Boeing 747-400

The Boeing 747-400 is a major development and the

best-selling model of the Boeing 747 family of jet airliners. While retaining the four-engine wide-body layout of its predecessors, the 747-400 embodies numerous
technological and structural changes to produce a more
ecient airframe. Its most distinguishing features versus preceding 747 models are 6-foot (1.8 m) winglets
mounted on 6-foot (1.8 m) wing tip extensions, which
are found on all 747-400s except for Japanese domestic
market versions.

the same time, 747s were becoming more costly to operate due to a number of factors, notably conventional
ight control systems, three-person ight crews, and fuel
costs.[6]
In 1982, Boeing introduced a two-crew glass cockpit,
new engines, and advanced materials on its 757 and 767
twinjets.[9] Similar technologies were also included in the
design plans for newly announced rival wide-body aircraft, namely the Airbus A340 and McDonnell Douglas
MD-11.[9] At the same time, combined sales of the 747100, 200, and 300 models (collectively referred to as
the 747 Classics) neared 700, but new orders slowed
precipitously.[10] The introduction of the 747-300 did little to stem the decline, and itself faced potential competition from more modern designs. As a result, Boeing began considering a more signicant upgrade for its largest
passenger jet.[9]

The 747-400 is equipped with a two-crew glass cockpit,

which dispenses with the need for a ight engineer, along
with more fuel-ecient engines, an optional fuel tank
in the horizontal stabilizer, and revised fuselage/wing
fairings. The aircraft also features an all-new interior
with upgraded in-ight entertainment architecture. As on
the 747-300, passenger variants include a stretched upper
deck as standard. The model has a maximum capacity of
660 passengers with the 747-400D variant,[4] and can y
non-stop for up to 7,670 nautical miles (14,200 km) with
maximum payload, depending on model.

By early 1984, company ocials had identied ve development objectives for the latest 747 upgrade: new
technologies, an enhanced interior, a 1,000 nautical
miles (1,900 km) range increase, more ecient engines, and a 10 percent reduction in operating cost.[9]
In September 1984, Boeing announced development of
the newest 747 derivative, the Advanced Series 300,
at the Farnborough Airshow.[9] On October 22, 1985,
the type was ocially launched when Northwest Airlines became the rst 747-400 customer, with an order for 10 aircraft.[11] Cathay Pacic, KLM, Lufthansa,
Singapore Airlines, and British Airways also announced
orders several months later, followed by United Airlines,
Air France, and Japan Airlines.[11]

Northwest Airlines rst placed the 747-400 in commercial service in February 9, 1989. The 747-400 was
produced in passenger (400), freighter (400F), combi
(400M), domestic (400D), extended range passenger
(400ER) and extended range freighter (400ERF) versions. The last 747400, a 400ERF, was delivered in
2009.[5] The 747-400 is the second-most recent version
of the Boeing 747 family, having been superseded by the
improved Boeing 747-8.

Development
1.2 Design eort

1.1

Background
Seven early customers, mainly British Airways, Cathay
Pacic, KLM, Lufthansa, Northwest, Qantas, and Singapore Airlines, formed a consultative group to advise
Boeing on the 747-400s design process.[12] While the
aircraft was planned as a new-technology upgrade, Boeing originally proposed minimal design changes in order
to reduce development cost and retain commonality with
existing models.[12] The airline consultative group sought
more advanced changes, including a two-crew glass cockpit. As a result of airline input, the 747-400s new digital cockpit design featured a hybrid of the cathode-ray
tube (CRT) display technologies rst employed on the
757 and 767, along with carry-over 747 systems such as
its autopilot.[12]

Following its introduction in 1969, the Boeing 747

became a major success with airlines and the ying
public.[6] As the worlds rst wide-body jetliner, the 747
had revolutionized air travel, and cemented its manufacturers dominance in the passenger aircraft market.[7] In
1980, Boeing announced the 747-300, its latest 747 variant featuring greater passenger capacity. This was made
possible by making a stretched upper deck (SUD), previously an option on the 747-200, a standard feature.[8] The
SUD was almost twice as long as the original 747 upper
deck. Besides increased capacity, the 747-300 did not offer any increase in range, nor did it include improvements
in ight deck technology or construction materials.[9] At
1

DEVELOPMENT

the rollout, the 747-400 program had amassed more than

100 orders.[14]

The modernized glass cockpit of the Boeing 747-400

The 747-400s wingspan was stretched by 17 feet (5.2

metres) over the Classic 747 through wingtip extensions.
For reduced aerodynamic drag, the wings were tted with
6 feet (1.8 metres)-tall winglets.[13] Despite the added
length, the wings were 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) lighter
as a result of new aluminum alloys.[13] The horizontal
tail was also redesigned to t a 3,300 US gallons (12,000
l) fuel tank, resulting in a 350 nautical miles (650 km)
range increase, and the rudder travel was increased to 30
degrees.[13] The landing gear was redesigned with larger
wheels and carbon brakes.[13] Internal changes further included a restyled cabin with new materials and updated
ttings.[14]
New engines oered on the 747-400 included the Pratt &
Whitney PW4056, the General Electric CF6-80C2B1F,
and the Rolls-Royce RB211-524G/H.[13] The engines offered lower fuel consumption and greater thrust, along
with a full-authority digital engine control (FADEC)
which adjusted engine performance for improved efciency compared with the Classic 747s.[13] A new
auxiliary power unit (APU) manufactured by Pratt &
Whitney Canada was also selected to provide on-ground
power for the 747-400, with a 40 percent reduction in
fuel consumption compared to previous APU designs.[13]

1.3

Production and testing

Final assembly of the rst 747-400 began at Boeings

Everett factory, the longtime site of 747 production,
in September 1987.[14] More than fty percent of the
aircraft was produced by subcontractors, with major
structures, engine nacelles, and sub-assemblies supplied
by Northrop, and upper deck fuselage frames from
Daewoo.[15] All components were integrated during the
nal assembly process at the Everett factory. The rst
aircraft, equipped with PW4056 engines, was completed
over the winter months of late 1987.[14] On January 26,
1988, the rst 747-400 rolled out at the Everett factory,
while the rst 737-400 rolled out at Boeings Renton factory on the same day, marking the rst double jetliner
rollout in the manufacturers history.[14] By the time of

An aerial view of Boeing Field, one of the sites used for 747-400
ight testing.

