Chemistry Notes

Scientists and their contribution in Chemistry

Anderson
Aston and Soddy
Aufbau
Avogadro
Arrhenius
Allred-Rochow
Bernauli
Niels Bohr
Robert Boyle
Berzelius
Henry Becquerrel
Bronsted Lowry
Bartlett
Compton
Cavendish
Chadwick
Charles
Davisson and Germer
Dride and Lorentz
Dobrenier
Humphry Davy
Debye Huckel
John Dalton
Dorn
de Broglie
Einstein
Michael Faraday
Fajan
Gtauber
Graham
Guldberg-Waage
Goldstein
Hertz
Helmholtz
Hund
Heisenberg
Hund-Mulliken
Heitlor-London
Irene Curie and F. Joliot

Positron
Isotopes
Aufbau Principle
Relation between volume of gas number of moles
Electrolytic dissociation
Electronegetivity scale
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Atomic Model, Long periodic table
Boyle' law
Catalysis
Radioactivity
Acid-Base Concept
Compounds of Xenon
Compton Effect
Hydrogen
Neutron
Gas Laws
Wave Nature of Electron
Electron Pool and Electron Gas
Law of Triads
Potassium, Sodium
Strong Electrolytes Theory
Atomic Model, Law of Partial Pressure
Discovery of Rn
Dual nature of matter
Relativity, Mass-Energy Relationship
Electrolysis
Polarisation of Anion
Nitric Acid
Gaseous diffusion, Colloidal State
Law of Mass-Action
Proton, Anode rays
Photoelectric Effect
First Law of Thermodynamics
Multiplicity Rule
Uncertainity Principle
Molecular Orbital Theory
Valence Bond Theory
Artificial Radioactivity

Joseph Aspdin
Keyser
Kekule
Kossel Lewis
Le Fevre
Lewis
Libby
Lockyer and Frankland
Lawrence
Lavoisier
Le Chatlier
Marie Curie
Maxwell
Mendeleef
Millikan
Mosley
Newland
Nernst
Otto Hahn and Strassman
Ostwald
Priestley
Pauli
Pauling-Slater
Proust
Max Plank
Ritcher
Rutherford
Roentzen
Raoult
Rayleigh-Ramsay
Ramsay-Travers
Schrodinger
Soddy-Fajan
Sidwick
Sidwick-Powell
Sorenson
Sommerfeld
Scheele
Sugden
Schulze-Hardy
Thomson
Tyndall
Thenard
Urey
Van Marum
van der Waals
vant Hoff

Cement
Adsorption
Benzene
Electrovalence
Sulphuric Acid
Covalence, Acid-Base
Radiactive Dating
Helium
Cyclotron
Conservation of Mass, Nitrogen
Chemical Equilibrium
Radium, Plutonium
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Periodic Table
Charge of Electron
Modern Periodic Law
Law of Octet
Electrode Potential
Nuclear Fission
Weak Electrolytes Dilution
Ammonia, Laughung gas
Exclusion Principle
Valence Bond Theory
Law of Constant Proportion
Wave Nature of Light
Law of Reciprocal Proportion
Nucleus, Nuclear Reactions
X-Rays
Vapour Pressure and Gas Dissolution
Argon
Neon, Krypton, Xenon
Wave Equation
Group Displacement Law
Maximum Covalence Rule
Hybridisation
pH
Atomic Model
Nitrogen
Co-ordinate Bond, Singlet Linkage
Coagulation by electrolyte
Electron
Scattering by Sol
Hydrogen Peroxide
Deuterium and Heavy Water
Ozone
Gas Equation
Rate Constant and Equilibrium Constant

Yukawa
Zeeman

Mesons
Zeeman Effect

Some important reagents and their uses

Reagent
Schweitzer Reagent

Composition
Tetraaminecopper (II) sulphate

Use
to dissolve cellulose in manufacturing artificial silk

Fehling Solution

to detect an aldehydic group

Bordeaux Mixture
Soda Bleach

Copper sulphate + Sodium Potassium tartarate

(Rochelle Salt) + NaOH
AgNO 3 solution + NaOH solution + NH 4 OH
Alkaline solution of cupric ion complexed with
citrate ions
Dilute solution of rosaline hydrochloride in
water after passing SO2
Cu S O 4 + Lime
Na 2 O 2 + dil. HCl

Soda Lime

Ca(OH) 2 + NaOH

Tollen's Reagent
Benedict Solution
Schiff's Reagent

to detect an aldehydic group

to detect -CHO group
to detect -CHO group
to kill moulds and fungi on wines
for bleaching of delicate fibres like wool, silk etc.

