A MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
ASSESMENT OF WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR THE
GROUNDWATER IN UPPER PINCHA BASIN
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MAJOR: HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
Submitted By
A.ANIL
Under the guidance of

Smt.T.HEMALATHA
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI 517 502 (A.P)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TIRUPATI 517 502 (A.P)

Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide report of the mini Project
work entitled

ASSESMENT OF WATER QUALITY INDEX FOR THE

GROUNDWATER IN UPPER PINCHA BASIN
Submitted By
A.ANIL
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
During the year 2010-2012

Guide
Smt.T.HEMALATHA
Asst.Professor of Civil Engineering

Head of the Department

Dr.K.NAGENDRA PRASAD
Professor of Civil Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere and profound gratitude to smt.T.Hemalatha, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for his valuable guidance and constant
encouragement and providing facilities throughout the period of investigation and
preparation of the mini project.

Our special thanks to Prof.G.N.Pradeep Kumar, Professor, Department of

Civil Engineering, who was kind enough to provide various suggestions, facilities and
for his encouragement.

I wish to thank my friend G.Chandra Reddy helped me directly or indirectly in

completion of this project work.

A.ANIL

CONTENTS

Page No.
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL

1.2

SIGNIFICANCE OF GROUND WATER

1.3

STUDY AREA

1.4

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1.5

GIS ANALYSIS

CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

WATER QUALITY INDEX

2.2

ESTIMATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX

CHAPTER-III

METHODOLOGY

3.1

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX

3.2

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER-IV

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION MAPS USING GIS

4.1

INTRODUCTION

4.2

ARC GIS

4.3

GEO PROCESSING

CHAPTER-V

REFERENCES

CONCLUSIONS

ABSTRACT:
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the
groundwater of upper pincha basin located in chittoor district Andhra Pradesh. This
has been determined by collecting ground water samples to a comprehensive
physicochemical analysis. For calculating the water quality index, the following 10
parameters are considered: pH, total hardness, sulphate, nitrates, calcium, fluorides,
magnesium, sodium, Total dissolved solids, chlorides.
To this end, an attempt has been made for the first time in order to determine spatial
distribution of groundwater quality parameters and to identify places with the best
quality for drinking within the study area based on (i) An Integrated analysis of
physical-chemical parameters (ii) Use of Geographic information system (iii) Water
quality index calculations. All the parameters are compared to the standard guidelines
values as recommended by the world health organization (WHO) for drinking and
public health in order to have an overview of the present ground water quality.
KEY WORDS: Geographic information system, Water Quality Index, groundwater,
Physical-chemical parameter.

SCOPE:
The Main objectives of present study are
1. To Evaluate quality of groundwater in upper pincha basin
2. To compute water quality index (WQI)
3. To create spatial distribution maps for various physical- chemical parameters
through Inverse Distance Weighed (IDW) raster interpolation technique in
SPATIAL ANALYST Module of ArcGIS 9.2
4. Comparative study for finding out Water Quality Index(WQI) by different
Methods
The details of the work carried out are presented in
Chapter I Describes the significance of groundwater quality, describe the details
of the study area and Various objectives of the study area.
Chapter II Review of Literature regarding with water quality index methods.
Chapter III Methodology for calculating Water quality Index and Data
Interpretation.
Chapter IV Preparation of spatial distribution maps using GIS
Chapter V sets forth the conclusion arrived at from this study. A few suggestions
are made for further study

CHAPTER I
INTROD
UCTION

INTRODUCTION:
Groundwater is water that comes from the ground. Sounds easy, doesn't it?
Amazingly, many people use groundwater but don't even know it. In fact, half of
everyone in the United States drinks groundwater everyday! Groundwater is even
used to irrigate crops which grow food for tonight's dinner. Water is a basic ingredient
of life. Groundwater is extensively used for domestic, industrial and irrigation
activities. Groundwater, a freshwater resource, is stored in aquifers, which are of
geological formation of preamble-saturated zones of rocks, sand or gravels. Aquifers
are recharged by atmospheric precipitation, which seeps into the ground or as the
surface water drains into it. In many regions recharge areas are near the surface and
may be significantly affected by agricultural, residential or industrial activity. Once
the refuse of such activities contaminates groundwater, it becomes difficult and
sometimes impossible to restore it to its original quality. To meet the increasing water
demands, reliance on groundwater has been rapidly increasing, especially in the arid
and semiarid regions. Groundwater has excellent natural quality, which is generally
adequate for potable supply with little or no treatment. It is an attraction as a supply
option because it is often conveniently available close to where water is required.
Evaluation of the quality of water forms part of hydro geological studies.

The

groundwater originates basically through infiltration of precipitation that is falling on

the earth surface. Thus many activities on the earth surface are adversely affecting the
quality and availability of groundwater. Also the rapid growth of population and
urbanization has affected the quality of groundwater through over exploitation and
improper waste disposal. The utility of groundwater available is dependent on its
chemical, physical and bacteriological properties. The spatial and temporal
distribution of groundwater quality is a function of climate (precipitation and
evaporation), topography (slope which affects the residence time of groundwater),

geology of the area (mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks and soils with
which groundwater is in contact) etc.

