON, JRAS. 1897, p. 319.

S 66. There is less certainty in regard to the coins which should be

attributed to this second prince of the Kusana dynasty. By many writers
he is identified with the prince whose coins, directly imitated from the
denarii of Augustus of the years 4 11c. 2 A.D. (VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879, P378) are inscribed, O B V . KOZOAA K A A A 4EC, R E V . Kuyula Kaphsasa
(Plate I I , G ) ; 1 p. vox GUTSCII., Gesch. Ir. p. 136; GARD. p. XLVIII; DROUIN,
Rev. Num. 1888, p. 46). C., however, supposes these coins of Roman type
to be the issue of some particular mint of Kujula Kadphises, and explains
the differences in the inscriptions as due to the difficulty of representing a
Kusana name in either Greek or Kharosthi characters (XChr. 1892, p. 46).
Si 67. 1 he Nameless King. This will, perhaps, be the most fitting
place to discuss the attribution of the coins of 'the Nameless King, whose
legends afford us only such information as is conveyed by the title
BACIASYC BACIAGYCDN (sic) CCUTHP MerAC, rarely accompanied by a
Kharosthi translation (Plate II, 10; cp. GARD. p. 114). The extent of his
dominion is shown b) the fact that his coins are Found in great numbers
all over the Panjab, as well as in Kandahar, and in the Kabul valley
(C.NChr. 1890, p. 115). from a consideration of the fabric and epigraphy of
these coins certain tangible facts are deducible. 'I hey are connected, on
the one hand, rvith those of Miaus (S' 35), by similarity of type, REV.
Horseman, and by the use of the reel and bead border (cp. PL II, 1 with
10; C.NChr. 1890, PI. XII, 1 with 4,^GARD. PI. XXI\, 7 with 6); and, on the
other hand, with those of Hima Kadphises ( 69), by the use of the
nominative instead of the more

usual genitive in the Greek inscriptions, by the use of the title aunfjp ulya;,
and by the similarity in form between certain letters both in the Greek and
KharosthI inscrr. (C.NChr. 1892, p. 71). Moreover, the Nameless King ' uses
a symbol of the kind which is characteristic of Hima Kadphises and his
successors; and, on a unique coin, published by C. (NChr. 1892, PL V, 14)
there occurs a bust with two faces, and, in front of the faces, the symbols
respectively of the Nameless King and Hima Kadphises (C.NChr. 1892, p.
71).
It cannot be doubted that these two were nearly related in point of time;
whether they were also connected as members of the same dynasty is not
so certain. C. places the Nameless King among the Sakas (NChr. 1890, p.
114), but also suggests that these coins without a name may have been
issued by the satraps of one of the early Kusana kings, perhaps of Hiipa
Kadphises himself, von GUTSCHMID (Gesch. Ir. p. 136), recognising the
numismatic break which occurs between Kozola Kadaphes and the later
Hima Kadphises, places the_ Nameless King in the interval, and regards
him as an Indian prince the Agnivesya prince, who, according to the
Gargi Samhita (KERN, Brhat-Samhita 39) ruled over India for 20 years
between two Saka dynasties. C., too, saw the feasibility of some such view
and suggested that the KharosthI V I , which occurs on many of these
coins (e. g. C.NChr. 1890, PI. XII, 4) might be an abbreviation of
V I K R A M A D I T Y A (1 . c. p. 115). It must be pointed out, however, that, if
any such identification of the Nameless King with Vikramaditya is
possible, the Vikrama era, which begins with 57 B.C., must, if our
chronology of this period is correct, be supposed to date from his birth.
68. Kujula Kara Kadphises. This prince, who bears the Kusana
title D E V A P U T R A , is supposed by C. to be the son of Kujula Kadphises,
and the predecessor of Hima Kadphises.
NChr. 1892, p. 65, PI. IV, 913. In the chronological table on p. 45, he is,
however, placed after Hima Kadphises and before Kaniska.

Usually, however, it has been assumed that the coins bearing this
form of the name are merely varieties of the coinage of Kujula Kadphises
(v. sup. 65); and, in favour of this assumption which allows them an
earlier date, it may be pointed out that in type and execution they
somewhat resemble those of Zeionises (v. sup. 34; cp. GARD. PI. XXIII,
5, Zeionises, with 7, Kujula Kara Kadphises).
69. Hima Kadphises. The order of succession of the Indian
Kusana monarchs from this point to the last quarter of the 2 nd cent. A.D. is
certain. H I M A K A D P H I S E S who has been identified with the Yen-kaoching of the Chinese accounts (c. 3078 A.D.; P L A T E I I , N ) is connected
with his successors as the first to issue the gold coinage, which is
continued by the Guptas after the supremacy of Northern India had
passed into their hands in the 4 th cent. A.D. With the exception of two or
three gold coins of Eucratides (Rev. Num. 1867, p. 382; NChr. 1892, p. 37,
PI. m, 11), one of Menander (C. coll., now in B.M.) and, perhaps, one of
Taxila (C.CAI. PI. II, 18), and another coin of uncertain attribution (GARD.
p. 162, PI. xxix, 15, v. sup. 37 (1)), no specimens which can possibly have
been struck in India, during the two centuries previous to the date of
Hima Kadphises, are to be found in the collections of the present day. The
large gold coinage of the Kusanas has been attributed to the influx of
Roman gold to India A T this period.
C.NChr. 1888, p. 219, and the passage of Pliny there quoted, Hist. Nat. XII,

41 (18).
70. Certain it is that the Roman weight-standard ( A U R E U S =124 grains
Indo-Aryan Research. II. ja.
2

--------------J---------------- -

or 8,035 grammes) was adopted in India at this time. Pieces of the weight
of two aurei were only struck by Hima Kadphises; the largest gold coins of
his successors are aurei.
For a table of the weights of these and later Kusana gold coins, v. C.CML p. 16.

S 71. The coin-legends of Hima Kadphises are both in Greek and

Kharosthi. Those of his three next successors are in Greek only.
Afterwards, Nagari letters and monograms are used instead of the Greek
inscriptions which had ceased to be intelligible (v. inf. 74).
For coins of Hima Kadphises with unusual Kharosthl inscrr., V. HOERNLE, Proc. BA.
1895! P- 82.

72. Kaniska, Huviska, Vasudeva. The Saka era has usually- been
supposed to date from the A B H I S E K A of K A N I S K A at Mathura in 78 A.D.
(OLDENBERG, ZfN. 1881, p. 292 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 214); and to this era the
dates found in the stone inscrr. of K A N I S K A , H U V I S K A , and V A S U D E V A ,
have usually been referred. If this supposition be correct, the known
dates will be as follows:Kaniska, years 728=A.D.85106; Huviska,
years 3364 = A.D. III142; Vasudeva, years 7498 = A.D. 152176.
C.NChr. 1892, p. 49. It used to be supposed that Vasudevas inscriptional dates began
much earlier, so as to make the first part of his reign coincident with the last part of
Huviskas (cp. G ARD . p. LI; DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 38); but C. ( 1 . c.) suggests that
this may be due to a misreading of the decimal figure 70 as 40. Coins of lluvijka with
inscrr. in Brahml characters: SMITH, JBA. 1897, p.3.

C., however, reasoning from the fact that Kaniska was a Kusana and
a Saka king (v. sup. 64), seeks another origin for the Saka era (he
supposes it to have been founded by Castana, v. inf. 80), and explains
the Kusana dates as being of the Seleucid era (B.C. 312), with the hundreds
omitted (e. g. year 7^ 407 Seleucid = 95 A.D.). This procedure would make
all the Kusana dates, as given above, 10 years later. C. justifies it by
referring to the fact that the Kusanas use the Macedonian, and not the
Indian, names of the months in their inscrr. (NChr. 1892, p. 44); compare
also BHANDARKAR (Hist. Dek. p. 26!). Regarding another possibility, viz.
that the dates of Kaniska and his, successors have to be referred to the
second century of the era, used by Sorlasa, Liako Kusuluka and others,
see WZKM. IX, P- 1 7 3 f% 73. Religious emblems. As illustrating the religious history of
this period, the coins of Kaniska and Huviska are important. They show .
a remarkable eclecticism; for on their reverses are represented Greek and
Scythic divinities, deities of the Avesta and of the Vedas, and Buddha.
NOT

For the coins of the Early Great Kusanas: C.NChr. 1892, p. 63, Pll. IVVIII; id. P. 9S,
Pll. IXXIV; CARD. PP. XLVM, 120, Ill. XXVXXIX; VON SALLET, ZfN. 1879, p. 377. Cp.
also Ar. Ant. p. 347, PI. X. For the chronology: DROUIN, Rev.. Num. 18S8, pp. 8. 1S5; VON
GUTSCH., Gesch. Ir. pp. 136. 164. Kusana modifications of the Greek alphabet: STEIN, Baby,
and Or. Rcc. 1887, p. 155; C. id. 1888, p. 40. Divinities represented on the coins: STEIN op.
c. = Ind. Ant. 188S, p. 89; C.NChr. 1S92, pp. 61. 128; Tn.JRAS. 1877, p. 209; HOFFMANN,
Abh. f. d. K. des Morg. 1881, p. 139; ,GARD. p. LX; RAPSON, JRAS. 1S97, p. 322, for the
reading OH|DO as a name of Siva.

S 7 4 - Later Great Kusanas. After the death ofVasudeva, c. 180 A.D.,

the gold and copper coinage of the Kusanas continues, but the Greek
inscrr. no longer afford any information. They are mechanically repeated
and rapidly become debased and illegible. Two or three isolated Nagari
letters or monograms are usually found on the reverse of the coins. These
were, no doubt, at the time, significant abbreviations, but all hope tor
their interpretation now lies in further discoveries of inscrr. of this
period. These coins probably

constituted the currency of both tne Kabul Valley and the Panjab during
the long period from 180 A.D. to c. 42SA.D.; the date of the settlement of
Kidara Shah in Gandhara ( 76). Within these limits the relative age of
different classes may be determined by their nearness to or remoteness
from the originals from which they were copied. Thus C.s class A (NChr.
1893, p. 115, PI. VIII) on which the names ofKaniska orVasudeva can still
be read, is, no doubt, older than his class B (id. p. 120, PI. IX) on which
only a few vestiges of the Greek letters remain. A criterion of locality may
also be applied:
(1) the coins bearing OH|DO on the rev., with type, Siva and his bull Nandi
( P L A T E I I , 1 3 ) derived from the earlier Kusana types of Vasudeva
( P L A T E I I , 1 2 ) belong rather to the Kabul Valley: they were imitated
by the Scytho-Sassanians ( 75) , ' ( 2 ) those with APAOXjDO. and
type, seated goddess ( P L A T E I I , 1 4 ) , belong rather to the more
eastern portion of the Kusana dominions: they were imitated by the
Kidara Kusanas { % 7 6 ) and by the Guptas (91; C.NChr. 1893, p. 115
by an error in his mode of statement, he seems to mean the opposite).
This type is probably also derived from the earlier Kusanas (e. g. GARD.
PL XXVI, 18: Kaniska). This is, however, not certain, as all the coins
attributed to the earlier Kusanas which bear this type have a late
appearance, and it is possible that they may all have been struck by the
later Great Kusanas who mechanically repeated the names of their
predecessors in the Greek inscrr. on the obv.
C.NChr. 1893, P- II2 P1 L VIIIX. Cp. also TH., Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 6; SMITH,
JBA. 1897, p. 3. For a coin which seems to combine a Kusana obv. with a Sassanian rev., v. SMITH, op. cit. p. 5.

75. Scytho-Sassanians.These coins come generally from the

districts on the Oxus, to the north of the Paropanisus; but, as they are
also occasionally found in the Kabul Valley and are, probably, the result
of invasions into this district ( 115), they call for a short notice here
(Plate I I , 1 5 ) . Their limits of date are approximately fixed by the
following data:(1) Some of the earliest specimens bear the head-dress
and name of the Sassanian king, Hormazd II (A.D. 301310), who married
a daughter of the Kusana king of Kabul; (2) the later limit (A.D. 450) marks
the date at which the territories on the Oxus were wrested from the
Sassanians by the Ephthalites (C.NChr. 1893, P- 169). The date of the
different coins is, in most cases, fixed, as they usually bear the head-dress
of the contemporary Sassanian monarch, together with his name and
titles in a debased form of the Greek alphabet.
C.NChr. 1S93, p. 166, PI. XIII. XIV.

According to this view this class of coins was issued by Sassanian

conquerors of the Yueh-ti whose territory lay to the north of the
Paropanisus.
Another view is that of DROUIN who regards them as coins of the
Yueh-ti (Kusanas) themselves, and explains the occurence of Sassanian
names and head-dresses, by supposing that both were borrowed by these
Yueh-ti as a consequence of their long friendly alliance with the
Sassanian monarchy. According to this view, therefore, these coins are of
the Later Great Kusanas; and are distinguished from those treated of in
74 only as being the issue of a different district comprising a portion of
the extreme north of India and also Arachosia and Bactriana on the other
side of the Paropanisus.
DROUIN, Rev. Num. 1896, p. 154, PI. V.

76. Kidara or Little Kusanas. From Chinese sources (SPECHT,

JA. 1883 (II), p. 328) we learn that Ki-to-lo, the leader of the Great Yueh-

ti, who has been identified by C. (NChr. 1893, p. 184) with the Kidara of
the coins, being hard pressed by the Ephthalites, crossed over the
Paropanisus and
2*

established in Gandhara the Kabul Valley and Panjab the kingdom of

the Little Yueh-ti. The date of this invasion is approximately fixed at A.D.
425, as the Ephthalites, some time afterwards, sustained a signal defeat at
the hands of Varahran V, A.D. 428. The other Jimit, 475 A.D., marks the
conquest of Gandhara by the Ephthalites. The Kidara Kusanas seem to
have retired to the north, into Chitral and Gilgit to the west of the Indus,
and to Pakhali and Kashmir to the east of the river (C.NChr. 1893, p.
187). Their power can be traced in the coinage of Kashmir ( 112), and
their kingdom was again established on the Upper Indus after the defeat
of the Huna Mihirakula (v. inf. 107), and lasted until, in the 9 th cent, A.D.,
a revolution placed a Brahman dynasty on the throne (v. inf. 115). The
coins of the Kidara Kusanas have as their R E V . type the seated goddess,
which characterises class (2) of the coins of the later Great Kusanas (
74). This fact suggests their attribution to Kashmir rather than to
Gandhara. They bear on the O B V . the name Kidara, the founder of the
dynasty, and on the R E V . tire name of the ruling sovereign (Plate I I , 1 6 ) .
C.NChr. 1893, P. 184, PI. XV; Proc. BA. 1888, P. 205. For the chronology and
ethnology: llROUIN, JA. 1891, (XVII), P. 146 = Rev. Num. 1S91, P. 219; HE. P. 14, FROM the
Museon, 1895; GUTSCH., Gesch. Ir. P. 168.

IX. DYNASTIES CONTEMPORARY WITH THE KUSANAS.

77. Now that we have traced the coinages of the Kusanas down to a
period where the inroads of the Hunas (Ephthalites or White Huns) make
a conspicuous land-mark in the history of India, it will be a convenient
opportunity to return and describe the coinages of other powers
contemporary with the Kusanas.
_
7S. Ksaharatas. This is probably the name of some Saka family or
tribe. The evidence is as follows:(1) on the Taxila copper-plate grant of
the 78th year of the Great King Moga (v. sup. 29), Patika is described as
the son of Liaka Kusuluka, satrap of the Chahara[ta] and Cukhsa (tribes);

BH.JRAS. 1894, P. 551, the tribal names corrected in accordance with DOWSONS
original reading (JRAS. 1863, P. 221) since verified by BUHLEK. For C.s interpretation of
these two words, v. SUP. 56.

(2)

the Lion Capital, in which mention is made of the Great Satrap Kusulaa, is
dedicated for the worship of the whole of Sakasthana (BH. ed BUULER, JRAS.
1S94, p. 540);
(3) Nahapana is described as a K S A H A R A T A (BrahmT) = C H A H A R A T A (KharosthT)
on his coins (BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 642, PI. I), and known as a Saka from the inserr.
of his son-in-law Usavadata;(C.CAI. p. 105; ASWI. IV, p. 101);
,(4) Nahapanas conqueror, the Andhra Satakarni, boasts of having
defeated the Sakas and of having entirely uprooted the Khakharata family
(OLD., ZfN. 1881, p. 320 - Ind. Ant. 1SS1, p. 226; ASWI. IV, p. 108).
7 9 - Nahapana. There is no sufficient ground for the
identification either of Liaka Kusuluka with the Kusana Kozola
Ivadaphes (GARD. p. XLIX), or of Ksaharata with the Kharamosta of the
coins (C.NChr. 1890, p. 171) or the Kharaosta of the Lion Capital
(BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 641; 1S94, p. 549). there are, therefore, no coins,
known at present which can, with any certainty, be attributed to this
family except those of N A H A P A N A (Plate III, 1), the satrap who ruled
over the southernmost conquests of the Sakas including 'a portion of the
Deccan or Maratha country, the northern Konkan, some portion of
Gujarat proper, and Surastra or Kathiawad and Kacch. (BH.JRAS.
1890, p. 642). Some of these territories were conquered from the
Andhras

22 II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

(v. inf. 86), and it has been conjectured by BH. that the initial year of the
Saka era marks the date of this Saka victory.

L. c. For other views as to the origin of this era, v. SS 72 . 8o; C.CMI. p. 3, refers the
dates of Nahapanas inscrr. to the era of the Malavas, or Vikramaditya samvat, B . C . 57.

In turn, however, Nahapana was certainly defeated by the Andhras,

and another family of satraps, probably at first acknowledging the
supremacy of the Andhra king, takes the place of the Ksaharatas.

OLDENBERG, ZfN. 1881, p, 322 = Ind. Ant. 18S1, p. 225; BUHI.ER, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 272;
BHANDARKAR, Hist. Bek. p. 25.

80. K$atrapas of Surastra. The first member of this family,

whom C. regards as the founder of the Saka era (CMI. p. 3) was C A S T A N A ( P L A T E I I I ,
2), who was, probably,, for some time contemporary with Nahapana, and,
perhaps, had like him a Saka origin.
BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 644, wrongly reading Cutsa instead of Cukhsa on the Taxila
copper-plate (v. sup. 33) sees in this tribal name the origin of the name Castana.

His territory would seem to have been originally in W.Rajputana,

and subsequently to have included Malwa (capital Ujjain).
BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 644; BHANG., Hist. Dek. p. 28.

