a aOR Ute ee Sterna a Mae hea tty ie tah Cambridge English GrammMat nw Vocabulary FOR AND FIRST scioots BARBARA THOMAS LOUISE HASHEMI LAURA MATTHEWS with answers _POR FAVOR, NO FSCRIIR EN FLUIBRO, GRACIA.The authors woul keto chan ther adtors, Neil Holloway and Meredith Levy or their expert, cupport, good humour and patience throughout the project ‘The author and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and ae grateful forthe permissions ranted, ‘While every effort has been mad, thas not always been possible teidentify the sources fallthe material used, or totrace all ‘copyright holders. any omissions are brought to our note, we willbe happy to include the appropriate acknowiedgementson reprinting Financial Times forthe texe on p30 adapeed om Me and My Clothes by i Gil, The Financial Times, 12.0 Copyright © The Financial Times Limited 2014, Al RightsReserved The Independent for the text on p. 176 adapted rom A tito Patagonia by Laura Holt The Independent, 1611.13 Copyright ‘The Independent Text on p. 188 adapted fom The Imporean Patra Guth vomoredhidsint, 51 Musi Education by Life Coach Directory for text on p. 205 adapted rom The Benefits of Having a Hobby: Reproduce with permision of Katherine Nichols Doubleday forthe exon p. 217 extracted from A Painted House by John Grisham, Copyright© 2000201 by Belt Holdings. ne Used by persion of Doubleday. an mprne ofthe Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group a dvsion of Random House LLC All gts Text on p.218 from How to Make Your Housea Homeby Kara Ofelty Pychologies, 1108.12. Copyright® KELSEY Publishing Grou Text on p22 adapted fom ‘Understanding Teenagers Sleeping Habis by Kristin Jenkins fext on p 282 extracted from A School wth aDiference’ by MM Prabhu, The Hinds, 1407.13 ‘Guardian News & Media free texton p23 from ‘How to Wie Fiction: Andre Mie on Creating Charactes by Andrew Mile, The ‘Guerin 1610.11. Cpyrighe © Guardian News & Medi cd 201 (Guardian News & Meta for text on p. 238 from Students: Bring your ‘own echnology to Uni by Mien Gidda, The Guardian 11.0418 (Copyright © Cuncian News & Media ed 2014 Corpus Development of his publication has made ue of che Cambrige English Corpus (CEC). The C&C na computer eatabaseof contemporary spoken and writen Engeh which currently stands at over one billon words Ieincldes Bish English American English and other varies of Engh, sl includes the Cambridge Leamer Corpus, developed in cllaboration with Cambridge English Language Assessment. Cambridge Univeriy Pes has bit up che (CECto provide evidene about language use that hepsto produce beter language teaching materials, Cambridge Dictionaries Cambridge dicionaries are the worlds mot widely uid dctionaves for eames of Engish The dictionaries are avaiable m print and online 2 ciconarycambridge org Copyright © Cambridge Univesity Pes repreciced with pemison, Photo Acknowledgements The authors and publishers acknowledge the fllowing sources ‘of copyright material andar grateful forthe permissions sranted. While every effort has been made it has no aways been possible to identify the sources ofall he material used ‘orto trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we wl be happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting, ‘The publisher has used is best endeavours to ensure that ‘the URLs for external website referred tin this book are correct and active athe time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility forthe websites and can male no fuarancee that a site will main five or thatthe content is or wil remain appropriate, Photo acknowledgements: 4: Visions of America, LC Alam. 6 (L)-Advian hevat Alamyp6 (THE FARM: THE STORY OF ONE FAMILY ANO THE ENGLISH COUNTRYSIDE by Richard Benson (Hamish Hamton 2005, 2006). Coverreprodced with permis from Penguin 8 Cultura/Rex Features p9 (1) Artmin/Shutrrstock p98) Snowicelmages/Shutestock p, Vs Flaming ne, 1895 (i ‘on canvas by Leighton Frederic (1820-96) Museo de Ate Ponce, Puerto Rico, Wes Indes/ © The Maas Galery, London, UK/ The Bridgeman Artibraryp. 1: kjongen'StockTinksock p19 (U):Wavebreatredia Ler Thinkstoc p19 (R): Werner Ditch Alay: p. 2: lene lages/Alany p23 (L); Clea Features 1.23 (Pati MeConsle/Gety Images. 24 Royal Geographical Sociey/Alamy,. 27) aler/Ren Features p. 28: Je vd Wol Shutterstock: p 2%: The Thirteneh Tale by ae ete The (rion Publishing Group Led p 3: Tim Sioan/ AFP/Getty Images 1.32: maurice joseph/Alamy p58 scurei(Gtty nage p34 Michael Kemp/Alamy, p35: Ragnrock/Sbuttetstock p36 Lorenzo Fanché p38 Bettina Srenske/Afamy, p38: wrralagescop, 4: Niamh Baldock/Alamy p42 mare macdonald/Alamy: p46 RAI Lebreche Musi Ars Library. Courtesy ofthe Ai Face Fight Test Cente History Office p48 Sua steshas Minden Peat FLPA p. 50:1. Mark Weidman Photography Alam 51 Courtesy ‘of Boston College, MA, USA p. 52: Ancreae Rodrigue Thinkstock p.SE UPPA/Photoshotp. 5 tur Stock/ Thinkstock P57. ActarSygma/Corb p58 Betmann/Corbs pd dik Getey Images. 62: Ray Roberts Alamy:p, 63: Purestock/Punchstoce/Getsy Images. 64 (BL: Alex Segre Alay, p64 (TR VCL/Tim Barnet ‘Gey mages. 4 (8X): Dial Vso Punchsock/Getey mages 68 upitermages/Thinkstock p70 ane Wieel/Rex Fates: 72 (7): Roger Ville Rex Features: p.72 (8: Robers Harding Pure UbrarySuperstocks p73 Stockphoteom/Remus Eerbom Cover image: Aleksandr MarkinShuterscock rane, back Picture research Kevin own “Text design and make up Blooberry Design Mustrations Clive GoodePresent tenses Learning and revising vocabulary Past tenses 18 Earth, sea and sky 174 Present perfect and past simple 24 Living a healthy life 178 Past perfect, 32 Sound waves 181 / ‘puture (1) 40 Highs and lows 184 ( Auture (2) 46 Looking back 187 Unit7 Adjectives 54 Everyone's different 190 { Adverbs 60 Get active 194 Questions 66 My world 197 ; Countable and uncountable Moving around 200 ; nouns; articles n ‘Time off 203 Modals (1) 2 Where you live 206 Pronouns and determiners 86 Shared tastes 209 | Monalsi(2) 8 Entertain me 212 Modals (3) i Home territory 216 Reported speech a Green planet 219 : The passive 15 Read all about it 222 | Unit 47_ Conditionals 121 Teenage style 26 | 18 /theto infinitive and “ing 128 school days 230 nit19 Conditionals (2) 135 The world of work 233 Prepositions (1) ut University life ae Prepositions (2) } | 1 240 Relative clauses 153 Linking words (1) 159 Linking words (2)This bookis for students who wane to study and practise English grammar and vocabulary, especially ifthey are preparing for the Cambridge English: First or Cambridge Fngls: First for Schools examination. coffers practice for allthe tasks in the Reading and Use of English, Listening and Writing paper. Iecan be used by students working alone or with a teacher. This book s updated for the new Cambridge English Fist examinations introduced in 2015 and contains ewo main sections: Grammar (Unies 1-24) and Vocabulary (Units 25-44), The book aso contains the following: ‘Map ofthe book: Ths shows the topics that are covered and the exam tasks chat are practised in each uit Exam summary: Ths explains the aims and ‘organisation of Cambridge English: First and Cambridge English: First for Schools Learning and revising vocabulary: These pages give useful ideas to make your study more effective, ‘Answer key: This gives che answers for all exercises and forall exam tasks except the Writing ones (for Weiting answers, see Model answers below), The following resources for use with this book can be found online at (address? ‘Audio recordings fr all listening exercises and for exam practice Listening tasks Audio scripts: These are the full recording sripts for alllistening tasks Model answers: sample answer is provided for each ofthe Writing task in the Exam practice sections of the Vocabulary units ‘Wordlists for Vocabulary units: These contain key words thac you need to learn and also