Birla Mandir (Birla Temple)

Birla Mandir (Birla Temple) alludes to diverse Hindu

temple or Mandirs manufactured by the Birla family, in
distinctive urban areas. These entire temples are
greatly inherent white marble.

LOCATION:

Found in Mandir Marg in Connaught Place this sanctuary was one of

the first religious landmarks manufactured by the Birla crew.

WHEN WAS IT BUILT?

Constructed over a time of 6 years this temple was development
between1933 to 1939. The Geeta Bhavan in the Birla Temple has
delightful sketches portraying occasions from Indian mythology.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOUSE PRAYER:

The Birla Temple is the prevalent name for the Laxmi Narayan Temple in Delhi.
It was manufactured by BD Birla. One of the significant vacation spots in the
city the Birla Temple holds enormous chronicled hugeness. Devoted to Laxmi
(goddess of riches) and Shiv (the preserver) this temple is frequented by visitor
and locals as the year progressed. The sanctuary was introduced by Mahatma
Gandhi with the conviction that it ought to be interested in all positions and all
beliefs which incorporated the untouchables. A temple that invites everybody
with open arms the Birla Temple in Delhi has been humankind since times
immemorial. There is a temple inside the complex lodging Lord Buddha. The
entire complex, particularly the dividers and the upper exhibition are beautified
with canvases done by craftsmen from Jaipur. These are exceptional and they
reflect the rich social legacy of the Rajasthani Paintings. The foundation of the
temple has been composed as a rocky scene with wellsprings and in addition
waterfalls. This unquestionably improves the tasteful excellence of the complex
itself.

INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN

Inherent genuine Orissan style of construction modeling the temple is
portrayed with tall bended towers topped by vast amalakas (roundabout ribbed
theme at the summit of a temple tower). Developed altogether of red
sandstone and white marble the tall structure is encompassed by enclosures
and wellsprings. A synchronized mix of figures, icons, towers and jalis, this
temple is viewed as an alternate compositional wonder in the capital city.

St. Peters Basilica (Vatican City)

St. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its

liturgical functions. The Pope presides at a number of
liturgies throughout the year, drawing audiences of
15,000 to over 80,000 people, either within the Basilica
or the adjoining St. Peter's Square

LOCATION:
The church is built on Vatican Hill, across the Tiber river from the
historic center of Rome. The location is highly symbolic: this was the

site where Saint Peter, the chief apostle, died a martyr and where he
was buried in 64 AD. St. Peter is considered the first pope, so it made
perfect sense for the papacy to build the principal shrine of the
Catholic Church here.

WHEN WAS IT BUILT?

Construction of the basilica started between 319 and 322. It was
consecrated in 326 AD and finally completed around 349 AD.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOUSE PRAYER:

The Basilica Papale di San Pietro in the Vatican City, commonly
known as Saint Peter's Basilica, is the most famous Roman Catholic
church in the world and one of the holiest sites in Christendom,
dating back to Roman architecture of the early Christian art period

INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN

The idea of building the church was conceived by Pope Nicholas
V(reigned 144755), who was prompted by the state in which he
foundOld St. Peters Basilicawalls leaning far out of the
perpendicular and frescoes covered with dust. In 1452 Nicholas
ordered Bernardo Rossellinoto begin the construction of a new apse
west of the old one, but the work stopped with Nicholass death. Paul
II,
however,
entrusted
the
project
to Giuliano
da
Sangallo (see Sangallo family)in 1470

BADMINTON
History

The game of badminton originated in Siam, China over 2,000 years ago. It was brought to
England in 1870 and was played somewhat like tennis. After being played in Canada,
badminton arrived in America and has been popular since 1929. Since 1992, badminton
has been an Olympic sport, with bird speeds reaching 100 m.p.h.

Nature of the Game

Badminton is played as a singles or doubles game with one or two players on a side. The
object
of the game is to hit the shuttlecock or bird back and forth with a racket across a net five
feet high at its center. The bird should be hit with such speed and accuracy that the
opponent is unable to return the shot successfully. The game can either be fast or slow
paced, depending on the skill level of the players.

Safety/Etiquette
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Keep a firm grip on the racket.