After Nahapana, the territory of these satraps probably embraced

the districts originally governed by Nahapana and Castana separately.
The suzerainty of the Andhras was, apparently, alternately successfully
disputed and reasserted during the reigns of the first two satraps,
Castana and Jayadaman. The distinction between the titles mahaksatrapa
and ksatrapa on these earliest coins may be thus explained Castana
originally a simple ksatrapa becomes a mahaksatrapa, while his
successor bears only the inferior title (BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 645). The
independence of this dynasty seems to have been permanently
established by the third satrap, R U D R A D A M A N , who boasts, in his
Junagadh inscr., of having twice conquered the Satakarni king of the
Deccan, and of having won for himself the title of mahaksatrapa
(S V A Y A M A B H I G A T A - M A H A K S A T R A P A N A M N A H ) . After the time of
Rudradaman, as is proved by the coin-dates, the reigning sovereign is
regularly styled mahaksatrapa; and the the heir apparent, who governed
some portion of the kingdom as viceroy, is styled katrapa.
g 81. Coins of the W.Ksatrapas. The silver coins both of Nahapana
and of Castana and his successors are copied from the hemidrachms of
the Greek princes of the Panjab more particularly, perhaps, from those
of Apollodotus Philopator (C.CMI. p. 3) and seem to follow the same
weight- standard (the Persian, v. sup. 8: hemi-drachm = 43,2 grains or
2,8 grins.). Traces of this origin are to be seen in the fragmentary inscr. in
Greek characters, which still continued to be repeated as a sort of
ornament on the O B V . of the satrap coins after its significance was lost.
For attempts to explain these Greek letters as significant v. TH.JRAS. 1850, p. 52; Bn.,
id. 1890, pp. 643. 648; PE. II, p. 88.

The coins of Castana, like those of Nahapana, bear inscrr. in Nagari

and Kharosthi characters: on all subsequent coins Nagari inscrr. only are
found. The coinage throughout this period is chiefly of silver, but
specimens in billon and copper are also known (e. g. C.CMI. PI. I, 712).
82. Inscrr. on Katr. Coins. The long R E V . inscrr. regularly give
the names and titles both of the reigning satrap and of his father. The
data thus afforded, when taken in conjunction with the dates on the O B V .
(v. inf. 83), make it possible to reconstruct the outlines of this dynasty
with an

unusual degree of precision (v. Genealogical Table in C.CMI. p. 5). An

interloper, named Isvaradatta, who takes the title M A H A K S A T R A P A and
strikes coins dated in the first and second years of his own reign, is
probably to be placed between the fourteenth and fifteenth members of
the dynasty, Vijayasena and Damajadasri III (v. inf. 84).
There is a coin of an otherwise unknown Ksatrapa, Satyadaman son of Dama- jadasrl
I, in the collection of Col. J. BIDDULPH. This coin is remarkable as having its inscr. in pure
Sanskrit. For a coin of Arjuna, who may possibly also be a member of this dynasty, _v.
SMITH, JBA. 1897, p. 9> PI. I, 15.

83. Dates on Ksatr. Coins. The inscriptional dates begin with the
year 72 of Rudradamans Junagadh inscr. (v. sup. 80). The coin-dates
( P L A T E I I I , 3; Damasena, date 153) begin with the year 100, in the reign
of the sth satrap, Jlvadaman, 'and continue regularly to the end of the
dynasty. The last known dates are those of Rudrasimha, 310, and of his
sisters son Simhasena, 304 (BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 662; C.CMI. p. 4). In
determining the era to which these dates should be referred, it should be
borne in mind that they probably do not mark the extreme limits of the
dynasty. In the period of confusion, when the kingdom of the satraps was
falling to pieces before the attacks of the Guptas, it is at least possible that
no coins may have been struck. The earliest coins of the Guptas struck in
this part of India have, unfortunately, no dates which have as yet been
read with certainty (SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 123); but it is certain that the
Gupta conquest took place in the latter part of the reign of Candragupta
VikramSditya (c. A.D. 380414, SMITH, JRAS. 1893, p. 82). If, therefore,
the coin-dates of these satraps be referred to the Saka era, 78 A.D., the
latest known date 310 = A.D. 388, would fall well within the reign of
Candragupta; and there would seem to be no sufficient reason for the
alternative which has been suggested by OLDEN- BERG (ZfN. 1881, p. 318 =
Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 224), viz. that these dates should be referred to an
independent satrapal era beginning c. 100 A.D.
CP. also Ar. Ant. p. 405; STEVENSON, JBRA. II, P. 377; NEWTON, id. 1S61, P. IS; VII, P.
1; IX, p. 1; TH.JRAS. 1850, P. I; FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1885, P. 325; 1 K. I, PP. 334. 425; II, PP.
69. 84. For THE NUMERALS, CP. also PE. II, P. 80; BHAU DAJI, JBRA. VIII, P. 225.

84. Abhiras. These Abhira kings are known from inscrr. at Nasik,
and also from the Pauranic lists (BHAND., Hist. Dek. p. 45; Tr. I. Or. Cong.
1S74, P-3 4 1; BUHT.ER, ASWI. IV, 103 f.). They are known to have been
connected with the Ksatrapas of Surastra and Malwa sometimes as
commanders of their armies (BH.JRAS. 1S90, p. 657); and it has been
suggested that they were the governors of the Sahyadris and Ivonkan
during the same period (Bn., Bomb. Gaz. XVI, p. 624). It has been
conjectured that the interruption in the line of Mahaksatrapas between
Vijayasena, year 171, and Damajadasri, year 176 (v. sup. 82), may have
been caused by an insurrection ot the Abhira king against his feudal lord.
The contemporary Ksatrapa, \ iradaman reigns uninterruptedly through
this interval, but the position of Mahaksatrapa seems to have been
usurped by Isvaradatta who strikes coins apparently imitated from those
both of Vijayasena and Viradaman dated in the first and second years
ofhis reign. This
conjecture is supported
byr
arguments derived from (1)the formation of the name, and (2) the method
of dating in regnal years.
BH.JRAS. 1890, p. 656. Bn. points out that if the last year of Vijayasena, 171, HE the
first year of Isvaradatta, this = 248 A.D. may possibly mark the beginning of the Trikutaka
(or of the Chedi) era; v. also C.CMI. p. 4. He also suggests that Madharlputa,
who
is usually regarded as an Andhra may be an Abhira.
I he use of metronymicsis common to Andhras
and Abhiras (Bomb. Gaz. XVI,

p. 623, note 2).

'

 85. The Andhras. The Andhras (Andhrabhftyas or Satavahanas),

though classed by the Puranas among the rulers of Magadha, are, in
historical times, a Southern Indian power, the capital of which was
Dhanyakataka Dharanikot or Amaravatl on the Kistna in the Gantur
Dist. of Madras (C., Geog. p. 540). But as, during the period for which the
evidence of coins is available, their history is closely connected with that
of the Ksaharatas and the Ksatrapas of Suratra and Malwa, and as the
style of some of the coins themselves bears witness to this fact, it will be
most convenient to discuss them here.
86. E. and W.Andhras. At some time previous to this period the
Andhra kingdom had been extended westwards across the peninsula from
sea to sea, and northwards beyond the Narbadda. The provinces to the
north/of this river seem to have been conquered by Nahapana (BH.JRAS.
1890, p. 642), reconquered by G O T A N I I P U T R A S A T A K A R N I I (prob. beg. of
2nd cent. A.D.), and included in the satrapy of Castana. Of this western and
northern portion of the Andhra kingdom, the capital was Paithan, the
ancient Prati$thana, on the Godavari in the Aurangabad Dist. of the
Nizams Dominions. It has been supposed (BHAND., Hist. Dek. p. 33) that at
this second capital the heir apparent to the throne ruled as viceroy,
bearing the same relation to the Andhra sovereign at Dhanyakataka as the
K S A T R A P A bore to the M A H D K S A T R A P A in the kingdom of Surastra and
Malwa after the time of Rudradaman. This point is not determined by the
coin-legends; but it is noteworthy that the two chief classes of Andhra
coins correspond to these two divisions of the kingdom. The same names
are found on the coins of both classes; but the Western coins, found
chiefly in the state of Kolhapur, are distinguished from the Eastern, found
chiefly in the deltas of the Godavari and Kistna, not only by their types
(C.CAI. p. 107), but also by the fact that their inscrr. include certain names
or titles not found on the others.
Vilivayakurasa on coins of Gotaralputa (Plate III, 4) and Vasithlputa, and
Sevalakurasa (BHAND., Hist. Dek. p. 20) or Sivala (C.) on coins of Madharlputa. BHAND.
(I. c.) interprets these as names of viceroys of the Kolhapur dist. He supposes the former to
be mentioned by Ptolemy VII, I, 83: Tmroxo'jpa (=? Karhad or Kolhapur, p. 44) BaalXstov
Baleoxaupou.

87. Types of E. and W.Andhra coins. From a consideration of the

types represented on the coins of these two classes, the following sugges tions may be made: (1) the caitya symbol which is characteristic of the
coins of Castana and all his successors is no doubt derived from the
Andhras;
(2) the use of the symbol found on most of the coins ofUjjaip seems to be
an additional piece of evidence of the fact that, before the Saka
conquest under Nahapana, Malwa was included in the Andhra
dominions; (3) the style and types of other coins seem to connect
them with coins ascribed to the Pallavas (v. inf. 128).
All the Andhra coins hitherto mentioned are of lead or of a peculiar
alloy of copper; in fabric they differ greatly from the northern coinages;
and nothing certain can be said about their weight-standard; but compare
E.CSI. p. 23, note 2.
There is, however, a third class, a specimen of which was discovered
in the tope at Supara, which is of silver, precisely similar in fabric and
style to the earliest coins of the Ksatrapas of Surastra and Malwa, and
probably struck according to the same weight-standard (Plate III, 5). Of
this coinage only two specimens are at present known, and both of them

bear the name of S I R I Y A H A G O T A T N I P U T A S D T A K A N I I I , who may,

perhaps, have been a contemporary of Jayadaman or Rudradaman.
BH.JBRA. XV, p. 305, PI. II, 7. 7a; BUHLER, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 273.

24 II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

}
-------- 8 8 . Succession of Andhra kings. : In regard to the order of
succession and chronological arrangement of the different members of
this dynasty there is at present great uncertainty, and this uncertainty
extends to the attribution of the coins. Those bearing the inscr. R A T I O
G O T A M I P U T A S A V I L I V A Y A K U R A S A (C.CAI. PI. XII, 6. 7; E.CSI. PI. II, 39.
40) are by some (BHAND., TrJ.Or.Cong. 1874, p.351; OLD., Ind. Ant. 1881,
p. 226) assigned to Gotamlputra Satakarni I, the conqueror of Nahapana,
and by others (BH.JBRA. XIII, p. 308; C.CAI. p. 105) to Siriyafia
Gotamiputa Satakani II, whose name occurs in full on other issues ( 87;
C.CAI. PI. XII, 812; E.CSI. p. 25). The attribution of the coins of the
successor of Gotamiputa Satakani I, V A S I T H I P U T A P U L U M A Y I , who was
probably contemporary with Castana, is, on the other hand, quite
certain1.
.
There is less certainty as to the position which the coins bearing the
names M C U I H A R I P U T A (C.CAI. PI.XII,4) and Vasithiputa Sri Vadasata
(id. 13. 14) should occupy in the Andhra series 2.

BUHLER, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 272. The synchronism of Pulumayi and Castana is in every way probable and is
rendered almost certain by the quotations from PTOLEMY VII, 1, 82 BadJavcx (Paithan) fiotaAciov
[lipo]ttToAp.aou, and VII, 1, 63,
(Ujiain) PAOIAEIOV TIAORAVOU: BHAU DAJI, JBRA. YTI, p. 117.
Bn. suggests that Madharlputa may perhaps be an Abhlra (v. sup. 84), and BHAND. (Hist. Dck. p. 35) that
he may belong to a branch of the Andhra dynasty: but V.' BTTHLF.R, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 273; C.CAI. p. 107.
For the coins of the An- dhras: C.CAI. P. 102, PI. XII; Bn.JBRA. XIII, p. 3C3, Pll. III. IV; id. XV, P. 273, PI.
II; E.CSI. p. 28, PI. II, 3948; TH., Ind. Ant. 1877, p. 274; 1880, p. 61. Cp. also Proc. BA. TSS2, P. 59;
1893, P 117; JBRA. XII, p. 407; XIV, p. 153; PE. II, p. 66. For the chronology: BOHI.ER, Ind. Ant. 1883, P.
272; BHAND. Tr. I. Or. Cong. 1S74, P. 347; and Hist. Dek. p. 25 (rev. MISS DUFF, JRAS. 1S95, p. 693); OLD.,
ZfX. 1881, p. 323 = Ind. .Ant. ISSI, p. 227.
S9. Xanda Kings of Karwar. Similar in style and fabric to the large

coins of the Andhras, and, therefore, probably belonging to the same

period, are those bearing the names of two Nanda kings of Karwar.
C.CAI. p. ill; E.CSI. p. 31, PI. II, 41. 42.

X.

THE GUPTAS AND TPIEIR CONTEMPORARIES.

% 90. The Imperial Guptas. The founder of this dynasty,

S F I G U P T A , c. 260 A.D., and his son G H A T O T K A C A , are known only from
the genealogical tables given in the inscrr. The coins begin in the reign of
the third member of the dynasty, C A N D R A G U P T A I (Plate IV, 9), who is
the first to use the imperial title M A H A R A J A D H I R A J A , and who is to be
regarded as the founder of the Gupta era, the first rear of which is 319 20
A.D. (SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 165). The period of Gupta supremacy in
Northern India begins with this date and ends with the death of
S K A N D A G U P T A c. 480 A.D. For this period the order of succession of the
Gupta monarchs is certain, the limits of their reigns are approximately
determined, and the series of coins is complete. After the death of
Skandagupta, the attacks of the Hunas, which began during his reign (v.
inf. 103), and probably also internal dissensions led to divisions in the
Empire. In the case of the divisions there remains at present considerable
doubt both as regards the order of succession and the dates of the
different reigns. This later Gupta period comes to an end in 606 A.D., when
1 Iarsavardhana of Kanauj gained paramount power over the whole of
Northern India (SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 178).
The original capital of the Gupta empire seems to have been
Pataliputra (the modern Patna), and it is not improbable that the inscr.
L I C C H A V A Y A H which occurs on the R R O . of Candraguptas gold coins
together with the name of

X. THE GUPTAS AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES.

25

his queen KumaradevI may denote that she belonged to a royal family of
Licchavis previously reigning at Pataliputra (BUHLER, WZKM. Y, 225 If.;
SMITH, JRAS. 1893, p. 81). When a great extension of the empire took
place by the conquest of the kingdom of the Ksatrapas of Surastra and
Malwa in the reign of C A N D R A G U P T A I I V I K R A M A D I T Y A , c. 410 A. D., it
is probable that the capital was transferred, either permanently or
occasionally, to a more central position at Ayodhya (SMITH, JRAS. 1893, p.
86). At its greatest extent the Gupta empire seems to have comprised the
whole of Northern India, with the exception of the Panjab (SMITH, JBA.
1894, p. 178), which, no doubt, continued to be ruled by the Kusanas.
91. The Imp. Gupta coinage. The coinage of the main portion of
the empire was originally of gold and copper. The types of the gdld coins
are borrowed at first from the eastern mintages of the Later Great
Kusanas (v. sup. 74, class (2)); but they show a development of their
own and are, without question, by far the finest examples of Indian art.
After the annexation of the kingdom of the Ksatrapas, the Guptas
continued in this region the issue of a dated silver coinage, exactly
imitated from the coinage of their predecessors except that, in place of
the caitya, a frequent Gupta emblem, the peacock, appears on the reverse.
A silver coinage bearing this type, but of a somewhat different fabric,
seems subsequently to have been struck also in other parts of the empire
(v. inf.). The dates on the silver coins of Candragupta II Vikramaditya are
not beyond dispute (FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1885, p. 66), but those of his
successors, ICumaragupta I (121136: SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 128, and
JBA. 1894, p. 175) and Skandagupta (144? I 6X ; Plate IV, 10: date, 145)
are more certain.
The gold coins, at first, follow the weight-standard which the Kusanas
seem to have borrowed from the Roman A U R E I (v. sup. 70); but, later,
there comes in another class of gold coins which seem to represent the
Indian S U V A R N A (= 146,4 grains or 9,48 grammes) and to be due to a
revival of the ancient native weight-standard (v. sup. 4). It is possible
that coins of these two standards wrere in circulation together, and that
they are distinguished on the inscrr. as D I N A R A S and S U V A R N A S
respectively (FLEET, CIL Ill, p. 265; SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 43). During the
reign of Skandagupta, the Roman standard is abandoned; but it is not
equally certain whether or not the reintroduction of the S U V A R N A took
place at the same time or previously (RAPSON, NChr. 1891, p. 57; SMITH,
JRAS. 1893, p. 105). The Gupta silver coins, like those of the Ksatrapas
from which they are imitated, seem to be intended for henri-drachms of
the Persian standard (v. sup. 8). It seems probable that this silver Gupta
coinage, which was originally instituted in Surastra and Malwa in the
reign of Candragupta II Vikramaditya, formed the pattern for a silver
issue in the northern and central provinces of the empire during the two
succeeding reigns. These silver issues which may conveniently be called
the western and the central are distinguished by a difference in fabric,
workmanship, and design: the latter are thinner and flatter, more
carefully executed, and represent the peacock of the reverse with tail
more fully expanded (SMITH, JRAS. 1889, pp. 121. 127; C.CMI. p. 17). A
debased coinage of copper plated with silver bearing the names of
Kumaragupta and Skandagupta, but having a trident instead of a peacock
as R E V . type, is probably to be attributed to Valabhl (v. inf. 98) at a
period when it was still a province of the Gupta empire (SMITH, JRAS.
1893, p. 137; cp. also BOHLER, WZKM. V, p. 216). The copper coinage of

26 II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

the main portion of the empire shows a greater originality in its types,
and appears to owe little to any preceding copper coinage ( P L A T E I V ,
I R : Candragupta II Vikramaditya; SMITH, JRAS.

1889, p. 138, PL IV, 816; id. 1893, p. 133; JBA. 1894, p. 173; NChr. 1895,
p. 167).
The three articles BY V. A. SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. I; id. 1893, P. 77; and JBA. 1894, p.
164, form a digest of all work done in Gupta numismatics up to the dates of their
publication. For full lists of authorities, v. JRAS. 1889, pp. 58. 59; id. 1893, p. 79, notes;
JBA. 1S94, p. 164 fF.