Significance of Groundwater
Surface water and groundwater are the two main sources of water. Water that
travels or stored on top of the ground is surface water. This would be the water that is
in rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs and oceans. Groundwater is the water located
beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic
formations. Groundwater can be a long-term 'reservoir' of the natural water cycle
(with residence times from days to millennia), as opposed to short-term water
reservoirs like the atmosphere and fresh surface water (which have residence times
from minutes to years). Groundwater is replenished by surface water from
precipitation, streams and rivers when the recharge reaches the groundwater table.
Groundwater has become immensely important for human water supply in
urban and rural areas in developed and developing nations alike. It is a reliable
resource even in dry seasons or droughts because of the large storage. It requires little
treatment since it is less polluted. It can often be tapped where it is needed, on a stageby-stage basis. It is less affected by catastrophic events. Scientists estimate that
groundwater accounts for more than 95% of all fresh water available for use.
Approximately 50% of Americans obtain all or part of their drinking water from
groundwater. Nearly 95% of rural residents rely on groundwater for their drinking
supply. About half of irrigated crop land uses groundwater. Approximately one third
of industrial water needs are fulfilled by using groundwater. In the arid areas, where
rainfall is low and less predictable, groundwater is the only source of supply for all
types of activities.
Groundwater is now being abstracted at unsustainable rates in many areas,
seriously depleting reserves. Its reserves are subjected to increasing pressure from a
rapidly growing human population - both through an ever-increasing demand and
through a contaminant load on the land surface which is steadily growing in volume

and chemical complexity. Despite of their importance, there is still not enough
concern about protecting groundwater resources. The fact is that these are 'out of the
public sight' and also 'out of the political mind'.
Ministry of Water Resources presented overall view of the groundwater
resources in India and Andhra Pradesh state, estimated based on Groundwater
Resource Estimation Committee-1997 (GEC-97) norms. Details are as follows: Total
annual replenishable groundwater resource of the country is 433 Billion Cubic Meter
(BCM). Net annual groundwater availability is 399 BCM. Annual groundwater draft
is 231 BCM. Total annual replenishable groundwater resources of Andhra Pradesh
state is 36.5 BCM. Net annual groundwater availability is 32.95 BCM. Annual
groundwater draft is 14.9 BCM. Groundwater table levels in several parts of India
show a declining trend due to increase in exploitation of groundwater for domestic
and irrigational needs. It has therefore, become necessary that the annual
replenishment of groundwater reserves is to be quantified.
Over-abstraction of groundwater occurs when the overall rates of withdrawal
from aquifers greatly exceeds their replenishment from rainfall and other sources.
This over-abstraction causes many serious problems. Often yield of wells is reduced
and cost of pumping increases. In extreme cases, this may lead to the wells being
abandoned, with premature loss of infrastructure investment. In some geological
conditions, falling groundwater level induces compaction of underground strata and
serious subsidence of the land surface, causing costly damage to urban infrastructure
and increasing the risk of flooding. Lowering groundwater level by one meter adds
one metric ton of load per square meter to the subsoil.
In Gujarat, groundwater serves most domestic and more than three quarters of
irrigation purposes. Over-abstraction has caused the water table to fall, in some places
by as much as 40 meters. This has deprived many poor farmers of water since they
can afford only dug wells, which are usually limited to depths of 10 meters.
A number of the world's major wetlands are now under threat from the overabstraction of groundwater. Spain, Algeria, Cyprus, Tunisia, Egypt and Turkey are

among the countries where increasing salinity and falling water levels are leading to
vegetation changes in wetlands.
In Mexico City, water table has fallen so low that there has been widespread
ground subsidence, involving costly rebuilding. Parts of the Las Vegas valley, in the
United States have fallen by more than 1.5 meters as a result of over-abstraction in an
area where annual rainfall averages only 100mm. Arizona is marked by a series of
hundreds of fissures in the ground, which have disrupted roads, railways and housing.
In the southern province of Brabant, in the Netherlands, farmers are not allowed to
use groundwater for irrigation in part of the year, as over-abstraction is causing drying
out of the local ecology.
Bangkok is suffering from severe water problems as a result of the overexploitation of the water table beneath the city. In Beijing, over-abstraction caused the
water table to drop by more than four meters in a year. According to the Chinese
National Environment Protection Agency, as many as 45 Chinese cities are now
experiencing some form of land subsidence as a result of the over-abstraction of
groundwater.
In some areas of Africa and south Asia, a succession of years of below-average
rainfall has caused severe water shortages. Effect of these extended dry periods may
be worsened if excessive groundwater abstraction depletes aquifer storage further.
Shallow, sandy coastal aquifer that underlies the Gaza strip is heavily over-pumped
and becoming polluted.
On many coasts and small islands, over-abstraction is leading to the intrusion
of saline water inland, causing effectively irreversible deterioration of groundwater
resources. In Metropolitan Manila, groundwater abstraction has lowered the water
level by 50-80 meters. As a result, salt water has seeped into the Guadelupe aquifer
that lies under the city, reaching as far as 5 km inland. In Chennai, India salt water
intrusion has moved 10km inland, causing many irrigation wells to be abandoned.
Serious pollution of groundwater occurs when contaminants are discharged to,
deposited on, or leached from the land surface, at rates significantly exceeding the

natural attenuation capacity. This occurs widely as a result of both the indiscriminate
disposal of liquid effluents and solid wastes from urban development with inadequate
sanitation arrangements and leakage of stored chemicals into the ground from
industries.
Groundwater pollution is insidious and expensive; insidious because it takes
many years to show its full effect in the quality of water pumped from deep wells;
expensive because, by this time, the cost of remedying polluted aquifers will be
extremely high. Indeed, restoration to drinking water standards is often practically
impossible.
Without pro-active management and protection, there is a serious risk of
irreversible deterioration on an increasingly widespread basis. Under the pressure of
the need to rapidly develop new water supplies, there is rarely adequate attention to,
and investment in, the maintenance, protection and longer-term sustainability of
groundwater.
It is therefore, very necessary to have a quantitative and qualitative analysis of
groundwater from any basin, for its planned and sustained development.
Study Area
Upper Pincha basin is located in Chittor District in Andhra Pradesh. This basin is
covered three mandals that is somala, sadumu, and chowdepalli. Different data
products required for the study include the 56K/10 ,56K/11, 56K/14 and 56K/15
toposheets which are obtained from Survey of India (1:50,000).