their pronunciation in IPA (International Phonetic Alphaber). lrregular verbs list: This gives the forms of important irregular verbs for Cambridge First. Phrasal verbs list: This gives che most important phrasal verbs that you need to know for Cambridge Phrasal verb exercises: These give extra practice of many of the important phrasal verbs for Cambridge First: Word: building exercises: These give extra practice of related nouns, verbs and adjectives, which i especially useful for Cambridge First Reading and Use of English Parc 3 casks, ‘Spelling: This page helps you to avoid spelling errors ‘commonly made by Cambridge First candidates Grammar glossary: This explains the words we use ¢o describe grammar. You can work through the units in any order, but we advise you to study every unicf you wane to prepare thoroughly for the exam, Ifyou are studying alone, you may ike to do alternate Grammar and Vocabulary units ~ this will give you more variety and give you time to absorb each topic. Each ofthe 24 Grammar units has four sections. You should work through Sections A, Band Cin order. You ‘can do the Exam practice section immediately after these, fr you can come back ta it late fr revision. ‘A Context listening: This section introduces the grammar ofthe unicin a shore recording. You can listen to the recording, answer the questions and check your answers in the Answer key This will help you to Understand the grammar more easily when you study Section 8, I also gives you usefl listening practice 8B Grammar: This section explains the grammar points and gives examples. You should read it before doing the exercises in Section C and you can also refer to: while you are doing the exercises. Grammar exercises: The exercises cover the grammar in Section 8. Check your answers in che Answer key. This gives the answers and aso tellsyou which parts of Section B each exercise refers. You will se this symbol @ in some ofthe exercises in Section Ct indicates thatthe sentences ae ones in which candidates made errors as identified inthe Cambridge Leamer Corpus, a database made up of many thousands of exam scripts written by students taking Cambridge Englsh exams in counties around the world Exam practice: There is one exam task, either Listening or Reading and Use of English, for each Grammar unit. These will prepare you for the types of tasks you will ace in the Note: Some ofthe Use of English casks cest mainly the grammar taught in the unit, o give extra practice each question tests afferent However, in che eal exam grammar point.Fach of ehe 20 Vocabulary units has three pages based on a general topic ‘On the first two pages, key vocabulary is introduced and practised in a range of cferent exercises. Some ofthese ae listening exercises, To get the most out of the Vocabulary exercises, you will eed access 10a good dictionary, Use the Cambridge Advanced Leamer’s Dictionary (either online or as a book) or another suitable ‘monolingual dictionary. You should try to do each vocabulary exercise without any assistance first, and then se your dictionary co help you with any answers you didn't know, Use the Answer key a2 final check The third page isan Exam practice section with two exam «asks. The irs is ether a Listening ora Reading and Use of inglsh task and this isalways followed by a Writing task “These tasks give you an opportunity to use the vocabulary from the unit: There is a Wordlist for each Vocabulary unit on the ‘website. When you finish the fist two pages of unit, go through che wordlist and check that you know the meaning of all the words and expressions, Note a words you don’ remember and go back through the unit torevise them, You may some words or write them on a mind map, able or word tice (see Learning and revising vocabulary on pages 172-13), YYou may want to do the exam tasks immediately after finishing the exercises in each unit, or you may choose to.come back to chem later for revision. In the Grammar section, ify the Grammar focus exercise you wish do the exam rask immediately, you can use for revision later on if To check how much you have learnt, it isa good idea to do the exam tasks withouc referring back to the unit, and then check the answers. Always answer al the questions Jinan exam task, even if you are not sure, before you check your answers, This is good exam practic, as you may get ‘mark fora good guess, but you cant get a mark for an ‘empty answer space! Answers for the Reading and Use ‘of English and the Listening tasks are in the Answer key, For the Writing tasks you will ind model answers on the ‘website ~ these show you the kind of answer you could produce although the content of yours will of course be different Recordings for the Listening tasks follow the format ofthe exam, with the examiner’ instructions included, For Part 1 tasks, the eight short recordings are repeated asin the exam, but for Parts 2~4 you recording yourself after you have listened tot the first I need to replay he whole Ty This book generally uses contractions, for example im for 1am, wasn for was not because these are aways used in speech and are common in written English. The fal forms ae used in formal writen English, Note to teachers | ‘This book canbe used alongside a coursebook. in cass for private sty. The flexible organisation ofthe book makes it particularly suabe for revision for students wo are taking Cambridge First or for those who are re-taking the exam and also for classes where not all students are preparing for the exam. The Vocabulary units can be chosen to supplement topics in che order in which they arise in your coursebook. The Context listening (Section Ain the Grammar units can be used in class as an introduction, wich students working in pairs or groups as preferred. Sections B and C and the Exam practice can be sed in class or for private study as conditions allow. The Exam practice cass in this book have been informed by the English Vocabulary Profile, which isan online resource with detailed and up-to-date information about the words, phrases, phrasal verbs and idioms chat learners, ‘of English shoul know at each of the six levels of the ‘Common European Framework,Unie | Tide Present tenses ase tenses Present perfect 3 and past simple Past perfect, S| Fucure(1) Fucure (2) 8B | Adverbs 9 | Questions Countable and 10 | uncountable nouns; acces ni | modats(1) Pronouns and dlecerminers 13 | Modals (2 14 | Modals 5 Reported speech 16 | Thepassive Conditionals (1) Topics Present simple; present continuous: state verbs; the verb Past simple; past continuous used o + verb and would + verb; beget used to + ing or noun Present perfect and past simple present perfect simple i continuous Past perfect simple a Present tenses fo future wil ature continuous going to Future in te past presenc tenses afer time ‘onjunetions future perfect; tobe abo Comparative and superlative adjectives position order adjectives ending ining and ed Adverb forms; adverbs and adjectives eally confused comparative and superlative adverbs; modifiers; adverb position Yes/no questions short answers; question words question Countable and uncountable nouns (a), the and no artic; special uses of aticies Use of modals rules and obligation; necessity Possessives; reflexive pronouns and ov: each other and another, there and it someon ‘most some, no and none: each and every; both, neither an either Permission; requests; offers suggestions orders; advice Ability deduction: certainty and possibilty; expectations Tense changes in reported speech; reporting in the same tense; etbs for reporting: verbs for reporting with infinitive; reporting questions references co time, place, etc. “The passive; to havelget something done: tis said that Zero frst, second and third conditional: mixed conditionals Exam practice Listening Part 4 Reading and Use of