The 747-400 ew for the rst time on April 29, 1988,

under the command of test pilot James Loesch and copilot Kenneth Higgins.[16] The rst ight was six weeks
behind schedule, owing to subcontractor delays in supplying components, and extra troubleshooting on the aircrafts electronics systems.[14] The maiden ight took o
from Paine Field, site of the Everett factory, and landed at
Boeing Field, south of Seattle, after an uneventful 2 hours
and 26 minutes.[16] The 747-400s ight test program utilized the rst four aircraft built, one over the minimum
number necessary to certify the aircrafts three engine
options.[16] One test aircraft each was tted with the CF680C2B1F and RB21-524G/H engines, while the other
two featured PW4056 engines, with the fourth aircraft
serving as a backup.[16] Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certication was received on January 9, 1989
with Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines, May 18, 1989
with General Electric CF680C2s and June 8, 1989 with
Rolls-Royce RB211524Gs.
As the ight test program proceeded, Boeing encountered problems in the 747-400s production process, leading it to disclose delivery delays of up to one month
for the rst 20 aircraft built.[14] A primary reason for
the delays was the unprecedented complexity of interior congurations oered to airlines, which ranged from
lavatory and galley locations to the color shades of cabin
warning labels.[14] Coupled with new, relatively inexperienced workers, a lack of veteran technicians, interior
congurations needing costly re-work, and teething problems with electronics integration on the advanced ight
deck, 747-400 production fell behind schedule.[14] The
company managed to resolve early production issues by
mid-1989, with all three 747-400 engine variants delivered within four months of each other, and overall delays
not exceeding several weeks.[14]

1.5

1.4

Further developments

Service entry and operations

1.5 Further developments

Qantas placed the 747-400ER into service in November 2002

Northwest Airlines placed the 747-400 into service in February
1989.

The rst 747-400 (N661US) was delivered to launch customer Northwest Airlines on January 26, 1989, with service entry on February 9 with a ight from Minneapolis
to Phoenix. This jet then became known for an event
that happened on Northwest 85 which was an incident
caused by a rudder hardover.[17] This was the twentieth
anniversary of the 747-100s rst ight. On May 31,
1989, Singapore Airlines operated the rst international
service using a 747-400, on a ight from Singapore to
London.[18]
In May 1989, one week before the initial delivery to the
747-400s rst European customer, KLM, the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) shocked Boeing by refusing to
grant regulatory certication for the aircraft, citing the
upper deck cabin oors resistance to collapse in the event
of a sudden decompression.[14] While the manufacturer
asserted that the 747-400s cabin oor was no dierent
from the already-certied and in-service 747-300, the
JAA maintained that the newer model would have a service life into 2020 and beyond and was thus subject to a
newer, more stringent standard which had been updated
to reect the risk of explosive devices.[19] In the days leading up to the rst delivery to KLM, negotiations between
Boeing, the FAA, and the JAA resulted in a compromise:
a temporary operating certicate would be issued for the
747-400, provided that the manufacturer develop a structural retrot for the aircraft within two years.[19] The lastminute deal allowed KLM and Lufthansa to take delivery
of their 747-400s without further delays.[19]

The extended range freighter (ERF) entered service in

October 2002. The next month, the extended range (ER)
passenger version entered service with Qantas, the only
airline ever to order the passenger version of the 747400ER. Qantas initially used the 747-400ER for the Melbourne to Los Angeles route allowing the completion of
the ight with full passenger load and cargo. Prior to
the 747-400ER, Qantas would complete such ights by
blocking out 'E' zone of the cabin and limiting passenger
numbers and cargo. The 747-400ER featured the Boeing
Signature Interior, which was later made available on the
747-400 (either as interior retting on existing 747-400s
or factory installation on new frames).
In the 2000s, as part of an eort to promote sustainable
and alternative fuel development, as well as lower emissions, several 747-400 operators studied the use of oil extracted from the jatropha plant. Air New Zealand carried
out the rst commercial ight using jatropha oil for fuel;
the airlines 747-400 had one engine burning a mix of
50% jatropha oil and 50% jet fuel for two hours during
the ight while engineers collected data. Continental Airlines tested jatropha oil in one of its airliners on January
7, 2009. Jatropha is easy to grow, needs little fertilizer or
water, and produces an oil-rich plant.[20]

Production of the 747-400 passenger version ocially

ceased on March 15, 2007.[1] The last four 400s
on order were cancelled by Philippine Airlines (which
switched to the 777-300ER). The last to order the
400 was China Airlines in November 2002, with the
last passenger 747-400 constructed in 2005 and delivered in April of that year.[1] It was the 1358th
After the rst 747-400 deliveries, Boeing began produc- 747 (MSN33737/B-18215).[21] The last 747-400 was a
tion on more variants of the aircraft. The rst 747-400 400ERF delivered on December 22, 2009 to Kalitta
Combi, able to carry both passengers and freight, was Air.[5]
rolled out in June 1989.[19] The 747-400 Domestic, a
short-range variant of the aircraft designed for Japanese
intra-island services, rst ew on March 18, 1991 and en- 1.6 Retirement and economic value
tered service with Japan Airlines on October 22, 1991. A
cargo variant, the 747-400F, was rst delivered in May The 747-400s leasing, resale and salvage value has
1993 to Cargolux.[19] By the end of the 1990s, Boeing dropped steeply because it is relatively expensive to operwas producing four versions of the 747-400.
ate. As many 747-400s are now more than 20 years old,