Materials and Methods:

pH
pH represents the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in
moles per litre. The pH scale extends from 0-14 units i.e from acidic to alkaline. pH
value 7 at 25 0 C corresponds to neutral. pH of drinking water is normally between
6.5 to 8.5 while that of natural water is between 4 to 9. The analysis showed that the
pH values range between 6.3 to 8.3 . The term pH may be represented by
pH = -log[H+]
The acid condition increases as pH value decreases and alkaline condition increases as
the pH value increase.
0 Acid range
7 Alkaline range 14
-------------------------------------------
pH Scale
pH is a factor that must be considered in chemical coagulation ,disinfection ,
water softening and corrosion control. pH value can be measured using ph meter ,
using glass electrode by using indicators or by using strips.
pH < 4.0 (gives sour taste to the water)
pH < 6.5-8.5 (no adverse effect on health)
pH < 8.5 (gives bitter taste to water)
The lower values of pH causes corrosion and on the other hand higher values
of pH may produce incrustation, sediment deposition and also psychological effects
on health.
Total Dissolved Solids
Concentration of dissolved solids in groundwater decides its applicability for
drinking, irrigation or industrial purposes. Concentration of dissolved matter in water

is given by the weight of the material on evaporation of water to dryness up to a

temperature of 1800C. Dissolved solid substances are undesirable in water. Disolved
minerals, gases and organic constituents may produce aesthetically displeasing colour,
tastes and odours. Some times dissolved substances are desirable in water. Readily
dissolvable material is some times added to the pure water to reduce its tendency to
dissolve pipes and plumbing fixtures. The values are expressed in mg/l. Major
constituents of TDS include Bicarbonates (HCO 3-), Sulphates (SO42-) and Chlorides
(Cl-) of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Silica. Groundwater containing more than
1000 mg/l of total dissolved solids is generally referred as brackish water. In the study
area, TDS in groundwater ranges from 500 to1700mg/l .
Fluoride
The test is based on the fact that fluoride ion combines with zirconium ion to
form a stable complex ion ,zrf6 and this results in bleaching the reddish colour of
zirconium and alizarin combination. The decrease in intensity of colour is directly
proportional to fluoride concentration. Fluorine is one of the most common elements
in the earths crust and is most electro-negative of all elements. It occurs in water as
fluoride. It is expressed in mg/l. It is found in both igneous and sedimentary rocks in
flat topography and semi arid regions. Fluoride is primarily found in fluorapatite and
fluorite. Biotite and hornblende minerals in rocks are the primary source of fluoride in
groundwater. The formation of high fluoride in groundwater is governed by
composition of bedrock and hydrogeology. High fluoride in groundwater may also be
formed as a result of evapo-transpiration along the groundwater flow path. Fluoride
concentration in groundwater of the study area ranges from 0.1mg/l to 0.9 mg/l.
Chloride
Chloride ion is determined by Mohrs method,titration with standard silver
nitrate solution in which silver chloride is precipitated at first.The end of titration is
indicated by formation or red silver chromate from excess AgNO3 and potassium
chromate used as an indicator in neutral to slightly alkaline solution.
Major sources of chloride in groundwater are the constituents of igneous and
metamorphic rocks like sodalite and chlorapatite etc. In groundwater, chloride is
mostly present as sodium chloride. Because of sewerage waste disposal and leaching
of saline residues in the soil, abnormal chloride concentrations may occur. Water

quality analysis of the samples collected indicates that the chloride concentration
ranges from 40 mg/ l to 380 mg/l.
Total Hardness
Hardness has an important role in determining the utility of water for
domestic, drinking and for other purposes. Hardness represents the soap consuming
capacity of water.

Hardness in water is caused primarily by the presence of

carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, sulphates, chlorides and

nitrates. The total hardness is a measure of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+)
content in water and is expressed as equivalent of CaCo 3. Water with a hardness of
less than 75mg/l is considered as soft. Hardness of 75-150 mg/l is not objectionable
for most purposes.The minimum total hardness in groundwater was 172mg/l (Table
6.1) observed at Battugudem while maximum value was 890 mg/l.
Sulphate
As the groundwater passes through rocks, sulphate content in groundwater
varies widely due to oxidation and precipitation process.Benzidine hydrochloride
reacts with sulphates in HCl solution to form a slightly soluble compound of
benzidine sulphuric acid. The compound is filtered and washed entirely free of HCl.
The amount of H2SO4 in the compound is determined by titration with standard
NaOH. Source of sulphate in groundwater is the sulphur minerals present in igneous
and metamorphic rocks. Sulphate can also be introduced through the application of
sulphatic soil condition. Abnormal concentrations of sulphate may be due to the
presence of sulphide ore bodies like pyrite and lignite. Sulphate concentration ranges
from 20 mg/l to 265 mg/l observed in the study area.
Calcium
Calcium occurs in water mainly due to the presence of limestone, gypsum,
dolomite and gypsiferrous minerals. Calcium is a major constituent of most igneous,
metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Permissible limit of calcium is 75 mg/l. Calcium
concentration ranges from 30mg/l to384 mg/l observed in water sample locations.
Magnesium
Magnesium occurs in water mainly due to the presence of olivine, biotite,
augite and talc minerals. Magnesium is an important component of rocks like dunite,

basalt, talc and dolomite. Permissible limit of magnesium is 30 mg/l. Water quality
analysis of the samples collected indicates that the magnesium concentration ranges
from 26 mg/l to 685 mg/l.
Nitrate
Nitrate enters groundwater through nitrogen cycle, composed of certain plants,
decomposition of plant debris, animal waste, nitrate fertilizers, sewerage discharges
and industrial waste chemicals. 1 mg/l of nitrogen equals to 4.5 mg/l of nitrate.
Natural nitrate concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.1 mg/l to 10 mg/l. In the
study area, the nitrate concentration ranges from 0 mg/l to0.2 mg/l.
Alkalinity
Alkalinity is caused due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and
hydroxides of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Calcium carbonate is the
most usual constituent that causes alkalinity. Alkalinity is expressed in mg/l and the
limit for drinking water is 200 mg/l. The total alkalinity in the groundwater in the
basin ranges between 174mg/lto 516mg/l.