English Part 1 Reading and Use of English Part 7 Reading and Use of English Part 5 Ustening Part 2 Reading and Use of English Part 7 Reading and Use of English Pare 1 Reading and Use of English Part 3 Listening Part 1 Reading and Use of Enis Pare 4 Reading and Use of English Part 6 Reading and Use of English Part? Lstening Part 3 Reading and Use of English Part 3 Reading and Use of English Part 4 Reading and Use of English Pare 4 Reading and Use of English Part §The oinfintve | Verb + fo infinitive; verbs + infinitive without to; verb + ings | pois and Use of Emsch and ing verb + thot clause adjective + Infinitive Pasdlog ae Ure of Sah Peru unless: incase; provied/providing thot and as/so long as Conditionals(2) | wish and fon i time: would rather not) atherwise and | Reading and Use of English Part 4 Preposiions(1) | Prepositions ofplace and time Reading and Use of English Parc 2 Prepositions which fllow verbs and adjectives prepositions repostions (2) | so express who, how and why: expressions with prepositions Reading and Use of English Pare 3 Defining and non- defining relative clauses; relative pronouns Relative causes and prepositions Reading and Use of English Pave 4 because, as and snc, so and therefore; inorder to, t+ Lunking words (1) infinitive and so (that) so and such enough and Reading and Us of Engh Pat 1 Linking words (2). | andeven fpartiple clases before and after +g when, | Readingand Use of English Part 2 SR RTS TW ceases) PEEL aa SI a | Tite Topics Exam practice Reading and Use of English Part 6 Earth, sea and sky | Geography, climate and weather Pa vingateatthy | 4. and fees Reading and Use of English Pare 2 life Writing Part 1 (esay Reading and Use of English Part 2 Waiting Part (e839) Highs andios | Fens Gas aN Reading and Use of English Part 1 Looking back | The passim witine Par (re Everyones ore Reading and Use of English Part 5 diferent ra Wing Pare 2 (article IGurecie ae Reading and Use of English Part 4 Lsrening Pare 3 Frends, family and relationships aes Ree esa Reading and Use of English Part 4 Movingaround | Travel Writing Pare 2 (article) Time oft i, hobbies and games ‘wate Readingand Use of gh Pare Where youlive | Cities and cowns youl Writing Part 2 (article)38 Shared tases Entertain me Home territory Green planet Read all about it Teenage syle School days The world of wrk Univesity lite Food and art “Television, cinema and theatre Houses and homes Science, the environment Books and writing Clothes, rooms School and education Jobs and personal qualities Univesity courses, expressing opinions Listening Part 2 Writing Pare 1 (essay) Reading and Use of English Pare 7 Writing Pare Readingand Use of English Part 3 cing Pac ¥ (essay) Ustening Pare 4 Writing Pare 2 (letter) Reading and Use of English Parc S Writing Par 2 (review) Reading and Use of English Part 6 icing Par 2 (scory) Reading and Use of English Part 2 Writing Pare 2 (story) Reading and Use of English Part 3 Writing Parc2(lecter of application) Reading and Use of English Part 7 Writing Pare 2 (ceport]Merce The Cambridge English: First and Cambridge English First for Schools exams are for students Who are at 2 B2 level in the CEFR. The or Schools version is for younger students who want to take the exam. Both exams have four papers with the for Schools version having topics that are more suitable for younger candidates. Reading and Use of English 1 hour 15 minutes, Parts 1 and 3 ofthe exam are designed to test vocabulary, Part 2 tests mainly grammar and Parc tests both grammar and vocabulary. Parts 5,6 and 7 are reading tasks based on texts of about $50~650 words. The texts ‘can come from fiction or non-fiction sources such as newspapers and magazines, of informational sources like brochures, guides and websites ‘You must write your answers on a separate sheet. Pare | Taskinformation {| multiple choice questions. You choose words from A-D to complete a gap in a tex. 2 | open gap-fill questions. You think of one word to complete each gap. 3 | 8word formation questions. You complete the gaps withthe correct form ofthe given word 6 key word transformation questions. You complete a sentence with a given word to make a senter with the same meaning as another one. 6 multiple choice questions. You read a text and then choose the correct answer from options A-D, 6 gapped text questions. You read a text which has had 6 sentences removed and you must decide where the sencences go in the text, There is one extra sentence which doesn't belong to the text. 10 multiple matching questions. You read a text or group of short texts and match the information in each question co the correct part ofthe text() Writing 1 hour 20 minutes ust do Part 1 and choose one of the Part 2 tasks. You must write your answers in the booklet ‘Task information You write an essay giving your opinion on the topic. You use your own ideas and the ideas given You may be asked to write an email a letter, an article, a review, or a report (Fist only) or story (Fist for Schools only) based on a specific situation. The topic, purpose and reader will be explained to you. Inthe for Schools exam you can also choose from a set textListening about 40 minutes You hear and see the instructions forthe exam. You hear each part o Recordings are taken from a wide varity of sources. When one person is speaking you may hear news instructions a lecture, a report a speech, a talk oran advertisement. If two people ae speaking you may hear a discussion, a conversation, an interview or a radio programme. ‘You must write your answers on a separate sheet. Part | Taskinformation 1 | 8mulkiple choice questions. You hear one or two people talking in eight different situations of about 30 seconds. You choose the answers from options A~C, 2 10 sentence completion questions. You hear one person talking and you complete sentences by ‘writing a word or short phrase, The speech lasts for about 3 minutes, 3 S multiple matching questions. You hear five short extracts that are linked by a common theme. Each extract is about 30 seconds. For each extract you choose from alist of eight possible answers 4 | 7 multiple choice questions ~ You hear an interview or conversation between two people last about three minutes. For each question you choose the answers from options A~C. Speaking 14 minutes You usualy do the Speaking part of the exam with another candidate. Sometimes you might be asked to do it in a group of three. There are {wo examiners in the room, but only one of them will ask you questions. Each part of the exam lasts for 3 to 4 minutes. Part | Task information 1 | The examiner asks you some questions about yourself. 2 You talk for one minute about two pictures and then comment on the other candidate's pictures. 3 | You discuss some prompts with the other candid 4 | You have a conversation with the other candidate and the examiner about things connected to the topic in Pare 3 (Note that there 10 Speaking casks in the Exam practice sections of this book)12 You are going to hear Millie talkin listen, answer these questions. 1 Where is Lisa? Where is Millie? Why do you think Millie is phoning Lisa? [02) Listen and check ifyou were right. £2) Listen again and answer these questions. Write complete sentences, Whats Mile doing this morning? ‘ What does she do nearly every Saturday? Whats she looking for? What’ Lisa wearing? Whats she doing this morning? What does she do whenever she goes to town? What's Millie looking at right now? ‘What does Lisa want Millie to do now? ook at your answers to Exercise 3 and answer these questions. Look at answers 2 and 6, What tense are they? Look at answers 1,3, 4, § and 7. What tense are they? Which sentences are about regular actions? Which sentences are about actions ator around the time of speaking? Look at answer & Does ie fit the pattem? 