Sanger's Reagent

as absorbent for a number of gases, and in

decarboxylation of sodium salts of fatty acids
Na 2 CO 3 + K 2 CO 3
as laboratory reagent
ZnS + BaSO 4
as white paint
PbSO 4 + PbO + ZnO
as white paint
O 2 + 5% to 10% CO 2
for artificial respiration
K 2 HgI 4
to detect NH 4 + ions
Calcium cynamide + graphite
as fertilizer
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate + CaSO 4
as fertilizer
Tricalcium phosphate + cal. Silicate
as fertilizer
Cold 1% alkaline KMnO 4 solution
to detect olefinic and acetylenic linkages
-Naphthol dissolved in alcohol
to detect carbohydrates
Palladised charcoal deactivated with sulphur
for partial hydrogenation of triple bonds to
compounds
double bonds
Suspension of Mg(OH) 2 in water
as antacid
A mixture of S, charcoal and KNO 3
as explosive
Colloidal particles of gold absorbed by colloidal for colouring glass (ruby red) and pottery
precipitate of stannic acid
Conc. HGl + anhy. ZnCl 2
for distinguishing three types of alcohols
93% - 95% ethanol
(Denatured alcohol) Rectified Spirit + CH 3 OH,
pyridine, acetone etc.
80% Petrol + 20% Alcohol
2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Aques solution of sodium periodate + a trace of to detect and locate double bond in organic
KMnO 4
compound
2, 4-Dinitrofluorobenzene
for amino acid sequence detection in polypeptides

Tildon's Reagent
Hoffman Reagent

Nitrosyl chloride
Diethyl oxalate

to detect presence of olefinic linkage

for seperation of mixture of 1, 2 and 3 amines

Hinsberg Reagent

Benzenesulphonyl chloride

for seperation of mixture of 1, 2 and 3 amines

Malaparade Reagent

Periodic acid

Ninhydrin Reagent

Triketohydrindene hydrate

for cleaving vicinal glycols giving aldehydes,

ketones or their mixtures
to detect the presence of amino acidds and
proteins with which it gives violet, red or pink
color

Fusion Mixture
Lithopone
Sublimed White Lead
Carbogen
Nessler's Reagent
Nitrolim
Superphosphate
Thomas Slag
Baeyer's Reagent
Molisch Reagent
Lindlar Catalyst
Milk of Magnesia
Gun Powder
Pusrple of Cassius
Lucas Reagent
Rectified Spirit
Methylated Spirit
Power Alcohol
Brady's Reagent
Lemieux Reagent

Quick Facts
Lowest electronegativity
Highest electronegativity
Highest ionisation potential
Lowest inonisation potential
Lowest electron affinity
Highest electron affinity
Least electropositive element
Lowest melting point metal
Highest melting point metal
Lowest melting point element
Highest melting point element
Most reactive solid element
Most reactive liquid element
Most reactive gaseous element
Most stable element
Smallest atom
Largest atom
Largest anion
Smallest anion
Most electropositive element
Total number of gaseous elements
Total number of liquid elements
Total number of solid elements
Volatile d block elements
Most abundant element on earth
Most rare element on earth
Most abundant metal on earth
Metals with highest oxidation number
Most electrovalent (ionic) compound
Strongest base
Strongest basic oxide
Best electric conductors
Most poisonous element
Liquid non metal
Element kept in water
Element kept in kerosene
Bridge metals
Noble metals
Amphoteric metals
Amphoteric non metals
Metalloids
Lightest element
Heaviest metal

Cs
F
He
Cs
Noble gases (zero)
Cl
F
Hg
W
He
W
Li
Cs
F
Te
H
Cs
At
F
Cs (among stable)
Fr (overall)
11 (H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl,
Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
4 (Ga, Br, Cs, Hg)
89
Zn, Cd, Hg
Oxygen
Astatine
Al (and then Fe)
Ru, Os
CsF
Cs(OH)
Cs2O
Ag (then Cu, Au, Al)
Pu
Br
P
Na, K, Rb, Cs
Na, Mg
Au, Pt
Zn, Al, Sn, Pb
Si
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
H
Os

Hardest natural element

Most abundant gas
Dry bleacher
Natural explosive
Dry Ice
Oldest known organic acid
Freon
Most abundant elements on earth