92. Division of the Gupta Emp. During the last quarter of the 5 th
cent, A.D., the western provinces become independent under the Senapati
Bbatarka of ValabhT (BURGESS, ASWI. 187475, Kath&wSd and Kacch,
p. 80; v. 98); while the northern and central provinces (E.Malwa) were
held by different branches of the imperial family; and, in other parts of
the empire, powers previously subject or feudatory become independent.
It will be necessary here to deal only tvith those to which coins can be
attributed.
For a outline of the history of this period: FLEET, Preface to CII, III; SMITH and
HOERNLE, Bhitarl Seal of Kumaragupta II, with Synchronistic Table of Guptas and
Contemporary Dynasties, JBA. 1889, p. 84.

93. Northern Guptas. Three members of this branch in direct

descent from Kumaragupta I Mahendra are known from the Bhitarl Seal.
The name of the first is not at present certain. If read Sthira 0 (BUHLER) it
may, since Sthira is a synonym for Skanda, simply be another name of
Skandagupta. If read Pura (HOERNLE) or Puru0 (C.) it must be the name
of a brother of Skanda0. To this ruler have been conjecturally assigned the
coins bearing the title PrakJsaditya (HOERNLE, JBA. 1889, p. 94; SMITH,
JRAS. 1889, PI. Ill, 9. 10; id. 1893, p. 125). His son, the Narasimhagupta of
the seal, has been identified with the Nara(gupta) Baladitya of the coins
(HOERNLE, JBA. 1889,
. 93; SMITH, JRAS. 1889, PL III, 11; id. 1893, p. 128); and further with
Baladitya the conqueror of the Huna Mihirakula (v. inf. 107; HOERNLE,
JBA. 1889, p. 93; C.CMI. p. n. This identification has been doubted: SMITH,
JRAS. 1889, p. 115). There appears to be no doubt as to the identification
of Kumaragupta II of the seal with KumSragupta Kramaditya of the coins
(HOERNLE, JBA. 1889, p. 94; RAPSON, NChr. 1891, p. 50; SMITH, JRAS.
1889, PL II, 12; id. 1893, p. 129). All certain knowledge of the order of
succession in this branch of the Gupta dynasty ends here; but it is possible
that a Visnugupta Candraditya, whose coins bear a great resemblance to
those of Nara(gupta) BSladitya and Kumaragupta II Kramaditya,
succeeded the last- mentioned (C.CMI. pp. 12. 19, PL II, 4). The last of this
line was probably Sasanka (Plate IV, 15), c, 600 A.D., the king of Kirna
Suvarna, who seems also to have borne the name of Narendragupta
(C.CMI. p. 12; SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 172).
^
Com bearing the name Sasanka, C.CMI. p. 12, PI. II, 5; SMITH, JRAS. 1893, p. 147.
sCoins bearing the name Narendra, JBA. 1852, P. 402, PI. XII, 11; SMITH, JRAS. 1893, P146; and JBA. 1894, p. 189. Iiirna Suvarna = Rangamattl in the Murshldabad Dist.:
LAYARD, JBA. 1853, p. 2S1; BEVERIDGE, JBA. 1S93, p. 315; SMITH, JBA. 1894, P. 172.

94. Guptas of E.Malwa. This branch, which may perhaps descend

in direct line through Skandagupta himself (C.CMI. p. 10), comes to an
end,
. 510 A.D., or shortly after, when Malwa was conquered by the HunaToramana. Its last princes are B U D H A G U P T A (inscr. dated 165 = A.D. 484, and
silver coins dated 174 A.D. 493) and B H A N U G U P T A (inscr. 191 = A.D. 510).
The only coins known are silver hemidrachms of Budhagupta, and these,
as might naturally be expected, are of the flat central Gupta fabric ( 91).
SMITH, JRAS. 1SS9, PP. S. 53. 134; C.ASR. IX, P. 25, PI. V, 13; C.NChr. 1894, P. 252.

95. Later Guptas of E.Magadha. It is doubtful whether any

known coins can be ascribed to this dynasty. The coins of much debased
gold which were formerly thus attributed (SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 11)
probably belong to the Northern Branch (v. sup. 93).
For dynastic lists: C.CMI. p. 14; CII. Ill, p. 200; CASR. Ill, p. 137; id. XV, p. 166.

I'

96. Unattributed Gupta Coins. No satisfactory attribution has

hitherto been suggested for the following:(1) gold coins bearing the
name V I R A ( ' T S E N A O R S I M H A ) K R A M D D I T Y A \ date, probably 6th cent,
A.D.; they weigh between 160 and 170 grains, or 10,36 and 11,01 grammes,
and it is doubtful whether they should be referred to the Persian standard
didrachm = 172,9 grains, or 11,2 grammes, or to an Indian standard
100 ratis = 182,5 grains or 11,82 grammes (SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 118, PI.
Ill, 12; id. 1893, p. 130); (2) gold coins of J A Y A ( G U P T A ) (C.CMI. p. 19, PL
II, 3); (3) silver coins, dated apparently 166 = A.D. 485, and having an inscr.
containing S R I H A R I K A N T A (SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 195, PI. VI, 15); (4)
copper coins reading ( S R I ) M A H A R D J R I O ( I I A ) R I G U P T A S Y A (C.CML p.
19, PI. II, 6).
97. Maukharis of W.Magadha. These are known from inscrr. as
the contemporaries and rivals of the Later Guptas of E.Magadha. Silver
coins imitated from the central Gupta coinage, and bearing the names of
two members of this dynasty are known Isanavarman (Plate IV, 13; a
contemporary of Kumaragupta III of Magadha) dated 54, and 55 (SMITH,
JBA. 1894, p. 193; C.CMI. PI. II, 12; SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 136); and his
son S A R V A V A R M A N , dated 58 (SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 193).

There is some doubt as to the reading of these dates: FLEET, Ind. Ant.
1885, P- 68; and the era to which they should be referred is altogether doubtful, v. inf. 105. Cp.
also CASR. IX, p. 27, PI. V, 2022; and XVI, p. 79; CII. Ill, p. 200.

I1

98. ValabhT. To the kings of Valabhl (Plate IV, 12) have been
attributed certain silver coins bearing a trident on the R E V . and inscrr. in
debased characters which have not yet been thoroughly deciphered, but
which
seem to include the title Bhattarakasa. They are imitated from the western
type of Gupta silver coins ( 91). For earlier coins probably struck in
Valabhl before the date of its independence, and while still tributary to
the Guptas, V . sup. 91.

C.ASR. IX, p. 28, PI. V, 23. 24, reads the inscrr. as containing the names and titles of
the founder of the dynasty Senapati Bhattaraka (recle Bhalarka) and his eldest son
Dharasena, but these readings are extremely doubtful. Cp. also C.CMI. p. 8, PI. I, 16;
HOERNLE, Proc. BA. 1S90, p. 171, 11 . VII, 4a and b; TH.JBA. 1855, p. 509; id. JRAS. 1850,
p. 63, PI. II, 353S; id. PE. II. p. 100; PRINSEP, JBA. IV, p. 687; NEWTON, JBRA. VII, p.
14; JBRA. VI, p. xxxtx.

S 99. BhTmasena (Plate I V , 1 4 ) . In fabric and form of

inscription these coins are, like those of Budhagupta, of central Gupta
style (v. sup. 94). They bear dates, which have not been certainly read,
but which are presumably of the same era as those on the similar coins of
Toramana ( 105).
C.ASR. IX, 26, PI. V, 16; SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 135. For an inscr. of Bhl- masena:
C.ASR. IX, p. 119, PI. XXX.

100. Krsnaraj a (Plate I V , 17). These coins of western Gupta

fabric ( 91) are found in the Nasik Dist., Bombay, and have been
attributed to a Rastrakfita king of this name, c. A.D. 375400. This
attribution is, however, certainly incorrect, as this date is too early for the
style of the coins, which are imitated from the latest Gupta coins current
in this locality. For the same reason it is impossible to place them so late
as the time of the better known Krsnaraj a RUstrakuta c. 756 A.D. Their
attribution must therefore remain for the present undecided.

 C.CMI. p. 8. n. I, 18. 19; C.ASR. IX, p. 30, PI. V, 26; FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1885, p. 68; BH.AU

DAJJ, JBRA. XII, 214; SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 138; E.CSI. p. 149.

101. The Nine Nagas of Narwar. In the Puranas the Nagas of

Padmavatl (= Narvvar, C.JBA. 1865, p. 115; C.CMI. p. 21) and the Guptas of
Magadha are coupled together, and the fact of their being contemporary is
proved by the mention of Ganapati NJga (Plate V, 2) among the tributary
Rajas in the Allahabad Pillar Inscr. of Samudragupta (CII. Ill, p. 1 fif.j.
Names of six members of this dynasty occur in full on the coins, while
portions only of two other names can be read.
C.CMI. p. 20, H. II, 1325; C.ASR. II, 307; VI, 17S.

Closely connected with these are certain coins having the inscr. A C Y U T
which must without doubt be attributed to the Acyuta mentioned in the
Allahabad inscr. It is possible that this Acyuta may have been one of the
Naga princes.
RAFSON, JRAS. 1897, P. 420; SMITH, ID. P. 643- 102. ? Parivrajaka Maharajas.
These tributaries of the Guptas are said to have governed Dabhala,
peril. = Dahala, and the country including the eighteen forest kingdoms
(CII. Ill, p. 93 ff.). It is possible that certain coins bearing the name E D N A
H A S T I may have been struck by the Maharaja Hastin, whose inscrr. bear
dates from 156 to 191 = A.D. 475 510. This attribution is, however, extremely
doubtful.
CII. Ill, lref. p. S, and p. 95. For the coins: C.CMI. p. 8, PI. I, 17; I'E. I, p. 87, PI. IV, 23
(coin found at Kanauj).

Closely connected IN size and fabric with these are certain small coins
on which the NAME VIGRAHA has been read (RAPSON). Specimens were found by
Ventura in the Manikvala Tope together with coins of the 7 lh and 8th
centuries A.D.
PE. I, p. 94, PI. V, 5-7.

103. Hunas. The Huiya invaders of India (called in Sk. lit. and
inscrr. also Sita-, Sveta-, or Hara-Hunas, v. SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 186)
whose attacks, beginning during the reign of Skandagupta, c. 452 480
A.D., led to the dismemberment of the Gupta empire, were an offshoot from
the Ephthalites or White Huns, a people of Tartar origin who settled in the
Oxus territories, c. 420 A.D., and, from this date until the destruction of
their power by the Turks in 556 A.D., ivaged almost incessant war1 on the
Sassanian monarchy.
The extension of this poiver to India followed the defeats inflicted on
the Sassanians during the reigns of Yezdegerd II, 43S 457, A.D., and FTrOz,
457484 A.D., in consequence of which the Sassanian provinces which bordered on India passed into the hands of the Ephthalites (C.NChr. 1894, p. 245).
The leader of this invasion who conquered the kingdom of Gandh;Ira from
the Kiditra Kusanas (v. sup. 76) and established his capital at S'akala,
probably c. 465470 A.D., is known from Chinese sources as L A E - L I H and has
been conjecturally identified -with the R A J A L A K H A N A U D A Y A D I T Y A of
the coins2
1

EROTTIN, Les ITuns Ephthalites dans leurs rapports avec les rois perses sassanides, Museon,

1S95.
- C.NChr. 1S94, pp. 247. 251. 279, FI. IX, 12. The name read as Lamata by TH.PE. I, p.
411 (no. 4), and Latona or Latuma by DROUIN, JA. 1S93, (I), p. 548.

104. Huna coinage. The most striking characteristic of the Huna

coins is their want of originality: they are, almost without exception,
either adaptations or imitations of Sassanian, Kusana, or Gupta coins.
They, therefore, afford valuable evidence of the progress and extent of the

Huna conquests. Those of the thin Sassanian fabric are, naturally, the
earliest in

date; and of these the class which bears inscrr. in the same modified form
of the Greek alphabet as is found on the Scytho-Sassanian coins (v. sup.
7 5) is no doubt older than the class which has Nagari inscrr., and may
probably, in part at least, belong to the Ephthalites before their invasion
of India (C.NChr. 1894, p. 262). Of these early Huna coins, many
specimens seem to be merely Sassanian pieces with the head of the Huna
leader restruck in R E P O U S S I ( P L A T E I V , 1 8 : Shahi Javuvlah) so that
the reverse type the Sassanian fire-altar is almost obliterated. The
species of coin thus produced was no doubt the pattern from which later
coins struck in the ordinary manner were copied.

C. op. cit. p. 262; and cp. PI IX, 1015, with II. X, 3. 4. These RTPOUSSL coins have
been attributed to Kashmir, but this attribution depends on the identification of the Sahi
Khingila (id. PI. IX, II) with Khinkhila Narendraditya who is mentioned in the
Rajataranginl as a successor of Mihirakula (id. p. 265). This identification is however not
certain, and the coins of Khingila would seem to be older than those of Mihirakula. The
Sahi Jabttvlah or Jabula of the REPOUSSE coins is identified by C. with Toramana (id. p.
253) on the evidence of the Kura inscr. of Maharaja Toramana Saha Jauvla; but this
designation may be simply a tribal name applicable to any member of the dynasty v.
BCHLER, EL I, p. 239; and SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 189.

105. Huna coinage.Other specimens are copies of the current

Sassanian coins, and, in particular, of those issued during the latter part
of the reign, i. e. 4 7 1 486 A.D., of Ffruz ( P L A T E V , 3 ) . The first
imitations, which most resemble their prototypes, have been found in
great numbers in MSrwar, and have been assigned with much plausibility
to the great Huna conqueror, T O R A M A N A , the son of Lae-lih, c. 490515
A.D. (HOERNLE, Proc. BA. 1889,
. 228; JBA. 1890, p. 168, PI. V). In any case they almost certainly testify
to the Huna conquest of the Lower Indus country and W.Rajputana. The
Sassanian type thus introduced into India became predominant in the
coinages of Gujarat, Rajputana, and in the Gangetic doab during,
probably, the following three or four hundred years (v. inf. 122).
Evidence Of the Huna conquest of the later Gupta kingdom of E.Malwa (v.
sup. 94) is afforded by the silver hemidrachms of Toramana (Plate I V ,
1 6 ) , which are minutely imitated from those of Budhagupta except that
the kings head on the O B V . is turned in the opposite direction. These
coins are dated 52, but the era to which this date refers has not been
satisfactorily determined (SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 136; C.ASR. IX, PI. V, 18.
19; C.CMI. p. 20, PI. II, 11).

The following suggestions as to the era in which Toramanas hemidrachms are dated
have been made:(1) FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1889, p. 22S supposes the date 52 to denote years of
Toramanas reign. This explanation is rendered less probable by the fact that the
Maukharis Isanavarman and Sarvavarman (v. sup. 97 ) antf also Bhlmasena (v. sup. 99),
apparently date in years of the same era (SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 194); (2) DROUIN, JA. 1890
(XVI), p.368, suggests a HCtna era beginning c. A.D. 448, and perhaps marking the date of
the first invasion of India; (3) C.NChr. 1894, p. 252, supposes either that the date is
Sakawith omitted hundreds, i. e. 5 2 = 452; or (4) 1 . c. that it may refer'to a Huna era
beginning c. 456 A.D. the date of the great victory over the Sassanians. For the dates of the
known princes of the later Gupta dynasty of E.Malwa, v. sup. 94 -

106. Huna coinage. The silver coins of M I H I R A K U L A (Plate IV, 20)

. 515 544 A.D., the son and successor of Toramana, are of the Sassanian
fabric only (C.NChr. 1894, pp. 256. 280, PI. X, 3. 4; PE. I, p. 411). Copper
coins O F both Toramana ( P L A T E I V , 1 9 ) and Mihirakula ( P L A T E I V ,
2 1 ) are found which show at the same time the influence of both
Sassanian and Gupta prototypes (C.NChr. 1894, pp.265. 280, PI. IX, 16.
17, and X, 1. 2; SMITH, JBA. 1894, pp. 195. 203). These are found chiefly in
the Eastern Panjab and Rajputana, and, in some instances, the types .and
inscrr. of Mihirakula have been

struck over those of Toramana (FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1886, p. 245). This is the
only class of copper coins which can be attributed to the Huna Toramapa,
but of Mihirakula other classes also are known. One of these bears the
usual Kusana types (v. sup. 74 (2); C.NChr. 1894, pp. 256. 281, PI.X, 5. 6;
SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 203); while the types of another class (e. g. C. op. cit.
PLX, 7) are of less certain derivation.
It is doubtful whether the copper coins of Mihirakula bearing Kusana types are not to
be attributed solely to Kashmir, which the Kidara Kusanas probably continued to hold after
they were driven out of Gandhara (v. sup. 76) and which may, perhaps, have been
conquered by the Hunas for the first time during the reign of Mihirakula. Against the
suggested identification of the Huna Toramana with Toramana of Kashmir: C.NChr. 1894,
p. 256. For other Huna coins doubtfully attributed to Kashmir, v. supra sub 104.

107. Huna coinage.Huna coins of all types are found bearing

names or fragments of names which are at present unknown from any
other source. It is possible that there may have been more than one Huna
dynasty reigning at the same time; or these coins may have been struck by
viceroys ruling over different provinces of the empire. The limit of date
for Huna coinage is probably 544 A.D., when, in the reign of Mihirakula, the
Huna power was broken up by a confederation of Hindu princes under
Yasodharman, Visnu- vardhana of Malwa, and Narasimhagupta Baladitya
of Magadha (C.NChr. 1894, p. 258). Fragments of this power may,
however, have survived till a later date.
108. Uncertain, Huna or Persian. There are some well-known
classes of coins the nationality of which cannot at present be exactly
determined, They show signs of their Sassanian orgin by their thin fabric
and by the fire-altar which constantly appears as their R E V . type. They
have, therefore, characteristics which belong both to some of the Huna
coins and also to the coins of the Persian kings of the Panjab and Sind.
The best known of these doubtful series is that which bears the name of
NAPKI MALKA.

C.NChr. 1S94, p. 267, PI. XII, 2; Ar. Ant. PI. XVII, 5, 7, 10, 17; DROUIN, Rev. Num.
1S91, p. 221.