'g on her phone to her friend Lisa. I's Saturday morning. Before youPresent simple + | verb /verb +s | do(does not + verb # | do/does...+ verb? We use the present simple: ‘to say when things happen if they take place regularly: to talk about permanent situations: to state general truths to talk about habits and how often they happen: to describe the plots of books and films: Present continuous + | amfis/are + verb + -ing = | amfsjare not + verb + ing | 2 | amiisiare... + verb + ng? ‘We use the present continuous: + totalk about the present moment: ‘m wearing a pal an ‘= to suggest that an action is temporary, often with words ike now, at the moment, at present or just = I don't usually work in London) i'm working in Lo ‘© foran action around the time of speaking, which has begun but is not finished: t'm cleaning my room im looking round the shops. (Millie isn't looking round at this moment ~ she has stopped to talk to Lisa ~ but she plans to continue looking round later) ‘© for changing or developing situations: vy blue bags are getting really fas) with a word like always or continually if we want to criticise or complain: 1're always buying new clothes! (= you buy too many) {e's always complaining ab ‘© with always when something unexpected happens several times: im always meetin Jhbour john near the station. | guIED state verbs i ‘These verbs are nearly always used in a simple rather than a con feelings, belonging and the senses: that leather bag you want to get (not yowere-wantingte) You dont deserve to hear it (not you-arent deserving to) ‘The following are some important state verbs: © thoughts: believe, know, mean, realise, rec think (= believe) I think you're wrong We feel this decison is right. * feelings: adore, site, despise, hate, ike, love, want wish, prefer They despise me because ofthe way fm living * belonging: belong, have (= possess), own, pastes It belongs to my father The manager has the biggest company car + senses: smell taste, hear, see: This sauce tastes great, } | hear what you'e saying to me, but | dont agree. Do you see anything you want to buy here? MWe use can with these verbs to show we ae talking about this moment [can see youve tired, ''can hear someone in the next room. * other state verbs: need, contain, deserve, fit seem, look This medicine contains aspirin. ‘Mark weighs 70 kilos tinuous tense. They are mostly about thoughts, 'Ognise, remember, suppose, understand, fee (= believe), seem) look lke, mater, weigh A Thinks noc a state verb when refers to what someone's doing not What they believe: | ''m thinking about my holiday, 4 Have can be continuous when it does not mean ‘possess Steve is having a dificult time at college this term Cam Iphone you back later? We're having lunch right now. A Taste andl smell canbe continuous when they refer to what someone i, doing: Vim tasting the sauce. A Lsten to, watch and look at are not state verbs and canbe continuous Were listening to music and Diane is watching a DVD upstairs 4 See can be continuous when it means ‘meet with ‘ara’ at the medical centre. She's seeing a doctor about her sore throat. A. Weigh can be continuous when it refers to The shop assistant is weighing the cheese KEI The verb to be The verb to bes neat always used ina simple ater than a continuous tense, When tis continuous it GmPhasses that a situation i temporary Ic often describes a person's bhava You're being so impatient! (Mille doesn't believe ‘My brother is being very nice to me this week. | w Francis fling ina form ontine, so wer al being quiet as we dont want him to ‘make any mistakes What someone is doing: that Lisa isnormally an impatient person.) vonder what he wants! |Choose the correct sentence from each pair, My brother lives with us until he can finda flat of his own, My brother isliving with us until he can finda fat of his own, Megan goes to Hong Kong every January. ‘Megan's going to Hong Kong every January. | don't have enough money fora long holiday this year. tim not having enough money for along holiday this year. Everyone needs break from work sometimes. Everyone is needing a break from work sometimes. What period of history do you study this term? What period of history are you studying this term? ‘The team manager looks bad-tempered in public, But hes always being very kind to young players. ‘The team manager looks bad-tempered in public, ut he's always very kind to young players. ‘Complete these sentences with the present simple or present continuous form ofthe verbs. My father nas__(know) all about mending cars, But nathing about bicycles This pie (smell abit odd, What's init 1 (like) the jacket of this suit, but unfortunately che trousers (not ft) me any more. You're very quiet this evening, What zs (you / think) about? Who (be) chat man? Why (your sister / be) s0 rude to him? She (have) such beautiful manners normally. Fill in the gaps with the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs. ‘Alex: Why (You / wear) my coat? Ben: Oh, msorty.It (look) like mine in this ight. Crk 1 (have) no idea what this sentence (mean). Can you translate it? No, sorry. (not understand) i ether. (you / see) those men near the door? They (look) at us very strangely Yes. You're right. (you / recognise) them from anywhere? No, but they certainly (seem) to know us. They (come) across to speak to us. Gina: What (you / do) in the kitchen? Our guests (wait) for their dessert, and you (get) in my way! Hamid: just (want) co be somewhere quiet for a while. Everyone (be) so noisy this evening! | (not know) why ~ it's very unusual‘Complete the email using the present simple or present continuous form of these verbs. ry e608 Dear Stephanie, How are you? ne. Our trip round the States (1) well and we q (2) ourselves a lot, One good surprise is that things (3) | less here than back home. For example, this weekend we (4) ina motel | | 2 lake and we (5) only $65 per night for a room with a beautiful view. The only thing we (6) (not) much is the food, Restaurants (7) 4 cee reine ar We) (neve at si: ooccat heme 0 | | ® (net hunry ton and Ameren poston (0) sey tito os. Aart rom hat we 2 wonder me. We 2) ts of People here (4) inaver tendy manertoware stan. Alita shop | essstn's 8) sand everyone (8) noice ay At ome ne) (vas) us bed news sores aout he Sete, tna | when you (18) here, you (19) it's a really great place ve (20) lot Much love, Mick and Mary ‘Cambridge First candidates made mistakes in the following sentences. Choose the correct verb forms. | ! want / am wanting to help out atthe camp this summer, | Most Spanish companies belong / are belonging to multinationals nowadays. {chink / am thinking about interviewing my grandfather’ fiend, who collects vintage cars My father went to that university, so he knows /is knowing all about it | Ned has /is having alot of problems with his teacher at the moment, Every town needs /is needing a library, even though everyone has the internet nowadays[909 You wil hear an interview with a man called Martin Holloway who is a sound engineer. For questions 4 The mistake people make about sound engineers isto think that ‘A. they spend most of their time working indoors. B their job is the same as that of a disc jockey. they are responsible for the quality of the music. 2 What does Martin say helped him to begin earning money? A the course he did B__ some of the bands he played in © some people he met 3 Martin frst gets involved in a project, ‘A. as soon as the band is booked. B when he visits the venue while the band is rehearsing. 