GIS Analysis:
The study is carried out with the help topographic sheets, ERDAS and Arc view GIS
9.2. The paper map of the upper has a 1:50,000 scale and was digitized to the UTM
coordinate system by applying the on-screen digitizing method using ERDAS
Imagine software. GPS is used to map the location of each sampling borehole; and
finally, the results of each parameters analyzed were added to the concerned
boreholes. Spatial analyst, an extended module of ArcGIS 9.2, was used to find out
the spatio- temporal behavior of the groundwater quality parameters. The various
thematic layers on hardness, pH and ionic concentrations were prepared using a
spatial interpolation technique through Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW). This
contouring method has been used in the present study to delineate the locational
distribution of water pollutants or constituents. This method uses a defined or a
selected set of sample points for estimating the output grid cell value. . It determines
the cell values using a linearly weighted combination of a set of sample points; and, it
controls the significance of known points upon the and interpolated values based upon
their distance from the . output point, generating thereby a surface grid as well as
thematic isolines . Groundwater quality classification maps for pH, TH, EC, TDS, Cl,

SO , HCO , NO , Ca , Mg , . Na and K from thematic layers, based on the WHO

Standards for drinking water, have been created for Upper Pincha Basin.

CHAPTER-I I
LITERATURE REVIEW

WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) :

Water Quality Index, indicating the water quality in terms of a number, offers a useful
representation of overall quality of water for public or for any intended use as well as
in the pollution abatement programs and in water quality management. Horton (1965)
defined Water Quality Index as a reflection of composite influence of individual
quality characteristics on the overall quality of water. Water quality index relates a
group of water quality parameters to a common scale and combines them into a single
number in accordance with a chosen method of computation. The desired use of WQI
is to assess water quality trends for management purpose even though it is not meant
for an absolute measure of the degree of pollution or the actual water quality.
Application of WQI is a useful method in assessing the water quality of groundwater
(Srivastava et al.,2007). For calculation of WQI, selection of parameters has great
importance. Since, selection of many parameters

widen the quality index, and

importance of various parameters depends on the intended use, nine physico-chemical

parameters namely pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total
Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate and Sulphate were used to
calculate WQI (Chatterjee & Raziuddin, 2007). In the present study, application of
WQI gives a comprehensive evaluation of water quality at different sampling places.

Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI):

These last , the Water Quality Index (WQI) was very used to determine the suitability
of the groundwater for drinking purposes . Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful tool for communicating the information on the overall quality of water . The
standards for purposes of drinking have been considered for the calculation of WQI as

recommended by WHO . The proposed methodology is summarized in the flowchart

shown in Figure .

..

Figure 1: Flow chart showing the methodology adopted for the generation of
Database

Table 1: The analytical results showing quality of groundwater in the study area

sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
MIN
MAX
Mean
SD

T(C)
33.5
30
33
33
31
30
32
30
31
31
31
34
30
30
32
29
31
33
31
31
32
32
31
32
31
31
32
30
30
30
32
30
32
31
31
31
32
30
30
30
30
30
32
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
29
33.5
31.05
1.089

pH
6.57
8.23
7.43
7.46
7.13
6.91
7.5
6.7
7.5
7.47
7.14
7.27
7.78
7.13
7.37
8.25
7.45
6.43
7.71
6.86
7.26
7.2
7.18
7.7
6.66
6.6
6.85
6.85
6.9
7.5
6.84
7.59
6.83
7.11
7.33
6.32
6.67
6.65
6.42
6.69
6.8
6.51
7.06
7.2
7.15
7.06
7.42
6.97
7.52
7.02
6.32
8.25
7.123
0.435

TH

SO4

352
264
172
468
296
520
184
440
416
192
380
400
320
460
320
200
352
368
300
248
540
472
300
380
480
300
890
300
380
520
600
240
640
560
320
800
280
400
270
300
260
390
260
400
440
360
640
300
320
560
172
890
391.08
149.74

130
130
60
150
95
235
45
145
120
45
105
95
155
265
135
120
120
135
145
65
220
160
160
120
180
80
130
50
140
150
200
20
230
220
60
70
80
190
70
85
80
180
105
155
250
102
120
200
97
190
20
265
131.78
58.149

F
CL
TDS
Ca
Mg
Na
----------------------------------------------------------------------- mg/l
-----------------------------------------------------------------------0.5
140
800
200
152
32
0.6
180
700
133.33
130.7
34
0.4
80
600
66.6
105.4
35
0.4
250
1200
283.3
184.7
43
0.4
130
900
170
126
39
0.2
260
1500
349.9
170.1
52
0.4
64
500
99.9
84.1
34
0.5
200
1000
366.6
73.4
38
0.4
200
1000
133.32
282.68
44
0.3
40
500
83.325
108.67
30
0.6
184
900
206.646
173.35
34
0.4
140
900
183.315
216.68
37
0.2
120
900
99.99
220.01
49
0.2
360
1200
383.2
76.8
48
0.2
150
1000
209.97
110.1
49
0.1
110
700
89.991
110.009
46
0.2
160
1100
105
247
45
0.2
140
800
120
248
48
0.2
184
700
60
240
50
0.2
86
700
30
198
36
0.3
330
1400
240
300
51
0.2
130
1100
201
270
41
0.2
160
1100
80
220
43
0.2
110
1000
85
305
36
0.2
170
1300
102
380
36
0.1
120
700
60
240
26
0.4
216
1700
200
684
40
0.1
60
1000
50
250
26
0.2
148
1200
70
310
48
0.2
150
1200
205
315
34
0.2
220
1300
240
360
47
0.2
24
500
40
200
34
0.1
144
1600
210
430
39
0.1
260
1500
160
400
47
0.2
104
800
60
26
35
0.2
380
1600
70
550
39
0.1
42
700
80
248
29
0.1
44
900
190
240
27
0.1
136
700
70
340
27
0.1
40
600
85
220
22
0.1
44
500
80
222
22
0.1
40
900
180
215
27
0.2
120
800
105
304
31
0.2
40
800
155
216
29
0.2
90
1100
250
325
32
0.2
180
900
102
345
36
0.1
96
1200
120
308
36
0.1
284
1100
200
400
41
0.1
104
800
97
350
36
0.1
252
1400
190
380
41
0.1
40
500
30
26
22
0.6
380
1700
383.2
684
52
0.23
148.32
980
147.027
252.24
37.62
0.135
84.717 309.706
84.640
123.09
7.917