XI. LATER COINS OF N., E., C. AND W.INDIA.

109. Persian Kings in the Panjab and Sind. There are found in
NAV.India coins of Sassanian type and fabric bearing inscrr. in NagarT,
Sassanian Pahlavi, and an alphabet, hitherto unread, which is probably a
development of the modified form of the Greek alphabet used by the
Scytho- Sassanians (v. sup. 75). These have been sometimes attributed
to the later Hunas (C.NChr. 1894, pp. 267. 289), but apparently without
sufficient reason. They were almost certainly struck by some Sassanian
dynasty or dynasties

as is shown by the st\le of the coins and by the use of Sassanian Pahlavi
ruling over Sind and Multan, which the earliest Arab geographers include in the
kingdom of Sind (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9lh ed., sub Multan). It may be noticed
that this region had at other periods been in the hands of Persian conquerors (v.
61, and cp. 30). For one of these issues, which has the name S R I V A S U D E V A only
in NagarT characters and all the remaining portion of its legends in Sassanian
Pahlavi, an approximate date is fixed by its very near resemblance to a coinage
issued by Kbusru II Parvlz in the 37th year of his reign -= 627
A.D.
(cp.
LONGPRIER, Medailles des rois perses,
l'k XI, 3, with C.NChr. 1894, PI. XII, 10 or Ar.Ant. PI.XVII, 9). In the
Pahlavi inscrr. on these coins Vasudeva is called king of Bahman (=

Bahmanvasi or Brahmanabad the capital of Sind), Multan, Tukan (=

Panjab), Zabulistan,
and Sapardalaksan (perhaps = Rajputana; C.NChr. 1894, p. 292). The
coins of S H A H I T I G I N , which are closely connected with those of
Vasudeva and with the particular issue of Khusru II mentioned above, by
the use of the same reverse-type, supposed to represent the sun-god of
Multan (C.ASR. V, p. 123), also bear the title King of India and Persia
(Nagarl: H I T I V I C A A R A N C A P A R A M E S V A R A ) = King of the Panjab
and Khorasan (Sassanian Pahlavi: T A K A N K H O R A S A N M A / K D ;
C.NChr. 1894. p. 291). The attribution and interpretation of other coins
belonging to this Indo-Persian class (e. g. C. op. cit. PI. XII, 58) are less
certain; but it seems probable that they belong to the same region and
period as the others.
Cp. also WILSON, Ar. Ant. pp. 400. 402, PI. XVII, 6. 8. 9, PI. XXI, 22; TH., Hist, of
Early Mull. Arabs in Persia, p. 90; PE. I. PI. V, 10. 11; p. 122, PI. VII, 6; H, p. 105.

110. Kanauj (Kanyakubja). Coins struck by princes of the

following dynasties of the mediaeval kingdom of Kanauj are known:
(1) R A G H U V A M S I D Y N A S T Y . For coins conjecturally attributed to
Harsadeva (c. 606650 A.D.) v. inf. 122. The silver coins bearing the
inscr. S R I M A D - A D I V A R A H A were struck by Bhojadeva (Plate V , 5 ; c.
850900 A.D.).
HULTZSCH, El. I. p. 155; C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 20. 21. The same ref. also for other coins
which may perhaps belong to this dynasty. For the mention in inscrr. of Srlmad-Adivaraha
drammas and other contemporary coins, v. KIELHORN, El. I, p. 169.

(2) T O M A R A D Y N A S T Y . The princes of this dynasty seem, at first, to have

held both Kanauj and Dehli, and to have been confined to Dehli after
the Rathor conquest of Kanauj, c. 1050 A.D. The coins represent three
consecutive rulers of both Kanauj and Dehli, c. 9781049 A.D., and
two others of Dehli only, c. 10491128 A.D. The gold coins follow the
types of the Kalacuris of Dahala (v. inf. 116); the billon coins those of
the Brahman Sahis of Gandhara (Bull and Horseman type; v. inf. 115
(6)).
C.CMI. p. 80, PI. IX, 18; TH. IATHANS p. 58.

(3) R A T H O R (G A P A H A V A L A ) D Y N A S T Y . The coins of the Rathor

conqueror of Kanauj, Candradeva, c. 1050 A.D., are not known. The
series begins with those of his son M A D A N A P & L A D E V A , c. 1080 A.D.,
and includes the coins of two other rulers reigning till c. 1Z93 A.D. The
coin-types are like those of the Tomara Dynasty.
C.CMI. p. 82, PI. IX, is17.

Sin. The P3 .1 a Dynasty of Magadha. No coins of this dynasty are

certainly known, but it is not improbable that the coins of Sassanian
derivation bearing the name Sri Vigraha should be attributed to
V I G R A H A P A L A I of Magadha, 910 A.D.
SMITH, JBA. 1894, p. 192; C.ASR. XI, _pp. 175. 181, PI. XLIII; C.CMI. p. 52, PI. VI, 17.
For the mention of Vigrahapala drammas in the Siyadoni inscr. v. KIELHORN, El. I, pp.
167. 169.

gii2. Kashmir. The origin of the Kashmirian coin-types is to be

found in certain coins probably struck by Kaniska (v. sup. S 7 4 > class (2));
and from this date until the Muhammadan conquest of Kashmir in the 13 tl1
cent, these coin-types O B V . King standing: R E V . Goddess seated
remained - unchanged. The workmanship, however, is so rude during the
greater part of this period (e. g. Plate I V , 24: Jagadeva, c. A.D. 1198), that
these designs were in some cases misinterpreted by the early
numismatists; and the dead level of degradation is so constantly kept, that
the evidence of date usually afforded by the progressive improvement or

degeneration in style is here to a great extent lacking. From the reign of

A V A N T I V A R M A N (c. 835 A-D.) onwards,

the coin? fairly represent the list of kings given in the Rajatarangini. For
all the previous period, the dates and order of succession given in the
Raja- tarangim are untrustworthy, although a number of the names are
found on the coins. That the Kidara Kusanas held Kashmir for some time
is certain, but the date of their settlement there is doubtful (v. sup.76).
The Kashmirian coins of the Hunas given in C.NChr. 1894, PI. X, 57, and
913 (v. sup. sub S 106), seem to be copied from coins of the Kidara
Kusanas; and those of the succeeding Naga or Karkotaka Dynasty (c. 625
757 A . D . ,
V
.
C.CMI, p. 39, Pi- in, 714) all bear the name
Kidara (Plate IV, 22: Yasovarman). Between the date of the Hima
Mihirakula (c. 515 A . D . )
and the beginning of the Naga
Dynasty, C. places a number of kings among whom a Toramana occurs.
This king has usually been identified with the Huna Toramana, the father
of Mihirakula ( R A J E N D R A
L A L A
M I T R A ,
Proc. BA. 1878, p. 191; F L E E T ,
CII. Ill, Pref. p. 1 off.). For
thearguments against this identification and in favour of a somewhat
later date for Toramana of Kashmir, v. C.NChr. 1894, p. 256. Some gold
coins of Harsa of Kashmir (PlateIV,23) c. 1090A.D., are directly imitated
from South Indian coins, for the attribution of which v. inf. S 125 (1).
C.CMI. p. 25, PI. IllV; R ODG ERS , JBA. 1879, p. 277, Pll. XI. XII. Cp. also
C.NChr. 184.3 (VI), I; PE. 1 ,3SS, PI. XXXI, 1 15. For the reading T UHJINA (STEIN)
instead of T URYAMAT IA ( Toramana, C.CMI. p. 42, PL III, 1) v. SMITH, JBA.
1897, p. 6, PI. I, 9.

113. Nepal The earliest coins peculiar to Nepal are large copper pieces
which bear some resemblance to the second class ofYaudheya coins
a resemblance no doubt due to a common origin from the coins of the Kusanas
(v. sup. 60). They appear to extend over a period from the first quarter of the 5 th
cent, to the last quarter of the 7 th cent. A . D .
Those bearing the name
Mananka have been attributed to Manadevavarman, c. 425 A . D . ,
and
those reading Gunaiika to his successor Gunakamadevavarman, c. 450 A . D .
These names occur only on the coins and in the native dynastic lists. No mention
of them has yet been found in inscrr. or other dated records. The dates given are,
therefore, only approximate. The coins of Anisuvarman (Plate V, 1) and Jisnugupta
can be dated with more exactness, as both these kings are known from dated
inscrr. of the seventh cent. The coins bearing the names Pasupati and Vaisravana
cannot be accurately dated. These are names of divinities, and it is uncertain by
whom the coins were struck; but, from their style and fabric, they would seem to
belong to the same period as the others.
C.CAI. P. 112, PI. XIII; PE. I, P. 62, PI. Ill, 12; TBA. 1865, p. 124, PI. 15 19;
BF.NDALL, ZDMG. 36, p.651; S MITH , Proc. BA. 1887,p. 144, PI. II; H OERN LE , id.
1S8S, p. 114. For the chronology: B UI ILE R , Ind. Ant. 1884, p. 411; S. L EV I , JA.
1894 (IV), p. 94, places AijiSuvarman earlier.

114. Sahis of Gandhara. Traces of the kingdom which was established

in Gandhara the Kabul valley and the region of the upper Indus
by the first Kusana conqueror (v. sup. 65) are to found at intervals from its
beginning T O
its end (c. N . C .
25
A
. D .
1026).
For a resume of the information derived from literary sources, e. g. Al.BERUNl,

1S93.

Ilwen Thsang, and the Rajatarangini, v. S TEIN , Z UR Gesch. der Sahis VON Kabul,

115. Sahi Coinage. The coins may probably be arranged in the

following periods:(ij Coins of the early Kusanas, c. B.C. 25 A . D .
180 (v. sup. SIS 65- 73); (2) The later imitations of these (v. 74), from
which the coins of the Sassanian invaders (c. 300450 A . D . )
were copied (v. 75); (3) The coins of the Kidara Kusanas, who held
Gandhara, c. 425475 A . D .
(v. 76). It is, however, doubtful
whether these coins should be attributed to the king-

dom of the Kidara Kusanas in Gandhara or in Kashmir; (4) The coins of

the Hunas struck in Gandhara, c. 475530 A.D.(V. 104). The use of the
title Sahi on Huna coins is probably to be traced to this source; (5) After
the Huna period, during the visit of Hwen Thsang, c. 630 A.D., the king of
Gandhara was a Ksatriya. This, perhaps, shows that the Kusana dynasty
had become Hinduised (v. STEIN, op. cit. p. 5). It is uncertain what coins
should be attributed to this period perhaps the late imitations in copper
of debased Kusana type (C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 16); (6) According to
ALBERUNI (tr. SACHAU II, p. 13) a Brahman vazir usurped the throne and
founded a dynasty. To the different members of this Brahman dynasty are
attributed the series of coins commonly known, from their
predominating types, as the Bull and Horseman coins (c. A.D. 860
950; C.CMI. p. 62; Plate V, 6: Spalapati);
(7) For the remaining period which extends to the date of the suppression
this dynasty by Mahmud of Ghazni (i. e. c. 950-1026 A.D.), the names of
the different princes are known from inscrr., but no coins have as yet
been attributed to them. They are called Rajputs, and it has been
conjectured (C.) that a counter-revolution may have wrested the
kingdom from the Brahmans and restored it to its ancient Ksatriya
possessors.
C.CMI. p. 55, PI. VII; Ar. Ant. p. 428, PI. XIX, I23. For the supposed dates on the
coins of the Brahman Sahis V. BAYLEY, NChr. 1882, pp. 128. 291; TH., Ind. Ant. 1883, p.
260; FLEET, id. 1886, p. 185.

116. Kalacuris of Dahala. Territory; the country watered by the

upper Narbada and its tributaries (C.CMI. p. 67). Capital: TripurT
(=Tewar) for the ancient coins of which, v. sup. 57. Of the mediaeval
kingdom, the coins of only one monarch, G A N G E Y A D E V A (Plate V, 7 ) , c.
10051035 A.D., are known. On these coins, the ancient Indian type of the
seated Goddess is retained on one side, while the whole surface of the
other side is occupied by the inscr. They were imitated by the Candellas of
Jejahuti ( 118), the Tomaras of Dehli, and the Rathors of Kanauj ( no).
C.CMI. P. 67, PI. VIII, 15; C.ASR. XVII, 71; ALBERUNI (TRANS.-SACHAU) I, P. 202. 117.
Kalacuris of Mahakosala. Territory: the present dist. of Chatisgarh and
Raypur in the Central Provinces (C.CMI. p. 67). Coins of three princes,
from c. 1060 to 1140 A.D., are known (Plate V, 8: Jajalladeva). As on the
coins of the Kalacuris of Dahala ( 116), the inscr. occupies the whole of
one side, but the type of the seated Goddess no longer appears on the
other.
C.CMI. p. 67, PI. VIII, 6 11; HOERNLE, Proc. BA. 1893, p. 93.

Sn8. Candellas of Jejahuti or Mahoba. Territory: the dist. bounded

by the Jamna on the N., the sources of the Kiyan (or Ken) on the S., the
Dasan on the W., and the Vindhya Mts. on the E. (C.CMI. p. 7 7 )- The
coins represent seven of the nine known rulers between 1063 and 1282
A.D., and are copied from those of the Kalacuris of Dahala ( 116) to whom
the Candellas were subject before A.D. 1063 (Plate V, 9:
Hallaksanavarma).
C.CMI. p. 76, PI. VIII, 1221; C.ASR. XXI, p. 77 ; HOERNLE, JBA. 1889, p. 34, PI. IV,
11. 12.

X19. Cauhans of Dehli and Ajmir. Conquerors of Dehli from the

Tomaras (v.sup.gno) c.?in8 A.D., and of Jejahuti ( 118) in 1182 A.D. Those
specimens of the Chauhan coinage which have been read with certainty
represent the two last rulers, S O M E S V A R A and P R T H V I R A J A , , from c.
1162 to 1192 A.D., the latter of these dates being that of the Muhammadan
conquest of Dehli under Muhammad ibn Sam. The coin-types of the

Chauhans are the Bull and Horseman (115 (6)), which continued for
some generations to find a place among the coin-types of their
Muhammadan conquerors, the
Indo-Aryan Research. II. 3 B.

Sultans of Dehli (cp. S. LANE-POOLE, B. M. Cat. Indian Coins: Sultans of Dehli, Pll.' 1
m).

C.CMI. p. 83, PI. IX, 914; BUHLER, Proc. BA. 1893, p. 94; MORISON, WZKM. VII; TH.,
Pathans p. 63. For Rajput coins not certainly read, v. TH., Pathans, p. 59; C.CMI. p. 88.

121. Kangra. The coins of the Rajas of Kangra represent a period probably
from c. 1330 to c. 1610 A.D. They call for notice here merely as noteworthy instances of
the survival of an Indian type the Bull and Horseman for many centuries after
the Muhammadan conquest.
C.CMI. p. 99, PI. XI; R ODG ER S , JBA. 1880, p. 10, PI. II; BAYLEY, quoted in PE. I, p. 392.

120. Nanvar. For the coins of the Naga dynasty, contemporary

with the Guptas, v. sup. 101. The later Rajput coins represent four of the
S
I
X
known princes between c. 1230 and 1290 A . D . ,
including one M A L A Y A - V A R M A D E V A who is, at present, unknown
from any other source. These coins bear dates in years of the
Vikramaditya era (57 B . C . ) .
C.CMI. p. 89, PI. X, I10; JBA. 1865, p. 115; TH., Pathans p. 67.

122. Unattributed Coins. There are three classes of coins found in

great numbers from the Satlej eastward as far as Benares, and from the
Himalaya southward to the Narbada River (C.CMI. p. 47) which have not
as yet been very definitely attributed:
11) thin pieces of silver derived from the Sassanian type. Those which
are simply rude imitations of actual Sassanian coins have been assigned
with much probability to the Hunas ( 105). The later imitations, which
show, as ihey recede farther from the prototype, a more degraded
representation of the original types and an increasing thickness of fabric,
are probably Indian; but they cannot at present be certainly attributed to
any particular dynasties. They are common in the Gangetic Doab, but
are found more plentifully in Mewar and Marwar, and throughout all
Rajputana (C.CMI. p. 48). They may perhaps be the predecessors of the
coins of class (2), or they may be independent of them though derived
from the same prototype. In weight the two classes are similar; and, as
the specimens vary from 60 to 65 grains, or from 3,8 to 4,2 grammes,
they probably, like their Sassanian originals, represent the Greek
drachma (v. sup. 24). Some specimens bear the letters H A or J A , and C.
(1 . c.) has very plausibly suggested that the former may be the initial of
H A R S A V A R D H A N A of Kanauj. The later coins of B H O J A D E V A of Kanauj
(Srimad-Adivaraha) are, certainly, similar in fabric, and are probably
derived from the same source (v. sup. no). He also suggests that those
which bear the name S R I V I G R A H A may possibly have been struck by
some successor of Bhojadeva (CMI. p. 51); but it is, perhaps, more
probable that they should be attributed to Vigrahapala I of Magadha (v.
sup. in).
C.CMI. P. 48, PI. VI, 1319.

(2) thick pieces of silver also derived from the Sassanian type, but so
degraded in execution as to show little similarity to their originals. They
are commonly called G A D K I Y A P A I S A (Plate V, 4) and C. (CMI. p. 50)
would identify them with the S A D B O D D H I K A D R A M M A S of the Jaunpur
inscr. (C.ASR. XI, p. 176). They are found in S.W.Rajputana, in Mewar,
Malwa, and Gujarat (C.CMI. p. 47). By their O B V . type they are connected
with a class of coins, on which the name S O M A L A D E V A is substituted for
the degraded fire-altar of the R E V . The same name also occurs on coins
which have for the O B V . the horseman type, probably borrowed from
the Brahman Sahis of Gandhara ( 115 (6))
'
C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 1012; B11.JBRA. XII, p. 325. Cp. also id. XI, p.334;

PE. I, p. 341, PI. XXVII, 13 16.

(3) copper coins of very rude fabric which may perhaps be imitations of
the coins ,of the Later Kusanas (class (1), v. sup. 74) O B V . King
standing: R E V . Siva and Bull. The workmanship is, however, so much
degraded, that the O B V . of these coins has usually been supposed to
represent the Sassanian fire-altar. C. supposes these coins to have
formed the common copper currency of the Panjab and Rajputana
between A.D. 50 and 800 (v. sup. 1 1 5 ( 5 ) ) .
C.CMI. p. 48, PI. VI, 16.