4 What does Martin often find during a show? A There are problems with the equipment, Very litte goes wrong for him, ‘The performers don't communicate with him. ° What change in equipment has Martin appreciated the most over the years? A itis more portable B_ The sound quality is better. itis less expensive. According to Martin, what is the most important quality in a sound engineer? ‘A. some musical ability B good communication skils practical technical knowledge What does Martin find most dificult about his job? A. working in difficult environments B being away for periods of time © waiting for things to happen ‘The question helps you find your place in the recording. If you miss an answer, listen for the next one and go back later. 03) Here are some extracts from the interview, Choose the present tense that the speaker uses. | Lisien again to check | 1 ‘What you hear / are hearing is out of tune. | mostly work /am working out of doors. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Everything gets / is getting smaller all the time. 8 9 10 People sometimes call/ are calling me a disc jockey. This weekend, | work / am working at a music festival {An interest in music means / is meaning itis more enjoyable. | usually set up / am usually setting up the equipment before the show. ‘Some people think / are thinking we just turn up on the day. But | elways tell / I’m always telling people and they never listen. ‘They just don't realise / aren't realising that what's crucial is being able to get on with people.‘You are going to hear jack talking to his grandmother about something he did last week. Before you listen, look at Questions 1-5. Guess which things Jack, his mother and his grandmother did. Write J, Mor G. goto London see famous footballer £0 up to town alone worry about schoo! work gotoaclub (08) Listen and check ifyou were right. (04) Listen again and answer these questions. What does jack say about acoach? Me ca a a film? What tense does he use? What does Gran say about autographs? going to town? Pop concerts? Does she do these things now? Did she do them regulary inthe past? 04) Listen again and complete these sentences with the words that the speakers use. We did some revision for our exams while we When we. He noticed him except me. | for the cinema, we saw a really famous footballer, a burger and all the crowds past but nobody Which tense is in the gaps in Exercise 4?Past simple + | verb + -ed* — | did not + verb 2 | did... + verb? *Regular verbs add -ed or -d to the verb: ‘Many common verbs are irregular (> See Web page: Iregular verbs) ‘To be is irregular: We use the past simple for completed actions and events in the past: for a sequence of actions or events: for permanent or long-term situations in the past: for repeated events: See also Unit 3 for further uses ofthe past simple, Past continuous + | wasiwere + verb + -ing = | wasiwere not + verb + -ing 2 | was/were.. + verb + -ing? We use the past continuous: for an activity beginning before a past action and continuing until or ater it.The action is usualy in the past simple: for two things happening at the same time: walking past for repeated events, with a word like always or continually, especialy ifthe speaker is criticising the activity: Wawere reveling We did some revision we were queuing T we sawa famous footballer he was buyingaa burger the crowds were walking past ( lack’s grandmother thinks she worried too much.) for unfulfiled plans, with verbs like hope, plan, etc: (= but did't find one) ‘State verbs are nearly always used in the past simple, not the past continuous (» see Unit 1, B3}: (not tvasnteknowing him)[EA sed to + verb and would + verb | did [| would + verb | = | would not + verb We use used to and would to talk about past habits when we are w ! used to collect al the autographs of film stars when { would go up co town on my awn (= she doesnt do this now) Used to can describe actions and s Allthe teenagers used to / would s They used to be crazy ‘A. Notice the positon of requency adverbs ‘often used to study on my own. (not Fused toftensedy) ‘A. Used to is much more common than would, TM) be/get used to + -ing or noun Be used to means ‘be: The question form is: Are you used to working at weekends? Get used to means ‘gradually become act isa pase tense ‘My new school starts at 7:30. 'm not used to (© My previous school started later but Il soon bec Be/get used to can be followed by «ng orb ‘He wasn’t used to criticism and found ith ( People hadnt criticized him before so he didn like t) My parents are getting sed to a quiet house, now the (= When the children for them) Past tenses Ald not useto + verb | We dit se to read comics | uweto+verbt | Didyouwse toread comics” | I would... + verb? ccustomed to! It can be pa ‘Ym used to working at weekends. (= \often wove first left, my parents found the — ice eadtomix | Mew radeonia [went edi *mphasising that they are no longer true | was ateenager. (= she doesn't do this now) tates, but would can only describe actions scream at pop concerts, about the Beatles, (not would-be crazy) > see Unit 8) with used to st Present or future, unlike used to, which is a past tense. at weekends, its normal for me now) ustomed tt can be past, present or future, unlike used to, which Sarting clases so early but | quess I soon ge used to doing it me accustomed tothe change and it won't bother me.) y a noun/pronoun: rard to accept. children have all ft home house strangely quiet, but it's gradually becoming normalComplete the text with the past simple form of these verbs. = °°» eae The mystery of Kaspar Hauser ‘Tho mystery of Kaspar Hauser (1) __began__in Nuremberg, Germany, about 200 years ago. One morning, the people of the town (2) ‘a young man standing alone in the square. / \ He was holding a piece of paper in his hand. The paper 8) only that he (4) the gon of a soldier, Kespar (5) how to say a few words and when given ‘ paper and pencil he (6) his name, but he m completely ignorant about everyday life. At first he (e) ‘only bread and (8) only water, bbut he gradually (10) ‘used to ordinary meals. He also am ‘to talk properly. ‘The real truth about his birth remains a mystery, but it is probable that his father kept him in one small room for the whole of his early life. He (12) him on bread and (13) him water to drink. Kaspar never (14) ut, he never (5) to anyone or (16) ‘other children. In spite of this extraordinary childhood, Kaspar was not stupid. He (17) books and (18), discussions with teachers and philosophers. News about Kaspar (19) through Europe and Visitors (20) from abroad to meet him. Fill in the gaps with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs. My parents gat __(get) to know each other when they (study) at university. Doctor Fisher (travel) widely asa young man and (aliays ke adary \ (Gee) my brother and his rend when | (wait forthe bus, but they (08 see) me iy (fil) in the application form and (Give)ie to the receptioni while! (work) in Rome, | (meet) girl who (look) just ike your sister imon (buy) a new laptop because his old one (always crash). \ (miss) your texe because my phone (charge in another room. Anna’ feling depressed because she __thope) fora pay rise last week but she (not get) one,EEE choose the correct form ofthe verbs in this text. | My granny is 98 and she's come to five with us at our house. We're all pleased because we love having her near us. She's a very independent person and until this year she (1) refused ese ‘efusing to move (othe fat on our ground floor, Bt last month she suddenly (2) changed! vas fecaaing ber mind and 1(3) asked / would ask her why. She explained that for yeas, nobody ty he village (4) would lock / was locking ther front doors and the place (3) used Te eel open {cel safe, but last month (6) she met /was meeting a neighbour i the street when she (2) was walking /would walk home trom the shops and (8) heard / was hearing some bad news ‘Thieves (0) were breaking / go used to breaking ino people’ houses while they (10) were sitting / would sit in theit back gardens, Sh 1 eae reting se (12) wn’ wating dd’ nant oe lone ny more he (13) wed dae tig