Be careful not to hit your partner with the racket.
Stay in your own court to avoid the possibility of collision with other players.
Stop play if other players enter your court.
Wait until there is a stop in the action to retrieve a bird from another court.
Be aware of the walls and the net posts.
Before play, agree on the boundaries and determine the first server.
Players call their own lines; replay the point if in doubt.
Shake hands after the game/match.

Facilities/Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.

Rackets are fragile. Avoid striking the floor, wall, net, posts, or your partner. Also
avoid flipping, throwing, or twirling rackets. Replacement costs will be assessed
for damaged rackets.
Shuttlecocks should be handled by the tips only. Birds caught in the net should
be removed carefully.
Assignment of rackets is by roll call number. Each student is responsible for
reporting any damaged rackets to the instructor.
Rackets are returned to the proper slot and birds to the basket at the end of
each period.

Game Rules/Scoring

Players
1.
Singles one player on a side.
2.
Doubles two players on a side.
3.
Mixed Doubles one male and one female partner opposing a male and
female opponent.

Scoring

1.
Rally scoring allows for a point
to be won
by either team regardless of which
team is serving.
2.
Both singles and doubles
games are
won with 21 points.
3.
The side winning a rally adds a
point to its
score.
4.
At 20 all, the side that gains a
2 point lead
first, wins that game.
th
5.
At 29 all, the side scoring the 30 point wins that game.
6.
In the third game of singles and doubles, players change sides when a side
scores
11 points.
7.
A match is won by winning two out of three games.

General Rules/Regulations
1.

2.

Serving
The server must keep both feet in contact with the floor at the time of the
serve.
b.
The bird must be contacted below the waist.
c.
The racket head must be below the servers wrist.
d.
The server should not serve until the receiver is ready; the opponent is
deemed ready if a return is attempted.
e.
Partners of the server and receiver may stand anywhere on the court
providing
they do not obstruct the opponents view.
f.
A bird that touches the net on the serve and goes into the proper service
court is legal.
g.
If the server misses the bird on the serve attempt, it still counts. In singles
and doubles the serve would go to the opponent. The serve is lost to the
opponent.
a.

Serving Order Singles

a.
The first serve of the game and all following serves, when the servers
score is
an even number, are made from the right service court.
b.
All serves, when the servers score is an odd number, are made from the
left
service court.
c.
When a rally is lost, the receiving player becomes the server and scores
a point.
d.
Serving Order Doubles
a.
There is only one server in doubles.
b.
At the beginning of the game and when the score is EVEN, the server
serves from the RIGHT COURT. When the score is ODD, the server serves
from the LEFT COURT.
c.
If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a point and the
same person serves again from the alternate court.
d.
If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores a point. The
receiving side becomes the new serving side.
e.
The players do not change their respective service courts until they win

a point when their side is serving. You only change sides of the court,
from left to right, when your team has scored while serving.

3.

The winners of the first game serve first in the next game.
4.

Birds falling on the lines are considered good.

5.

During a rally, a bird that touches the net and goes over is in play.

6.

7.

A fault (violation of rules) occurs if:

a.
On the service, any part of the racket head is higher than the servers wrist
and
contact is made above the waist.
b.
The service fails to cross the net or go into the proper service court.
c.
The feet of the server and receiver are not in the proper courts at time
of service.
d.
The server hesitates or stops (feint/balk) the service motion or misses the
bird. e.
The improper receiver returns the bird on the serve.
f.
A bird hit into the net, under the net, against the wall or ceiling is outof- bounds.
g.
A player hits the bird before it crosses the net. h.
The bird touches a player or clothing.
i.
The player touches the net while the bird is in play.
j.
The bird is hit twice in succession by one/both partners.
k.
The bird is held, caught, or carried on the racket when struck.
l.
A player obstructs an opponent.
a.
b.
c.

Let (a play allowed to be replayed)

The bird becomes caught in or on the net after passing over
The
bird hits the basketball supports or net.
the net.
The following situations occur before the next serve and if
the
winsoffending
the rally:side
1.
The correct server serves from the wrong court.
2.
The wrong server serves from either the correct/incorrect
service
court.
3.
The
correct
receiver receives in the wrong court.