DESIGN

airlines are beginning to replace them. Airlines using the

747-400 have accelerated its retirement (as of 2015) and
are replacing the model with more fuel ecient aircraft.
The main appeal of the 747-400 like its predecessors was
its range rather than its capacity, and in many cases it
has been replaced by wide-body twin-engine aircraft of
similar range such as the Boeing 777 and Boeing 787.
The change in emphasis from hub and spoke operations to
point-to-point ights has also reduced the need for jumbo
jets.[22] Airlines such as British Airways and Qantas who
plan to maintain the same capacity on routes currently
served by 747-400s have ordered the Airbus 380 rather
than the updated 747-8.
For example, Delta Airlines has reduced the number of A Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400
ights it operates from the United States to Narita International Airport that are intended to transfer passengers to other destinations in Asia. Instead, Delta will utilize twin-engine widebody aircraft operating from an expanded hub at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.[23]
Total capacity will be cut, but consequentially load factors will increase. In April 2015, Delta announced it
would accelerate the retirement of its 747-400 aircraft
and replace them either with Airbus A330 aircraft reassigned from cancelled international runs, or with new Airbus A350 aircraft now on order. That will leave just six
747s ying for the airline in 2015. Delta could not keep
the 747s full without deeply discounting ticket prices; the
discounts and increased maintenance required of a four- Air New Zealand Boeing 747-400 arrives at London Heathrow
Airport (2010). The triple-slotted trailing edge aps are well disengine aircraft led to a drag on prots.[24]
played.

Moreover, economic weakness in air cargo markets has

slowed demand for cargo conversions. Since the cost of
replacing a 747-400 is high (an airline must purchase or
lease another wide-body), some operators choose to y
the 747-400 to the conclusion of its accepted useful life
and then scrap it. The current parts resale value for this
aircraft has been reduced to its engines. When a 26year-old 747-400 owned by Delta Airlines ew through
a violent hailstorm, Delta indicated it was likely the plane
would be scrapped. George Dimitro, head of valuations
for FlightGlobal, estimated the aircrafts value before the
incident at about $8 million. He noted that this is not the
same as its insured value.[25][26]

2 Design

The 747-400s airframe features extended and lighter

wings than previous 747s, capped by winglets. The
winglets result in a 3 percent increase in long-range
cruise, improved takeo performance, and higher cruise
altitudes.[13] The extended wingspan also gains an additional leading edge ap section.[13] When unfurnished,
the basic 747-400 fuselage is lighter than preceding models, but when tted out it is heavier and stronger than previous models.[28] The landing gear uses the same congSeveral airlines have retired their 747-400 from the trans- uration as previous 747s, but with carbon brakes replacpacic market. Remaining operators in 2014 include ing the previous steel ones, and overall weight savings of
[28]
EVA Air, Qantas, British Airways and United. United 1,800 pounds (820 kg).
is retaining its 23 747-400s for now, but the airlines de- The 747-400s glass cockpit features CRT displays which
ployment of them also reects a change in emphasis from show ight instrumentation along with engine indication
Asian hubs to domestic hubs, meaning that it will have and crew alerting system (EICAS) diagnostics.[12] The
more direct ights from the United States to secondary ight engineer station on previous 747s is no longer inAsian market cities. This may reduce the need for jumbo stalled, and the new displays and simplied layout rejets.[27]
sults in a two-thirds reduction of switches, lights, and
gauges versus the Classic 747.[12] Other new systems include an advanced Honeywell ight management computer (FMC) which assists pilots in calculating optimal
altitudes and routes along with a Rockwell-Collins central maintenance computer (CMC) which automates troubleshooting tasks.[12]

3.2

747-400F

The redesigned 747-400 interior features new cabin sidewalls, heat-resistant phenolic glass, carbon composite
paneling, and larger storage bins.[14] An enhanced inight entertainment framework, called the Advanced
Cabin Entertainment/Service System (ACESS), debuted
on 747-400, which integrates 18-channel audio capability, four passenger intercom announcement zones, intercabin telephones, and passenger lighting into a central
system.[29] An eight-bunk overhead crew rest is installed
above the aft cabin, while a second crew rest area is located on the upper deck behind the cockpit for ight crew
use.[29]

Boeing 747-400 of Singapore Airlines, the types rst interna-

The last few 747-400s delivered features the Boeing Sig- tional operator
nature Interior, derived from the Boeing 777.[30]

United Airlines 747400 main deck economy class cabin

A retired Saudia Boeing 747-400 taking o from Jinnah Airport

British Airways 747400 upper deck old style business class

Delta Air Lines 747-400

main deck BusinessElite cabin

18,001 km), in 20 hours and 9 minutes to set a commercial aircraft world distance record.[31][32] As of 2014,
this is the fastest heavyweight ight between London and
Sydney.[33] This was a delivery ight with no commercial passengers or freight on board. During testing, the
rst 747-400 built also set a world record for the heaviest airliner takeo on June 27, 1988, on a ight to simulate heavy-weight stalls.[16] The ight had a takeo weight
of 892,450 pounds (404,810 kg), and in order to satisfy
Fdration Aronautique Internationale regulations, the
aircraft climbed to a height of 6,562 feet (2,000 m).[16]

3.2 747-400F

3
3.1

Variants
747-400

The original variant of the redesigned 747, the 747-400

debuted an increased wingspan, winglets, revised engines, and a glass cockpit which removed the need for a
ight engineer. The type also featured the stretched upper
deck (SUD) introduced with the 747-300. The passenger
model formed the bulk of 747-400s sold, and 442 were
built.