inte aun ea acho an | 08) as inking house tnt be andthe neve ae EA Fillin the gaps with a suitable form of be/get used to 1 Rita’ very tired this morning. She isn't used. to (not) going to bed late Done worry about the children:they___gaing to school by bus 3 My new boss ving orders, not receiving them, 4 She (not) drinking very strong coffee and it made her il 5 (Vou) our climate or do you still miss the sunshine? © Thad never stayed in such an expensive hotel before, but | soon = it EB © complete these sentences by Cambridge First candidates with the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs, * Dont ask me abou the concer!t__tsis_ working _ (work) inthe stadium café when the band eying (play), aa (look) round the palace when a man (stop) me to ask for directions, 2 Thellights Go) out while she (have) a party in her house 4 She (Ge) quietly out of her bedroom and____(stand) behind the door so she could hear what they were saying, 1 ——taPe) my colleagues would say happy birdy’ when | got vo works but nobody (say) anyching TF © correc the mistakes with used to in these sentences by Cambridge First candidates, 1 When Iwas. child | anrused to go camping ‘My patents used to often take me to the z00, They dich used to help their parents with housework, but now they do ‘We use to goto the beach every day last summer Helen isa teacher at a primary school, so she used to teach children, { would ike to be a sports instructor because | was used to train tennis players before | came to England,For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). ‘When Jimmy Yates was a small boy, his family (0) ‘This was in a valley (1) remember a tune led to the suggestion that the boy should (3) ‘among the adults about the differences between two hit songs. His father tried a discussion (4) +0 prove the (6) that Jimmy, who was only five, was listening, but suddenly he made his (6) A musician is discovered their holidays on his grandfather's farm. by mountains, It was during one of these visits that Jimmy's (2) to ‘a musical instrument. One evening of the two tunes by playing them, not very well, on his guitar. No one thought to the ancient piano whieh stood in the corner and played frst one of the tunes and then the other. The family was amazed ” prrrrr>rre no one had heard him play any music before. in this way, Jimmy's musical (8) began spent B made © took D went surrounded -B__ closed © held D circled talent Bit © ability Ds skill take up B startup © pick up D- joinup happened B came © entered D arose comparison B_ closeness likeness D_similaity path Bway © route Dine 80 B although © when D as work B living © career D stuay Ifyou are unsure, try to work out which answers are wrong. ‘See what is left, and if you are still unsure, make a guess! In the exam task there are some irregular past simple verbs. Without looking back at the text, write the past simple form of these verbs. 1 2 3 4 begin 90 er8% hear hold lead make 10 1" 2 spend stand take thinkSaar people called Mike and Lucy taking to each other. Before you listen, You are goingto hear two look at the picture, How do Mike and Lucy know each other? ‘What is Lucy’ problem? (05) Listen and check ifyou were righ 08) Usten again and write Mike and Lucy's exact words. Stop the recording when you need to What does Mike say about finishing work? He says lunehe What does he say about this afternoon? He says: What does Lucy say about finishing her essay? She says When does she say she started it? She says: ‘What does Mike say about studying history? He says How long has Lucy lived next door? She says How long has Mike lived there? He says: Why is Mike surprised? He says: Look at your answers to Exercise 3 and answer these questions. Look at answers 1, 4 and 5. What tense ate they? Look at answers 2, 3,6, 7 and 8, What tense are they? Which sentences are about a time period which continues up tothe moment of speaking? Which sentences are about a period of time which is finished?Present perfect simple or past simple? Present perfect simple + | has/have + past participle | — | hasfhave not + past participle 2 | has/have... + past participle? ‘some verbs are iregular: break —» broken; go —> gone (> See Web page: Irregular verbs) For past simple forms, see Unit 2, B1 We use the present perfect simple: with since or for, about a period of time which continues up to the present moment: four years now moved there ive there with questions asking how long: (eI know you still live here) Sometimes we can also use the present perfect Continuous. > See B2 in the negative, for unfinished actions and events, often with stil or yet Sui and yet are always used with a negative in the present perfect. Still goes before the verb; yet goes ater it for events repeated over a period of time until the present (they may continue} (= uneil now, and you will probably continue to play every right) for events which happened in the past at a time which is unknown and/or irrelevant: we don't know when) (= isnot imporcant when or where) We use the past simple: with for, about a period of time which is finished: four years now Imovedthere Imoved out _{ don't live there with questions asking when: (& the move is in the past) for completed actions and events in the past, often with ago: for events repeated over a period of time in the past (they are now finished): don't any more)‘We use the present perfect simple: + for events that happened in the recent past (often with ust Flight 206 has landed, (= in the las few minutes) She's just gone to the cinema, (= she’ on her way or she already there now) ‘© when the time stated is not finished: "ve spent this morning writing an essay. (= i’ still morning) 9am midday this morning < - ale-amane writing an essay The builders have started working on the kitchen this week: (= is stil chis week) ‘+ when we tak about a period of time up to the present: Fe been to Los Angeles but not to New York. (in my life up to now) The team has won several matches. (= and may ‘© when we talk about how many times something has happened up to now: ‘Alex has phoned Ella three tines, (= and he might phone her again) with adverbs lke already, before, ever and never: Nobody’s ever complained before. (= until now) (ve never tried Japanese food. (= but | might cone day) She's already gone to the airport I've met her before somewhere, Never, ever and already go between the auxiliary and the main verb. Before goes after the verb. after a superlative (> see Unit 7}: ts the best cup of coffe I've had here. This is the most exciting place we've been to, We use the past simple + for events that happened a a particular ime in the past: Flight 206 landed atone clock cor within a period of time inthe past She was atthe cinema between mi o'clock. (= but she's not there now) + when the time sated is finished: I spent this mong writing an essay. (= i's now afternoon so "this morning's in the past) ay and two dam 4pm = = v writing an essay a I started my essay last week, (= last week is definitely in che past) ost my new camera in London. (= the place fixes icata time in the past) + when we talk about past events which are not connected to the present: I went to Los Angeles but not to New York. (= ona particular trip which isin the past) The Chinese invented printing + when we talk about how many times something happened in the past: Alex phoned Ella three times yesterdy.Present perfect simple or continuous? Present perfect continuous + | has/have been + verb +-ing hhasthave not been + verb +-ing ® | has/have... + been + verb + -ing? The present perfect and the present perfect continuous are both used to describe events or activities which started in the past and have continued up to the present, or activities which stopped recently. Some verbs can be used in either the present perfect simple or continuous