Basic Skills
A.

B.

Grip
1.
Forehand with the racket head perpendicular to the floor, shake hands
with
the grip so the V formed by the thumb and forefinger is on the top of the
handle.
2.
Backhand using a forehand grip, rotate the hand slightly so the thumb
is along and parallel to the wide side of the handle.
Footwork
1.
Move toward the shot with short steps and end with a long stride.
2.
Most shots are played with the body at right angles to the net.
3.
In the ready position the racket is held high, the knees are slightly bent,
and the body weight is on the balls of the feet.

C.

Strokes
By using the same motion for all shots, the opponent is unable to detect what shot you
are
going to make until the bird is actually hit. A good wrist action allows more power and
control with much less effort. A forehand stroke is one from the dominant side; the
backhand stroke is from the non-dominant side. The racket is swung back, the arm is
bent with the elbow up, the wrist is cocked, and the body weight is placed on the back
foot. From this position, the stroke is made by throwing the hand at the point of
contact between bird and racket with weight being transferred to the forward foot. If
possible, shots should be made with an overhand stroke.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

D.

Clear a shot used to drive your opponent away from the net or forecourt or
to slow the game. The bird should fly above the opponents reach and fall
within one foot of the baseline.
Smash an attacking shot made at the limit of ones upward reach and
slightly in front of the shoulder. At the moment of contact, the arm and wrist
come down forcibly.
Drive A flat shot kept as low as possible and is second only to the smash as
an attacking shot.
Drop Shot any shot that drops immediately after crossing the net. The
descent of the bird is controlled with little follow-through.
Net Shot any shot played as near to the net as possible, controlled by wrist
and forearm. The hairpin shot is an example of a net shot.

Serves
High and deep (singles) take a position near and on the proper side of the
center line and about four feet behind the short service line. Drop the bird on
the racket side and swing the racket forward.
2.
Low and short (doubles) take a position closer to the front service line.
The racket is swung forward with little follow-through.
3.
Drive (flick) a quick snap of the wrist in the backhand grip with the bird
held directly in front of the body. The bird travels in a direct line at the
receiver.
1.

E.

Flight Patterns (left to right)

A = underhand clear/high single serve

B = short serve
C = underhand drop shot
D = overhead clear
E = high doubles serve

F = hairpin net shot

G = smash
H = overhead drop hot
I = net shot
J = drive

Playing Strategy
A.

Singles serve long most of the time. Return a high serve with a drop or clear.
Build the game plan on a basis of alternate drop and clear shots, and then
use the smash/drive as openings occur. Run your opponent from the front to
the rear and from side to side of the court.

B.

Doubles make shots, the return of which will leave an opening for your
partner to play a winning shot. Never play a shot that leaves your partner
open to smashes. Always make an attacking shot. This implies that all shots
should be hit down. Most serves should be short and low. Attack short serves
when receiving.
1.
Side-by side each partner is responsible for half of the playing court,
net to baseline.
2.
Up-and-back one member plays the front portion of the court,
operating from the centerline and just behind the short service line. The
partner plays the rear portion of the court from the centerline and just in
front of the double rear service line.
3.
Up/back rotation combines the two doubles strategies, using the
side- by-side position for defense, and up and back formation for
attack.

 Back Boundary Line/Baseline

Center Line

Alley

Net

Doubles Sideline
Singles Sideline

Short Service Line

Double Back Service Line

Singles Back Line

Badminton Court

Right
Servic
e
Court
Left
Servic
e
Court

TABLE TENNIS
A Brief History:
Table Tennis is a direct descendent of the game of royal tennis. Most historians believe tennis began
in the 12th century when French monks played a game they called jeu de paume [game of the