C (diamond)
Nitrogen
Ozone
NCl3
CO2
Acetic acid
CF2Cl2
O, Si, Al

Alloys
Aluminium Bronze
Brass
Bronze
Bell Metal
Coin Alloys (red)
Coin Alloys (white)
Duralumin
Electron
Germn Silver
Gun Metal
Muntz Metal
Magnalium
Pewter
Solder
Type Metal
Wood Metal
Y Alloy

Cu + Al
Cu + Zn
Cu + Sn
Cu + Sn
Cu + Zn + Sn
Cu + Ag + Zn + Ni
Al + Cu + Mg + Mn
Mg + Zn (95 : 5%)
Cu + Zn + Ni
Cu + Sn + Zn
Cu + Zn
Al + Mg
Pb + Sn
Pb + Sn
Pb + Sb + Sn
Bi + Pb + Sn + Cd (low m.pt. 71 degree C)
Cu + Al

Compounds
Adam's Catalyst
Alum
Ammonal
Aqua Fortis
Aquaregia
Asbestos
Arsine
Anhydrone
Argentoferrous Galena
Baking Soda or Powder
Berthelot's Salt
Black Lead
Blue Vitriol
Baryta Water
Bremstone
Baryta
Bordeux Mixture
Bleaching Powder
Boranes
Calomel
Carbolic Acid
Carborundum
Caro's Acid
Caustic Potash
Chromyl Chloride
Corundum
Crystal Carbonate
Coinage Metals
Cementite
Chinese White
Caliche
Corrosive Sublimate
Dry Ice
Deuterium
D.D.T.
Epsom Salt
Ferrocene
Fischer's Salt
Formalin
Freon
Ferric Alum
Fenton's Reagent
Fluid Magnesia
Fehling solution
Green Vitriol

Pt + PtO
(NH4)2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
NH4NO3 + Al
HNO3
Conc. HNO3 + Conc. HCL (1 : 3)
CaMg3(SiO3)4
AsH3
Mg(ClO4)2
PbS + Ag2S
NaHCO3
KClO3
Graphite
CuSO4. 5H2O
Ba(OH)2 Solution
S8
BaO
CuSO4 Solution + Lime
CaOCl2
Hydride of Boron
Hg2Cl2
C6H5OH
SiC
H2SO5
KOH
CrO2Cl2
Al2O3
Na2CO3.H2O
Cu, Ag, and Au
FeC
ZnO
NaNO3 + NaIO3
HgCl2
CO2
H-2 or D
dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane
MgSO4.7H2O
Fe(5 - C5H5)2
K3 [Co(NO2)6]
HCHO
CCl2F2
K2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O
H2O2 + Few Drops of FeCl3
12% Solution of Mg (HCO3)2
CuSO4.5H2O + NaOH + Na, K Tartarate
FeSO4.7H2O

Gun Powder
Gypsum
Hypo
Hyposulphite of Soda
Heavy Water
Heavy Hydrogen
King of Chemicals
Killed Spirits
Kainte
Kaolinite
Laughing Gas
Limestone
Lunar Caustic
Lithrage (Masscote)
Lithopone
Leuna Salt Peter
Lanakite
Magnesi Alba
Marsh gas
Marshall's Acid
Mica
Milk of Lime
Milk of Magnesia
Magnesia Alba
Matte
Minium
Micro Cosmic Salt
Nitro chalk
Nitrophos
Nascent Hydrogen
Oil of Vitriol
Oil of Winter Green
Oxone
Plaster of Paris
Phosgene
Picric Acid
Prussian Blue
Permutit (Zeolite)
Pharaoh's Serpents
Pig Iron
Producer Gas
Quick Lime
Quartz
Rock Salt
Ruby
Refrigerant
Red Lead

Sulphur + Charcoal + KNO3

CaSO4.2H2O
Na2S2O3.5H2O
Hypo
D2O
D2
H2SO4
ZnCl2 + ZnO
KCl.MgSO4.3H2O
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
N 2O
CaCO3
AgNO3
PbO
ZnS + BaSO4
NH4NO3
PbO.PbSO4
MgO
CH4
H2S2O8
KH2Al2(SiO4)3
Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
(MgCO3)x[Mg(OH2)]y.zH2O
Cu2S + FeS
Pb3O4
NaNH4.HPO4
NH4NO3 + (NH4)2CO3
Ca(H3PO4)2 + 2Ca(NO3)2
H At The Moment of Generation
H2SO4
Methyl Salicylate
Na2O2
CaSO4.1/2 H2O
COCl2
2, 4, 6 Trinitrophenol
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Na2Al2SiO8.xH2O
Hg (CNS)2
Impure Form Of Iron
A Mixture Of CO + N2 + H2
CaO
SiO2
NaCl
Al2O3
CO2, NH3, CF2Cl2 etc
Pb3O4