The 747-400F (Freighter) is an all freight version of the

747-400. While using the updated systems and wing
design of the passenger versions, it features the original
short upper deck found on the classic 747s in order to save
weight. The models rst ight was on May 4, 1993, and
it entered service with Cargolux on November 17, 1993.
Major customers included Atlas Air, Cargolux, China
Airlines, Korean Air, Nippon Cargo Airlines, Polar Air
Cargo, and Singapore Airlines. The 400F can be easily distinguished from the passenger 400 by its shorter
upper-deck hump and lack of windows along the main
deck.

In 1989, a Qantas 747-400 ew non-stop from London to Sydney, a distance of 9,720 nmi (11,190 mi, The 747-400F has a main deck nose door and a mech-

3 VARIANTS
The last 747-400M was delivered to KLM on April 10,
2002.[17]

3.4 747-400D

Cargolux 747-400F with nose door open.

anized cargo handling system. The nose door swings up

so that pallets or containers up to 40 ft (12 m) can be
loaded straight in on motor-driven rollers. An optional
main deck side cargo door (like the 747-400M (Combi))
allows loading of dimensionally taller cargo modules. A
lower deck (belly) side door allows loading of unit load
devices (ULD) up to 163 cm in height. Boeing delivered
126 Boeing 747-400F aircraft with no unlled orders as
of November 2009.[2] The last 400F was delivered to
Nippon Cargo Airlines on August 2, 2008.

3.3

747-400M

Japan Airlines Boeing 747-400D at Tokyo International Airport

The 747-400D (Domestic) is a high density seating model

developed for short-haul, high-volume domestic Japanese
ights. This model is capable of seating a maximum of
568 passengers in a two-class conguration or 660 passengers in a single-class conguration.[4]
The 400D lacks the wingtip extensions and winglets included on other variants. Winglets would provide minimal benets on short-haul routes, while adding extra
weight and cost. The 400D may be converted to the
long range version if needed. The 747-400D can be distinguished from the otherwise similar-looking 747-300
by the extra windows on the upper deck. These allow for
extra seating at the rear of the upper deck, where a galley
would normally be situated on longer ights. In total, 19
of the type were built, with the last example delivered to
All Nippon Airways on February 11, 1996.[17] This variant was retired with ANA retiring its last 747 on March
31, 2014.

3.5 747-400ER

A KLM Boeing 747-400 Combi, on short nal to JFK Airport in

New York City

The 747-400M (a passenger/freight or Combi variant)

rst ew on June 30, 1989 and entered service with KLM
on September 12, 1989. Based on the successful Combi
versions of the Classic 747s, the 400M has a large cargo
door tted to the rear of the fuselage for freight loading
to the aft main deck cargo hold. A locked partition separates the cargo area from the forward passenger cabin,
and the 400M also features additional re protection,
a strengthened main deck oor, a roller-conveyor system, and passenger-to-cargo conversion equipment.[34]

The 747-400ER (Extended Range) was launched on

November 28, 2000 following an order by Qantas for
six aircraft.[17] The model was commonly referred to as
the '910k' signifying its maximum weight achieved via
structural modications and modied landing gear. This
was the only order for the passenger version, chosen by
Qantas to allow for full loads between Melbourne and
Los Angeles, particularly in the western direction. The
400ER can y 500 miles (805 km) farther, or carry
15,000 lb (6,800 kg) more freight. The rst 747-400ER
was used as a test ight airplane and painted in Boeing
colours, registration N747ER. Qantas received the rst
delivery of a 747400ER Registration VH-OEF on October 31, 2002; this was the second airplane built. The
ight test airplane was refurbished and delivered in Qantas livery. The 747-400ER included the option of one or

3.7

747-400 Boeing Converted Freighter

two additional 3,240 US gal (12,300 L) body fuel tanks

in the forward cargo hold, however QANTAS was the
only customer that ordered the single body tank conguration, and no airplanes were delivered with dual body
fuel tanks. Manufactured by Marshall Aerospace, these
tanks utilized metal to metal honeycomb-bonded technology to achieve a high fuel volume-to-dry weight ratio.
The tanks featured a double wall, integrated venting system, and achieve fuel control via a modied Fuel System
Management Card (FSMC) which optimizes fuel transfer
into the Center Wing Tank (CWT) in ight along with the
fuel transfer from the Horizontal Stabiliser Tank (HST).
The tank is removable using tooling that interfaces with
the cargo loading system. Similar technology has been
used by Marshall in the development of body fuel tanks
for the Boeing 777-200LR and Boeing P-8A Poseidon.
Other changes to the 747-400ER include relocation of
oxygen system components and the potable water system
tanks and pumps since the body fuel tanks prevent access
to the standard locations.

3.6

747-400ERF

7
Boeing has delivered 40 Boeing 747-400ERFs with no
outstanding orders.[2] The new 747-8 Freighter has more
payload capacity, but less range than the 747-400ERF.

3.7 747-400 Boeing Converted Freighter

The 747-400BCF (Boeing Converted Freighter), formerly known as the 747-400SF (Special Freighter), is
a conversion program for standard passenger 747-400s.
The project was launched in 2004 and will be done by
approved contractors such as TAECO, KAL Aerospace
and SIA Engineering. The rst Boeing 747-400BCF was
redelivered to Cathay Pacic Cargo and entered service
on December 19, 2005. This kind of converting procedure is located at Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport in
China.
The 747-400BDSF (Bedek Special Freighter) is another
converted version freighter by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). The rst 747-400BDSF was redelivered to
Air China Cargo. Several Boeing 747-45EM planes from
EVA Air have been converted as BDSF model after retiring from passenger service.[36] This kind of converting
procedure is located at Ben Gurion International Airport
in Tel Aviv, Israel.
Neither the 747-400BCF nor the 747-400BDSF have a
nose cargo door; freight can only be loaded through the
side cargo door.