hand]. The monks would call out tenez [Take

this! Or Play!] as
they hit the ball at their opponent to start the
game.
The
original ball was made of wood and later, the
ball was a wad
of hair, wool, or cork wrapped in string and cloth or leather. The
game
was
played indoors with players hitting the ball into door
jams
and
other
imperfections in the walls strategically trying to
outwit their opponent.
The net was usually a rope tied across the
court five feet
high at the sides and drooping to three feet at
the middle. The
game was played at first with the hand and as
time
passed
gloves were used, then paddles with webbing,
and eventually a
handle was added to form a primitive racket.
Through
the
18th
century, the game was very popular in France
with most noblemen
and royalty taking to the game. At this time the game was called royal tennis or Real Tennis and
it was played indoors. The game of tennis as we know it today started in 1850 when Charles
Goodyear invented a vulcanization process for rubber and the bouncing ball was invented. People
began experimenting by playing the game outdoor on grass. In 1874, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield
patented the game Lawn Tennis [Modern Tennis] and its rules. The original court was an
hourglass shape and many of the rules were troublesome. Many rule changes took place over the
years but by 1882 the court, net, and rules of play had become standardized. By the late 19 th century
[1880s] members of the upper-middle class in England started playing their own version of Lawn
Tennis after dinner on the dining room table. This was the start for what would later be called
Table Tennis or Ping Pong.
Others claim that the sport was once known as indoor tennis, and
was played in the early 1880's by British army officers
stationed in India and South Africa. The
officers used cigar box lids as paddles, rounded wine bottle corks as balls, books for an
improvised
net, and was played on table tops. There is plenty of evidence to support both claims. During the
late 19th century the game was called by many different names Whif whaf, flim flam, gossima, to
name a few. However, neither David Fosters Parlor Table Game nor John Jaques version he called
Gossima caught on because the cork ball did not bounce enough and the rubber ball bounced too
much. The game faded in popularity until 1900 when James Gibbs brought the celluloid ball back to
England from the United States. In 1901, Jaques changed the name of his game to Ping Pong
because of the distinctive sound the ball made when it was hit back and forth and obtained a
registered trade name in England. The rights to the name Ping Pong were than sold to Parker
Brothers in the United States. Then in the 1920's the name and the sport were revived in Europe as
table tennis.
Table Tennis Rules -- The rules of the game have changed and evolved over the years. In 1903,
E.C. Goode replaced parchment paper and cigar box lids with pimpled rubber on light wooden
blades as rackets. After the world championships in Prague in 1936, where two defensive players
took over an hour to contest one point, the net was lowered to make the pace of the game-play
faster. In the 1970s table tennis players discover that using bicycle tire repair glue to put rubber on
a blade dramatically increases the speed and spin that can be produced on the ball. This discovery is
often credited to Dragutin Surbek of Yugoslavia and Tibor Klampar of Hungary and was referred to as
speed glue. The twenty-first century brought about more changes to the sport. The International
Table Tennis Federation [ITTF] increased the ball diameter to 40mm and changed the scoring system,
moving to an 11 point game, and using a best of 5 games or best of 7 games as a match; all in an
attempt to make the sport more entertaining and faster paced. Frictionless long pimples on rackets
became popular among many players as we moved to the new millennium, in an attempt to negate
the power and spin produced by modern technology and speed glue. Then by 2007 the ITTF
announced the banning of frictionless long pips and speed glues.