Rust
Salt cake
Sand
Silver Tarnish
Soda Lime
Spirit of Wine
Stranger Gas
Super Phosphate of Lime
Sorel's Cement
Salammoniac
Stainless Steel
Super Phosphate
Tincture of Iodine
T.N.T
TNB
Tincal
Talc
Vinegar
Washing Soda
White Graphite
White Lead
White Vitriol
Wilkinson's Catalyst
Water Gas
Wrought Iron
Willemite
Yellow Ammonium Sulphide
Yperite
Ziegler-Natta Catalyst
Ziesse's Salt
Zircone
Zinc White

Fe2O3.xH2O
Na2SO4
SiO2
Ag2S
NaOH + CaO
C2H5OH
Xenon (Xe)
Ca(H2PO4).H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O
Mg(Oh) Cl or MgCl2.5MgO.xH2O
NH4Cl
An Alloy Of Fe, Cr, And C
Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4
I2 + KL
Trinitrotoluene
Trinitrobenzene
Na2B4O7.10H2O
3 MgO.4SiO2.H2O or Mg2(Si2O3).Mg(OH)2
CH3COOH
Na2CO3
BN
2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
ZnSO4.7H2O
[(C6H5)3P]3RhCl
CO + H2
Pure Form Of Iron
ZnO
(NH4)2Sx
Mustard Gas
TiCl4 - (C2H5)3Al Complex
(PH3P)3RhCl
Zirconium Silicate
ZnO

Important Minerals and Ores of Some Common Elements

Alumina
Alunite
Apatite (Fluoropatite)
Azurite
Anhydrite
Argentite
Anglesite
Bauxite
Borax
Calaverite
Chili Salt Peter
Cinnabar
Calcia
Chlorapatite
Carnalite
Calamine
Cassiterite
Copper Pyrite (Chalcopyrite)
Copper Glance
Cuprite (Ruby Copper)
Corundum Emery
Cryolite
Clay (Kaolin, China, Clay, mica or Felspar)
Chalk (Marble, Aragonite Calcite, Iceland Spar, Lime Stone
Cerussite
Diaspore
Dolomite
Epsom Salt (Epsomite)
Fluorspar
Fluorapatite (Also see apatite above)
Greenockite
Gypsum
Galena
Heavy Spar
Horn Silver (Chlorargyrite)
Haematite (Red)
Iron Pyrite
Kieserite
Limonite (Brown)
Magnesite
Malachite
Magnetite
Pyrargyrite or Ruby silver
Pyrolusite
Phosphorite

Al2O3
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)2.4Al(OH)3
3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2
2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
CaSO4
Ag2S
PbSO4
Al2O3.2H2O
Na2B4O7.10H2O
AuTe2
NaNO3
HgS
CaO
Ca5(PO4)3Cl or 3Ca3(PO4)3.CaCl2
KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
ZnCO3
SnO2
CuFeS2
Cu2S
Cu2O
Al2O3
Na3AlF6
AluminoSilicates or KAlSi3O3
CaCO3
PbCO3
Al2O3.H2O
MgCO3.CaCO3
MgSO4.7H2O
CaF2
3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2
CdS
CaSO4.2H2O
PbS
BaSO4
AgCl
Fe2O3
FeS2
MgSO4.H2O
Fe2O3.3H2O
MgCO3
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
Fe3O4
Ag3SbS3
MnO2
Ca3(PO4)2

Sylvine
schonite
Sylvanite
Salt Peter (Indian)
Siderite
Trona (Natron)
Whitherite
Zincite
Zinc Blende

KCl
K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O
(AgAu)Te
KNO3
FeCO3
Na2CO3
BaCO3
ZnO
ZnS

Ores of few important metals

Magnesium

Copper

Silver

Zinc

Aluminium

Tin
Lead

Iron

Magnesite
Dolomite
Epsomite
Carnallite
Asbestose
Talc
Copper Pyrites
Cuprite
Copper Glance
Malachite
Azurite
Argentite
Horn Silver
Ruby Silver
Zinc Blende
Clamine
Zincite
Willemite
Bauxite
Cryolite
Feldspar
Kaolinite
Mica
Corundum
Diaspore
Cassiterite
Galena
Anglesite
Cerussite
Lanarkite
Haematite
Limonite
Magnetite
Siderite
Iron pyrite
Copper Pyrites