XII. COINAGES OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

123. General Remarks. In the numismatic history of Northern
India, landmarks of great importance are afforded by the successive
foreign invasions. There are no such prominent landmarks to indicate
the different periods in the history of the Southern coinages. At the same
time the proportion of inscribed coins is smaller, and classification
depends to a greater extent on arguments derived from the P R O V E N A N C E
of specimens, the nature of their fabric, and the style of their types. These
coinages have, moreover, as yet not received a scientific treatment in any
way to be compared with that which has obtained such valuable historical
results from the coins of the North.
It is probable that the primitive method of punch-marking (v. sup.
5) continued in use for a much longer period in the South than in the
North; and, in some instances, it is clear that later improvements in the
art of coinmaking are the result of a development of this native method,
and not of the adoption of the foreign method of striking from dies (v. inf.
129; cp. also E. Numismatic Gleanings p. 12 = JMLS. XIX, p. 231).
R O M A N gold and silver coins (v. sup. 14) are found in great
numbers in Southern India and Ceylon, and it is probable that they were
actually used as currency in these countries, while, in the North, the
Roman gold coins may, perhaps, have provided some of the metal for the
large gold issues of the Kusanas.
In the following list of South Indian states to which coins have been
ascribed the Andhras are not included, as they have been discussed
already, sup. $ 85.
124. Pandya. Territory: the extreme south of the peninsula. After
the punch-marked coinage, which here as elsewhere no doubt belongs to
a very early period (v. sup. 4) the most ancient Pandyan coins seem to
be those, which, while retaining the original square form, bear a diestruck type an elephant on one side only; and, somewhat later, those
which have types on both sides. It is almost certain that, in accordance
with the usage of Southern India, historical facts are expressed by the
heraldic symbols which occur on these coins in conjunction with the chief
types, and it is, therefore, possible that the varying number of these
symbols may afford data for a further chronological arrangement of the
coins. These coins have been assigned to a period ending c. 300
A
. D . ;
and the general resemblance which they bear in style and
workmanship to coins of the Andhras ( 87) and Pallavas ( 128) makes
this attribution not improbable.
LOVENTHAL, Coins of Tinnevelly (Madras 1S88) p. 5, H. I, 71 5 > TUFNEI.I,

Hints to Coin-Collectors in S.India (Madras 1889) p. 8, Pi. I, 2.

There is much uncertainty as to the coins which should be ascribed

to the Pandyas during the period c. 300600 A . D .

For coins conjecturally assigned to this period: LOVENTHAL, op. cit. p. 7, PI. I, 16-33.

Gold coins bearing the emblem universally adopted by the PSndyas in later
times, viz. the fish, have been attributed to a period from the 7 th to the 10th cent. A. D.
(E.CSI. p. 120; Plate V, 10). Later copper coins show the influence of the Cola conquest
in the middle of the 11th cent. A.D. (V. inf.
126).

E.CSI. p. 119, PI. Ill, 129138; TRACY, JMLS. 18878, p. 138.

125. Cera. Territory: the province of Malabar. No coins have

hitherto been assigned to the Cera dynasty at its most flourishing period
before the Cola conquest in 877 A . D .
After this date, certain
districts over which the Cera power had been extended and which had
hitherto been governed by viceroys became independent. Coins struck in
two of such districts are known:
(1) K O N G U D E S A . The western part of Maisur as far as Nandidrug,
together with Coimbatore and Salem (E.CSI. p. HI). To this district have
been assigned certain gold and copper coins on which the Cera emblem, a
bow, is usually found together with other symbols. The date of these gold
coins, the chief type of which is the elephant (Plate V, 12), is limited to a
period before c. 1090 A . D . ,
as they are imitated by Harsadeva
of Kashmir (v. sup. 112). This coinage is apparently actually noticed in
the RajataranginT, VII, 926 D A K S I N A T Y A B H A V A D B H A N G I F Y P R I Y A
TASYA
VILASINA /J.,
KARNATANUGUNAS TANKAS TATAS TENA
P R A V A R I T I T A H . C.CMI. p. 35, translating Karnata as = Karnatic has
accordingly changed the attribution of these coins; but Karnata seems to
denote rather a district in the centre of the peninsula which included
certainly a part if not the whole of Kongudesa (L.IA. I, p. 170).
E.CSI. p. in, I]. Ill, 11812S.

(2) K E R A L A . This term, which is sometimes used as synonymous

with Cera, is here used in its more restricted sense as denoting that
portion of the Western Coast which lies between the Candragiri and C.
Comorin (E.CSI. p. 61). To a dynasty ruling over this territory belongs a
unique coin (TRACY coll.) in the British Museum with the inscr. Sri
Vlrakeralasya in NagarT characters of, probably, the 11 th or 12th century
(Plate V, n).
For the dynasty, the members of which bore this title, v. Simdaram Pillai, Some Early
Sovereigns of Travancore, Ind. Ant. 1895, p. 249 ff.

126. Cola.'The coins all belong to the period during which the
Colas were becoming, or had become, the paramount power in S.India.
They fall into two classes:(1) before c. 1022 A . D .
the beginning
of the reign of Rajaraja Cola. These coins show that the Cola power was
already becoming supreme: they bear the Cola emblem, the tiger, in the
centre with the Panrjya and Cera emblems (fish and bow) on either side
of it. The coin-legends, in Sanskrit characters, give the names or titles of
Cola sovereigns; but they have not, as yet, been identified beyond dispute
with those occurring in the dynastic lists (Plate V, 13); (2) after c. 1022
A
. D .
With the reign of R A J A - R A J A comes a coinage of an
entirely new type O B V . King standing: R E V . King seated (Plate V, 14).
This type spread with the extension of Cola power over a great portion of
Southern India. Its use was established in Ceylon, as a result of the Cola
occupation of the island, and was continued by the independent Rajas of
Kandy (v. inf. % 127).
E.CSI. P. 135, PI. IV, 151 174; IIUI.TZSCH, Ind. Ant. 1S92, p. 323, PI. I, 7; id. 1S96, p.
317, PI. I, 1. 2.

To a Cola sovereign, probably Kulottunga Cola I, A . D .

1070,
have been attributed coins struck in R E P O U S S E on very thin gold, like

XII. COINAGES OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

those of the Eastern Calukyas, Calukyacandra and Rajaraja II (v. inf.
S 13)-

3
7

HULTZSCH, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321, PI. II, 26. 27.

127. Ceylon. The coins of the Rajas of Kandy, who adopted

without any important modification the types of their Cola predecessors,
represent a period from 1153 to 1296 A . D .
(Plate V, 15:
Parakramabahu). Previous to this period the coins circulating in Ceylon
have no distinctive character:they are either of the ancient punchmarked pattern or are importations due to foreign commerce or
invasion.
RH. D., ACC.; cp. also VAUX, NChr. 1854 (XVI), p. 121; PE. I, p. 419, PI. XXXV;

LOWSLEY, NChr. 1895, p.211, PI.VIII; Rangacharl and Desikachari, Ind. Ant. 1895,

P- 332 .

128. Pallava. Territory: bordered by the Coromandel Coast. In

the same region lived the Kurumbars, a people of considerable
importance before the 7th cent. A . D .
Between the coins of these
two peoples no accurate discrimination has yet been made. The coins of
this region fall into two classes:(1) Those which in style bear some
resemblance to the coins of the Andhras (e. g. E.CSI. PI. II, 5558, called
Kurumbar; and perhaps also id. I, 31-38, called Pallava or Kurumbar),
and may, therefore, possibly belong to the same period (2 nd and 3rd
centuries A . D . ) .
The occurrence of the ship as a reverse type
testifies to the foreign trade for which the Pallavas were famous. (2) The
other class is of gold and silver and undoubtedly later; but here again
there seems to be no evidence from which to determine the exact date.
These coins all bear the Pallava emblem, the maned lion, together with
Canarese or Sanskrit inscr. (Plate V, 16).
KCSI.pp.35ff., PI. I, 3138; 11,49-58; id. JMLS. XIX, p. 237, figs. 48-50. 52.

129. W.Calukya. Territory: W.Deccan. After the beginning of the

7 T H cent. A . D .
the Calukyas are divided into two main branches
the Western Calukyas in W.Deccan, and the Eastern Calukyas in that
part of the Pallava country which lay between the Kistna and Godavari.
The gold coins of both branches bear the Calukya emblem, a boar, and are
remarkable as showing a particular application of the Indian method of
punch-marking, by which each portion of a definite design is impressed
on the coin by a separate punch.
Most of the coins of the Wes tern Calukyas are of thick gold, and
often cupshaped (PlateV, 17). E L L I O T
(CSI.p.67) supposes
these to have been imitated from the Kadamba P A D M A - T A N K A S (v. inf.
131) which are executed in the same manner and which he assigns to the
5th or 6
cent, A . D . ;
but there is no proof, in either case,
of so early a date, and, on the analogy of the Eastern Calukya coins, they
should probably be placed much later. For other coins attributed to the
W. Calukyas, v. H U L T Z S C H ,
Ind. Ant. 1897, p. 322, PI. II,
28. 29.
T

E.CSI. p. 39, PI. I, 19-23, PI. Ill, 81-86.

130. The dates of the known Eastern Calukya coins are fixed. Spe cimens in some alloy of bronze have been recently found near
Yellamanchili in the Yizagapatam dist. bearing in the inscr. V I S A M A S I D D H I , the title ofVisnu- vardhana, A . D .
663672.
Madras Govt. Mus. Report 1894, p. 4; HULTZSCH, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 322,
PI. II, 34 ,
_

Other coins bear the name of Calukyacandra, or Saktivarman

. D .
1000 1012) and Rajaraja II ( A . D .
1021
1062). On these coins the Calukya boar and each letter of the inscr. are
(

stamped in R E P O U S S I on very thin gold. The attribution of these coins to

the Eastern Calukyas seems to be beyond doubt;

38

II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

but it is remarkable that most of the specimens known have been found in
the island of Cheduba, off the coast of Arakan.

FLEET, Ind. Ant. 1890, p. 79; E.CSI. p. 67, PI. ILL, 79.80, assigned these coins to the
Western Calukyas of the 6th or 7* cent. A.N. Cp. also PHAYRE, Proc. BA. 1872, p. 3. For
specimens found in India, V. HULTZSCH, IND. Ant. 1896, p. 321, PI. II, 24. 25, who also
points out that these coins bear dates in regnal years.

131. Kadamba. Territory: N.W.Deccan and N.Maisur. The gold

Kadamba coins are in fabric and execution like the coins of the Western
Calukyas ( 129). E L L I O T
assigns these P A D M A - T A N K A S
(Plate V , 1 8 ) so called from the lotus which occupies the centre of the
coin to the flourishing period of Kadamba independence in the 5 th and
6
cent, A . D . ;
but it seems probable that, like the coins
of the Western Calukyas, they should be attributed to a considerably later
period. The form of the Sanskrit letters which are found on them
certainly supports this view.
T

E.CSI. p. 66, PI. I, 7. 8. 10. 11. 1317, PI. II, 6678,

132. Rastrakuta.-Territory: the Kanarese districts of the Bombay

Presidency. No coins have been attributed to this dynasty during its most
flourishing period (c. 757973 A . D . ) .
For the silver coins,
imitated from the coinage of the Ksatrapas of Surastra, which have been
attributed to Krsnaraja Rastrakuta, c. 375400 A . D . ,
V. sup.
100.
133. Kalacuris of Kalyanapura. Coins of the second prince of this
dynasty, Somesvara A . D .
11671175, are known.
E.CSI. P. 78, PI. Ill, 87.

134. Yadavas of Devagiri. Territory: Kaly&napura and the

northern districts of the Western Calukya kingdom ( A . D .
11S7
1311)- For their coins, v. E.CSI. p. 72, PI. Ill, 8889.
S 135. Yadavas of Dvarasamudra. Territory: Maisur ( A . D .
1047 1310). For their coins, v. E.CSI. p. 8oj PI. Ill, 9092.
136. The Kakatlyas of Worangal. Territory: Haidarabad
( A . D .
I
I
I
O
1323); or their successors the Verna
RecMis of Kodavidu, A . D .
1361 ? c. 1450 A . D .
For
coins attributed to these dynasties, v. E.CSI. pp. 82. 101, PI. IH, 9 3 -9 5 .
S 137- Vijayanagara. The rise of this kingdom is an important landmark in Indian history and numismatics; for while it became paramount
in the country south of the Kistna and preserved there the S.Indian form
of coinage, the country to the north of the Kistna had generally passed
into the hands of the Muhammadans, and the Indian type of coinage had
with a few isolated exceptions been superseded in that region by a
coinage of the Muhammadan form.
IIULTZSCII, Ind. Ant. 1S91, p. 301, PI 1. I. II; id. 1892, p. 321, PI. I; id. 1S96, P- 3'7, PI. I, 3

6.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

Ar. Ant. = Ariana Antiqua.

AR. = Asiatic Researches.
ASWI. = Archaeological Survey of Western India.
BH. = BHAGVA.NLAL INDRAJI.
BHAND. = BHANDARKAR; Hist. Dek. = Early History of the Dekkan.

B.
C.

Bomb. Gaz. = Bombay Gazetteer.

M.Cat. = British Museum Catalogue.
= CUNNINGHAM; ASR. == Archaeological Survey Reports; CAI. = Coins of Ancient

42

II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3 B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.

India; CMI. = Coins of Mediaeval India; Geog. = Ancient Geography of India. CII. Corpus
Inscriptionum Indicarum.
DR. = DROUIN; HE. = Memoire sur les Huns Ephthalites.
E. = ELLIOT; CSI. = Coins of Southern India, ed. =
edited by.
El. = Epigraphia Indica.
G. or GARB. = GARDNER; or GARDNER, British Museum Catalogue of Greek and Scythic Kings of
India.
GUTSCH., Gesch. Irans = A. VON GUTSCHMID, Geschichte Irans.
Ind. Ant. = Indian Antiquary.
I.M.Cat. = Indian Museum Catalogue.
JA. = Journal Asiatique.
'
JBA. or JASB. = Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society.
JBRA. or BBRAS. = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. JMLS.
Journal of the Madras Literary Society.
JRAS. = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JR. Geog. Soc. = Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
L. = LASSEN ; IA. = Indische Altertumskunde.
NChr. = Numismatic Chronicle. OBV. =
OBVERSE.

OLD. = OLDENBERG.

Proc. BA. or Proc. ASB. = Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
PE. = PRINSEPS Essays ed. THOMAS. rev.
= reviewed by. rev. = reverse.
RH.D. = RHYS DAVIDS; ACC. = Ancient Coins of Ceylon.
SBE. = Sacred Books of the East.
TH. = THOMAS; AIW. = Ancient Indian Weights.
Tr. I. Or. Congr. = Transactions of the International Congress of Orientalists.
WZKM. = Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, or Vienna Oriental Journal.
ZDMG. = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.
ZfN. = Zeitschrift fur Numismatik.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION . . . .
S I. Limits of the Contribution

page I

2. Classification of I. coins .
.I
3. Literature of Indian Numismatics .....I

s
s
s

s
s
s
s
s

II. EARLIEST NATIVE COINAGE 23

4- Standard and date of use .

. 2
5. Form of the Coins . . . .
3
6. Guild-tokens........................................3

III. EARLY FOREIGN COINS IN

INDIA......................................3

7. Persian Coins in India .

8. Persian standard .
. .
9. Athenian coins in India .
10. Alexanders coins . ..
tl. Ind. Relations with Seleucids
13. Parthian influence . .
S
14. Roman coins in India
$
15. Roman influence .
.
12. Diodotus
16. Sassanian influence .

s
s

,
42- Arjunayana .
4 Audumbara.
3
4 Ayodhya .
.
4
4 Baran .
.
5
.
.
46. .Erag .
4 Janapada .
.
7
.
48. Kada. .
4 .Kosambl .
.
9
50 Kuninda .
.
5 Malava .
.
i- .Mathura.
5
.
2 .Pane ala
5
3 .Purl and. Ganjam
,
5
4 Sibi . . . .
5
5 Taxila .
5
.
6 .Tripurl .
5
.
7
58. .Ujjain .
.

s 5 .Vatasvaka
s 9
60 Y A U D

..
.

P
G

1
1

A
E

11.
11.
11.

I.

12.
12.
12.
12.
12

3
3

14.
14.

H
-H

IV. GRAECO-INDIAN COINS 5 17. The Greek invasion .

. .
IS. Euthydemus and Demetrius .
19. Encratides....................................
S 20. Dates on G. I. Coins .
.
S 21 22. Pantaleon and Agathocles
S 23. Antimachus.................................
24. Heliocles......................................
25. Heliocles Successors .
,

V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF
INDIA...................................7_j

2627. I he Saka invasion .

.
28. Saka imitations of older coins $ 29. Maues Moa .
S 3- Vonones .
. .
S31* Vonones and Azes S 32. Satraps of Mathura X 33- Ranjubula .
.
.
S 34- Saka Satraps .
.
S 3537- Doubtful Classes of Coins 38. IndoVII. INDO-PARTHIAN COINS 1510
Chinese Coins
61. Date of I. P. Dynasty . .IS

COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN

62. Gondophares....................................15
63. Wrongly attributed coins .
15

VIII.

KUSANA COINS . .1620

64. Definition of term ...

16
6566. Hermaeus and Kujula
Kadphises.........................................16
S
S STATES ..................
* 10 J 5
S

39*

General . . . 10
. . .
S 4 1* Aparanta . . .
. . . 11

Remarks
.
S S
4 0 * Almora
.

67. The Nameless King ... 16 68. Kujula Kara Kadphises .

5 6971. Iiima Kadphises .
.
.17
72. Coins of Kaniska, Huviska and
Vasudeva 18
73- Religious emblems on these 18 S 74- Later Great Kusanas .
.18

.17

 75- Scvtho-Sassanians .

IX.

CONTEMPORARIES OF THE
KUSANAS...........................20-24

19 S 76. Kidara or Little Kusanas .

19

S 77 78. Ksaharatas ...

.20
79. Nahapana.........................................20
80. Ksatrapas of Surastra .
.21
81. Coins of the W.Ksatrapas . 21 82. Inscrr. on W.Ksatrapa Coins 21 83. Dates on W.Ksatr. Coins . 22
84. Abhlras.............................................22
S 85. Andhras............................................23
86. E. and W.Andhras ... 23 87. Types of Andhra Coins . . 23
S 88. Succession of Andhra Kings 24 S 89. Nanda Kings
of Karwar . 24

page

CONTEMPORARIES .