3.8 747 Large Cargo Freighter

Main article: Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter
Boeing announced in October 2003 that, because of
KLM Boeing 747-400ERF at Schiphol International Airport

The 747-400ERF (747-400ER Freighter) is the freight

version of the 400ER, launched on April 30, 2001.[17]
The 747-400ERF is similar to the 747-400F, except for
increased gross weight capability which allows it to carry
more cargo weight. Unlike the 747-400ER, no customers ordered the optional body (cargo compartment)
fuel tanks. The 747-400ERF has a maximum takeo
weight of 910,000 pounds (412,769 kg) and a maximum
payload of 248,600 pounds (112,760 kg). It oers cargo
airlines the choice of either adding 22,000 pounds (9,980
kg) more payload than other 747-400 freighter variants,
or adding 525 nautical miles (972 km) to the maximum
range.[35]
The 400ERF has a range of 5,700 miles (9,200 km)
with maximum payload, about 326 miles (525 km) farther than the standard 747-400 freighter, and has a
strengthened fuselage, landing gear, and parts of its wing,
along with new, larger tires. The rst 400ERF was delivered to Air France (via ILFC) on October 17, 2002.

Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter at Chbu Centrair International Airport, Japan

the amount of time involved with marine shipping, air

transport would be the primary method of transporting parts for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Pre-owned
passenger 747-400 aircraft have been converted into an
outsize, Large Cargo Freighter (LCF) conguration
to ferry sub-assemblies to Everett, Washington for nal
assembly.[37] The LCF has a bulging fuselage similar to
that of the Aero Spacelines Super Guppy or Airbus Beluga cargo aircraft.

5 INCIDENTS AND ACCIDENTS

The conversion, designed by Boeing engineers from 4 Operators

Puget Sound, Moscow and Canoga Park, Cal., and
Gamesa Aeronutica in Spain,[38] was carried out in See also: List of Boeing 747 operators
Taiwan by a subsidiary of the Evergreen Group.[39] Boeing purchased four second-hand aircraft and had them all
converted;[40] the fourth and nal LCF took its rst ight In October 2016, there is 204 passenger aircraft in service after Cathay Pacic and Air France retired theirs,
in January 2010.
172 excluding charters. The largest operators are British
Delivery times are as low as a day using the 747 LCF, Airways with 38, United Airlines with 21 and KLM with
compared to up to 30 days for deliveries by ship.[40] 19. It should exit the United eet by the end of 2018, but
The LCF has the largest cargo hold of any aircraft British Airways should operate at lest 19 747-400s by the
and can hold three times the volume of a 747-400F end of 2020.[46]
freighter.[38][41] The LCF is not a Boeing production
model and has not been oered for sale to any customers.
The LCFs are intended for Boeings exclusive use.
4.1 Current operators

3.9

As of July 2016, Boeing 747-400s are in service with the

following operators:

Government, military and other variants

Commercial

C-33: Proposed U.S. military transport version of Non-commercial

the 747-400, intended to augment the Boeing C-17
Globemaster III eet. The C-33 cost less and had

Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight

greater range, although it could not use austere run
Dubai Air Wing
ways or handle outsize military equipment and had
a higher expected operating cost. The plan was can
Government of Bahrain
celed in favor of the purchase of more C-17s.[42]
YAL-1: Airborne Laser carrier based on a 747400F for the United States Air Force. The aircraft has been heavily modied to carry a nose
mounted turret and Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser
(COIL) equipment in order to shoot down ICBMs.
Retired to the 309th AMARG at Davis-Monthan
AFB, AZ in 2012 after cancellation of the program
funding.[43]
A number of other governments also use the 747400 as a VIP transport, including Bahrain, Brunei,
India, Japan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United
Arab Emirates.

Government of Kuwait (Kuwait Airways)

Government of Morocco

Government of Saudi Arabia (Saudia)

Japan Air Self-Defense Force

Kingdom Holding Company

Republic of Korea Air Force[48]

Royal Flight of Oman

Sultan of Brunei

4.2 Former operators

A used Virgin 747-400 will serve as the launcher
for Virgin Galactic LauncherOne Air launch to orbit This list also includes carriers that used the aircraft temporarily, besides main operators.
orbital rocket.[44]
Commercial
747-400 Water Bomber: Global Supertankers has
converted the 747-400 Freighter for use as an airborne reghter. The converted water bomber car- 4.3 Deliveries
ries 19,600 gallons of water or chemical re retardant in eight pressurized tanks. The United States
Forest Service plans to open discussions about the 5 Incidents and accidents
use of this aircraft in 2017. The 747-400 Water
Bomber has not yet received FAA certication as See also: Boeing 747 hull losses
of 2016.[45]