NO3

alkalinity

0.1
0.1
Nil
Nil
0.2
0.1
Nil
0.2
0.1
0.2
Nil
Nil
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.0
0.2
0.145
0.052

210
180
320
360
350
450
280
310
400
290
296
400
430
380
420
316
472
184
424
294
296
326
464
382
370
200
428
256
516
380
482
308
512
454
324
320
280
272
202
184
174
264
292
270
300
266
380
274
310
350
174
516
332.04
89.65

CHAPTER-I I I
METHODOLOGY

DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX :

National Sanitation Foundation (NSFWQI):
Brown et al. (1970) developed a water quality index paying great rigor in selecting
parameters, developing a common scale, and assigning weights for which elaborate
Delphic exercises were performed. This effort was supported by the National
Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and that is why also referred as NSFWQI. This work
seems to be the most comprehensive and has been discussed in various papers (Brown
et al, 1972; Landwehr &Deininger, 1976). Rating curves were developed by asking
the experts to attribute values for variation in the level of water quality caused by
different levels of each of the selected parameters (Sharifi, 1990).Having established
the rating curves and associated weights, various methods of computing a water
quality index are possible, like the following methodology adopted.
Fifty different locations of Upper pincha basin in chittor district were selected
in order to study the physicochemical characteristics of ground water samples. The
samples were collected following the standard methods described for sampling. The
standard methods and procedures were used for quantitative estimation of water
quality parameters. The standards prescribed by WHO were used for the calculation
of water quality indices. The indices have been calculated for 11 water quality
physicochemical parameters.
WQI of ground waters collected at 50 different locations of Upper pincha
basin in chittor district in the pre monsoon as well as post monsoon, were calculated
using the methods proposed by Horton [9] and modified by Tiwari and Mishra .
According to the role of various parameters on the basis of importance and incidence
on the over all quality of ground water, the rating scales were fixed in terms of ideal
values (Cid) of different physicochemical parameters. Even if they were present they
might not be the ruling factor. Hence they were assigned zero values (except pH). For
calculating WQI, the following equations were used.

(1)
To determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes, Water
Quality Index (WQI) was computed adopting the method proposed by Pradhan et.al
(2001). WQI was computed using the formula given in equation .
WQ I

qiWi

i 1

Wi

i 1

where Wi is a Weightage factor computed using equation

Wi= K / Si
where,
Si = Standard value of the ith water quality parameter ,
K is a proportionality constant,
n is the total number of water quality parameters.
Quality rating (qi) is calculated using equation

qi =

Va Vi / S i Vi *100

where,

qi = Quality rating for the ith water quality parameter,

Va =Actual value of the ith water quality parameter obtained from laboratory analysis,
Vi = Ideal value of the ith water quality parameter obtained from standard tables,
Vi for pH = 7 and for other parameters it is equivalent to zero.
Table 1: Water Quality Index Categories
Water Quality Index Level
0 - 25
26 - 50
51 - 75
76 - 100
>100

Water Quality Status

Excellent water Quality
Good water Quality
Poor water Quality
Very water Quality
Unsuitable for Drinking

Results and Discussion:

The physicochemical parameters with their WHO standards (Si),
ideal value (Cid) and assigned weightage factor (Wi) are listed in
table 2.
Table 2:

Water quality parameters, their standard values, their

ideal values and the assigned

Parameter

Standard

Ideal Value,

pH
Hardness
Sulphate
Fluoride
Chlorides
Total

Value, Si
8.5
600
250
1
250
500

Cid
7
0
0
0
0
0

75
50
200
45
100

0
0
0
0
0

1/Si

Assigned Weightage

0.1176
0.0016
0.004
1
0.004
0.002

Factor, Wi
0.141
0.002
0.005
1.20
0.005
0.002

Dissolved
solids
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Nitrates
Alkalinity
Total (ie, k)

0.013
0.02
0.005
0.022
0.01
1.2

Table 3: Location wise calculated values of Water Quality Index

sample
1
2
3

WQI
59.81
68.115
49.575

Classification
Poor water
Good water
Good water

0.016
0.024
0.006
0.027
0.012
1.440

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

56.429
51.956
32.303
49.031
60.845
57.673
41.289
70.394
55.779
38.89
37.746
36.345
26.176
39.901
36.483
38.831
34.644
50.833
40.618
38.29
40.965
42.7
27.128
71.889
28.048
41.272
43.017
45.363
35.603
39.188
37.393
30.212
47.398
28.336
29.849
30.422
26.66
26.653
28.618
39.628
37.401
42.944
40.876
33.017
36.123
30.798
36.103

Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Very poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Very poor water
Very poor water
Good water
Very poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water

(2)
For computing WQI, three steps were followed . In the first step, each of the 10
parameters exceeding (pH, TDS, Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3, Ca, Mg, Na , F and CaCo3 ) has
been assigned a weight (wi) based on their perceived effects on primary health (Table