Rules of the Game: The basic rules to play a friendly match of ping pong.
Scoring
A match is played best 3 of 5 games (or 4/7 or 5/9). For each game, the first player to reach 11 points
wins that game, however a game must be won by at least a two point margin.
A point is scored after each ball is put into play (like rally scoring in volleyball).
The edges of the table are part of the legal table surface, but not the sides.
It is a loss of point if either player volleys the ball during a rally.
Flow of the Match -- Singles
Each player serves two points in a row and then switch server. However, if a score of 10-10 is reached
in any game, then each server serves only one point and then the server is switched. After each
game, the players switch side of the table. In the final game (ie 5th game), the players switch side
again after either player reaches 5 points.
Flow of the Match Doubles
The player on the right side serves on an angle to his opponent on the right side [diagonally across
the net]. The return of serve must be played by the servers partner and his shot must be returned
by the second opponent. To simplify player alternate taking shots; you can never hit the ball twice
in a row. Each server serves two points in a row and then the serve goes to the opponents. After a
player finishes serving he/she switch positions with their partner [players should never serve/receive
from the same opponent if you are rotating properly]. In doubles, at each change of service the
previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the
receiver. If a score of 10-10 is reached in any game, then each server serves only one point and then
the server is switched. After each game, the players switch sides of the table. In the final game (ie
5th game), the players switch side again after either team reaches 5 points.
Legal Service
The ball must rest on an open hand palm. Then it must be tossed up at least 6 inches and struck so
the ball first bounces on the server's side and then the opponent's side. If the serve is legal except
that it touches the net, it is called a let serve. Let serves are not scored and are re-served.
Equipment
The paddle should have a red and a black side. The ball should be either orange or white and 40 mm
in size. The table should be 2.74 meters long, 1.525 m wide, and 0.76 m high.
How to Hold the Racket: There are two widely used grips.
Shakehands Grip
This grip is the prevalent grip in table tennis (as of 1998), used by the majority of recreational and
professional players. The paddle is gripped with all fingers, with the thumb resting by itself on the
opposite side as the index finger. The grip is analogous to shaking a hand at an approximately 45degree angle. The pinky, ring, and middle finger wrap around one side of the handle, and the index
finger rests on the bottom edge of the rubber. The thumb rests on the top of the handle on the other
side, thumbnail perpendicular to the wood. It should point in the same direction as the index finger.
When held out straight in front of you, the paddle's edge should form a line with the outstretched
arm. The grip should feel natural, with no particularly uncomfortable areas. Too tight a grip can

sacrifice control and power. Be sure to grab the handle loosely enough so that another person would
have no trouble plucking it from your hand. But at the same time, maintain enough tightness so the
paddle won't fly out of your hand during an intense shot.

Penhold Grip
Once was the dominant grip in its heyday. The penhold grip still has its supporters, world class
players included. The racket is gripped as one would grip a pen, with the thumb and index finger,
with the rest of the fingers being tucked away on the other side. There are several variations to this
grip, and two types of paddles to reflect this. The "chinese" paddles are basically shakehands paddles
with a shortened handle. The remaining fingers rest against the other side. "Japanese" paddles have
a raised handle, which is called a "hook." The index finger curls around the "hook" for extra leverage.
Which one you use depends on personal preferences.

Some of the advantages of using the penhold grip are:

A dominant forehand game(while backhands are possible with this grip, the vast majority of
penhold players rely on their forehand game)-quick feet are required to sustain this!

Since it is not as widely used, an element of surprise against opponents unfamiliar with the
grip

BASIC STRATEGIES

Serve as short on the table as possible, then place the next ball as deep as possible (this
forces your opponent to move in and out quickly, one of the most difficult things to do).

Keep placing the ball to your opponents elbow (this forces them to move to the side in order
to hit the ball).

Place the ball all over the table, to discover if your opponent has a weak spot where they have
trouble getting to or stroking the ball (then hit to that spot repeatedly).

Change the spin on the ball to surprise your opponent and make them hit it into the net or pop
it off the end.

Change the pace of the ball from slow to fast, to surprise your opponent into making a
mistake.

BASIC STROKES/SHOTS

Defensive Shots:
Block Shot -- This shot would normally be used when the approaching ball is moving very quickly
towards you with heavy topspin and the purpose of this stroke is to catch your opponent out of
position and reduce the time available for them to play their next shot. A block is executed by simply
placing the racket in front of the ball right after the ball bounces; thus, the ball rebounds back toward
the opponent nearly as fast as it came to you. Blocks almost always produce the same spin as was
received, usually topspin.
Push [Chop] Shot -- The push (or "slice" in Asia) is usually used for keeping the point alive and
creating offensive opportunities. A push resembles a tennis slice: the racket cuts underneath the ball,
imparting backspin and causing the ball to float slowly to the other side of the table.
Lob A shot where the ball is returned very high in the air and deep on the table. This shot is used
to slow down play against high-speed shots.
Offensive Shots:
Drive Shot-- The primary offensive shot in table tennis that produces light topspin. Executing this
stroke the racket is primarily perpendicular to the direction of the stroke creating a shot that does not
arc much but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A drive is used mostly for keeping the
ball in play, applying pressure on the opponent, and potentially opening up an opportunity for a more
powerful attack.
Flick -- Hitting a ball early making contact over the back or top of the ball using a loose wrist action
to impart topspin.
Smash [Kill] -- Smashing is self-explanatorylarge backswing and rapid acceleration imparting as
much speed on the ball as possible. A player will execute a smash when his or her opponent has
returned a ball that bounces too high or too close to the net. The goal of a smash is to get the ball to
move so quickly that the opponent simply cannot return it. Because the ball speed is the main aim of
this shot, often the spin on the ball is something other than topspin. Sidespin can be used effectively
with a smash to alter the ball's trajectory significantly.