9
The rst hull loss of a 747-400 occurred on November 4, 1993 when China Airlines Flight 605, ying from
Taipei to Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport, touched down
more than 2,100 feet (640 m) past the runways displaced threshold during 20 knot (gusting 38) crosswinds.
Combined with the disengagement of auto brakes and retracted speed brakes, manual braking and thrust reversal
were not enough to prevent the aircraft from sliding into
Victoria Harbour. No one was seriously injured, but the
aircraft was written o.[50] The types second hull loss
occurred on October 31, 2000, when Singapore Airlines
Flight 006, a 747-400 ying on a Singapore to Los Angeles route via Taipei, rammed into construction equipment while attempting to take o from a closed runway
at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport. The aircraft
caught re and was destroyed, killing 79 passengers and
four crew members.[51] The cause was attributed to the
ight crew navigating to the wrong runway.[51]
The 747-400F has recorded 3 hull-loss accidents. On
September 3, 2010, UPS Airlines Flight 6 from Dubai
International Airport to Cologne Bonn Airport, a 747400F with two crew members on board, crashed roughly
25 minutes after departure. The crew declared an emergency, apparently due to an in-ight re, and after abandoning one attempt at landing were unable to see their
instruments. The aircraft impacted with the ground at
high speed, killing both crew members.[52][53] On July
28, 2011, Asiana Airlines Flight 991, a Boeing 747-400F
ying from Incheon Airport to Shanghai Pudong Airport, crashed into the Pacic Ocean o Jeju Island, South
Korea, after reportedly suering mechanical problems
due to a possible on-board re. Two crew members on
board were killed.[54] A National Air Cargo 747-400BCF
crashed April 29, 2013 (the 25th anniversary of the types
rst ight) at Bagram Air Base Afghanistan killing 7 crew
members. The crash was attributed to a cargo shift of military vehicles to the back of the hold during take-o.[55]
Other incidents involving the 747-400 did not result in
irreparable aircraft damage. On December 15, 1989,
KLM Flight 867, a 747-400M, en route to Narita International Airport via Anchorage International Airport,
ew through a thick cloud of volcanic ash, causing severe damage to the aircraft and replacement of all four
engines.[56] On July 23, 1999, a man killed the pilot
of All Nippon Airways Flight 61, a 747-400D bound
for New Chitose Airport near Sapporo, Hokkaid from
Tokyo International Airport (Haneda), during an attempted hijacking, and was restrained by other crew
members; the aircraft landed safely.[57] On September
23, 1999, Qantas Flight 1, ying from Sydney to London via Bangkok, overran the runway after touching
down more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) from the threshold during a storm with heavy rain, resulting in aircraft damage and minor passenger injuries.[58] On January 31, 2001, the pilot of Japan Airlines Flight 907,
a 747-400D bound for Naha International Airport from
Tokyo International Airport, made an emergency dive,

narrowly avoiding a collision with a Japan Airlines DC10.[59] On October 9, 2002, Northwest Airlines Flight
85, traveling from Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County
Airport to Narita International Airport, made an emergency landing at Anchorage International Airport after
a sudden lower rudder hardover.[60] On July 25, 2008,
Qantas Flight 30, traveling to Melbourne Airport from
Hong Kong International Airport, made an emergency
landing at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila,
Philippines with a gaping hole in its lower forward fuselage; no one was hurt, and authorities determined that
an exploding emergency oxygen supply bottle was the
most likely cause.[61][62][63] In June 2015, a Delta Airlines 747-400 was badly damaged by hail while ying to
Incheon International Airport, South Korea and taken out
of service.[26]

6 Aircraft on display
VH-OJA, the rst 747-400 delivered to Qantas,
is displayed at the Historical Aviation Restoration
Society museum at Illawarra Regional Airport in
Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. It is the
rst 747-400 to be preserved and it holds the record
of a longest non stop ight.[64]
N661US, a former Delta Air Lines example, is on
display at the Delta Flight Museum at HartseldJackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta,
Georgia.[65][66] The aircraft was the rst 400 series built, serving as the prototype (then registered
N401PW) prior to delivery to Northwest Airlines in
December 1989.

7 Specications
Sources: 747-400 specications,[68] 747-400/400ER
airport report,[69] Gilchrist[70]

8 See also
Competition between Airbus and Boeing
Related development
Boeing YAL-1
Boeing 747-8
Aircraft of comparable role, conguration and era
Boeing 777-300ER
Airbus A350-900

10

Airbus A340-600
Airbus A380
Related lists
List of civil aircraft
List of Boeing 747 operators

9
9.1

References
Notes

[1] 747-400 passenger jet is no more. Seattle PostIntelligencer, March 17, 2007. Retrieved: September 9,
2011.
[2] 747 Model Orders and Deliveries data. Boeing, November 2009. Retrieved: December 22, 2009.
[3] Boeing Commercial Airplanes prices. Boeing.
[4] 747 (PDF). Boeing.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
[5] Kingsley-Jones, Max. Chapter closes as Boeing nally
delivers last of original 747s. Flight International, December 22, 2009.
[6] Dorr 2002, p. 23.
[7] Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 1617.
[8] Boeing 747300. Airliners.net
[9] Norris & Wagner 1999, p. 74.

REFERENCES

[24] Deltas Boeing 747s Are Flying O Into the Sunset. Investopedia. April 24, 2015.
[25] Compart, Andrew, Young at part, Aviation Week and
Space Technology, April 15, 2013, pp. 44-46
[26] Hammerand, Jim (30 Jun 2015). Hail pummels Deltas
N664US Boeing 747; NWAs Spirit of Beijing may face
scrapyard (Photos) - Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. www.bizjournals.com/. American City Business
Journals. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
[27] Adrian Schoeld, Madhu Unnikrishnan and Sean Broderick. "Airlines Cut 747s From Asia-Pacic Networks"
Aviation Week & Space Technology, 16 September 2014.
Accessed: 17 September 2014. Archived on 17 September 2014
[28] Dorr 2002, pp. 4547
[29] Dorr 2002, pp. 1416.
[30] The Boeing 747-400 Family: The Right Choice
for The Large Airplane Market. Ocial Website.
http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/747family/
pf/pf_400back.page". Boeing.com. External link in
|title= (help);
[31] Boeing aircraft Take Qantas Further. Qantas. Access
date: November 11, 2013.
[32] "FAI Record ID #2201 - Distance" Fdration Aronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 17 September 2014.
[33] "FAI Record ID #2202 - Speed over a recognised course"
Fdration Aronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved:
17 September 2014.
[34] Dorr 2002, pp. 5557.