with litte difference in meaning, These ate verbs which describe activites which normally happen over a period of time, eg, live, study, wait, work We use the present perfect continuous: 10 tak about how long something has been happening: to focus on the activity or event itself (whether it is complete or not is unimportant) we're interested in how he passed the time) (= that’s why Im dirty) We use the present perfect simple: to talk about how often or how many times something has happened: to focus on the present result of an activity or event which is complete: Ive finished reading them) (Ive finished so we can go out in icnow) We never use the present tense to talk about how long we have been doing something (not Fr-fearning-the piano-for] tong time) [not Hel niesne matnemtor nes years: ‘State verbs are not usually used in the present perfect continuous (> see Unit 1, B3): (not fee beemknowing her) (not Sseahenprbeehatgeale menther)Censors Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences, ah 1 He’ talked co her on the phone A. for years ‘This summer the pool was only open on my way home from school yesterday, The whole team fele exhausted since nine oclock this morning. The rent of my flat has gone up, when the match finished. | got very wet by 20 per cent this year | spenta month in Brazil a few minutes ago, She's always enjoyed painting from April cll September. 2 3 © 4 D 5. She'shad nothing to eat E_ ever since she was very young, 6 F 7 6 8 H 9 haven't had such a good time in 2002, 10. Thistext arrived J. every nighe this week [EI Fillin the gaps with the present perfect or past: simple form of the verbs. 1. Thisis only the second time |_'ve ever flown (ever fy) in an aeroplane. 2 Thechild (sleep) from seven till seven without waking once. 3. Gabriela 4 1 (send) Ed three emails last week buthe____(not reply) toany of them yet (grow) five centimetres since last month, (you / learn) to play chess when you were a child? 1 (buy) this bicycle five years ago and | (use) ic every day since then, How long (You / have) that bad cough? The train (lust arrive), so hurry and you might catch it. 1 (never se) such a beautiful rainbow before. 1 (dream) about a beautiful desert island lastnight, On Sunday we (meet) outside the cinema as usual When (you / get) that jackee?1__ (not notice) it before, TE © choose the correct verb forms in these sentences by Cambridge First candidates. 1 I think that my friend Andrew has worked / has been working to hard recently and needs rest 2 "have been working / worked with children when Iwasa university. 3. How many times have you eaten / have you been eating Japanese food? 4 Since eft school inthe summer have been doing /have done a holiday job 5 Two years ago Idd / have done a course in coaching basketball & 1am so happy o receive your invitation. | have waited / have been waiting fort forages!Hi Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs inthe present perfect or the past simple. from Richard in Spain un) nt _here in Spain fortwo ,e0ks now and I'mhaving a great time When | (2) at the airport 18) very lonely But « (already) some tionds and I'm staying with a very nice fami They (5) weekend and we (6) I eealy (7) +18) some Spanish but | (8) _____ not to any language classes yet they start next week I's now midnight and ! need to goto bed as (10) a very busy day um) shopping this morning and | (12) football this afternoon, See you in a month! Anna: Tim: Ann Ti ‘Anna: Tim: Anna: Anna: ‘Anna: Read this conversation between two people in a sports club. Choose the correct verb forms. Excuse me. (1) Weve waited / We've I don think so. (2) Weve stood / We've been standing here patiently watching you and it’ time for you to stop, How long (3) have you played / have you been playing? Since about 9.30. (4) We've played / We've been playing two matches so far this morning and. (5) we havent finished / we havent been finishing the third yet. You'll have to wait or do something else. But (6) you've played / you've been playing for more than two hours and it's our turn now. {said youll have to wait. We're tired of waiting and we haven't got anything to do. (7) Weve read / We've been reading the ‘magazines we brought with us Why don't you do something else? (8) Have you tried / Have you been trying the swimming pool? We don't want to swim, we want to play tennis. Well always play on a Saturday morning, Anyway, (9) we've already started / weve already been starting the third match. ‘Oh well it looks lke we've got no choice, but (10) we've booked / we've been booking for next Saturday so you'll be unlucky then. waiting to play tennis since 10:30 It must be our turn now.You are going to read a magazine article about people who Ike clothes. For questions 1-10, choose from the People (A-D). The people may be chosen more than ones. Which person thinks people don't give enough importance to one kind of lating? Tearned something ater an experience with some clothing? made a decision to buy something they had always wanted? 's happy withthe social requirements of ther job? ‘admits not giving importance to self-promotion? ‘chooses ciothes 80 as not to draw attention to themselves? did something out of character? Never expected to go into thelr present line of business? ‘mentions circumstances in which itis important to keep a senso of humour? no longer does something which they now consider foolish Me and my clothes A Paula, a clothes designer than auite Young you can get away wih cheap clothes, though think | had expensive tastes even sre fact Ive always spent alot on clothes and Ive always owed vit they can do for you but | never must be abe 8d ,MONEY fom them, At one point when I didn have'afeb ey ere said, ‘Surely you rat Be able to make something’. Tat was the Kick I needed to got he searen ym mad about swimsuits. Because | make my own clothes, I'm always thinking about changing a collar (on something or changing a fabric, but b ise ! don't make swimsuits they're free from all that I have trousers day neat O72 28 Helcay and thnk that's enough, yet they wouleet eng of wearing the same trousers day atter day. | don't understand that B Len, a businessman Troe aeved motorbikes since | was 16. But fora long time | ddnt own ones rode my brother's instead, eae S22ut two years ago! bought one. | thought: i dont get one ‘now, I never will. | aways walked to Sere ovary morning until! got the motorbike, but now lide shee voces days. | bought a leather jacket as impossible to soem of Needing to wear a suit to work and wanting capes by bike. It would be That yas nae h2NGing all the time, When l was younger rode a he accor, times without a helmet. That was in parts of the St wasn't compulsory, butts madness, There's enough rice (on a bike without adding more.© Marion, a singer When I was in a musical | wore wonderful skirts made by a designer but they were incredibly heavy, and during the first performance | fell over twice on stage dancing in them. That hasn't happened to me again because | know now that you need much lighter clothes to dance in. A litle while after that, | was singing at a friend's wedding so | asked the same designer to make a really stunning dress for me. 