X. THE GUPTAS AND THEIR

2430
jj go. The Imp. Guptas .
. . . 24
jj 91. The Imp. Gupta Coinage . 25 92. Division of the Gupta Emp. 26 jj 93. The Northern Guptas .
94. The Guptas of E. Malwa . 26 g 95. Later Guptas of E. Magadha 26 jj 96. Unattributed G. Coins .
jj 97. The Maukharis .
. .
.27
S 98. Valabhl............................................27
S 99. Bhlmasena.......................................27
too. Kfnaraja .
... 27
101. The Nine Nagas ... 28 jj 102. The Parivrajaka Maharajas . 27
% 103. Hunas............................................27
104107. Huna Coinage ... 28 jj 108. Uncertain, Hflna or Persian 30

. 26
. 27

XI. LATER COINS OF N., E., C.

AND W.INDIA .

3035

109. Persian kings in the Paftjab 30

jj 114. Sahis of Gandhara ... 32 115. Sahi Coinage . . . .
32 S 116. Kalacuris of Pahala .
S 117. Kalacuris of Mahakoala . 33 118. Candellas of Jejahuti .
. 33
S H9. Cauhans of Dehli and Ajmir 33
S 120. Narwar .........................................34
S 121. Kangra...........................................34
122. Unattributed Coins ... 34
Iio.
5 HI.
112.
S 113.

Kanauj........................................31
Palas of Magadha ... 31
Kashmir..................................31
Nepal..........................................32

XII. COINAGE OF S.INDIA 3539

S 123. General Remarks ... 35

S 124. Pandya
i 35
S 125. Cera
36
S 126. Cola
36
jj 127. Ceylon
36
128. Pallava
37

129. W.Calukya.....................................37
jj 130. E.Calukya.....................................37
131. Kadamba........................................38
jj 132. Rastrakuta.....................................38
S 133. Kalacuris of Kalyanapura . 38 134. Yadavas of Devagiri .
135. Yadavas of Dvarasumadra . 38 136. Kakatlyas of Worangal .
S 137. Vijayanagara..............................38

. 38
. 38

. 33

page

KEY TO PLATES OF COINS.

{When not otherwise stated, it may be assumed that inscriptions are in
the Brahmi alphabet.]

I.

some variety of

PLATE L
1.
Punch marked coin. 5.
JE. [C.NChr. 1869, p. 127, PL IV, 11 =
Obv. A number of symbols.
GARD. P. 163, Pl. XXX, 3.
Rev. Two symbols, one of which has been
11. Taxila; single-die coin. 56.
supposed to denote the district of Benares
Obv. In incuse, left, pile of balls, right,
(C.CAI p. 56, PI. I, 14).
caitya; beneath, wavy line and uncertain
c
Ah. W 52,8 grains = 3,41 grammes.
designs (? vine-branches).
2.
Guild-token. 6.
JE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 61, PL II, 9.
Obv. Steel-yard; Above, in Kharosthl
12. Pantaleon. 21. 56.
characters, Dujaka or Dojaka.
Obv. R'ajino Pamtalevasa; Figure of Indian
Rev. In incuse, in Brahmi characters,
dancing-girl.
negamd.
Rev. In incuse, BASIAEDZ I1ANTA/E. [BTFHLER, Ind. Stud.Ill, p.49 (sec. ed.)
AE0 NT05 L Maneless lion to right. JE.
3.
Persian siglos. 7.
[ G A R D . p. 9, PL III, 9.
Obv. Early Achaemenid king represented as
13. Taxila; double-die coin. 56.
archer half-kneeling to right. PunchObv. Elephant to right; above, caitya.
mark, symbol like triskelis.
Rev. In incuse, maneless lion to left;
Av. W* 83,5; grs. = 5,41 grms. [RAPSON,
above, svastika; in front, caitya.
JRAS. 1895, p. 876', PI. 24.
JE. [C.CAI. p. 62, Pl. Ill, 2.
4- id.
14. Maues. 29.
Rev. Incuse, and counter-mark resembling
Obv. Head of elephant to right; bell susBrahmi character yo.
pended from neck.
Ah. Wt 84,5 grs. = 5,47 grms. [RAPSON,
Rev. B AHAEOI! MAYOY. Caduceus; to left,
JRAS. 1895, p. 875, Pl. 1.
monogram ILl.
5. Persian double daric, struck in India. 7.
JE. [Cp. GARD. p. 68, PL XVI, 1.
Obv. Achaemenid king (probably DariusIII
15. id.
Codomannus, B.c. 337330) represented
Obv. BAZIAEHX BAIiAEHN METAAOY
as archer half-kneeling to right. Behind,
MAYOY. Poseidon, holding trident in left
:YTA; beneath, MNA; in front,
hand, with right foot placed on. the
Rev. Irregular incuse, with conventional
shoulder of a river god.
pattern formed by curved line in relief. A7.
Rev. Rajatirajaia mahatasa Moasa in
WT 262,7 grs. 17,02 grms. [HEAD,
Kharosthl characters; Female figure
Historia Numorum p. 700. The inscr.
behind and beneath the figure of the king
standing between two vines; below, right,
on the Obv. has been supposed to mean 2
monogram
staters = 1 min a.
JE. [Cp- GARD. p. 70, PL XVII, 1.
6. Indian imitation of an Athenian coin. 9.
16. Agathocles. 21.
Obv. Head of Athena to right. Behind, Rev.
Obv. Hitajasa?net in Kharosthl characters;
Owl to right. In front, AOE; behind,
Tree in square railed enclosure.
a bunch of grapes.
Rev. Akathukreyasa, in Kharosthl charAh. \\'t 257,8 grs. = (6,7 grms. [HEAD B.M.C
acters. Caitya surmounted by star.
at., Attica p. 2s, Athens, no. 267, PI. VII, 3.
JE. [BUHLER, WZKM. VIII, p. 206.
7.
id.
17. Vonones and Spalagadama. 30.
Obv. Head of Athena to right. Behind, a
Obv. BAXIAEQZ BASIAEGN METAAOY 1
punch of grapes.
ONONOY. King on horseback holding
Rev. Eagle to left, looking back.
lance to right.
Ah. Wt 54 grs. = 3,49 grms. [HEAD,
Rev. Spalahoraputrasa dhramiasa SpalaB.M.Cat., Attica, p. 26, Athens, no. 274, PI.
gadamasa, in Kharosthl characters. Zeus,
VJJ, 9.
facing, holding thunderbolt in right and
8.
Sophytes. 9.
long sceptre in left hand; below, left,
Obv. Jlelmeted head of king to right. Rev.
monogram .
XO(J)YTOY. Cock to right; above, on left,
L
Ah. W 36,5 grs. = 2,36 GRMS. [GARD. p. 99,
caduceus.
Pl XXI, 10.
Ah. Wt 58,3 grs. = 3,77 grms. [GARD. p. 2, PL
18. Euthydemus. S 18. 28.
I, 3.
Obv. Diademed head of king to right. Rev.
9.
Diodotus. $ 12.
BAIIAEDI EYQYAHMOY. Herakles seated to
Obv. Diademed head of king to right. Rev.
left on rock, holding in right hand a club
BAXIAEGX AIOAOTOY. Zeus striding to
which rests on rock; below, right, monogram
left, hurling thunderbolt; aegis on left arm.
ifi .
At his feet, eagle to left; above eagle,
Ah. Wl 254,6 grs. 16,49 grms. [GARD. p. 4,
wreath.
PL I, u.
'
Ah. Wl 257,1 grs. = 16,65 grms. [GARD. P- 3 .
19 - Saka imitation of coin of Euthydemus.
PL 1 , 6.
S 28.
10. Demetiius. $ 18.
Obv. Degraded imitation of head of EuthyObv. BAZIAEm: ANIKHTOY AHMHdemus.
TPIOY. Bust of king to right, wearing headRev. Degraded imitation of type ofEuthydress of elephants scalp and diadem. Rev.
demus; left, copy of name in Greek charMaharajusa aparajitasa Demetriyusa in
acters; right, inscription in Aramaean
Kharos(hi characters; Winged thunderbolt;
characters hitherto not certainly read. Ah. Wl
below, right, monogram
174 grs. = 11,27 grms. [C.NChr. 1889, p. 307,
Pl. XIII, 5.

INDIAN COINS BY E. J RAPSON,

CRUNQRISS DEB INPO-A.RISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.

KARL J. TRUBNER, STRASSBURG.

COLLOTYPE BY W.
GRIGGS.

PLATE II.
1.
Miaus or Heraus. 35.
10.
Obv. Diademed bust of king to right. Rev.
TYIANNDVNTDZ M[or H]IADY | ZAMAB
KOIIANDY. King on horseback to right; behind, Victory
with wreath. A. W1 184,4 grs. = 11,94 grms. [C.NChr. 18SS,
p. 47, PI. Ill, 2; GARD. p. 116, PI. XXIV, 7.

2. Hyrcodes. 36.
Obv. YPKCDAOY. Diademed bust of king to right.
Rev. MAKAPOY APAH0 POY. Armed figure facing, with
flames issuing from shoulders, and holding spear in right
hand.
Ak. YV1 44 grs. = 2,85 grms. [C.NChr. 1889, p. 310, PI.
XIII, 15.
3.
Zeionises. 34.
Obv. Debased Greek legend probably intended to represent
MANNITAOY YIOY ZATPAnOY | ZEICUNIZOY; Satrap
on horseback to right; various KharosthI characters in
field; in front, symbol.
Rev.
Manigtdasa
chatrapasaputrasa
chatrapasa
Jikoniasa in KharosthI characters; left, Satrap to right;
right, City to left holding wreath and cornucopiae; KharosthI characters in right and left field. A. W' 149,6 grs. =
9,69 grms. [Cp. C.NChr. 1890, p. 168, PI. XV, I.
4.
Strato II. 33.
Obv. BACIA6DC CDTHPOC CTPATS 2 - NOC YIOY I
CTPATflNOC; Diademed bust of king to right.
Rev. KharosthI inscr. (for Cs reading, V. GARD. 1 . C.);
Athena TO left, holding thunderbolt and aegis.
AY. W> 37 GRS. = 2,39 GRMS. [Cf. GARD. p. 168, PI. XXXI,
7.
5. Ranjubula, imitated from coins of Strato II. S 33 Obv. BACIASI BACIA6 C0 C CCDTHPOC PAXY;
Diademed bust of king to right. Rev. Apratihatacakrasa
chatrapasa \ Raju- bulasa inKharostjP characters;
Diademed bust of king to right.
AV. W( 38 grs. = 2,46 grms. [GARD. p. 67; PI. XV, ti.
6.
Ranjubula Rajubula. 33.
Obv. Mahakhatapasa Rdjubidasa in Brahml characters;
Standing figure facing.
Al. [BH. JRAS. 1S94, p. 547, PI. 4.
7. Hermaeus and Kujula Kadphises. 65. Obv. BAIIALDI
ETHPOXXY EPMAIOY;
Diademed bust of king to right.
Rev. Kujulakasasa kusan ay a vugasa dhra- mathidasa in
KharosthI characters; Her- akles facing, holding club in
right and lion^ skin in left hand.
/E. [GARD. p. 120, PI. XXV, 1.
8.
Kujula Kadphises. 65.
Obv. KOPCNAKQZDVAD | KAA4 hZDV; Diademed head
of king to right. xE. [GARD. p. 122, PI. XXV, 4.
9.
Kozola Kadaphes, imitated from Roman
denarii of Augustus. 66.
Obv. XOPANCY ZAOOY KOZOAA KA- AA(f>EC;
Diademed head of king to right.
EE. [Cp. GARD. p. 123, PI. XXV, 5.

Nameless King, Soter Megas, 67. Obv. Diademed and

radiate bust of king
to right, holding in hand lance bound with fillet; behind,
symbol.
Rev. BADAEVC BADAEVLUM LLUTHP METAC; King on
horseback to right.
M. [Cp. GARD. p. 114, PI. XXIV, 2.
11. Hima Kadphises. 7 1Obv. BACfA6 VC OOHMO KAAc[>iCHC; Bust of king,
wearing helmet and diadem, to left.
Rev. Maharajasa rajadirajasa sarvaloga- livaiarasa
mahisvarasa hima-kapli(P)sasa, Siva facing, holding
trident in right hand, and antelopes skin on left arm; in
right and left field, symbols.
N. WT 123 GRS. = 7,97 GRMS. [Cp. GARD. p. 125, PI.
XXV, 9.
2. Vasudeva, 72. 74.
Obv. pAONANO ^>AO BAZOAHO KO[l)ANO; King standing to left; holding spear in left hand,
and with right hand scattering grains on altar.
Rev. OHpO; Siva facing, holding trident in left and noose
in right hand; behind him, bull to left; above, right,
symbol.
N. Wl 124,8 grs. = 8,08 grms. [Cp. GARD. p. 159; PI. XXIX,
10.
13. Later Great Kusana. 74.
Obv. The figure of the king is apparently imitated from
that of Vasudeva, while the legend is a copy of that of
Kaniska; Nagarl characters - left, ga; middle, gho\ right,
hu.
Rev. Type of Vasudeva.
N. Wc 120,2 grs. = 7 J7 &grms. [C.NChr. 1893, p. 120, PL
VIII, 16.
14. Later Great Kusana. 74 Obv. Figure of king and legend copied from those of
Kaniska; Nagarl characters left, ha; right, vi.
Rev. APAOXfDO; Goddess seated on throne facing,
holding noose in right and cornucopiae in left hand;
above, left, symbol; below, left, Nagarl character la.
A7. W 121,4 grs. 7,86 grms. [C.NChr. 1893, p. 119, PL
VIII, 2.
15. Scytho-Sassanian: VarahranV, 422440 A.D. (C.). 75 Obv. Figure of king, copied from that of Vasudeva, wearing
head-dress ornamented with rams horns; the inscr. in
debased Gk. characters contains the name,and titles of
Varahran.
Rev. Siva and bull, copied from coins of Vasudeva; inserr.
in debased Gk. characters.
Ar. W1 121 grs. = 7,84 grms. [C.NChr. 1893, p. 182, PI. XIII,
15.
16. Kidara Kusana: Kytavlrya. j6.
Obv. King standing to left; beneath right arm Dharva, and
beneath left arm Kidaira), in Nagarl characters.
Rev. Sri Krtavlrya in Nagarl characters; Goddess seated.
N. Wl 120 grs. = 7,77 grms. [C.NChr. 1893, p. 201; PL XV,
11.

INDIAN COINS BY E. J RAPSON.

II
.

QHUNORISS DER I N DO - AH1SCH6N PHlLOLOQIE.

TRUBNER. STRASSBURG.KARL

COLLOTYPE BY W
GRIGGS.

PLATE III.

10. id. Chatresvara(?).

1.
Ksaharata: NahapSna. 78*
Obv. Bhagavata Catresvara Mahatmanah in
Obv. Head of satrap to right; traces of
Brahmi
characters; Siva facing, holding
inscr.-in Gk. characters.
trident battle-axe in right hand, and
Rev. Rdjho Ksahardtasa Nakapanasa in
antelopes skin on left arm.
Brahmi characters; Ratio Chaharatasa
Rev. Deer facing left; above, symbols; right,
Nakapanasa in Kharosthl characters;
tree within railing; left, caitya and symbol.
Thunderbolt and arrow.
M. [C.CAI. p. 72; PI. V, 5.
A. W 29,2 grs. = 1,88 grms. [BH., JRAS.
11. Kosambi: Bahasatimita. $ 491890, p. 642, PI. I.
Obv. Humped bull to right facing ca'ttya\
2. Ksatrapas of Surastra: Castana. $ 80. Obv.
above Ujjain symbol.
Head of satrap to right; traces of
Rev. Bahasatimitasa in Brahmi characters;
inscr. in Gk. characters.
tree within railing; on either side, symbols.
Rev. Rdjho Mahaksatrapasa GhsamotikaIE. [C.CAI. p. 74, Ph V, 11.
putrasa Castanam in Brahmi characters;
12. id.: Cast coin.
Cata(?)nasa in Kharosthl characters;
Obv. Humped bull to left facing symbol. Rev.
Caitya; right, star; left, crescent.
Tree within railing; below, caitya; left,
A. W 25 grs. = 1,62 grms. [C.CMI. p. 6, PI.
dharma-cakra and trisul; right, svastika and
I, 6.
'
another symbol.
3.
Damasena, dated coin. 83.
M. [C.CAI. p. 73. PI. V, 713.
Obv. Head of satrap to right; behind, date
Yaudheya. 60.
100 + 50 + 3, and traces of Gk inscr. Rev.
Obv. Elephant to right.
Raj ho Mahaksatrapasa Rudrasihasa
Rev. Inscr. in Brahmi characters not fully
putrasa Rajhi Mahaksatrapasa Damnsenasa in Brahmi characters; Caitya \
read containing the word Yaudheyana;
right, star; left, crescent.
Humped bull to right, facing tree within
A. W* 34 grs. = 2,2 grms. [Cp. Bh., JRAS.
railing.
1890, p. 653, PI. 11.
M. [GCAI. p. 77, PI. VI, 2.
4. Andhra: Gotamlputa, Vijivayaktira. $ 86.
14. id.
Obv. Caitya within railing; above,
Obv. Standing figure; symbol on either
svastika ;
side.
right, tree.
Rev. Yaudheyaganasya jay a dvi in Brahmi
Rev.
Ratio
Gotamiputasa
characters. Soldier standing holding spear
Vilivayakurasa\ Bow and arrow.
in right hand.
R. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 109, PI. XII. 6.
M. [GCAL p. 77, PL VI, 7.
5.
Siriyana Gotamlpuia Satakani. 87.
15. id. ? Brahmanya Deva.
Obv. Siriyana Sdtakanisa Ratio
Obv. Standing figure facing; right, tree
Gotamipuwithin railing; left, trisul and caitya. Rev.
tasa, Head of king to right.
Bhagavata Svamina Brahmanya \Deva\
Rev. Siriyana Sdtakanisa .... nasa
Yaudheya . in Brahmi characters \ SixGotami- putasa; right, caitya; left,
headed deity (Kartikeya,sadd- nana,
Ujjain symbol (v. S 58)brahmanya) facing, holding spear in right
A. [E.CSI. p. 25. The Rev. inscr. differently
hand.
read by Bn., JBRA. XV, p. 305.
A. W* 26 grs. = 1,68 grms. [C.CAI. p. 78,
6.
Vatasvaka. 59.
J
PL,VI, 11.