2). The maximum weight of of 5 has been assigned to parameters like total dissolved
solids, chloride, sulfate and nitrate due to their major importance in water quality
assessment. Bicarbonate is given the minimum weight of 1 as it plays an insignificant
role in the water quality assessment. Other parameters like calcium, magnesium,
sodium , fluoride and alkalinity potassium were assigned a weight between 1 and 5
depending on their importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes.
In the second step, the relative weight (Wi) of each parameter is computed using Eq. (1):

Wi = wi / ( wi )

(1)

qi= ( ci / si ) *100

(2)

Where, qi is the quality rating, Ci is the concentration of each

chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/l and Si is the WHO standard for each
chemical parameter in mg/l (Table 2).
For computing the WQI, the SI is first determined for each chemical
parameter using Eq. (3)-which is then used to determine the WQI as per the Eq. (4):
Sii = Wi * qi

(3)

WQI = Sli

(4)

Where, Sii is the sub-index of ith parameter, qi is the rating based on

concentration of i parameter and n is the number of parameters. Computed WQI
values are usually classified into five categories (Table 3): excellent, good, poor, very
poor and unfit for human consumption.

Table 4: Water Quality Index Categories

WQI Range

Type of water

50

Excellent water

50-100.1

Good water

100-200.1

Poor water

200-300.1

Very poor water

300

Unfit for drinking

Table 5: Water quality parameters, their standard values, their

weight

assigned

Chemical Parameters

WHO Standards

Weight (wi)

Relative Weight (Wi)

7.0-8.5 (8.5)

0.108

Total Hardness (mg/l)

100

0.054

Chlorides (mg/l)

200

0.081

500

0.135

Calcium (mg/l)

100

0.054

Magnesium (mg/l)

30

0.054

Sulphate (mg/l)

250

0.108

Nitrate (mg/l)

50

0.135

Flouride (mg/l)

0.135

pH

Total Dissolved solids (mg/l)

Alkalinity (mg/l)

100

0.054

sodium (mg/l)

200

0.081

wi=37

wi=0.999

Table 6: Location wise calculated values of Water Quality Index

sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

WQI
110.858
97.755
79.559
150.982
108.956
168.021
71.99
124.634
151.227
74.053
126.143
134.613
127.716
144.513
116.296
86.078
142.09
120.036
124.51
97.33
180.426
150.308
132.07
143.066
175.137
104.457
273.827
113.168
158.517
166.99
194.89
88.772
214.292
200.689
76.77
230.492

Classification
Poor water
Good water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Very poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Very poor water
Very poor water
Good water
Very poor water

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

107.194
127.89
121.703
95.476
90.135
121.254
126.645
118.745
161.615
149.217
162.851
168.125
136.661
188.511

Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Good water
Good water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water
Poor water

(3)
Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and efficient method for assessing
the quality of water [8].Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful tool for
communicating the information on overall quality of water[9, 10]. To determine the
suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes, WQI is computed adopting the
following formula [11].
WQI = Antilog [ Wn log10 qn]

(1)

where,
W, Weight age factor (W) is computed using the following equation,
Wn = K / Sn

(2)

and K, Proportionality constant is derived from

,K = [1 / (1/Si)]

(3)

Sn and Si are the WHO / ICMR standard values of the water quality
parameter.
Quality rating (q) is calculated using the formula,
qni = {[(V actual V ideal) / (V standard V ideal)] * 100} (4)
Where,
qni = Quality rating of ith parameter for a total of n
water quality parameters
Vactual = Value of the water quality parameter obtained
from laboratory analysis
Videal = Value of that water quality parameter can be
obtained from the standard tables.

Videal for pH = 7 and for other parameters it is

equalent to zero.
Vstandard = WHO / ICMR standard of the water quality
parameter
Based on the above WQI values, the ground water quality is rated as excellent, good,
poor, very poor and unfit for human consumption.

Table 7: Water Quality Index Categories

Water Quality Index Level
0 - 25
26 - 50
51 - 75
Chemical Parameters
76 - 100
>100
pH

Water Quality Status

Excellent water Quality
Good water Quality
Poor water Quality
WHO
Very Standards
water Quality Weightage(Wn)
Unsuitable for Drinking
7.0-8.5 (8.5)

0.0967

Total Hardness (mg/l)

100

0.0082

Chlorides (mg/l)

200

0.0041

500

0.0016

Calcium (mg/l)

100

0.0082

Magnesium (mg/l)

30

0.0274

Sulphate (mg/l)

250

0.0033

Nitrate (mg/l)

50

0.0164

Flouride (mg/l)

0.8217

Alkalinity (mg/l)

100

0.082

sodium (mg/l)

200

0.004

Total Dissolved solids (mg/l)

Table 8: Water quality parameters, their WHO standards, and assigned unit
weights

Table 6: Location wise calculated values of Water Quality Index

sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

WQI
34.594
61.944
44.36
46.558
44.545
14.45
44.15
53.08
45.49
34.475
63.826
46.238
25.527
25.351
25.061
14.282
26.242
25.704
26.182
25.275
37.153
26.363
26
26.303
26.29
14.388
47.973
14.421
26.182
26.6
26.67
25.351
15.135
15.135
24.267
26.424
14.421
14.588
14.487
14.333
14.32
14.521
26
25.882
26.424
26.18
14.962
15
14.86
15.079

Classification
Good water
Poor water
Good water
Good water
Good water
EXCELLENT
Good water
Poor water
Good water
Good water
Poor water
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
EXCELLENT
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
EXCELLENT
Poor water
EXCELLENT
Good water
Good water
Good water
Good water
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
Good water
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
Good water
EXCELLENT
Good water
Good water
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT
EXCELLENT