've worn it just ‘afew times since then ~ to awards ceremonies ~ but | feel great init. My Career’s never been structured, Perhaps it should have been but I'm hopeless at pushing mysel. | went to the United States when a film | ‘was in, Enchanted Apri, was realy big but | never dreamed of hiring a publicist or anything. | suppose one measure of success was when | did my first TV advert and | went into the sort of shop I'd always been : scared to go into before and bought something without looking at the price. That just wasn't like me. D Tom, chief executive of a charity | worked as a lawyer until | was in my forties but 've been director of a charity for ten years now. I'm out two : or three nights a week at dinners to raise money. It goes with a job like this and i's fun too. | wear a suit and tie to most events. They're a kind of uniform, which is helpful because I'm not naturally a stylish dresser. | like to fee! comfortable and fit in, and this way I'm not conscious of my appearance. If| was, I'é probably be horrendously shy. One of my big mistakes in my early days was to make a speech that was too serious, People said afterwards that it was very powerful but that wasn’t what I'd intended. If you're too serious in ry kind of business it puts people off ‘There will be at least one answer for each text, so check again if you have one text with no answers in it. Without looking back at the text, complete these extracts with the present perfect simple or the past simple form of the verbs in the box. 1 Ive al (always) a lot on clothes but | never ‘making money from them. 21 motorbikes since | was 16. But for a long time | (not) one, Then about two years ago | one. 3 always to work every morning until the motorbike, but now I ride there most days. 4 During the first performance, | ‘over twice on stage dancing in them. That (rot) to me again, 1 Itjust a few times since then. ' {as a lawyer until in my forties but I irector of a charity for ten years now.You are goingto hear a teenage boy called Richard picture and answer these questions. How has Richard spent the weekend? How does his mother feel? Why? 06) Listen and check if you were right. (06) Listen again and illin the gaps. Stop the recording when you need to. Richard: 1(1) the ceiling and | (2) @) paint. Richard: And yesterday afternoon | (6) «few hours ~ you know, round the centre. (6) your list~ and (7) all my homework Mother: 1(8) for only an hour when the car (9) bored.1(5) to town for the shopping ~ everything on. Look at your answers to Exercise 3 and answer these questions. Look at answers 1,2 and 3, Did 3 happen before or after 1 and 2? What tenses does Richard use? Lookat answers 4,5, 6 and 7. Did 4 happen before or after 5,6 and 7? What tenses does Richard use? Look at answers 8 and 9. Which happened first? What tenses does Richards mother use? talking to his mother. Before you listen, look at thePast perfect simple Present perfect simple «+ | hod + ps patil | = [hadnt + past parce ‘| | } 2 | had... + past participle? We use the past perfect simple: when we are already talking about the past and want to make it clear that we ae referring back to an even earlier time Yesterday afternoon | was bored, fd been to town, Id done the shopping and I'd finished om Yesterday morning, Yesterday afternoon Today (earlier) (later) THERA a Now | Vd been to town Iwas bored Richard is speaking today done the shopping I decided 1d finished my homework insome sentences with time expressions (when, after, by the time, as soon as) when one event happened. before the other: with the adverbs just, already, ever and never. They go between the auxiliary and the main verb (© see also Unit 8): We don't use the past perfect ifone action happened at the same time as another: (not them Richard’-motherhadtseen ..) ifone action happened immediately after the other and was connected to it. In sentences like these, the first action is often the cause ofthe second: (not Wherfithad-heard .)A saseseee A Notice the difference in meanin, When Richard's mother came into t 1g between these two sentences: the room, he “topped pointing (= she came in, so he stopped) Richard's mother came into the room. T Richard stopped painting. Richard's mother came into the room, Richard stopped painting, 9 10 IE Past perfect continuous E | + | had been + verb + ing | 1 been working hav | t | = | had not been + verb + #h__| Shehadn’t been working hard | z ——— ————— [_? | had... been + verb-+-inge | Had you been working harde | 4 sb: Lie ga 4 We use the past perfect continuous We use the past perfect simple 3 * f9 emphasise a continuous activity or how longit * when we do not need to emphasise a continuous q continued: activity or the period of ime 7 He hada headache because he'd been playing Het played ail ofthe computer games and wanted i computer games or hours £0 do something diferent * when we talk about how long something happened when we talk about how many point in the past: ''d driven six kilometres when Lup t0. point in the past: How long had you been driving. OF how often up to when the car broke the car broke down, By the time | was 18d visited Canada sx times, By the time she arrived Fd been waiting fortwo A State verbs "4 known her (> see Unit 1,83) are not usual ly used in the past perfect continuous: since she was four years old. (no tft beerrknowingrher..)Complete the sentences with the correct form of the past perfect simple. The new school building (only be) open for a month before it was destroyed ina fire, I sent back the trainers that | (order) online because they were too small We (Plan) to arrive early, but we overslept as usual ‘Assoon as | tasted the curry | realised | (leave) the garlic out. How many questions (Vou / answer) wien the bell rang? Luckily, the band (not start) playing when we reached our seats. (you / already / book) tickets when you heard the match was cancelled? it was only after (post) the parcel that I realised | (forget) ‘0 put my address on the back oft (anyone / not tell) Andy that the bus times (change)? Because the team (never do) very well before, they were delighted to reach the final Complete the sentences withthe correct form ofthe past perfect continuous. i (hope) no one would notice | wasn'c at che meeting, What (you / eat) that made you soil? The students (not expecta test that day We couldn't understand where the cat — (ive forthe past ewelve months Alexi gave the wronganswer because he (not pay) attention Where (Anya’s family / live) before they moved to this street? Nobody. (watch the television for some time so | tured it of. Why was Jeffin such bad temper? (the other boys / tease) hirm again? We were so disappointed when the hotel closed. We (Go) there for holidays since was a small child. (wear) odd socks all day. Ie wasn't until got home that | noticed that |Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs in the past perfect continuous. ay a0 for several minutes before heard it —— (not) German with Mr Fauser for very long when he retired The phone had been Katya Liz didn’ know about the surprise party which her parents —_ for weeks. | was very pleased when the bus finally arrived because | that | would be late for work When the doctor eventually called myname! for 40 minutes, ‘My brother lost his job because he jokes to everyone in the office by email, The band ___ (not) for long when the lights went out, We ——0ur money to buy a car but we decided to go to Brazil instead 8 9 finally got through to Ellie but we (omy) fora few minutes when we got cut off 10 Howlong (they) for the car keys when Peta found them in her pocket? IE Each ofthese sentences has verb inthe past perfect simple. lt possible to replace fe with the past perfect continuous? 1 Fd worked forthe engineering company for three months before | realised my neighbour also worked there, __Yes = I'd been working 2 As soon as George had finished the race, he drank three glasses of water, 3. Everything was whic because ic had snowed heavily during the night ‘My parents were delighted when | qualified because they had always wanted me to bea doctor. ‘She was exhausted when she got out ofthe pool because she'd swum three kilometres, Wed only juts down at our table when the wats amet ake our ode coiled rom the faces th ey had aged abut seething Ou dinner wan’ cooled because fegten och heovenon "eto ude a spon ody rough ral he ou toe hath ning en gt te ales my ends had aed le 20 had oun cath ith hem