[10] Dorr 2002, p. 24.

[35] Boeing, Cathay Pacic Airways Celebrate First 747400ERF Delivery

[11] Dorr 2002, p. 25.

[36]

[12] Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 7981.

[37] Lunsford, J. L. Ugly in the Air: Boeings New Plane Gets

Gawks, Stares. The Wall Street Journal. January 8, 2007.

[13] Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 7577.

[14] Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 8185.
[15] Dorr 2002, pp. 3536.
[16] Dorr 2002, pp. 2627.

[38] "Boeings 747 Large Cargo Freighter Development on

Plan. Boeing Commercial Airplanes press release.
February 22, 2005.
[39] "Boeing Selects EGAT for 747 Large Cargo Freighter
Modications. Boeing Commercial Airplanes press release. February 18, 2005.

[17] About the 747 Family, Boeing, retrieved June 12, 2006.
[40] 747 Dreamlifter fact sheet. Boeing.com.
[18] Dorr 2002, p. 20
[19] Norris & Wagner 1999, pp. 8587.
[20] Airline Flies a 747 on Fuel From a Plant, New York Times
on-line edition, December 30, 2008

[41] "Boeing 7E7 Will Use Air Transport for Component Delivery. Boeing Commercial Airplanes press release. October 13, 2003.
[42] Tirpak, John A. Airlift Moves Up and Out. Air Force
Magazine, February 1996.

[21] Flight International, March 27 April 2, 2007

[22]

[43] http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/aircraft-pictures/
boeing-yal-1-airborne-laser/

[23] Schoeld, Adriean, et al., Jumbos bow out, Aviation Week

and Space Technology, September 15, 2014, pp. 21-22

[44] http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-12/04/
virgin-galactic-747-satellite-launcher

9.2

Bibliography

[45] Clarke, Chris (August 12, 2016). What It Feels Like to

Fly a Fireghting 747. Popular Mechanics.
[46] 747-400 eet dwindles to 204 as Cathay Pacic the latest airline to retire Queen of the Skies. CAPA centre for
Aviation. September 30, 2016.
[47] World Airliner Census 2016. Flight Global. July 2016.
[48] "New Republic of Korea Air Force One" , Airliners.net
[49] USAF YAL-1A
[50] China Airlines Flight 605 accident description. Second
hull loss of 747-400 has occurred in August 5, 1998
when Korean Air Flight 8702,ying from Tokyo Naritato SeoulGimp Int'l,overran the runway about 340m.The
cause of this incident is the weather. No one has dead.25
people minorly injured.Aviation Safety
[51] "Aircraft Accident Report ASC-AAR-02-04-001:
Crashed on a partially closed runway during takeo
Singapore Airlines Flight 006 Boeing 747-400, 9V-SPK
CKS Airport, Taoyuan, Taiwan October 31, 2000,
Aviation Safety Council, Taiwan, Republic of China
[52] UPS names 2 who died in Dubai crash TODAY News
TODAYshow.com
[53] N571UP Accident description. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved September 3, 2010.

11

[66] http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/02/aviation/
first-historic-boeing-747-400-airliner-moved-to-delta-museum/
index.html
[67] With 412 passengers and baggage
[68] 747 specications. Boeing. Archived from the original
on 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
[69] 747-400/400ER Airplane Characteristics for Airport
Planning. Boeing. Archived from the original on 201105-24. Retrieved June 2010. Check date values in:
|access-date= (help)
[70] Gilchrist, Peter. Boeing 747-400. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1998. ISBN 0-7603-0616-8.

9.2 Bibliography
Dorr, Robert F. (2002). Airliner Tech Series: Boeing 747-400. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press
Publishers. ISBN 1-58007-055-8.
Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (1999). 747: Advancing the Legend. Modern Boeing Jetliners. Osceola,
Wisconsin: Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-0717-2.

10 External links

[54] Asiana Airlines cargo plane crashes o Jeju (in Korean).

Yonhap News. July 28, 2011. Retrieved September 9,
2011.

747-400 page on Boeing.com

[55] http://www.carscoops.com/2013/04/
dash-cam-captures-shocking-boeing-747.html

Boeing 747 cargo specications

[56] KLM Flight 867

[57] "World: Asia-Pacic Japanese hijacker kills pilot. BBC
[58] ATSB Final Report Qantas Flight 1. ATSB, April 26,
2001.
[59] "Accident Investigation to a Near Mid-Air Collision".
asasi.org
[60] "ANC03IA001. (Archive) National Transportation
Safety Board. Retrieved on December 23, 2012. the
captain said the airplane was at a cruise altitude of 35,000
feet with the autopilot engaged, when it abruptly rolled
into a 30 to 40 degree left bank.
[61] Qantas to Examine Oxygen Bottles, New York Times,
July 28, 2008
[62] Wall, Robert. Qantas 747 Lands After Fuselage Part Detaches, Aviation Week, July 25, 2008.
[63] Aviation Safety Investigation Report, March 6, 2009
[64] http://hars.org.au/boeing-747-438-longreach/
[65] https://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/exhibits/aircraft/
boeing-747-400

747-400 page on Airliners.net

Passenger version (PDF). Boeing. 2010.

Freighter version (PDF). Boeing. 2010.