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality: Understanding the groundwater quality is
important seeing that it is the main factor determining its suitability for drinking use
Physical and chemical parameters including statistical measures, such as minimum,
maximum, mean and standard deviation, are reported in Table 1. The following water
quality parameters were selected and their respective maps were prepared namely, pH,
EC, TDS, TH, Cl, SO4,NO , Na , Ca ,Mg and F; using point data spatial analysis of
GIS.Usually, pH has no direct impact on consumers. It is one of the most important
operational water quality parameters with the optimum pH required often being in the
range of 7.0-8.5 . The maximum permissible limit for pH in drinking water as given
by the WHO is 9.2mg/l. The values of pH in the ground water samples collected
varied from 6.23 to 8.25 with an average value of 7.12 (Table 1).This shows that the
groundwater of the study area is mainly alkaline. Spatial distributions of pH
concentrations are shown in Figure . It is shown that the majority of the samples
displayed a pH value within the maximum permissible limit.. The electrical
conductivity (EC) of water at 25Cis due to the presence of various dissolved
salts.The electric conductivity varies widely and ranges between 1135 and 1999s/cm
at 25 C with a mean of 1567s/cm (Table 1). Knowing that the maximum limit of
EC in drinking water is prescribed as 1,500S/cm at 25C , the interpreted water
quality with respect to EC indicates than 90% of the study area groundwater lies in
maximum permissible limit for for drinking water purposes. The TDS in water are
represented by the weight of residue left when a water sample has been evaporated to
dryness. TDS are compound of inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates) and of small amounts of
organic matter that are dissolved in water. Concentrations of TDS in water vary
considerably in different geological regions owing to differences in the solubility of
minerals. The TDS amount ranges from 500mg/l to 1700mg/l with an average As
shown in Figure , the TDS shows the it is in maximum permissible limit in upper
pincha basin. Water hardness is primarily caused by the presence in water of cations
such as calcium and magnesium; and of anions such as carbonate bicarbonate,
chloride and sulfate . The water with hardness above 200mg/l may cause scale
formation in the distribution system. The high hardness of 150-300mg/l and above

may cause heart diseases and kidney problems. Groundwater exceeding the limit of
300mg/l is considered to be very hard . In our study, total hardness (TH) is in the
range of 172 890 with an average of 531 all in mg/l as CaCo3 (Table 1). The spatial
distribution map of Th shows that a majority of the ground water samples (90%) falls
in the very hard category. The abundance of the major anions in Upper Pincha Basin
is in the following order: HCO 3 >Cl- >SO4- the Upper Pincha Basin characterized by
a high alkalinity content-which is the dominant anion . It concentration ranges
between 174 to 516 mg/l with an average value of 345 mg/l (Table1). The spatial
distribution of alkalinity concentration in ground water of the study area is illustrated
in Figure. This map shows only two samples are within the maximum allowable limit
of 200mg/l. The second most dominant anion is chloride with a concentration ranging
from 117.3 to1,137mg/l and with an average value of 525.4mg/l (Table 1). The
chloride ion concentration in groundwater and and sulphate ions (as well as total
dissolved solids) generally increase from a north-west to a south-east direction in the
study area.

Comparison of WQI

CHAPTER- I V
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION MAPS
USING

GIS

INTRODUCTION:
A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data
for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically
referenced information.
GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many
ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes,
reports, and charts.
A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in
a way that is quickly understood and easily shared.
GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system
framework.

What Can I Do with GIS?

Map Locations
Mapping where things are lets you find places that have the features you're
looking for, and to see where to take action.
1.

Find a featurePeople use maps to see where or what an individual

feature is.

2.

Finding patternsLooking at the distribution of features on the map

instead of just an individual feature, you can see patterns emerge.

Map Quantities
People map quantities, like where the most and least are, to find places that meet
their criteria and take action, or to see the relationships between places. This
gives an additional level of information beyond simply mapping the locations of
features.
For example, a catalog company selling children's clothes would want to find ZIP
Codes not only around their store, but those ZIP Codes with many young families
with relatively high income. Or, public health officials might not only want to map
physicians, but also map the numbers of physicians per 1,000 people in each
census tract to see which areas are adequately served, and which are not.

Map Densities
While you can see concentrations by simply mapping the locations of features, in
areas with many features it may be difficult to see which areas have a higher

concentration than others. A density map lets you measure the number of
features using a uniform areal unit, such as acres or square miles, so you can
clearly see the distribution.
Mapping density is especially useful when mapping areas, such as census tracts
or counties, which vary greatly in size. On maps showing the number of people
per census tract, the larger tracts might have more people than smaller ones. But
some smaller tracts might have more people per square mile-a higher density.

Map Specific Areas

Use GIS to monitor what's happening and to take specific action by mapping
what's inside a specific area. For example, a district attorney would monitor drugrelated arrests to find out if an arrest is within 1,000 feet of a schoolif so, stiffer
penalties apply. Or, find out what's occurring within a set distance of a feature by
mapping what's nearby.

Map Change
Map the change in an area to anticipate future conditions, decide on a course of
action, or to evaluate the results of an action or policy.
1.

By mapping where and how things move over a period of time, you can
gain insight into how they behave. For example, a meteorologist might
study the paths of hurricanes to predict where and when they might occur
in the future.

2.

Map change to anticipate future needs. For example, a police chief might
study how crime patterns change from month to month to help decide
where officers should be assigned.

3.

Map conditions before and after an action or event to see the impact. A
retail analyst might map the change in store sales before and after a
regional ad campaign to see where the ads were most effective.

Figure:

Flow chart showing the methodology adopted for the generation

of Generation of Spatial Distribution Maps.