Obv. Vatasvaka in Brahmi characters;

16.
Pari
cal
a
(Sunga):
Phalgunimitra.
53. Obv.
Caitya; beneath, pile of balls; right,
Figure standing on lotus; left, symbol. Rev.
standing figure worshipping.
Phagunimitrasa in Brahmi characters;
IE. [BUIILER, Ind. Stud.Ill, p. 47 (sec. ed.).
above, three symbols.
7.
Karla: Cast coin. 43.
IE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 82, PI. VII, 5.
Obv. and Rev. (similar) Radasa in Brahmi
17. Mathura. 52.
characters; above, snake.
Obv. Updtikyd in Brahmi characters; above,
IE. [C.CAI. p. 62, PI. II, 21.
svastika.
8.
Audumbara: Dharaghosa. 43.
IE. [C.CAI. p. 86, PI. VIII, 1.
Obv. Mahadevasa raha Dharaghosasa
18. Janapada. 47.
Odum- barisa; across field, Visvamitray
in Kharosthl characters; Standing figure
Obv. Horse to left.
of Siva (or Yisvamitra?).
Rev. .. .putra Jartapadasa in Kharosthl
Rev. Same inscr. in Brahmi characters;
characters; Tree within railing.
right, tree within railing; left, trident
IE. [Unpublished.
battle-axe.
19. id.
A. Wfc 37,5 grs. : 2,42 grms. [C.CAI. p.
Obv. Humped bull to left.
67, PL IV, 1.
Rev.... Janapadasay in Brahmi characters
9.
Kuninda: Amoghabliuti. 50.
Standing figure.
Obv. Raha Kunimdasa Amoghabhutisa
IE. [C.CAI. p. 89, PI. VIII, 19.
Maharajasa in Kharosthl characters;
20. Arjunayana. 42.
I)eer to right facing female figure; above,
Obv. Humped bull to left
symbol; below, caitya.
Rev. Arjunayanana in Brahmi characters;
Rev. Same inscr. in Brahmi characters;
Standing figure; left, symbol.
centre, caitya surmounted by trisul;
2E. [C.CAI. P. 90, PL VIII, 20.
right, tree within railing; left, svastika
and another symbol.
A. W 34 grs. = 2,2 grms. [C.CAI, p. 72, PI.
V, 1.

INDIAN COINS BY E. J. RAPSON.

Ill

A
COLLOTYPE BY W. QR IQG8.

KARL J, TRU0NER, STHASSBURQ.

20 /
e

..

PLATE IV.

1. Mathura: Hindu prince, Ramadatta. 52.

Obv. Elephant facing &c.
Rev. In incuse, Rdjno Ramadatasa in
Brahmi characters; Standing figure; on either
side, symbols. m. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 88, PI. VIII, 13.
Ayodhya: Cast coin. S 44.
Obv. Fisli to left; above, svastika.
Rev. Steel-yard; above, crescent.
JR. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 91, PI. IX, 3.
3- id.: Suryamitra.
Obv. Peacock to right facing palm-tree. Rev.
In incuse Suyyamitrasa in Brabmi characters;
Humped bull to left, facing post.
M. [C.CAI. p. 93, PL IX, 14.
4.
id.: Cast coin. Dlianadeva.
Obv. Dhanadevasa in Brahmi characters: 1
Humped bull to right facing symbol.
16.
M. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 92, PL IX, 8.
5.
Ujjain.
S
5 s.
t
Rev. Ujenlyyd) in Brahmi characters;
above, mans hand.
2E. [C.CAI. p. 98, PL X, 20. h. id.
Obv. Ujjain symbol; below, river with
fishes; left, tree within railing; above ! and
right, other symbols.
Rev. Ujjain symbol.
dl). [C.CAI. p. 98, PL X, 15.
7 Eraij Era kina. $ 46.
Obv. Dhamapdlasa in very ancient Brahmi
characters written from right to left.
JR. [BUHLER, Inch Stud. Ill,p.44 f. sec.
ed.). \ id.: Punch-marked coin.
Obv. Punch-marked with various symbols.
M. [C.CAI. p. 100, 1 *1 . XI, 1.
0- Gupta: Candragupta I. 90.
Obv. Right, Candragupta; left, Kumaradevisrih; Queen standing to right facing
king standing to left.
Rev. Licchavayah\ Goddess facing, holding
noose in right hand and cornucopiae in
LEFT arm, seated on lion to right; above,
LEFT, symbol.
AL WR 123,8 GRS. = 8,02 GNUS. [SMITH,
JRAS. 1889, p. 63, PI. I, 1.
10. id.: Skandagupta, silver, central fabric. S 91*
Obv. Kings head to right, in front, date 100
40

5*
Rev. Deva Skandagupio 'yam vijitavanir
avanipatir jayati, Fan-tailed peacock.
Ah. \Vfc 34,3 grs. 2,22 grins. [Cp.
SMITH, JRAS. 1S89, p. 133, PI. IV, 3. it. id.:
Candragupta II Vikraniaditya. 91. Obv. King
standing to left, with an attendant, right, holding
an umbrella over him. Rev. Maharaja Sri
Candraguptah; Garuda represented with human
arms.
.E. [Cp. SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 138, PL iV, 9.
12. ValabliT. 98.
Obv. Kings head to right.
23.
Rev. Inscr. not perfectly read; Trident. AL.
30,6 grs. = 1,98 grins. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 8, PL
I, 16.
13. Maukliari: Isanavarman. 97.
01 v. Head of king to left; in front, date
54.
Rev. Vijitavanir avanipati SrTsdnavarma
deva jayati; Fan-tailed peacock.

AL. W1 35 grs. = 2,26 grms. [C.CMI. p. 20,

PI. II, 12; cp. S MITH , JBA. 1894,
P- 193
14. Bhimasena. 99.
Obv. Head of king to left; in front, traces of
date.
Rev. Vijitavanir avanipati Bhimasena deva
jay air, Fan-tailed peacock.
AL. W* 34,2 grs. 2,21 grms. [Cp. SMITH,
JRAS. 1889, p. 135.
15. Sasanka. S ,93 - ,
Obv. Right, Sri Sa(sanka); below, jay a;
Siva facing seated on bull to left.
Rev. Sri Sa sa vka\ Goddess seated on lotus.
AL W 145 grs- 9,39 grms. [C.CMI. p. 19.
PL II, 5.
"
Hun a: Toramaiia, silver coin imitated from
Gupta coinage. 105.
Obv. Head of king to left; in front, date 52.
Rev. Vijitavanir avanipati Sri Toramana
deva jayati', Fan-tailed peacock.
AL. W* 32,8 grs. = 2,12 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p.
20, PL II, 11.
17. Krsnaraja. 100.
Obv. Head of king to right.
Rev. (apparently). Rarama Mahesvaramahadtvyoh
padanudhydta
Sri
Krsnaraja; Humped bull crouching to
right.
AL. W 31 grs. = 2 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 8,
PI. I," 18.
18. Huna: Sliahi Javiivla, repousse coin.
S 104 *
f
Obv. Shahi Javuvlah\ Head of king to right.
AL. W* 56 grs. 3,62 grms. [C.NChr. 1894,
p. 278, PI. IX, 10.
19. id.: Tora(mana). 106.
Obv. Bust of king to right: behind, dha; in
front, fra (?).
.
Rev. Tora; above, wheel.
M. [Cp. C.NChr. 1894, PI. IX, 16; and SMITH,
JBA. 1894, p. 200.
20. id.: Mihirakula. 106.
Obv. Jayatu Mihirakula; Bust of king to
right; in front, bull standard; behind,
trident.
Rev. Fire altar and attendants, copied from
Sassanian coinage.
AL. W1 34,2 grs. 3,31 grms. [Cp. C.NChr.
1894, p. 281, PI. X, 3.
21. id. ,106.
Obv. Sri Mihirakula; Bust of king to right.
Rev. Jayatu Vrsa; Plumped bull to left. M.
[Cp. C.NChr. 1894, p. 280, Pl. X, 1.
22. Kashmir: YaSovarman. $ 112.
Obv. King standing; under left arm
Kidd(ra). Rev. Sri Yasovarma: Goddess
seated. AL W 112 grs. -= 7,23 grms. [C.CMI.
p. 44, PL III, 11.
id.: flarsadeva, imitated from coinage of
Kongudesa (v. S 12 5 )* IT2>
Obv. Elephant to light.
Rev. Sri Harsadeva.
AL W 71,8 grs. = 4,65 grms. [C.CMI. p. 36,
PI. V, 23.
24. id.: Jagadeva. 112.
Obv. King standing.
Rev. Goddess seated; left, Ja; right, ga. JR.
[Cp. C.CMI. p. 46, PL V, 32.

INDIAN COINS BY E. J. RAPSON.

I
GRUNDRISS DER IN DO-* R ISC HE N PHILOLOGIE.

COLLOTYPE BY W.
GRIGOS.

IV
.

H.

V.

4'

INDIAN COINS BY E. J RAPSON

PLATE V.
N. Wt 63 grs. = 4,08 grms. [C.CMI. P . 79 , PI.
VIII, T 4 .
"
10. Papdya. S I24*
Obv. Two fishes under canopy; right, lamp; left,
chauri.
Rev. Inscr. not certainly read.
N. Wt 57 grs. = 3,69 grms. [E.CSL p. 152 F; Pl.
III, 129.
11. Kerala. 125 (2).
Obv. Name not read.
Rev. Sri Vlrakerala sya.
A. W* 36,3 grs. = 2,3s grms. [Unpublished.
12. Koiigudesa. 125 (1).
Obv. Elephant to right.
Rev. Floral design.
N. Wt 60,2 grs. = 3,9 grms. [Cp. E.CSI. p. 152 F;
PI. Ill, 119.
13. Cola. 126.
Obv. Tiger seated under canopy to right,
facing two fishes.
Rev. Uttamacola.
Ax. Wt 62,6 grs. = 4,05 grms. [E.CSI. p. 152 G;
Pl. III, 154.
14. id.: Rajaraja. 126.
Obv. King standing.
Rev. Rajaraja; Goddess seated.
JE. [Cp. E.CSI. p. 152 G; PL IV, 166.
15. Ceylon: Parakrambahu. 127.
Obv. King standing.
Rev. Pardkramabdku, Goddess seated. JE.
[Cp. RH.D., ACC. p. 25, Pl, 5.
16. Pal lava. 128.
Obv. Vase on stand.
Rev. Lion to right.
A. Wt 103,9 grs. = 6,73 grms. [ECSI. P . 152 B s
PL II, 49 '
17. W.Calukya. 129.
Obv. Boar to right, surrounded by various
punch-marked symbols.
Rev. Striated.
A". Wt 57,2 grs. = 3,7 grms. [E.CSI. P- 152 , Pl. I,
19 .
Kadamba: Padma-tanka. 131.
Obv. Lotus, surrounded by various symbols and
inscr. punch-marked.
N. Wt 57 grs. = 3,69 grms. [Cp. E.CSL p. 152, Pl.
I, 8.
19. E.Calukya: Rajaraja. 130.
Obv. Boar to right; Sn Rajaraja sa(in- vai) 33.
N. Wt 66,8 grs. = 4,32 grms. [Cp. HULTZSCH,
Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321.

COLLOTYPE BY W.
GRIGQS

i. Nepal: Ar suvarman. 113.

Obv. Kamadehi; Cow to left.
Rev. Sryamsuvarina; Winged horse to left.
M. [Cp. C.CAL p. 116, PL XIII, 42. Nagas
ofPadmavati: Ganapati Naga. 101.
Obv. Humped bull to left.
Rev. Sri Ganapatyu.
JE. [C.CMI. p. 24, PI. II, 21.
3. HQna: imitated from Sassanian coinage of latter
part of reign of Flruz (471
486 A.D.). 105.
Obv. Head of Ling to right.
Rev. Fire-altar; above, left, crescent;
above, right, star.
AV. Wc 6l grs. ~ 3,95 grins. [C.CMI.
PI. VI, 13; and HOERNLE, JBA. 1890, p. 168.
4.
Gadhiya paisa. 122 (2).
Obv. Head of Ling to right.
Rev. Fire-altar.
AL. W* 61 grs. = 3,95 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 50,
Plv VI, 7.
5.
Kanauj: Srfmad Adivaraha, Bhojadeva.
HO.

Obv. Visnu in his boar avatar to right.

Rev. Srlmad Adivaraha; below, traces of firealtar.
Av. Wc 62 grs. 4 , o i grms. [C.CMI. p. 54, PI.
VI, 20.
6.
Sahis ofGandhara: Spalapatideva. 115.
Obv. Horseman to right; behind, gu; in
front, inscription in undeciphered characters /
(Turin).
Rev. Sri Spalapaii Deva; Recumbent humped
bull to left.
Av. W1 50,6grs. 3,27grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 63,
PI. Ml, 6.
7.
Kalacuris of Dali ala: Gangeyadeva. S
116.
Obv. Four-armed goddess seated facing.
Rev. Srttnad Gangeyadeva.
N. Wt 62 grs. = 4,01 grms. [C.CMI. i
p. 72, PI. VIII, 1.

8.
Kalacuris of Mahakosala: Jajalladeva.! jg

9.

Obv. Lionf?) rampant to right.

Rev. Srintaj Jajalladeva.
N. Wt 57,5 grs. = 3,72 grms. [C.CMI. p. 76, PL
VIII, 9.
^
Candellas of Jejahuti or Mahoba: Hallaksa^avarman. 118.
Obv. Four-armed goddess seated facing.
Rev. Srlmad JHallaksanavarma Deva.

QRUNOAISS DER IN DO - ARISCH EH PHILOLOGIE,

INDEX.
The references are to pages. Coin-legends are in italics. When one reference is of more
importance than the others, it is placed first and separated from the rest by a semicolon instead
f
of a comma.
Abdagases 15.

Ceylon 37; 36.

Abhlra 22; 24.

CHAHARA\TA\ 14, 20. Chatisgarh 33.

Avantivarman 31.
Ayodhya 11; 12, 25.
Azes 8, 9, 15.

Dabhala, perh. = Dahala 28.

Dahala, Kalcuris of 33; 31.
Daimaehus 4.
Damajadasn I. 22.
DamajadasrI III. 22.
Damasena 22.
Dasan 33.
dates on coins: Brahman Shahis
(supposed)33; Grae- co-Bactrian 5;
Gupta 22, 25, 27; Huna29; IndoParthian (Sanabares) 15; Ksatrapas of
Surastra 21, 22; Mau- khari 27.

Achsemenid dynasty 3, 7.
Acyuta 28.
Adivaraha 31; 34.
Afghanistan 8, 10.
Agathocles 6; 14.
Agnimitra 13.
Agnivesya prince 17.
Ajmir 33.
Alexander the Great 4.
Allahabad district 12.
Almora 10.
Amaravatl 23.
Amsuvarman 32.
Andhra (Andhrabhrtya or Sa- tavahana)
dynasty 23; 20, 21, 35 37 *
Antialcidas 6.
Antimachus 6.
Antiochus II. 4.
Antiochus III. 5.
Antiochus Nicator 6.
Apaldtasa, Maharajasa 11.
Aparanta 11.
Apollodotus 6, 8, II, 12,21.
Arachosia 8, 19.
Arakan 38.
Archebius 6.
Arjuna 22.
Arjunayana 11.
ASoka 4.
Asp av arm a, son oflndravarma 9 > 15 .
Asvaka 14.
Athenian coins in India 3.
Athenian coins, Indian imitations of 3.
Audumbara (Odumbara) 11; 12, 15.
Augustus 4, 16.
Aurangabad district 23.
aureus 17, 18, 25.
authorities quoted: Acts of St. Thomas 15;
Alberuni 32 , 33 ; Appian 4; Arrian 14;
Hwen Thsang 32, 33; Pliny 17 ;
Ptolemy 12; Pu- ranas 13,22,23,28;
Quintus Curtius 14; Rajataranginl 29,
32, 36; Varahamihira, Gargl-samhita
17.
Indo-Aryan Research. II. 3 B.

Azilises 9, 11.

Bactria 5, 7, 16, 19. Bahasatimita 12; 13.

Bahman = Bahmanvasi, or Brahmanabad
30.
Batfrava = Paithan 24. Balabhuti 13.
Baladitya v. NarafguptaX BaXeoKoupog
23.
Balkh 5.
BSran 11.
Benares 34.
Bhanugupta 26.
Bhattarakasa 27.
Bhawalpur 14.
Bhimasena 27; 29. Bhojadeva 31; 34. billon
coins 21, 31. border, reel and bead 16.
Budhagupta 26; 27, 29. Bulandshahr 11.
Calukyacandra 37.
Calukyas, Eastern 37; Western
37; 38Candella dynasty 33. Candradeva 31.
Candraditya v, Visnugupta, Candragiri 36.
Candragupta Maurya 4. Candragupta I. 24.
Candragupta II. Vikramaditya 22, 25.
Castana 21; 18, 23, 24, cast coins 3, 11, 12,
13. Cauhan dynasty 33.
Cera 36.

Cheduba 38.
Chinese authorities 7.
Chitor 14.
Chitral 20.
Coimbatore 36. coin-legends: Aramaic 7;
Brahms (or Nagarl) 6, 9, 10, II, 12,13,14,21,
29 ; Brahml
and Kharosthi 6, it, 12, 20; Brahml
and Pahlavi 31; Brahml, Pahlavi and
uncertain 30; Chinese and Kharosthi
IO; Greek 8, 9, 21, 29; Greek and
Kharosthi S, 9, 15, 16, 18.
coins of uncertain attribution 10.
coins, where found v. provenance of
coins.
coin-types: boar 37; bow 36 ; bull and
horseman 33, 34; caitya 23; caityatree 13; deities Avestan, Buddha,
Greek, Scythic, Vedic iS; elephant 35,
36; firealtar 30, 34, 35; fish 36; goddess
seated 19, 20, 33; horseman 34; king
seated 36; king standing 35, 36; lion 37;
lotus 38; peacock 25; ship 37; Siva and
bull 19> 355 stag ii; sun-god of Multan
31; tiger 36; trident 25 ; of Kashmir
3,31; native Indian influenced by Greek
5 ; ofRanjubula9; of Southern India 35;
developed from punch-marks 11, 37.
Cola 36.
Comorin, Cape 36.
copper or bronze alloyed 23,37.
Coromandel Coast 37.
countermarks 3.
Cukhsa 14, 20,
cup-shaped coins 37.

4*

Deccan 20, 37, 38.

Dehli 31, 33, 34.
Demetrius 5, 8.
Devagiri 3S, DEVAPUTRA 9, 17.
Dhanyakataka 23. dharana 2.
Bharanikot 23.
Dharasena 27.
Dheri Shahan 14. die-struck
coins 14, 35. dmara 25.
Biodotus 4, 6. DOUBLE-DIE
COINS 14. dramma 31, 34.
Brangiana 8.
Bvarasamudra 3S.
emblems, religious, on coins
18; v. also s. vv. coin-types
and symbols.
Ephthalites V. Hunas.
Eran (Erakina) 11. eras: Chedi
22;
Gupta
24;
Huna
(supposed) 29; Malava v.
Vikrama;
Saka
18,21,22;
Seleucid5,18;
Surastra(Ksatrapas) supposed 22; Trikutaka 22; Vikrama 15, 17, 21,
34 Eucratides 5, [7.
Eutliydemus 5, 6.

gunja-berry v. rati (raktika).