Advertising, promotion, and sales of products and services

that have not been scientifically proven safe and effective.

Diet food (or dietetic food) refers to any food or drink whose recipe is altered
in some way to make it part of a body modification diet. Such foods are
usually intended to assist in weight loss or a change in body type, although
bodybuilding supplements are designed to aid in gaining weight or muscle.

Mosque
A mosque is a place where Muslims worship and pray to God. Some
mosques are also places where Muslims get together and discuss
things or where religious education takes place. In some countries
mosques also serve political purposes and imams discuss political
issues.

LOCATION:

Mosques date
back to
the
seventh
century
when
they
first emerged on the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries towns
formed around this central building. Mosques have different sizes and
shapes depending on which part of the world they are in. The most
famous mosques are in Turkey and the Middle East. The best
examples are the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, The Grand Mosque of
Mecca or the Prophets Mosque in Medina

WHEN WAS IT BUILT?

The model for building mosques was Mohammads house in
Medina, constructed in the 7th century. After his death mosques
became important symbols of Islam. During the middle Ages they
were built wherever Arabs settled.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOUSE PRAYER:

Arab mosques usually have a square or rectangular layout with
a courtyard in the middle. The first mosques had flat roofs on top of
the prayer halls. Later on Islamic architecture focused on domes
and arched entrances. The Ottomans introduced mosques with a
central dome over the prayer hall in the 15th century.

INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN

In the course of the 20th century mosques have served political purposes.
As conflicts between western society and the Muslim world rose, mosques were
used to preach peace and understanding among religions. Mosques are often
the center of social conflicts. In the past decades series of bombs have
exploded in mosques all over the world. Al Qaeda and other terrorist
organizations have repeatedly used mosques as a place to recruit and train
radical Muslims. In the 1960s Saudi Arabia started financing the construction of
mosques
around
the
world
in
an attempt to spread Islam.
With
petrodollars that the country has received in the last decades Saudis can
afford sharing their wealth with others, especially poor Muslims.

Iglesia ni Cristo

Iglesia ni Cristo is an international Christian religion that originated

in the Philippines. It was registered in 1914 by Felix Y. Manalo, who
became its first executive minister.

LOCATION:
Located in No. 1 Central Avenue, New Era, Quezon City, Philippines

WHEN WAS IT BUILT?

It was built on July 27, 1914 Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, Philippines

DESCRIPTION OF THE HOUSE PRAYER:

The Iglesia ni Cristo claims to be the one true church and says that it
is the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus and that all
other Christian churches are apostates. INC doctrine cites that the
official registration of the Church with the Government of the
Philippine Islands on July 27, 1914, by Felix Y. Manaloupheld by its
members to be the last messenger of Godwas an act of divine
providence and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy concerning the
reestablishment of the Church of Christ in the Far East concurrent
with the coming of the Seventh seal marking the end of days

INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN

INC chapels are built distinct, unique, great, and modern which has some NEOGOTHIC STYLE. Central Temple characterized by simples, elegant lines and towering
spires pointing toward the heavens and seemingly reaching for the heavens, these
structure manifest the churchs dedication to building edifices and become landmark
that serve as a monument of faith. Central Temple uniquely designed which inspired
by Neo-Gothic architecture, these mega structure continues to leave one awestruck
by its imposing brilliance and un-ignorable majesty. The temple has strong five huge
and ten small towering vertical spires with a sense of great height, huge size of
cantilever in main entrance hall, detailed curving and asymmetrical windows, while
inside it built with one huge arch vault and addition of two arc vault smaller than to
its center ceiling covered the place of offerings and worshipping area.