ARC GIS:
ArcGIS Desktop is a comprehensive set of professional GIS applications used
to solve problems; to meet a mission; to increase efficiency; to make better decisions;
and to communicate, visualize, and understand geographic information.
In conducting this work, users perform a number of tasks using ArcGIS Desktop,
including
Working with maps
Compiling, editing, and maintaining geographic data
Automating work tasks with geoprocessing
Analysis and modeling using geoprocessing
Visualization and display of results in maps; 3Dviews; and dynamic, time-based
displays
Managing and maintaining multiuser geographicdatabases Serving GIS resources
and results to a broad range of
users for a multitude of applications
Building custom applications to share GIS
Documenting and cataloging their results
.Using these applications and interfaces in unison, user scan perform any GIS task,
from simple to advanced.ArcGIS Desktop is scalable and can address the needs of
many types of users. It is available at three functional levels:
1. ArcView focuses on comprehensive data use, mapping, and analysis.
2. ArcEditor adds advanced geodatabase editing anddata creation.
3. ArcInfo is a complete, professional GIS desktopcontaining comprehensive GIS
functionality, including rich geoprocessing tools. Because of the extensivecapabilities
of ArcInfo, every GIS site should have atleast one copy.
ARC CATALOG
The Arc Catalog application helps users organize and manage all geographic
information, such as maps, globes, data files, geodatabases, geoprocessing toolboxes,
metadata, and GIS services. It includes tools to:
Browse and find geographic information.
Record, view, and manage metadata.
Define, export, and import geodatabase data models.
Search for and discover GIS data on local networks and the Web

. Administer and manage ArcSDE geodatabases running in SQL Server Express.

Administer and manage file and personal geodatabases.
Administer and manage a series of GIS services. Users can employ Arc Catalog to
find, organize, and useGIS data as well as to document data holdings using GIS
database administrator uses Arc Catalog to define and build geodatabases. A GIS
server administrator usesArcCatalog to administer the ArcGIS server framework

ArcGIS provides a scalable framework for implementing GIS for a single user
or many users on desktops, in servers, over the Web, and in the field. ArcGIS is an
integrated family of GIS software products for building a complete GIS. It consists of
several primary frameworks for deploying GIS:
ArcGIS DesktopAn integrated suite of professional GIS applications. Most
users recognize this as three products: Arc View, Arc Editor, and Arc Info.
Server GISArcIMS, ArcGIS Server, and ArcGIS Image Server.
Mobile GISArc Pad and ArcGIS Mobile for field computing.
ESRI Resource CentersESRI's Web presence for the major products. The
Resource Centers are designed as your one-stop-and-shop environment to find
answers to you questions.

All four ArcGIS frameworks are based on Arc Objects, a common, modular
library of re-useable GIS software components. Arc Objects includes a wide variety of
programmable components, ranging from fine-grained objectsfor example,
individual geometry objectsto coarse-grained controls and toolsfor example, a
map control that allows you to quickly embed a map interface into your custom
application for working with GIS map documents created in ArcGIS. These developer
tools aggregate comprehensive GIS functionality for Many have characterized
geographic information system(GIS) technology as one of the most powerful of all
information technologies because it focuses on integrating knowledge from multiple
sources and creates across cutting environment for collaboration. In addition, GIS is
attractive to most people who encounter it because it is both intuitive and cognitive. It
combines a powerful visualization environment with a strong analytic and modeling
framework that is rooted in the science of geography.

GEOPROCESSING IN ARCGIS DESKTOP

Almost all uses of GIS involve the repetition of work, and this creates the need
for methods to automate, document, and share multi step procedures. In addition,
many GIS users employ geoprocessing to build and execute analytical models.
Geoprocessing supports the automation of GIS data processing tasks by providing a
rich set of tools and a mechanism to combine tools in a sequence of operations using
models and scripts.Geoprocessing is based on a framework of data transformation. A
typical geoprocessing tool performs a single operation on an ArcGIS dataset (such as
a feature class, raster, or table) and produces a new dataset as the result of the tool.
Each geoprocessing tool performs a small yet essential operation, such as projecting a
dataset from one map projection to another, adding a field to a table, calculating a
path, or creating a buffer zone around features. ArcGIS includes hundreds of such
geoprocessing tools.Geoprocessing allows you to chain together sequences of tools,
feeding the output of one tool into another. You can use this ability to compose a
variety of geoprocessing models (tool sequences) that help you automate your work,
perform analysis, and solve complex problems. ArcGIS Desktop provides a
geoprocessing framework. This framework facilitates the creation, use,
documentation, and sharing of geoprocessing models. The two main parts of the
geoprocessing framework include:
Arc Toolbox, an organized collection of geoprocessing tools
Model Builder, a visual modeling language for building geoprocessing workflows
and scripts Geoprocessing is included in Arc View, Arc Editor, and ArcInfo. Each
product level includes additional geoprocessing tools:
Arc View supports a core set of simple data loading and translation tools as well as
fundamental analysis tools.
Arc Editor adds a number of tools for geodatabase creation, loading, and schema
management.
Arc Info provides a comprehensive set of tools for vector analysis, data conversion,
data management,
First, ArcGIS Desktop (Arc View, Arc Editor, or Arc Info) is needed. ArcGIS
Desktop is used to author geographic information elements such as datasets, maps,

layers, geoprocessing models, and 3D globe projects that can be leveraged and
embedded into custom applications. ArcGIS Desktop also provides the runtime
environment for testing and demonstrating desktop applications and extensions. A
special EDN product bundle includes an Arc View license for developers who do not
already have access to ArcGISDesktop.
Next, an annual subscription to the EDN program is required, which includes
access to all the developer technology and resources for ArcGIS. Finally, developers
will need to determine what type of developer support they want. Online support is
one effective option. The online capabilities of Arc GIS (accessed on the Web at
http://resources.esri.com) provide comprehensive developer documentation, shared
code galleries, blogs, and community activities for developers.

References
1. APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater,

American Public Health Association, Washington D.C.,1998.

2. ArcGIS, GIS software, version 9.0, Environmental Systems Research Institute
(ESRI), NewYork, 2004.
3. BIS., Indian standards specifications for drinking water IS: 10500, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi,2003.
4. CGWB.,2005, Groundwater year book of Andhra Pradesh, Central Ground Water
Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India.