Personality Disorder 1

Five Clinical Personality Disorder
Personality disorders present with a wide range of problems in social relationships and regulation of
mood. Such individuals have usually been like it throughout their adult lives. The patterns of perception,
thought and response are fixed and inflexible, although their behaviour is often unpredictable. These
patterns do not adhere to their own culture's expectations. The ICD-10 criteria for clinical diagnosis refer
to conditions not directly attributable to gross brain damage or disease, or to another psychiatric disorder,
which meet the following criteria:
Markedly disharmonious attitudes and behaviour, involving usually several areas of functioning eg, affectivity, arousal, impulse control and relationships with others.
The abnormal behaviour pattern is persistent, lasts for a long time and is not limited to episodes
of mental illness.
The abnormal behaviour pattern is widespread and obviously maladaptive to a broad range of
personal and social situations.
The above manifestations always appear during childhood or adolescence and continue into
adulthood.
The disorder leads to considerable personal distress but this may only become apparent at a later
stage.
The disorder is usually, but not always, associated with significant difficulties with work and social
relationships. Clinically significant distress or impairment must occur in all settings and not be limited
to one area only.
Common presenting features are as follows:
Paranoid - they display pervasive distrust and suspicion. Common beliefs include:
Others are exploiting or deceiving them.
Friends and associates are untrustworthy.
Information confided to others will be used maliciously.
There is hidden meaning in remarks or events others perceive as benign.
The spouse or partner is unfaithful. Pathological jealousy is sometimes called the

Othello syndrome.
Schizoid - this is characterised by withdrawal from affectional, social and other contacts.
This type of person is isolated and has a limited capacity to experience pleasure and express
feelings.
Treatment
By Mayo Clinic Staff
Print
If you have schizoid personality disorder, you may prefer to go your own way and avoid
interacting with others, including doctors. You may be so used to a life without emotional
closeness that you're not sure you want to change or that you can.
You might agree to start treatment only at the urging of a family member who is
concerned about you. But help from a mental health professional who's experienced in
treating schizoid personality disorder can have a major positive impact. Treatment
options include:
Talk therapy (psychotherapy). Psychotherapy can be helpful. If you'd like to develop

closer relationships, a modified form of cognitive behavioral therapy may help you change
the beliefs and behaviors that are problems. A therapist understands your need for
personal space and how difficult it is for you to open up about your inner life. He or she
can listen to and help guide you without pushing too hard.
Group therapy. A goal of individual treatment may be a group setting in which you can
interact with others who are also practicing new interpersonal skills. In time, group therapy
may also provide a support structure and improve your social skills.
Medications. Although there's no specific drug to treat schizoid personality disorder,

certain drugs can help with issues such as anxiety or depression.
With appropriate treatment and a skilled therapist, you can make significant progress
and improve your quality of life.
Dissocial - there is a tendency to act outside social norms, a disregard for the feelings of
others and an inability to modify behaviour in response to adverse events (eg, punishment). A
low threshold for violence and a tendency to blame others may be features.
Emotionally unstable - people with this personality disorder tend to be impulsive and
unpredictable. They may act without appreciating the consequences. Outbursts of emotion and
quarrelsome behaviour may be exhibited. Relationships tend to be unstable and there may be
suicidal gestures and attempts.
Histrionic - this is characterised by shallow and labile affectivity and theatricality. There
is lack of consideration for others and a tendency for egocentricity. People with this type of
personality often crave excitement and attention.
Anankastic - this is characterised by feelings of doubt, perfectionism and excessive

conscientiousness. There is a compulsion to check and a preoccupation with details. This
personality type tends to be stubborn, cautious and rigid. Insistent and unwelcome thoughts
may intrude or impulses that do not attain the severity of an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Anxious (avoidant) - this is characterised by feelings of tension and apprehension,

insecurity and inferiority. People with this type yearn to be liked and accepted, are sensitive to
rejection. There is a tendency to exaggerate potential dangers and risks, leading to an
avoidance of everyday activities.
Dependent - this is characterised by a reliance on others to take decisions and a fear of

abandonment. There is an excessive reliance on authority figures and difficulty in acting
independently. This can affect the capacity to deal with the intellectual and emotional demands
of daily life
Introduction
Depression is more than simply feeling unhappy or fed up for a few days.
We all go through spells of feeling down, but when you're depressed you feel persistently sad for weeks
or months, rather than just a few days.
Some people still think that depression is trivial and not a genuine health condition. They're
wrong. Depression is a real illness with real symptoms, and it's not a sign of weakness or something you
can "snap out of" by "pulling yourself together".
The good news is that with the right treatment and support, most people can make a full recovery.
How to tell if you have depression
Depression affects people in different ways and can cause a wide variety of symptoms.
They range from lasting feelings of sadness and hopelessness, to losing interest in the things you used to
enjoy and feeling very tearful. Many people with depression also have symptoms of anxiety.
There can be physical symptoms too, such as feeling constantly tired, sleeping
badly, having no appetite or sex drive, and complaining of various aches and pains.
The severity of the symptoms can vary. At its mildest, you may simply feel persistently low in spirit (read
about low mood), while at its most severe depression can make you feel suicidal and that life is no longer
worth living.
For a more detailed list, read more about the symptoms of depression.
Most people experience feelings of stress, sadness or anxiety during difficult times. A low mood may
improve after a short time, rather than being a sign of depression. Read more information about low mood
and depression.
If you've been feeling low for more than a few days, take this short test to find out if you're depressed.
When to see a doctor
It's important to seek help from your GP if you think you may be depressed. Many people wait a long time
before seeking help for depression, but it's best not to delay. The sooner you see a doctor, the sooner you
can be on the way to recovery.
See your GP if you think you may be depressed
Contact your GP
Sometimes there is a trigger for depression. Life-changing events, such as bereavement, losing your job
or even having a baby, can bring it on.
People with a family history of depression are also more likely to experience it themselves.
But you can also become depressed for no obvious reason.
Find out more about the causes of depression.
Depression is quite common and affects about one in 10 of us at some point. It affects men and women,
young and old.
Depression can also strike children. Studies have shown that about 4% of children aged five to 16 in the
UK are anxious or depressed.
Treatment
Treatment for depression involves either medication or talking treatments, or usually a combination of the
two. The kind of treatment that your doctor recommends will be based on the type of depression you
have.
Read more about the treatment of depression.
Living with depression
Many people with depression benefit by making lifestyle changes such as getting more exercise, cutting
down on alcohol, stopping smoking and eating more healthily.
Self-help measures such as reading a self-help book or joining a support group are also worthwhile.

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Five Clinical Personality Disorder

Common presenting features are as follows:

Others are exploiting or deceiving them.

Friends and associates are untrustworthy.

Information confided to others will be used maliciously.

There is hidden meaning in remarks or events others perceive as benign.

The spouse or partner is unfaithful. Pathological jealousy is sometimes called the

Talk therapy (psychotherapy). Psychotherapy can be helpful. If you'd like to develop

Medications. Although there's no specific drug to treat schizoid personality disorder,

Anankastic - this is characterised by feelings of doubt, perfectionism and excessive

Anxious (avoidant) - this is characterised by feelings of tension and apprehension,

Dependent - this is characterised by a reliance on others to take decisions and a fear of

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