Gupta dynasty, Imperial 24; 17,
19, 22, 27, 28, 34; of E.
Magadha 26; of E. Malwa
26, 29; Northern 26;
coins of doubtful attribution
27.
Haidarabad 38.
Haliaksana-Varman 33.
Hara-Hiinas v. Hunas.
{Ha)riguptasya, Sri Mahardjno

7; _

Harikanta, Sri 27.

Harsadeva(Harsavardhana)
of
ICanauj 24, 31, 34.
Harsadeva of Kashmir 32; 36.
27; 29.
1Maukhari
Hasti, Rana dynasty
28.
medals 6.decadrachm struck by
Heliocles
Eucratideand
sorLaodice
Heliocles
5;
Heliocles
5.
tetradrachms
struck in honour
Heraus
v. Miaus.
of ancestors
Hermaeus
16. byAga- thocles and
Antimachus 6. Megasthenes
Hima-Kadphises
17; 16, iS. 4.
Menander34.
6, 17. metronymics
Himalaya
22. Kush 9.
Hindu
Mewar
Hitrji
ca34.
Airan ca paramesvara 31
Miaus 9, 16.

Mihirakula 20, 26, 29, 30, 32.

Hiung-nu
7, (ofParthia) 5, 8.
Mithradatesl.
Flruz 2S, 29.
Hormazd
II. 19.v. Pancala
Mitra dynasty
Htinas
(Ephthalites, Hara-SitaGadhiya-paisa 34. Ganapati(Sungas).
or Sveta>Htmas)
28; 5, 19,
Naga 28.
-mitra,
names ending in.fc'.Ayo20,24,26,29,32,33,34.
Gandhara 19, 20,28,30,33,34.
dhya
and Pancala (Sungas).
Gandhara, Brahman Sahis of
Huviska
io. monograms 6,
Moga v. iS;
Maues.
32 y 3 ^*
Hyrcodes
io.
18. Muhammadan
conquest of
Gangetic doab 29, 34.
Cehli 33;
Kashmir
incuse
square
13, 14. 31;
Gahgeya-Beva 33.
form of10.
coinage 38.
Indo-Chinese
Ganjam 13.
Muhammad ibn 15;
Sam 33.
Indo-Parthian
theMultan
term
Gantur district 23. Gliatotkaca 5, 30.
differently
applied
S,
15.
24.
Murshldabad
district
26.
Indo-Persian 30, 31.
Ghazni 8.
Indo-Scythic
of doubtful
Naga dynastyprinces
of Kashmir
32;
Gilgit 20.
nationality
9.
Padmavatl
(Narwar)
28; 13, 34Girnar edicts 12.
Indus
20, 29. letters on coins
Godavari 23, 37.
Nagarl8,(Brahmi)
inscriptions
referred to : AllaGomitcisa Bardnayd 11.
18 .
habad 20;
(Samudragupta)
Gomitra n.
Nahapana
21, 23. Nameless11,
28;(Soter
Bhanugupta
(dated
Gondophares 15; 4, 8.
King
Megas) 16;
17. 191)
26; 10.
Bhlmascna 27; Bhitari
Gotamlputasa Vilivayakurasa,
Nanaia
seal kings
(Kumaragupta
II.) 26;
Ratio 24.
Nanda
of Karwar 24.
Budhagupta
Gotamlputra Satakarni I. and
Nandidrug
36. (dated 165) 26 ;
Jaunpur
n. 23, 24.
Napki
Malka34;
30. Junagadh (RudradamanjBaladitya
21,22; 26.
Kura(ToGraeco-Indian dynasties 5, 6,
Nara(gupta)
ramana Saha26,Jaiivla)
29;
8, 10.
Narasimhagupta
30.
Maharaja
Hastin
28; Mathura
Narbada
23, 33,
34. _
Narendraditya
v. Khinkhila.
lion-capital 8,
9, 20; Mathura
Krsnaraja 27; 38.
Narendragupta
26.8; Nasik 22;
(Jain inscrr.)
Ivsaharata 20, 21, 23.
34; v.
also Naga
dynasty
Pabhosa
(Bahasatimita)
12;
Ksatrapa, title 21, 23. Katriyas Narwar
of Padmavatl.
Satakarni
20; Siyadoni 31;
(Xarpiaioi) 12. Kujuladistrict 27. 15;
Takht-i-Bahi
Taxila
Kadphises 16; 17. Kujula-Kara- Nasik
Nepal
32. nickel 7,
coins
7. 20, 21;
copper-plate
9, 14,
Kadphises 17. Kujula-Kasasa
Northern
Ksatrapas
Usavadata
20. or Satraps
16.
v. Mathura,
'IirrroKoupa
23.Saka Satraps of.
Kulottunga Cola I. 36.
Isanavarman 27, 29.
KumaradevI 25.
'O^qvr'j Ujjain 24.
22.
Kumaragupta I. Mahendra 25, Isvaradatta
OHpO 18, 19.
26.
Jabalpur
Orissa 13.district 14.
Kumaragupta II. Kramaditya
Jagadeva
Oxus 10, 131.
g, 28.
26.
Jajalladeva 33.
Kumaragupta III. of Magadha
Pabhosa 12. padmataiika 37, 38*
27.
Padmavatl (Narwar) v. Naga
Kunets 12.
dynasty of P.
Kuninda 12; I t , 1 5.
Paithan 23.
Kurumbar 37.
Pakhali 20.
Kusana 16 et passim.
Pala dynasty of Magadha 31,
Kusanas, Later Great 18; 19,
Pallava 37; 23, 35.
25Pancala (Sungas) 13; 9J 1L 12, 14.
Kusanas, Little, v. Kidara Kusanas.
Kusulaa, Great Satrap 20.
Kusulaa Patika 9, 20. KuyulaKaphsasa 16.
Lae-lih 28, 29.
Lakhana UDAYADIIYA, Raja 28.
lead coins 23.

Greek alphabet,
Kusanamodifications of 18;
Scythic
modifications of
29. guild tokens 3.
Gujarat 20, 29, 34.
Gunauka =
Gunakamadevavarman 32.
Gnndophorus
v.Gondophares.

Jaloka 5.
Jamna 12, 16, 33.
Janapada 12.
JANAPADASA, Raj HA 12. Javuvlah
(Jabuvlah or Jabula) Sahi 29.
Jayadaman 21, 23. Jaya(gupta) 27. '
Jejahuti 33.
Jisnugupta 32.
Jivadaman 22.
Johiyas 14.
Kabul s, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, 20. Kacch 20.
Kada 12.
Kadaik branch of ICunets 12. Kadamba 38;
37.
Kakatlyas v. Worangal. Kalacuris v.
Dahala, Kalyana- pura, MahakoSala.
Kalyanapura, Kalacuri dynasty ^ of 38.
Kanarese districts 38.
Kanauj (ICanyakubja) 31; 24, 28, 33, 34.
Kandahar 6, 8, 15.
Kandy 36, 37.
Kangra 34.
Kaniska 18; 9,10, 13, 14, 17, 19 . 31 *
Karakoram pass 8.
Karhad 23.
Karkotaka dynasty 32. Karnata 36.
karsapana 2.
Karttikeya 15.
Karwar, Nanda kings of 24. Kashgar 10.
Kashmir 3 [; 8, 20, 29, 30, 33. Kalhiawad
20.
Kerala 36.
Khakharata = Kaharata 20. Kharamosta,
son of Artas 9, 20. Kharaosta 9, 20.
Khingila, Sahi 29.
Khinkhila Narendraditya 29. Khusru II,
Parviz 30, 31. Kidara Kusanas 19; 20, 28,

3 32, 33*

Kidara Shall 19. Kieu-tsieu-khio = KujulaKadphises 16.

Kip in 9.
Kirna Suvarjja 26.
Kistna 23, 37, 38.
Ki-to-lo = Kidara 19.
Kiyan (Ken) 33.
Kodavidu 38.
Kolhapur 23.
Kongudesa 36.
Konkan 11, 20, 22.
Kosam (Kosambl) 12. Kozola-Kadaphes
1644,17,20. Kramaditya v. Kumaragupta
II. and Vrrasena.
Liaka Kusulaka 9, 14, 18, 20.
Licchavayak 24, 25.
Macedonian monarchy and coins 7.
Madanapala-Deva 31. Madharlputa 22, 23, 24.
Magadha 23, 34; E., Later Guptas of 26, 27;
W., Maukhari dynasty of 27; Pala dynasty of 31.
MahakoSala, Kalacuris of 33. mahaksatrapa, title
21, 23. maharajadhiraja, imperial title 24.
Mahendra, v. Kumaragupta I" Mahmud of Ghazni
33. Mahoba 33.
Maisur 36, 38.
Malabar 36.
Malava (Malwa) 12; 13, 21, 23, 26, 34; E Gupta
dynasty of 26; 29. Malavanam J<iya [h] 12.
Malayavarma-Deva 34. Mananka =
Manadevavarman 32 .
.
Manigula, Saka satrap 9. Maratha country 20.
Marwar 29, 34.
Mathura, cast coins of 13; Hindu princes of 13;
9 , 11; Saka satraps of 8; 9, 11, 12, 13.
Maues (Moa or Moga) 7 ; 4, 8, 9 , 14 . 15 * 20-

Pandya 35; 36.

Panjab 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 19,20, 25, 29, 30.
Pantaleon 6, 14. Parakramabahu 37. Parivrajaka
Maharajas 28. Paropanisus 5, 7, 10, 16, 19.
Parthian coins 4, 5, 7, 8. Pasupati 32.
Pataliputra 4, 24, 25. Pathankot II.
Patika v. Kusulaa Patika. Persian coins in India/
3. Persian kings in India 30. Philoxenus 6.
Phraataces, Parthian king 15. Plato, Bactrian king
5. Polyxenus 6.
Prakasaditya 26.
Pratisthana 23. provenance of coins: Andhras 23;
Audumbara 11; Eastern Calukya 37; Huna 29;
Maues, dynasty of 8; Vo- nones, dynasty of 8;
Later Great Kusanas with APAO- X|DO 19; Later
Great Kusanas withOH[DO i9;Krsna- raja27;
Miaus, obols of lo; Nameless King 16; Pancala
(Sungas) 13; Scytho-Sassa- nian 19.
Pythvlraja 33.
Pulumayi, Vasithiputa 24. punch-marked coins 3,
37. punch-marks 11, 35.
: Pura-(Puru-)gupta 26. purana 2.

PurSnas, list of kings in, v.

authorities referred to.
Purl 13.
Raghuvamsi dynasty of Kanauj
3i-

Rajaraja Cola 36.

Rajaraja II. Calukya 37. Rajasthan 12.
Rajputana II, 21, 29, 34. Rajputs 33.
Ramadatta 13.
Ramatafika 13.
1

Rangamattl 26.

Ranjubula (Rajabula or Rajula)

9
RastrakOta 27, 38.
Rathor (Gadahavala) dynasty of Kanauj 31; 33.
1
rati (raktika) 2, 27.
R&wal Pindi district 14. Raypur 33.
repousse, coins struck in 5,
29 , 36. 37re-struck coins 29. Rohilkhand 13.
Roman coins in India 4,16,35. Roman gold in
India 17.

# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 II. LITERATURE AND HISTORY. 3B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS.
$ -------------------------------------------------------------------Rudradaman 21, 23.
Rudrasimha 22.
Sadboddhika drammas 34.
Sagar district II. vSahyadri
mountains 22.
Saka 7 9; 4, 10; 17,18,20.
Sakala 8, 2S.
Saka-Parthian, term applied to
dynasties of Maues and Yon
ones 8.
Saka satraps?'.Mathura; others
9, M*
Sakasthana 8, 20. Saktivarman
37.
Salem 36.
Sanabares 15.
Sapaleizes 10.
Sapardalaksan=Rajpntana31.
Sarvavarman 27, 29.
Sasanka 26.
Sassanian dynasty and coins 4 ,
5. !5 . 19. 20, 28, 29, 30, _ 3 i.
34 Satakarni V. Gotamlputa I. and
II.
Satavahanas V. Andhra dynasty.
Satlej 12, 34.
Satyadaman 22.
Scytliic invaders of India 7.
Scytho-Sassanian 19; 4, 29.
Seistan 5, 8, 15.
Seleucid ambassadors in India
4Seleucid coins 4, 7.
Seleucus 4.
Senapati Bhatarka 26, 27.
SEVALAKURA 2 3 .

Shahdheri 14.
Skaki Tip in 31 .
Sibi 14. sigloi 3.
silver alloyed 10.
Simhasena 22.
Sind 5, 8, 15, 30. single-die
coins 14.
Siriyana Gotamlputa Sata- kani
II. 24.
[Ztpo]n-roYEp.aio; = Sri Pnlumavi 24.
Sita-Hunas V. Hunas.
.bivadalta 10.
Sivapali[ta] 10.
Skandagupta 24, 25, 26, 28.
Sobii = Sibi 14.
Sonias a 18.

Sogdiana 7.
Somaladeva 34.
Somesvara (Cauhan) 33;
(IvalacuriofKalyanapura) 38.
Sophagasenus (Subhagasena) 5*
Sophytes 3, 4.
SoterMegas V. Nameless King.
Spalagadama 8.
Spalapati 33.
Srlgupta_24.
Srlmad-Adivaraha
drammas
3I
- ^ , vSse (or Sek) v. Saka.
Sthiragnpta 26.
strategos,title of Aspavarma 9.
Strato II. 9.
Sunga V. Paricala (Sungas).
Surastra and Mahva, Ksatrapas
Of 21 ; 23, 25, 3S. ' suvarna 2, 25.
Sveta-HOijas v. Hunas. symbols
11, 17, 35, 36; Ca- lukya 37 ; Cera
36; Pandya 36; Ujjain 14; v. also
emblems and coin-types,
Takan Iv
9koras an Malka 3 [.
Tukan = Panjab 30.
1 8, 17.
Taxila 14;
Tewar 14, 33.
Theophilus 6.
Ttaotavog Castana 24.
Tomara dynasty of Delili 33;
and of Kanauj 31.
Toramana 26, 27, 29, 30, 32.
Transoxiana 7.
Tripun (Tripura) 14; 33. Tsanyu
(Chanyu) = deva- putra 9.
Tunjina 32.
Turkestan 7.
Turks 15, 28.
Turyamdna 32.
Udayaditya V. Takhana.
Udumbara v. Audumbara
(Odumbara).
Ujcniya 14.
Ujjain 14; 21, 23.
Upatikya 13.
Usavadata 20.
Vaisrcivcina 32.
Valabhl 27; 25, 26.
Varahran V. 5, 20.
Varana 11.
Yasithiputa 23.

Vasudeva (Kusana) 18j IQ, ig;

(Multan) 30.
Vatasvaka 14.
Vatsa-pattana 12.
'
Vema-Reddis v. Kodavi^u.
Vigraka 28.
Vigraka, Sri 31, 34.
Vigrahapala I. (Magadha) 31, .
34 Vigrahapala drammas 31.
Vijayamitra, son of 9.
Vijayanagara 38.
Vijayasena 22.
I Vikramaditya 17; v. also Candragupta II.
Vilivdyakura 23.
Vindhya mountains 33.
Virakeralasya, Sri 36. Vlrasena
(Vlrasimha) Ivrama- ditya 27.
Visa?na-siddhi 37.
Visnugupta Candraditya 26.
Vinuvardhana (of Mahva) 30;
(E. Calukya) 37.
Vizagapatam district 37.
Vonones 8; 4, 15.
weight-standards: of Andhra
coins 23; Attic 6; Ksatrapas
of Surastra 21; native Indian
2, 25, 27; Persian 3, 6, 21,
25, 27; Roman 4, 17 , 25. _

Western Ksatrapas (Satraps) V.

Surastra and Mahva, Ksatrapas of.
White Huns V. Hunas.
Worangal 38.
Yadava dynasty of Devagiri 3S;
ofDvarasamudra 38.
Yasodharman 30.
Yasovarman 32.
Yaudheya 14; 12, 32.
Yellamanchili 37. Yen-kaoching = Hima-Kad- phises 17.
Yezdegerd II. 28.
Yin-mo-fu = Miaus (?) 9. Yuehchi (Yueh-ti) 7, 9, 10,
l6,

IG

:, .

Yueh-chi (Yueh-ti) Little, V.

Kidara Kusana.
Zeionises (Jihonisa), Saka
satrap 9, 17.
Zabulistan 30.

VJO VJJ

CJ

Rapson, Edward James

Sources of Indian history

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

II. EARLIEST NATIVE COINAGE.

4. Standard and date of use. The most ancient coinage of India,
which seems to have been developed independently of any foreign influence, follows the native
system of weights as given in Manu VIII, 13 2 ff. The basis of this system is the rati (raktika), or
gunja-bercy, the weight of which is estimated at 1,83 grains = ,118 grammes. Of the gold
standard coin, the suvarna of 80 ratis = 146,4 grs. or 9,48 grms., no specimens are known; but
of the silver purana or dharana of 32 ratis = 58,56 grs. or 3,79 grms., and of the copper
Mrsapana of 80 ratis (same weight as the suvarna), and of various multiples and subdivisions of these, numerous examples have been discovered in almost every part of India.
The estimate of the weight of the rati here given is that of CUNNINGHAM,
CAI. p. 44. For other estimates v. TH. AIW. p. 65; SMITH, Proc. BA. 1887, p. 222,
and JRAS. 1S89, p. 42. For the complete system of native weights, v. C.ASR.
X, 7S; XIV, 17; and TH.AIW. p. 13. Cp. also AR.V (1798), p. 91; JBA. 1838,
p. 892; 1864, p. 251; 1865, pp. 14. 46. 51.

The earliest specimens of this coinage are probably at least as early as the beginning of the 4 th
cent. B.C.
C.ASR. I, p. 70; II, pp. 229. 264. 288; XIV, p. 17; C.NChr. 1S73, p. 209;
C.CAI. p. 52; TH.AIW. p. 33; Ru.D.ACC. p. I, summary of results p. 13, S II. * * * * * * * * * * 22j
RAPSON, JRAS. 1895, p. 869.