12

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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N328KF, Discospinster, Brianhe, Andros 1337, Michael Zimmermann, Ngchen, Aude, Bendono, Wdfarmer, Denniss, ProhibitOnions,
BDD, Gene Nygaard, Dan100, Yousaf465, DeAceShooter, Bobrayner, Andypasto, Luckybeargod, WadeSimMiser, MartinVillafuerte85,
Ppk01, I64s, Kesla, BD2412, Ligulem, FlaBot, Darcyj, Mark83, Simishag, Russavia, Bgwhite, Wavelength, Arado, Yosef1987, CambridgeBayWeather, Bovineone, NawlinWiki, Martin villafuerte85, RFBailey, Reward, Lcmortensen, N-Bot, Mjroots, Maxamegalon2000,
Nick-D, Groyolo, Sacxpert, SmackBot, Reedy, Marc Lacoste, Howardchu, Yasobara, Rcbutcher, Jdthood, Kpappas, Buttery0fdoom, Jrenier, Kento0625, Mnw2000, Pilotguy, BozoTheScary, Ohconfucius, Lester, EditorASC, John, MilborneOne, Minna Sora no Shita, Mgiganteus1, RomanSpa, Spikydan1, Beetstra, NcSchu, AEMoreira042281, Andrwsc, M@sk, Iridescent, Laurens-af, Joseph Solis in Australia,
Jarbru, CmdrObot, Causantin, Eric, Skyskraper, Starcity ai, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Mato, Briguychau, Myscrnnm, Pi3832, Jagdish.shinde,
O, Ambanmba, Emersonsteed, Electron9, LG4761, Dpenguinman, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Ctillier, Scanbus, Fayenatic london, MECU,
Steelpillow, Wilee, Kaboldy, Snowjam, Zero76, Cactus Rd., Rhp 26, SynergyStar, Jetstreamer, J.P.Lon, Bangabalunga, BilCat, Wdd123,
Seba5618, Marcusaeck, Inspector123, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Wiki4androo, Thenoyzone, Lefroy35, Cocoaguy, Paris1127,
NagamasaAzai, Dhaluza, Banjodog, Philip Trueman, GimmeBot, Liyuan0611, Nono le petit robot~enwiki, Piperh, Samslipknot, Raryel,
DesmondW, BotKung, RobbWiki, SpecMode, Mayakowsky, Julian Herzog, Truthanado, Thunderbird2, Wuyunchi, Unamed102, Noh
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Mtaylor848, Sparkignitor, Alpha Centaury, Muhends, ImageRemovalBot, YSSYguy, MBK004, DonPevsner, ClueBot, Binksternet, The
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Iancarine, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Veluz330, The Bushranger, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Yngvadottir, Celsior4300, Mpitt, Anteres101, BEISHU,
Againme, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Archon 2488, Jim1138, Cashier freak, Mlx52, Druid.raul, Boeing746, Xqbot, Ricky
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11.2

Images

File:Air_New_Zealand_Boeing_747-400_(ZK-SUH)_arrives_London_Heathrow_17Oct2010_arp.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Air_New_Zealand_Boeing_747-400_%28ZK-SUH%29_arrives_London_Heathrow_
17Oct2010_arp.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: My own photo, taken with a Nikon D50 DSLR and a Nikon 18-200 mm lens
Original artist: Myself (Adrian Pingstone).
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CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: B747LCF DreamLifter Original artist: Yamaguchi Yoshiaki from Japan
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11.2

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_
China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:JAL_Boeing_747-446_flight_deck.jpg Source:
flight_deck.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/JAL_Boeing_747-446_

JAL_Boeing_747-400_ight_deck.jpg Original artist: JAL_Boeing_747-400_ight_deck.jpg: norio nakayama from saitama, japan

File:Jal_boeing747_takeoff_aug2009_haneda_2.JPG
Source:
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boeing747_takeoff_aug2009_haneda_2.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Uryah
File:Jalcargo_b747-400_ja401j_arp.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Jalcargo_b747-400_ja401j_
arp.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Adrian Pingstone
File:KLM_Asia_Boeing_747-406M_Combi_PH-BFP_City_of_Paramaibo.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c1/KLM_Asia_Boeing_747-406M_Combi_PH-BFP_City_of_Paramaibo.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: AEMoreira042281
File:KLM_Cargo_Boeing_747-400ERF,_PH-CKC,_EHAM.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/
KLM_Cargo_Boeing_747-400ERF%2C_PH-CKC%2C_EHAM.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: PH-CKC Original artist: Kok
Vermeulen from Rotterdam, The Netherlands
File:N673USBizelitecabin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/N673USBizelitecabin.jpg License: CC
BY 2.0 Contributors: Delta 173 JFK-NRT // New Delta 747 Business Elite Cabin Original artist: Ricardobtg from Mexico
File:Northwest_Airlines_Boeing_747-400_Spijkers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Northwest_
Airlines_Boeing_747-400_Spijkers.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Website: http://www.airliners.net/photo/Northwest-Airlines/
Boeing-747-451/0598591/&sid=380883f27d6b810be083e096efb2418e Original artist: Paul Spijkers
File:Qantas_Boeing_747-438ER_Spijkers.jpg Source:
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747-438ER_Spijkers.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: Website: http://www.airliners.net/photo/Qantas/Boeing-747-438-ER/
0344358/&sid=a3ffeae9015ffbfe532641dcedb7a7fc Original artist: Paul Spijkers
File:Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Boeing_747-412.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Saudi_Arabian_
Airlines_Boeing_747-412.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
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Boeing-747-412/1695956/&sid=aecaac2c04025987f510d0ab996efa74 Original artist: Asuspine
File:Singapore_Airlines_Boeing_747-412_9V-SPA_Megatop.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/
Singapore_Airlines_Boeing_747-412_9V-SPA_Megatop.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Singapore_Airlines_Boeing_747-412_9V-SPA.jpg Original artist: Singapore_Airlines_Boeing_747-412_9V-SPA.jpg: Andrew Carroll
from Hayes, United Kingdom
File:United_Airlines_B747-422_Economy_cabin.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/United_
Airlines_B747-422_Economy_cabin.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors:
United_Airlines_B747-400_Economy_cabin.jpg Original artist: United_Airlines_B747-400_Economy_cabin.jpg: Paulo Ordoveza

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